Jan. 1 (Mon.)

Sir Douglas Haig is gazetted a Field Marshal.

East Africa:—The British storm a strong enemy position in the Mageta Valley and approach Kilambawe.

The British transport Ivernia is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.

Jan. 2 (Tues.)

The Roumanian Cabinet is reconstituted with M. Bratiano as Premier.

Jan. 3 (Wed.)

A Russian success in the Southern Bukovina (600 prisoners).

Jan. 4 (Thur.)

East Africa:—The British occupy the German camp on the Tshogowali River.

Jan. 5 (Fri.)

Roumania:—The Austro-Germans capture Braila.

Mesopotamia:—The Second Battle of Kut-el-Amara begins (see Feb. 24).

East Africa:—The British reach Kilambawe, on the north bank of the Rufiji River.

Jan. 7 (Sun.)

The Russians make a successful advance near Riga.

Jan. 8 (Mon.)

The Allies present an ultimatum to Greece repeating former demands (see Jan. 16).

Roumania:—The Austro-Germans capture Focsani and 5500 prisoners; the Sereth line is thus turned. The Dobrudja is finally evacuated by the Russians and Roumanians.

Jan. 9 (Tues.)

The Allies reply to President Wilson's Note, stating their terms of peace.

Resignation of M. Trepoff, the Russian Premier; he is succeeded by M. Golitzine.

The Russians continue to advance in the Riga district.

Syria:—Australian mounted troops and the Imperial Camel Corps capture a strong enemy position at Rafa (the Battle of Rafa).

Jan. 11 (Thur.)

The Ancre Front:—The British capture the Beaumont Hamel spur.

Roumania:—Galatz is evacuated by the Russians: the conquest of Wallachia by the Germans is complete.

H.M.S. Cornwallis (battleship) is sunk by a submarine off Malta. H.M.S. Ben-my-Chree (aircraft carrier) is sunk in action off Asia Minor.

Jan. 12 (Fri.)

Germany and Austria-Hungary reply through Neutrals to the Allied Note which refused to consider the German peace proposals.

Jan. 16 (Tues.)

The Greek Government accepts in their entirety the demands of the Allies (see Jan. 8).

Jan. 17 (Wed.)

Roumania:—The enemy's advance is checked in the Moldavian Hills.

Jan. 19 (Fri.)

An explosion at a munitions factory at Silvertown, in the East End of London (69 killed).

Jan. 20 (Sat.)

Roumania:—Fundeni, on the Sereth, is captured by the Germans.

Jan. 23 (Tues.)

The Germans attack in the Riga district and compel the Russians to withdraw slightly.

Two actions are fought in the North Sea between British and German light forces: a German destroyer and the British destroyer Simoon are sunk.

The British armed merchant cruiser Laurentic is sunk by a mine off the Irish coast.

Jan. 24 (Wed.)

East Africa:—A small German force is isolated and compelled to surrender.

Jan. 25 (Thur.)

The Greek Government offers a formal apology to the Allies for the events of December 1.

Mesopotamia:—A British attack on Turkish trenches south-west of Kut is partially successful.

A German vessel shells Southwold at night: there are no casualties.

The French transport Amiral Magon is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.

Jan. 26 (Fri.)

To regulate exchange, the British Government by Order in Council enforces the sale or loan of foreign securities to the Treasury.

Mesopotamia:—The British complete the capture of the Turkish position attacked on the previous day.

Jan. 27 (Sat.)

A Russian success in the Southern Bukovina: 1200 prisoners are captured.

Jan. 28 (Sun.)

Lieut.-General Smuts is succeeded by Major-General Hoskins as British Commander-in-Chief in East Africa (see Feb. 10, 1916, and May 16, 1917).

Jan. 30 (Tues.)

German attacks between Soissons and Rheims are repulsed.

Riga Front:—The Germans attack in strength: the Russians fall back slightly.

Jan. 31 (Wed.)

Germany announces 'unrestricted naval warfare' as from February 1.

The German intention to sink hospital ships is announced in a statement by the British Foreign Office.

Feb. 1 (Thur.)

The Government of the U.S.A. is officially informed that Germany 'must abandon the limitations she has hitherto imposed upon herself in the employment of her fighting weapons at sea.'

Mesopotamia:—The British capture the last line but one of the Turkish trenches before Kut east of the Hai-Tigris junction.

Feb. 2 (Fri.)

The Food Controller, Lord Devonport, appeals to the British nation to economise in food as the only way to avoid compulsory rationing.

A British naval air-raid on Bruges harbour.

Feb. 3 (Sat.)

The Government of the U.S.A. breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany; Count Bernstorff is handed his passports; Mr. Gerrard is recalled from Berlin; interned German cruisers and Hamburg-Amerika liners are seized.

The United States s.s. Housatonic is sunk in daylight off the Scillies by a German submarine.

Mesopotamia:—The British capture three lines of Turkish trenches west of the Hai-Tigris junction.

Feb. 4 (Sun.)

The Ancre Front:—The British carry important enemy positions.

President Wilson invites other Neutral Powers to follow the example of the U.S.A. in the interests of peace and civilisation (i.e. to break off diplomatic relations with Germany).

Feb. 5 (Mon.)

The Swiss Government declines to follow President Wilson's advice to break off relations with Germany.

Resignation of Said Kalim; a new Turkish Cabinet is formed with Talaat Bey as Grand Vizier.

Western Egypt:—The action of Siwa: the Senussi are defeated near the Siwa oasis.

Feb. 6 (Tues.)

The Ancre Front:—The British line is advanced near Grandcourt: 1000 yards of German trenches are taken.

Feb. 7 (Wed.)

The Ancre Front:—The British occupy Grandcourt.

The California, of the Anchor Line, is sunk by a German submarine with serious loss of life.

Feb. 8 (Thur.)

The British advance from Grandcourt on both banks of the Ancre.

The British destroyer Ghurka is sunk by a mine in the English Channel.

A British naval air-raid on Bruges harbour.

Feb. 9 (Fri.)

The Isonzo Front:—The Austrians attack and gain some ground east of Gorizia.

Feb. 10 (Sat.)

The Ancre Front:—The British capture a strong German position south of Serre Hill.

Mesopotamia:—The British storm Turkish trenches west of Kut and capture the 'Liquorice Factory.'

Feb. 11 (Sun.)

Germany attempts through the Swiss Government to reopen negotiations with the U.S.A.

The Italian line is re-established east of Gorizia.

Feb. 12 (Mon.)

President Wilson refuses to negotiate with Germany until her proclamation of unrestricted sea-warfare is withdrawn.

Roumanian Front:—The Germans attack the Russians near Jacobeny with partial success.

Feb. 13 (Tues.)

Roumanian Front:—The Russians regain ground near Jacobeny, but the Germans renew their attack, and make further progress.

Feb. 14 (Wed.)

Mesopotamia:—General Maude clears the Turks from the Dahra bend of the Tigris.

A British naval air-raid on Bruges harbour.

Feb. 15 (Thur.)

The Germans attack the French between Tahure and Massiges: they gain ground and capture 800 prisoners.

The Italian transport Minas is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.

Feb. 16 (Fri.)

A British naval air-raid on Bruges harbour.

Feb. 17 (Sat.)

The British advance up the valley of the Ancre and capture important enemy positions.

Mesopotamia:—A British attack on the Sanna-i-Yat position fails.

The French transport Athos is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.

Feb. 18 (Sun.)

Italian and French forces effect a junction in Southern Albania, thereby cutting the communication between Greece and the Central Powers.

Feb. 20 (Tues.)

Sinai Peninsula:—The British capture two Turkish advanced posts.

Feb. 22 (Thur.)

Mesopotamia:—General Maude again attacks the Sanna-i-Yat position: two lines of Turkish trenches are captured.

Seven Dutch ships are attacked by a German submarine outside Falmouth and six of them are sunk.

Feb. 23 (Fri.)

Minimum prices for wheat and oats are guaranteed for five years in Great Britain.

Mesopotamia:—General Maude's forces cross the Tigris at the Shamrun bend, threatening the Turkish line of retreat; the third and fourth Turkish lines are captured at Sanna-i-Yat.

Feb. 24 (Sat.)

On the Ancre the Germans begin to retire from their front-line positions.

Mesopotamia:—General Maude captures Kut-el-Amara; the Turks evacuate the Sanna-i-Yat position and retreat towards Baghdad; over 1700 prisoners are taken and much booty; this ends the Second Battle of Kut-el-Amara (see Jan. 5).

Feb. 25 (Sun.)

On the Ancre, the Germans withdraw before the British: Serre, Miraumont, Warlencourt, and Pys are captured.

Mesopotamia:—The British advance-guard, in pursuit of the Turks, is 15 miles west of Kut.

The Cunard liner Laconia is sunk without warning in the Atlantic.

German destroyers shell Margate and Broadstairs.

Feb. 26 (Mon.)

The Ancre Front:—The Germans retire before the British on an eleven-mile front: Le Barque is captured.

Feb. 27 (Tues.)

The British occupy Gommecourt (on the left of the advance).

Mesopotamia:—The Turkish retreat becomes a rout; the British pursue with cavalry, infantry, and gunboats; the British gunboat Firefly, lost on the fall of Kut, is recaptured.

Feb. 28 (Wed.) (Relief of Ladysmith, 1900).

The British capture Thilloy and advance east of Gommecourt.

The Germans gain ground in the Southern Bukovina near the Dorna Watra Pass.

The French destroyer Cassini is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean (many lives lost).

Mar. 1 (Thur.)

Mesopotamia:—The Turks continue their disorderly retreat on Baghdad.

The British destroyer Pheasant is sunk by a floating mine off the Orkneys.

Mar. 2 (Fri.)

The Somme and Ancre Fronts:—The British continue to advance against the yielding enemy.

Persia:—Hamadan is captured by the Russians.

Mar. 3 (Sat.)

The Germans retreat to a depth of five miles east of Gommecourt.

Mar. 4 (Sun.)

The British capture German trenches at Bouchavesnes.

Verdun:—The Germans attack and gain ground north of CauriÈres Wood.

Mar. 5 (Mon.)

The British approach the German main positions on the Bapaume Ridge.

Mesopotamia:—British cavalry reach Lajj, twenty-seven miles from Baghdad.

Persia:—The Turks retreating from Hamadan are attacked by the Russians in the Asadabad Pass.

Mar. 6 (Tues.)

Mesopotamia:—General Maude's rapid advance on Baghdad continues.

Persia:—The Russians capture the Asadabad Pass.

Mar. 7 (Wed.)

Mesopotamia:—The Turks stand on the line of the Dialah River.

The Turks continue to retreat before the Russians in Western Persia.

Mar. 8 (Thur.)

Death of Count Zeppelin.

A French advance in Champagne.

Roumania:—The Austro-Germans attack in the Trotus Valley (the centre of the Moldavian Front) and gain high ground.

Mar. 9 (Fri.)

Serious food riots are reported in Petrograd.

Verdun:—A French success near CauriÈres Wood.

Mesopotamia:—General Maude forces a crossing of the Dialah River.

Mar. 10 (Sat.) Neuve Chapelle, 1915.

The Ancre Front:—The British capture Irles.

Mesopotamia:—The Turkish resistance before Baghdad is broken; the British advance upon the city.

Mar. 11 (Sun.)

Mesopotamia:—The British capture Baghdad, and continue to pursue the Turks.

Mar. 12 (Mon.)

Revolution in Russia: the Duma, which demands representative Government, is prorogued; a number of regiments join the cause of the Duma; troops refuse to fire on the rioters; the Cabinet resigns; the Duma elects a Provisional Government.

Macedonia:—The British advance near Lake Doiran.

Mar. 13 (Tues.)

China breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

The Germans abandon the forward slopes of the Bapaume Ridge; the British capture Loupart Wood and GrÉvillers.

Mesopotamia:—The British are thirty miles beyond Baghdad.

Persia:—The Russians again capture Kermanshah (see July 2, 1916).

Mar. 14 (Wed.)

The constitution of the Russian Provisional Government is announced: Prince Lvoff is Premier.

Mar. 15 (Thur.)

The Russian Provisional Government demands the abdication of the Tsar. The Tsar abdicates for himself and the Tsarevitch, and names his brother, the Grand Duke Michael, as Regent.

The British destroyer Foyle is sunk by a mine in the Straits of Dover.

Mar. 16 (Fri.)

The British occupy St. Pierre Vaast Wood.

A Zeppelin raid on Kent: one Zeppelin, returning from the raid, is brought down in France.

Mar. 17 (Sat.)

Resignation of M. Briand, the French Premier, and his Cabinet (see Oct. 28, 1915).

The Germans retreat in France on a front of nearly a hundred miles; Bapaume, Chaulnes, and fourteen villages north and south of the Somme are occupied by the British; further south the French occupy Lassigny, Roye, and many villages.

Persia:—The Russians occupy Kerind.

H.M.S. Mignonette (sloop) is sunk by a mine off the south-west coast of Ireland.

Mar. 18 (Sun.)

The British advance on a front of forty-five miles and occupy PÉronne and Nesle; the French advance on a front of thirty-seven miles and occupy Noyon and many villages.

The Caucasus:—Van is occupied by the Russians for the third time.

German destroyers shell Ramsgate. Two British destroyers are torpedoed (one of them, the Paragon, is sunk) in the Straits of Dover.

H.M.S. Alyssum (sloop) is sunk by a mine off the south-west coast of Ireland.

Mar. 19 (Mon.)

A new French Cabinet is formed with M. Ribot as Premier (see Sept. 7).

The German retreat continues; Ham and Chauny are occupied by the French.

Mesopotamia:—Feluja, on the Euphrates, is captured by the British.

The French battleship Danton is torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean (many lives lost).

Mar. 20 (Tues.)

The French and British advance on an eighty-mile front, the British towards Cambrai and St. Quentin, the French towards La FÈre and Laon.

Mar. 21 (Wed.)

The British advance towards St. Quentin and occupy forty villages; the French capture Jussy and force the passage of the Crozat Canal.

The British hospital ship Asturias is sunk without warning by a German submarine (midnight, 20-21).

Mar. 22 (Thur.)

The French cross the Crozat Canal and the Ailette.

Mar. 23 (Fri.)

The French gain ground against fierce resistance between St. Quentin and La FÈre; the Germans flood the region round La FÈre.

The raider MÖwe is reported to have returned to Germany for the second time (see March 4, 1916).

The British destroyer Laforey is sunk by a mine in the English Channel.

Mar. 24 (Sat.)

The new Russian Government is officially recognised by Great Britain, France, and the United States.

The British occupy Roisel, seven miles east of PÉronne. The French reach the western bank of the Oise between St. Quentin and La FÈre.

Mar. 25 (Sun.)

The French Government addresses to Neutrals a protest against the devastation and barbarities committed by the Germans in the evacuated territories.

German torpedo-boats bombard Dunkirk.

Mar. 26 (Mon.)

The British capture Lagnicourt (north-east of Bapaume), the French Coucy-le-ChÂteau and Folembray.

Macedonia:—The French advance west of Monastir: 2000 prisoners are taken.

The British destroyer Myrmidon is sunk by a mine in the English Channel.

Mar. 27 (Tues.)

The British occupy Longavines, LiÈrmont, Villiers, Equancourt, and Saulcourt; the French capture the forest of Lower Coucy.

Palestine:—The British forces under Sir A. Murray defeat the Turks near Gaza (the First Battle of Gaza): 900 prisoners are captured, including the General of a Division and his Staff.

Mar. 28 (Wed.)

Verdun:—The French recapture Hill 304.

Mar. 29 (Thur.)

The British make progress south-east of Bapaume.

Mar. 30 (Fri.)

The British advance towards Cambrai and capture Sorel, Heudicourt, SoyÉcourt, and other places; the French advance north-east of Soissons.

The British hospital ship Gloucester Castle is torpedoed and sunk in mid-Channel, but without loss of life.

Mar. 31 (Sat.)

The British advance north-west of St. Quentin and capture Jeancourt, Hervilly, Herbecourt, and Vendelles.

Mesopotamia:—The British occupy Deli Abbas.

April 1 (Sun.)

The British capture Savy Wood and Savy, near St. Quentin, and EpÉhy and PeiziÈres, on the Bapaume Railway; the French advance towards Laon on the Margival-VrÉgny Front.

The Russians occupy Khanikin (north-east of Baghdad).

April 2 (Mon.)

President Wilson asks Congress for a declaration that 'a state of war exists.'

The British take Holnon Wood (two miles from St. Quentin) and Francilly-Selency and Selency; they also advance on a ten-mile front between Bapaume and Arras and capture Croissilles and Doignies.

The American armed liner Aztec is torpedoed off the French coast.

April 3 (Tues.)

The British gain ground south-east of Arras; the French advance between St. Quentin and La FÈre.

The Germans defeat the Russians on the Stokhod; they win a bridge-head and take many prisoners.

April 4 (Wed.)

The U.S.A. Senate resolves that a state of war with Germany exists by a majority of 82 votes to 6.

April 5 (Thur.)

The U.S.A. House of Representatives resolves that a state of war with Germany exists by a majority of 373 votes to 50. The sanction of Congress having thus been obtained, President Wilson subsequently declares the United States of America to be at war with Germany.

April 7 (Sat.)

Cuba declares war against Germany.

Two German destroyers are torpedoed off Zeebrugge, one of them being sunk.

The British torpedo gunboat Jason is sunk by a mine off the west coast of Scotland.

April 8 (Easter Sunday)

Austria breaks off diplomatic relations with the United States.

Mesopotamia:—The British capture Belad Station, and occupy the left bank of the Shatt-el-Adhaim.

April 9 (Mon.)

Brazil breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

The First Battle of Arras begins: the British advance on a fifteen-mile front between Lens and Arras, and capture the Vimy Ridge with 6000 prisoners (see May 16). On the Bapaume-Cambrai road they take DeniÉcourt and Havrincourt Wood, and, north of St. Quentin, Fresnoy-le-Petit, Pontru, and Le Vergnier.

April 10 (Tues.)

The British continue to advance: they reach the outskirts of Monchy-le-Preux, and capture Louveval.

The British hospital ship Salta is sunk by a mine in the English Channel.

April 11 (Wed.)

The British capture Monchy-le-Preux and La BergÈre.

The French advance east and north-east of Soissons.

Mesopotamia:—General Maude defeats the Turks with heavy loss near Deltawa.

April 12 (Thur.)

The British advance on Lens; south of the Scarpe, Wancourt and Heninel are carried with the aid of tanks; Gouzeaucourt is captured.

April 13 (Fri.)

Bolivia breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

On the fifty-mile front between Loos and west of Cambrai the British take a number of important villages, including Vimy and Givenchy-en-Gohelle; south of the Scarpe they capture a portion of the Hindenburg line. The French attack and gain ground south of St. Quentin.

April 14 (Sat.)

The British capture LiÉvin (the western suburb of Lens), CitÉ St. Pierre (north-west of Lens), and Gricourt (near St. Quentin).

An Allied air-raid on Freiburg, as a reprisal for the sinking of hospital ships.

April 15 (Sun.)

German counter-attacks are repulsed by the British.

The British transports Cameronia (140 lives lost) and Arcadian (279 lives lost) are sunk by submarine in the Mediterranean.

April 16 (Mon.)

The Second Battle of the Aisne begins (see May 20): the French attack on the front Soissons to Rheims; the German first positions are carried from Soissons to Craonne, the German first and second positions from Craonne to Juvincourt; 17,000 prisoners and 130 guns are taken.

April 17 (Tues.)

The French capture Auberive and carry the heights south of Moronvilliers.

Palestine:—The British attack and carry Turkish first-line positions on a six-mile front (the Second Battle of Gaza).

Mesopotamia:—General Maude forces the passage of the Shatt-el-Adhaim below Samarra.

The British hospital ships Donegal and Lanfranc are sunk in the English Channel without warning; 75 persons (mostly wounded), including 15 wounded Germans, are drowned.

April 18 (Wed.)

The British capture Villers-Guislan, 12 miles south of Cambrai.

The French continue to advance on the Aisne: Chavonne, Chivy, and Ostell are captured.

Mesopotamia:—The Turkish 18th Army Corps is annihilated by General Maude at Istabulat, 12 miles south-east of Samarra.

April 19 (Thur.)

The French capture positions east and west of the VrÉgny salient, and advance east of Rheims.

April 20 (Fri.)

The British capture Gonnelieu, 8 miles south-west of Cambrai.

The Aisne Front:—The French continue to advance on the Chemin-des-Dames.

Five German destroyers raid Dover; they are engaged by the British destroyers Broke and Swift, and two of them are sunk (the loss being subsequently admitted by the German Admiralty).

A German destroyer shells Calais.

April 21 (Sat.)

Mesopotamia:—The Turks evacuate Istabulat; the British attack their new positions between Istabulat and Samarra.

April 22 (Sun.)

The British gain ground east of Havrincourt Wood.

April 23 (Mon.)

The British advance north and south of the Scarpe on a front of 12,000 yards; Gavrelle, GuÉmappe, and the German positions for 2½ miles further south are captured.

German counter-attacks fail to drive the French from the heights south of Moronvilliers.

Mesopotamia:—Samarra station is occupied by the British.

Three British aeroplanes attack five German destroyers off the Belgian coast: a German destroyer is sunk.

April 24 (Tues.)

Mesopotamia:—General Maude attacks on the west bank of the Shatt-el-Adhaim; the Turks retreat to the Jebel Hamrin range.

April 25 (Wed.)

Macedonia:—The British advance on the Doiran Front.

A German flotilla bombards Dunkirk.

April 26 (Thur.)

A German counter-attack at Gavrelle is repulsed by the British; German counter-attacks on the Chemin-des-Dames are repulsed by the French.

April 27 (Fri.)

Guatemala breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

The British transport Ballarat, carrying Australian troops, is torpedoed and sunk, but all hands are saved.

Ramsgate is shelled by German destroyers (5 casualties).

April 28 (Sat.)

The United States Congress passes by large majorities a Bill for raising an American army by compulsory service.

The British advance east of the Vimy Ridge and astride the Scarpe: Arleux is captured.

The French offensive on the Aisne is checked.

April 29 (Sun.)

The British approach the Oppy line; they capture a mile of German trenches and 976 prisoners; fierce German counter-attacks are repulsed.

General PÉtain is appointed Chief of the French Staff.

April 30 (Mon.)

Mesopotamia:—General Maude defeats the 13th Turkish Army Corps at the gorge of the Shatt-el-Adhaim (where the river cuts the Jebel Hamrin range).

H.M.S. Tulip (sloop—employed as Special Service ship) is sunk by a submarine in the Atlantic.

May 1 (Tues.)

The French advance east of Rheims.

May 2 (Wed.)

In Great Britain a Royal Proclamation is issued, exhorting the nation to food economy.

The British destroyer Derwent is sunk by a mine in the English Channel (52 lives lost).

May 3 (Thur.)

A new Greek Cabinet is formed: Premier, M. Zaimis (see Sept 11, 1916, and June 23, 1917).

The British attack on a sixteen-mile front east of Arras; the Canadians take Fresnoy, east of Vimy (see May 8); the Hindenburg 'switch' line is broken near Queant, and the Hindenburg line as far as Oppy is carried; counter-attacks by two divisions of the Prussian Guard are repulsed; 928 prisoners are captured.

The Caucasus:—Mush is abandoned by the Russians (see Aug. 24, 1916).

May 4 (Fri.)

The British gain ground near St. Quentin and Hargicourt; the French take Craonne, carry German trenches on a front of 2½ miles, and capture 1000 prisoners.

The British transport Transylvania is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean (over 400 lives lost).

May 5 (Sat.)

Russia:—The Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates passes a vote of confidence in the Provisional Government by a narrow majority.

The French advance on a front of 20 miles north of the Aisne and capture important ground towards Laon; they carry the Chemin-des-Dames and the crest of the Craonne Ridge; over 6000 prisoners are taken.

H.M.S. Lavender (sloop) is sunk by a submarine in the English Channel.

May 6 (Sun.)

German counter-attacks on the Aisne Front are repulsed, and the French capture 2000 more prisoners.

May 7 (Mon.)

A German attack on the British near Lens is repulsed.

A German aeroplane raid on north-east London in the early morning (1 killed).

May 8 (Tues.)

Liberia breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

The Germans attack in strength and recapture Fresnoy from the British (see May 3).

The French carry an enemy position beyond Chevreux (north-east of Craonne).

May 9 (Wed.)

A resolution is passed by the Russian Committee of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates in favour of an International Socialist Peace Conference to be held at Stockholm (see May 28).

Macedonia:—The British advance near Lake Doiran.

May 10 (Thur.)

A scouting force of light cruisers and destroyers under Commodore Tyrwhitt engage 11 enemy destroyers off Harwich, and chase them back to Zeebrugge.

May 12 (Sat.)

Arras Front:—The British capture important enemy positions and the greater part of Bullecourt (see May 17).

Zeebrugge is bombarded by British naval forces.

May 14 (Mon.)

Great Britain:—Sir Eric Geddes is appointed Controller at the Admiralty.

The British gain ground north of Gavrelle, and capture Roeux.

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians assume the offensive from Gorizia to Plava.

May 15 (Tues.)

General PÉtain succeeds General Nivelle as Commander-in-Chief of the French army; he is succeeded by General Foch as Chief of Staff.

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians advance on the slopes of Monte Santo.

British naval forces destroy the Zeppelin L 22 in the North Sea.

An Austrian naval force sinks 14 British drifters in the Adriatic and escapes to harbour.

May 16 (Wed.)

It is announced that Major-General J. L. van Deventer is appointed to supreme command in East Africa, in succession to Major-General Hoskins (see Jan. 28).

Russia:—M. Miliukoff resigns: a Coalition Government is formed, with Prince Lvoff as Premier and M. Kerenski as War Minister.

The end of the First Battle of Arras (see April 9).

May 17 (Thur.)

Honduras breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

The British complete the capture of Bullecourt on the Siegfried line (see May 12).

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians win the western slopes of Monte Santo.

U.S.A. destroyers reach British waters.

May 18 (Fri.)

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians win the highest peak of Monte Vodice.

May 19 (Sat.)

Nicaragua breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

The Russian Coalition Government issues a declaration repudiating a separate peace.

May 20 (Sun.)

The French advance near Moronvilliers and take 1000 prisoners: the end of the Second Battle of the Aisne (see April 16).

May 22 (Tues.)

The Hungarian Premier, Count Tisza, resigns.

May 23 (Wed.)

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians advance on a wide front on the Southern Carso, and capture important positions and 9000 prisoners.

A Zeppelin raid on East Anglia.

May 24 (Thur.)

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians make further progress on the Southern Carso.

May 25 (Fri.)

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians continue to advance on the Southern Carso.

A raid by 17 German aeroplanes on Folkestone; three German aeroplanes are brought down on the return journey by British naval airmen from Dunkirk.

H.M.S. Hilary (armed merchant cruiser) is sunk by a submarine in the Atlantic.

May 26 (Sat.)

The British hospital ship Dover Castle is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean (6 lives lost).

May 27 (Whit Sunday)

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians reach the third Austrian line of defence; San Giovanni is captured.

May 28 (Mon.)

French Socialists resolve to attend the Stockholm Conference (see June 1).

May 29 (Tues.)

The French liner Yarra is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.

May 31 (Thur.)

The Austrian Reichsrath is summoned for the first time during the war; the new Emperor Charles promises a more liberal constitution after the war.

June 1 (Fri.)

Great Britain:—Lord Devonport resigns the office of Food Controller (see June 15).

The French Premier, M. Ribot, announces the refusal of his Government to allow French Socialists to attend the Stockholm Conference (see May 9 and Aug. 13).

British naval aeroplanes bomb the German bases at Bruges, Ostend, and Zeebrugge.

June 2 (Sat.)

The British transport Cameronian is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean (63 lives lost).

June 3 (Sun.)

Great Allied air-raids on the German aerodromes at Zeebrugge, St. Denis Westrom, and Bruges.

A French air-raid on TrÈves, as a reprisal for the bombardment of Bar-le-Duc.

June 4 (Mon.)

Resignation of General Alexeieff as Russian Commander-in-Chief; he is succeeded by General Brussiloff (see Aug. 1).

June 5 (Tues.)

An action at long range between British light cruisers and destroyers, under Commodore Tyrwhitt, and six German destroyers; one German destroyer, the S20, is sunk by gunfire.

Ostend is bombarded by British naval forces.

A daylight raid by 18 German aeroplanes on the south-eastern counties of England; two German aeroplanes are destroyed.

June 7 (Thur.)

A British offensive is launched between Ypres and ArmentiÈres (the Battle of Messines; see June 14): an attack in strength on the Messines-Wytschaete Ridge is preceded by the explosion of 19 mines; Messines, the Messines Ridge, the village of Oosttaverne, and the enemy's positions on a front of 9 miles are captured, with 7000 prisoners and many guns.

June 8 (Fri.)

The German proposal of an armistice on the Eastern Front is rejected by the Russian Government.

General Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the United States Expeditionary Force, arrives in London.

German counter-attacks in the Messines area are repulsed.

June 10 (Sun.)

Publication of President Wilson's message to the Russian Government, defining the war aims of the U.S.A.

The Italian offensive on the Isonzo Front ends, but between the Brenta and the Adige the Italians attack and capture the Agnello Pass and the greater part of Monte Ortigara.

June 11 (Mon.)

Greece:—King Constantine abdicates, as demanded by the Allies, in favour of his second son Alexander.

The British gain ground on the right of their new front south-east of Ypres.

A British drifter destroys two German seaplanes in the Channel.

June 12 (Tues.)

A British naval force captures the Turkish fortress of Saliff, on the Arabian shore of the Red Sea.

June 13 (Wed.)

The Trentino Front:—An Austrian attack on Monte Ortigara is repulsed by the Italians.

A daylight raid by 15 German aeroplanes on London: 157 persons are killed, 432 injured; one enemy machine is destroyed.

June 14 (Thur.)

The end of the Battle of Messines (see June 7).

The British storm Infantry Hill, east of Monchy.

H.M.S. Avenger (armed merchant cruiser) is sunk by a submarine in the North Atlantic.

The Zeppelin L 43 is destroyed in the North Sea by British naval forces.

June 15 (Fri.)

Lord Rhondda is appointed Food Controller in Great Britain (see July 3, 1918).

The British capture further portions of the Hindenburg line near Bullecourt.

June 16 (Sat.)

Macedonia:—The British withdraw to the west of the Struma, owing to the approach of the malarial season.

Two Zeppelins raid the south-east of England; one is brought down in flames.

June 17 (Sun.)

The Italians make local progress on the Carso, and repulse Austrian attacks on the Asiago Plateau.

June 19 (Tues.)

Great Britain:—Enemy titles held by members of the Royal Family are abolished by the King.

June 20 (Wed.)

H.M.S. Salvia (sloop—employed as Special Service ship) is sunk by a submarine off the west coast of Ireland.

June 23 (Sat.)

Greece:—M. Zaimis, the Greek Premier, resigns (see May 3).

The P. & O. liner Mongolia is sunk by a mine off Bombay (23 lives lost).

June 24 (Sun.)

Dr. von Seidler forms a new Austrian Ministry (see Jan. 22, 1918).

The British gain ground south-west of Lens.

June 25 (Mon.)

British and German delegates meet at the Hague to discuss questions relating to prisoners of war.

June 26 (Tues.)

A new Greek Cabinet is formed with M. Venizelos as Premier.

The first fighting troops of the American army reach France (see Oct. 27).

The British gain ground south-west of Lens astride the Souchez River.

June 27 (Wed.)

Great Britain:—The report of the Commission on the Mesopotamian campaign is published.

The British transport Armadale is sunk by a submarine in the Atlantic (11 lives lost).

June 28 (Thur.)

The British enter Avion (south of Lens), and capture German trenches near Oppy.

June 29 (Fri.)

It is announced that General Allenby is appointed to succeed General Murray in command of the British forces in Egypt and Palestine.

June 30 (Sat.)

The British make further progress south-west and south of Lens.

East Africa:—German forces are driven from the border of Nyasaland to the Rovuma border.

The British destroyer Cheerful is sunk by a mine off the Shetland Islands.

July 1 (Sun.)

A great Russian offensive is launched in Eastern Galicia: important enemy positions and over 10,000 prisoners are captured.

July 2 (Mon.)

The Russians make further progress in Galicia.

July 3 (Tues.)

A German attack on the French lines between Jouy and Craonne is repulsed with heavy loss.

July 4 (Wed.)

The United States Navy Department announces that an attack on American transports by German submarines was beaten off by American destroyers, and that at least one of the enemy submarines was sunk.

A German aeroplane raid on Harwich (11 killed): two of the raiders are destroyed.

H.M.S. Aster (sloop) is sunk by a mine in the Mediterranean.

July 6 (Fri.)

Herr Erzberger's demand in the Reichstag for 'a peace without annexations or indemnities' provokes a political crisis in Germany.

A Conscription Bill is carried in the Canadian House of Commons.

The Russian advance in Galicia develops in the direction of Stanislau.

The British destroyer Itchen is sunk by a submarine in the North Sea (8 lives lost).

July 7 (Sat.)

A daylight raid on London by 22 German aeroplanes: 59 persons are killed and 193 injured; four of the raiders are destroyed on the return journey.

French air-raids on Essen and other German towns, as a reprisal for enemy raids on Nancy and Eperney.

July 8 (Sun.)

Austrian positions near Stanislau are captured by the Russians, with many prisoners; Russian cavalry pursue the retreating enemy.

July 9 (Mon.)

The Russians advance on Halicz.

H.M.S. Vanguard (battleship) is destroyed by an internal explosion with heavy loss of life, at Scapa Flow.

British naval airmen bomb the War Office at Constantinople and the Goeben and other ships in harbour.

July 10 (Tues.)

A fierce German attack on the British positions near the mouth of the Yser (the Battle of Nieuport): two British battalions are cut off and overwhelmed; the Germans win the right bank of the river at the mouth.

The Russians capture Halicz (see July 23).

July 11 (Wed.)

The Russians capture Kalusz (17 miles from Stanislau).

Mesopotamia:—The British defeat a Turkish force on the Euphrates.

July 12 (Thur.)

Great Britain:—Resignation of Mr. Austen Chamberlain, Secretary of State for India.

The Russians cross the Lomnica (Galicia).

July 13 (Fri.)

The Russians advance south-west of Kalusz (Galicia).

July 14 (Sat.)

The German Imperial Chancellor, von Bethmann-Hollweg, is dismissed by the Kaiser; Herr Michaelis is appointed to succeed him.

A fierce German attack on the Chemin-des-Dames meets with partial success; on the Moronvilliers Ridge (east of Rheims) the French capture an important enemy position.

Palestine:—The British raid the Turkish lines before Gaza.

July 16 (Mon.)

Disorders arise in Petrograd, and among Russian regiments, owing to Bolshevist intrigues.

The Russians fall back across the Lomnica (Galicia).

British light naval forces intercept and capture four German steamers off the Dutch coast.

July 17 (Tues.)

Great Britain:—The name of the Royal Family is altered to 'Windsor' by Royal Proclamation.

Ministerial changes:—Sir E. Carson enters the War Cabinet (see Jan. 21, 1918); Sir Eric Geddes becomes First Lord of the Admiralty; Mr. Churchill becomes Minister of Munitions; Mr. Montagu succeeds Mr. Austen Chamberlain as Secretary of State for India (see Dec. 10, 1916).

Mutineers from Kronstadt arrive in Petrograd.

Verdun:—The French win back on Hill 304 all ground lost since June 29 and capture 425 prisoners.

July 18 (Wed.)

The disorders in Petrograd are quelled by troops loyal to the Provisional Government.

July 19 (Thur.)

Herr Michaelis, the new German Chancellor, declares in the Reichstag for 'a victor's peace.'

The Germans attack in north-eastern Galicia and pierce the Russian Front; here and elsewhere mutinous Russian units refuse to fight.

East Africa:—The main German forces are defeated at Norongombe and driven in retreat to the Mbemkuru Valley.

July 20 (Fri.)

Galicia:—The Germans advance rapidly towards Tarnopol.

July 21 (Sat.)

Galicia:—The Russian retreat develops into a rout.

July 22 (Sun.)

Siam declares war on Germany and Austria.

Resignation of the Russian Premier, Prince Lvoff; he is succeeded by M. Kerenski.

The French repulse German attacks on the Chemin-des-Dames but lose ground at some points.

Loyal Russian units make a temporary stand near Krevo, east of Vilna.

A German aeroplane raid on Harwich and Felixstowe (11 killed).

July 23 (Mon.)

The Germans occupy Halicz and cross the Sereth south of Tarnopol; the Russians also retreat near Dvinsk and Smorgon; there are wholesale desertions in the Russian Army.

In Moldavia the Russians and Roumanians attack in the Susitza and Putna Valleys and capture guns and prisoners.

H.M.S. Otway (armed merchant cruiser) is sunk by a submarine in the North Atlantic.

July 24 (Tues.)

The Austro-Germans recapture Stanislau and Tarnopol.

July 25 (Wed.)

The Irish Convention meets in Dublin; Sir Horace Plunkett is appointed Chairman.

The Russian retreat in Galicia continues.

The Russians and Roumanians gain ground in Moldavia.

July 26 (Thur.)

The Austro-Germans are across the Sereth from Tarnopol to Czortkow; they occupy Kolomea, south of the Dniester.

H.M.S. Ariadne (mine layer) is sunk by a submarine in the English Channel (38 lives lost).

July 28 (Sat.)

The Austro-Germans enter south-western Russia on either side of the frontier town of Husiatyn.

The Roumanians still advance in Moldavia.

July 29 (Sun.)

An increasing artillery bombardment by the British in Flanders.

The Russian retreat continues.

July 30 (Mon.)

The French attack and gain ground south of La RoyÈre, on the Aisne Front.

July 31 (Tues.)

Great Anglo-French attack in front of Ypres (the Third Battle of Ypres; see Nov. 6): St. Julien, Pilkem, Frezenberg, and other villages are captured by the British; the French force the passage of the Yser Canal and carry Steenstrasse and Bixschoote.

Aug. 1 (Wed.)

The Germans counter-attack and recapture St. Julien (see Aug. 3).

The Russian generals Brussiloff and Dmitrieff resign; General Korniloff is appointed Russian Commander-in-Chief.

Aug. 2 (Thur.)

The Germans carry British positions on Infantry Hill, east of Monchy.

Aug. 3 (Fri.)

The British recapture St. Julien (Ypres Front) and the positions lost on Infantry Hill (east of Monchy).

The Austro-Germans recapture Czernowitz.

Aug. 6 (Mon.)

Moldavia:—Roumanian positions are stormed north of Focsani by Mackensen's forces.

Aug. 7 (Tues.)

Moldavia:—Mackensen advances north of Focsani, and captures 3000 prisoners.

Aug. 8 (Wed.)

Moldavia:—Retirement of the Russians and Roumanians in the Trotus Valley.

Aug. 9 (Thur.)

Moldavia:—Mackensen continues to advance north of Focsani, and crosses the Susitza River on a wide front.

The British destroyer Recruit is sunk by a mine in the North Sea (see footnote, p. 38).

Aug. 10 (Fri.)

The British advance east of Ypres and enter Glencorse Wood; the French cross the Steenbeek.

A German air-raid on Nancy. A French air-raid on Frankfurt-on-Main.

Aug. 11 (Sat.)

Mackensen advances in Moldavia and captures many prisoners.

The British liner City of Athens is sunk by a mine near Cape Town.

Aug. 12 (Sun.)

A German aeroplane raid on Southend and Margate (32 killed).

Aug. 13 (Mon.)

The refusal of passports for the Stockholm Conference is announced by the British Government, as a measure agreed between the Allies (see May 9 and June 1).

H.M.S. Bergamot (sloop—employed as Special Service ship) is sunk by a submarine in the Atlantic.

Aug. 14 (Tues.)

China declares war on Germany and Austria.

Peace proposals by the Pope are delivered to the belligerent Governments.

Aug. 15 (Wed.)

The British attack from north of Loos to north of Lens: Hill 70 and several villages are captured and the defences of CitÉ St. Auguste penetrated in the northern sector; German positions are carried near Lens.

Aug. 16 (Thur.)

The British attack east and north of Ypres, and capture Langemarck.

The French advance near Craonne.

The Germans are checked by the Roumanians in Moldavia.

An action between British and German destroyers in the Bight of Heligoland.

Aug. 17 (Fri.)

The French gain ground east of Bixschoote.

Aug. 18 (Sat.)

German counter-attacks near Lens are repulsed with heavy loss.

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians bombard the Austrian positions from Monte Nero to the sea.

Aug. 19 (Sun.)

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians attack on a thirty-mile front, and capture the Austrian first line from Plava to the sea.

Aug. 20 (Mon.)

The French attack at Verdun on a front of 11 miles; they capture Avocourt, the CumiÈres Woods, and other strong positions, with 4000 prisoners.

The Germans advance on the Riga Front with little opposition.

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians make rapid progress.

Aug. 21 (Tues.)

The British gain ground north of Lens.

The French make further progress near Verdun.

A Zeppelin raid on the Yorkshire coast. A Zeppelin is brought down off Jutland by British light naval forces.

Aug. 22 (Wed.)

Lens is invested by the British on three sides.

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians continue to advance, 16,000 prisoners being claimed to date.

A German aeroplane raid on Ramsgate, Margate, and Dover; three raiders are brought down.

Aug. 23 (Thur.)

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians make further progress; they claim over 20,000 prisoners since the beginning of the offensive.

Aug. 24 (Fri.)

The British are driven back near the Ypres-Menin road.

Verdun Front:—The French capture Hill 304 and reach the southern bank of the Forges brook.

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians capture Monte Santo, north of Gorizia.

Aug. 28 (Tues.)

Moldavia:—A Russian division mutinies and leaves the field.

Aug. 31 (Fri.)

The French gain ground on the Chemin-des-Dames.

Sept. 1 (Sat.)

The Germans cross the Dvina at UexkÜll, which constitutes a threat to the Riga-Petrograd Railway.

British light naval forces sink four German mine-sweepers off the coast of Jutland.

Sept. 2 (Sun.)

East Africa:—A German detachment surrenders at Kakera.

A German aeroplane raid on Dover.

A British naval air-raid on Adrianople.

Sept. 3 (Mon.)

Riga falls to the Germans, who occupy the town unopposed and advance in pursuit of the retreating and disorganised Russians.

A German aeroplane raid on the south-east of England.

H.M.S. Dundee (armed boarding-steamer) is sunk by a submarine in the entrance of the English Channel.

Sept. 4 (Tues.)

The Germans cross the Aa, 33 miles north-east of Riga.

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians capture enemy positions on Monte St. Gabriele.

A German submarine shells Scarborough (3 killed).

A night raid by German aeroplanes on London (11 killed).

Sept. 5 (Wed.)

The Russians lose the line of the Dvina as far as Friedrichstadt.

Sept. 7 (Fri.)

Resignation of M. Ribot, the French Premier (see March 19).

Sept. 8 (Sat.)

M. Kerenski dismisses General Korniloff from the post of Russian Commander-in-Chief; General Korniloff marches on Petrograd.

The United States Government discloses the 'sink without trace' incident in Germany's dealings in the Argentine through Sweden.

Verdun Front:—The French capture Chaume Wood.

Sept. 11 (Tues.)

Russia:—M. Kerenski assumes the position of Commander-in-Chief.

Sept. 12 (Wed.)

M. PainlevÉ succeeds M. Ribot as French Premier (see Nov. 13).

The Argentine Government hands Count Luxburg, the German agent in Buenos Ayres, his passports.

A British naval air-raid on Zeebrugge.

Sept. 13 (Thur.)

Russia:—General Korniloff's revolt fails.

The Allies advance in Southern Albania.

Sept. 14 (Fri.)

Russia:—General Korniloff surrenders to General Alexeieff and the Provisional Government.

Sept. 15 (Sat.)

Russia:—The Provisional Government proclaims a Republic; a new War Cabinet is appointed under M. Kerenski, who is virtually Dictator.

A British naval air-raid on enemy shipping between Ostend and Blankenberghe.

Sept. 16 (Sun.)

Allied air-raids on Stuttgart and Colmar.

Sept. 18 (Tues.)

The British destroyer Contest is sunk by a submarine in the English Channel.

Sept. 20 (Thur.)

The British attack on an eight-mile front east of Ypres: Inverness Copse, Glencorse Wood, and other important positions are captured, with 2000 prisoners.

Sept. 21 (Fri.)

East of Ypres the British repulse counter-attacks and make further progress.

The Russians evacuate the important bridge-head of Jacobstadt (on the Dvina, 70 miles south-east of Riga).

East Africa:—The British advancing from the direction of the port of Kilwa break up an enemy force and drive it in flight towards the Mbemkuru River.

Sept. 22 (Sat.)

The Germans occupy Jacobstadt (south-east of Riga).

Ostend is shelled by British ships of the Belgian coast patrol.

French air-raids on Stuttgart, TrÈves, Coblenz, and Frankfurt.

Sept. 24 (Mon.)

A night raid on London by German aeroplanes (15 killed).

Sept. 25 (Tues.)

A British naval force bombards Ostend.

A night raid on London by German aeroplanes (7 killed); one raider is destroyed.

Sept. 26 (Wed.)

The British attack on a six-mile front east of Ypres; Polygon Wood and Zonnebeke are captured.

Sept. 27 (Thur.)

A raid by British naval airmen on the German aerodrome at St. Denis Westrem (near Ghent).

Sept. 28 (Fri.)

Mesopotamia:—The Turks are crushingly defeated by General Maude at Ramadieh on the Euphrates (the Battle of Ramadieh).

Sept. 29 (Sat.)

Mesopotamia:—The British victory at Ramadieh ends in the surrender of the Turkish force; over 3000 unwounded prisoners are captured.

A night raid on London by German aeroplanes (11 killed).

Sept. 30 (Sun.)

A night raid on London by German aeroplanes.

Oct. 1 (Mon.)

East of Ypres strong German counter-attacks are repulsed by the British.

East Africa:—An enemy detachment of 200 surrenders to the British north of the Central Railway.

A night raid on London by German aeroplanes (10 killed).

Oct. 2 (Tues.)

H.M.S. Drake (cruiser) is torpedoed off the north coast of Ireland; she makes harbour and sinks in shallow water (19 lives lost).

Oct. 4 (Thur.)

The British attack Passchendaele Ridge; positions of great importance and 4500 prisoners are captured.

Oct. 5 (Fri.)

An explosion occurs in a munitions factory at Chilwell, with heavy loss of life.

Oct. 6 (Sat.)

Peru and Uruguay break off diplomatic relations with Germany.

German counter-attacks at Passchendaele are repulsed with heavy loss.

Oct. 9 (Tues.)

Death of Hussein Kamel, Sultan of Egypt since 1914 (see Dec. 18, 1914).

The British and French attack between Passchendaele Ridge and Houthulst Forest; the villages of St. Jean, Mangelaere, Veldhoek, and Koekuit are taken, and the capture of Poelcappelle is completed.

East Africa:—A Belgian column occupies Mahenge.

A serious mutiny which occurred in the German Navy in August is announced in the German Reichstag.

H.M.S. Champagne (armed merchant-cruiser) is sunk by a submarine in the Atlantic (56 lives lost).

Oct. 11 (Thur.)

The British Government stops commercial cable communication with Holland until the transit of sand and scrap-iron by Dutch waterways from Germany into Belgium shall be discontinued.

Oct. 12 (Fri.)

The British again attack between Passchendaele and Houthulst Forest; their progress is checked by the mud.

The Germans attack the island of Oesel in the Gulf of Riga with naval and military forces; the greater part of the island is occupied.

Oct. 13 (Sat.)

The Germans capture Arensburg, the capital of Oesel Island.

Oct. 14 (Sun.)

The Gulf of Riga:—An indeterminate action between German and Russian naval forces is fought in the Sound between Oesel Island and Dago Island.

Oct. 16 (Tues.)

It is announced in Parliament that a British Air Ministry will be constituted.

The Germans complete the occupation of Oesel, taking many prisoners.

Oct. 17 (Wed.)

Gulf of Riga:—The Germans force Irben Strait; the Russians are compelled to sink and abandon their battleship Slava in Moon Sound.

Scandinavian merchantmen, convoyed by two British destroyers, are attacked by a German naval force in the North Sea: the two destroyers, the Mary Rose and the Strongbow, are sunk after a gallant fight (135 lives lost); most of the merchantmen are sunk, but three escape.

The U.S.A. transport Antilles is sunk by a submarine (67 lives lost).

Oct. 18 (Thur.)

The Gulf of Riga:—The Germans complete the capture of Moon Island.

Oct. 19 (Fri.)

The Gulf of Riga:—The Germans complete the capture of Dago Island.

A Zeppelin raid on the east and north-east of England and on London (27 killed); five of the raiders are brought down in France on their return journey.

H.M. armed merchant-cruiser Orama is sunk by a submarine in the Atlantic.

Oct. 20 (Sat.)

The Gulf of Riga:—The Germans capture Schilden Island.

Oct. 21 (Sun.)

The Gulf of Riga:—The Germans land at Verder, on the mainland of Esthonia (see Oct. 27).

British naval forces bombard Ostend.

Oct. 22 (Mon.)

The Germans counter-attack and gain ground in Houthulst Forest.

A German withdrawal south of Riga.

Oct. 23 (Tues.)

The French attack on the Aisne Front: the German defences are deeply penetrated; Malmaison Fort and other important positions are carried, 8000 prisoners being captured.

The Italian Isonzo and north-eastern fronts are heavily bombarded at many points by the Austro-Germans, the Austrians in this area having been strongly reinforced by Germans.

Oct. 24 (Wed.)

The Battle of Caporetto begins (see Nov. 18): the Italians are strongly attacked in the neighbourhood of Tolmino, on the Upper Isonzo, by Austro-German forces; the Italian Second Army gives way on a twenty-mile front.

Oct. 25 (Thur.)

Resignation of Signor Boselli and the Italian Cabinet.

A further French advance on the Aisne Front: many guns are captured.

The Italians retreat rapidly on the whole front between Plezzo and a point south of Auzza: the Austro-Germans capture Monte Matajur (south-west of Caporetto); they claim 30,000 prisoners in two days' fighting.

A British air-raid on the railways and factories at SaarbrÜcken.

Oct. 26 (Fri.)

The British advance on the Passchendaele Ridge; the French capture the village of Dvaeibank.

The Italians continue to retreat; their line is pierced on the Julian Front; 60,000 prisoners and 500 guns are claimed by the enemy to date.

Oct. 27 (Sat.)

The French and Belgians advance on either side of the Ypres-Dixmude road: Merckem is captured.

American troops are in action in France for the first time (see June 26).

The Gulf of Riga:—The Germans evacuate the mainland of Esthonia (see Oct. 21).

Italy:—The Germans capture Cividale and sweep into the Friulian plain; 80,000 prisoners are claimed to date.

An action between Allied and German destroyers off the Belgian coast.

Oct. 28 (Sun.)

A new Italian Cabinet is formed under Signor Orlando.

Fall of Gorizia: the Italians retreat towards the line of the Tagliamento; 100,000 prisoners and 700 guns are claimed by the enemy to date (see Aug. 8, 1916).

Oct. 29 (Mon.)

Italy:—The Austro-Germans occupy Udine.

Oct. 30 (Tues.)

Resignation of Herr Michaelis, the German Imperial Chancellor (see July 14).

The British advance on the Passchendaele Ridge and reach the outskirts of Passchendaele.

Oct. 31 (Wed.)

The remains of the Italian Second and Third Armies are withdrawn behind the Tagliamento River; 120,000 prisoners and over 1000 guns are claimed by the enemy to date.

Palestine:—The British, under General Allenby, resume the offensive on the Gaza Front; Beersheba is captured; 1800 prisoners and 15 guns are taken.

A night raid on London by German aeroplanes (8 killed).

Nov. 1 (Thur.)

Count Hertling succeeds Herr Michaelis as German Imperial Chancellor (see Oct 1, 1918).

Palestine:—General Allenby captures an important section of the defences of Gaza and advances north of Beersheba.

Nov. 2 (Fri.)

The Germans abandon the whole line of the Chemin-des-Dames; they retire from its northern slopes across the Ailette.

Italy:—The Austro-Germans reach the east bank of the Tagliamento.

A British naval force sinks a German auxiliary cruiser and ten German patrol craft in the Kattegat.

Nov. 3 (Sat.)

The French reach the Ailette on the whole front between Corbeny and the Oise-Aisne Canal.

French troops arrive in Italy.

Nov. 4 (Sun.)

British troops arrive in Italy.

The Austro-Germans force the passage of the Tagliamento north of Pinzano.

Nov. 5 (Mon.)

The Italians retreat from the Tagliamento towards the Piave.

Mesopotamia:—General Maude defeats the Turks before Tekrit (100 miles beyond Baghdad).

Nov. 6 (Tues.)

The British capture Passchendaele (this ends the Third Battle of Ypres: see July 31).

Palestine:—The British capture important positions eleven miles north of Beersheba.

Mesopotamia:—The British capture Tekrit.

Nov. 7 (Wed.)

A coup d'État in Petrograd by the Bolshevists under Lenin: Kerenski and the Provisional Government are overthrown; Lenin and Trotsky become masters of the situation.

The Italians reach the Livenza, the passage of which is forced by the Austro-Germans; 250,000 prisoners and 2300 guns are claimed by the enemy to date.

Palestine:—General Allenby captures Gaza.

Nov. 9 (Fri.)

It is announced that the Allied War Conference at Rapallo has decided to create a Supreme Council to ensure unity of command.

General Diaz succeeds General Cadorna as Italian Generalissimo.

The Austro-Germans advance in the Trentino and capture Asiago.

Palestine:—The Turks retreat on Hebron and Jerusalem with heavy loss in guns, prisoners, and other casualties.

Nov. 10 (Sat.)

The arrests of M. Kerenski and General Korniloff are ordered by the Petrograd Soviet; troops loyal to M. Kerenski occupy Tsarskoe Selo.

Italy:—The Austro-Germans attack on the Upper Piave and capture Belluno.

Nov. 11 (Sun.)

Italy:—Austro-German attacks in the Trentino (designed to turn the line of the Piave) are defeated.

The British monitor M 15 and the destroyer Staunch are sunk by submarine off the coast of Palestine.

Nov. 12 (Mon.)

Mr. Lloyd George makes his 'Paris speech' declaring for an Allied War Council to ensure unity of command.

The Italians evacuate Fonzano and a part of the Val Sugano.

Nov. 13 (Tues.)

M. Kerenski's forces are defeated by the Bolshevists at Tsarskoe Selo; flight of M. Kerenski.

M. PainlevÉ's Government is defeated in the French Chamber (see Sept. 12).

Italy:—The Austro-Germans force the passage of the Lower Piave at Zenson.

Palestine:—General Allenby drives the Turks from strong positions north of Ascalon; the junction of the Beersheba-Damascus railway with the line from Jerusalem is occupied by the British.

Nov. 14 (Wed.)

Mr. Lloyd George announces to the House of Commons the terms of agreement between the Western Allies for a Supreme War Council.

Italy:—Austro-German attacks on a twenty-mile front, designed to turn the line of the Piave from the north, are repulsed.

Nov. 15 (Thur.)

The Italians retreat in the Val Sugano and the Austro-Germans occupy Cismon.

Palestine:—The British approach Jaffa (Joppa).

East Africa:—British troops occupy Chivata.

Nov. 16 (Fri.)

A new French Ministry is formed with M. Clemenceau as Premier and War Minister.

The Austro-Germans attack the line of the Piave on a twenty-mile front; they capture Monte Prasolan, the Italians retiring on Monte Grappa; the enemy cross the Lower Piave at two more points but are checked on the western bank.

Nov. 17 (Sat.)

Palestine:—The British enter Jaffa (Joppa).

A cruiser action in the Heligoland Bight: the German naval forces retire damaged to the protection of Heligoland.

Nov. 18 (Sun.)

Italy:—The end of the Battle of Caporetto (see Oct. 24).

Palestine:—The British approach Jerusalem.

Death of General Sir Stanley Maude in Mesopotamia (see Aug. 28, 1916).

H.M.S. Candytuft (sloop—employed as Special Service ship) is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.

Nov. 19 (Mon.)

In the British House of Commons Mr. Lloyd George successfully defends his 'Paris speech' and the policy of a Supreme War Council.

Nov. 20 (Tues.)

A conference opens at Downing Street between the British War Cabinet and representatives of the U.S.A.

The British Third Army under Sir Julian Byng attacks and carries the Hindenburg line on a ten-mile front before Cambrai (the Battle of Cambrai; see Dec. 7): the advance through the German wire is led by tanks; Bonavis, La Vacquerie, Havrincourt, and other places are captured; the advance is continued to within five miles of Cambrai.

Nov. 21 (Wed.)

Russia:—The Lenin-Trotsky Government announces its intention to open negotiations for 'a democratic peace.' Ensign Krilenko is appointed Russian Commander-in-Chief.

The British continue to advance before Cambrai: Bourlon Wood is entered; Fontaine Notre Dame (2½ miles from Cambrai) is captured; Moeuvres is reached. The number of prisoners taken to date exceeds 8000.

Palestine:—General Allenby captures the Nebi Samwil Ridge (Mizpeh), five miles from Jerusalem.

Nov. 22 (Thur.)

Cambrai Front:—The Germans recapture Fontaine Notre Dame.

Nov. 23 (Fri.)

Cambrai Front:—The British capture Bourlon Wood.

Nov. 24 (Sat.)

Cambrai Front:—Fierce fighting in the northern outskirts of Bourlon Wood.

General Plumer is appointed to command the British forces in Italy.

Lieut.-General Marshall is appointed to command the British forces in Mesopotamia.

The German submarine U48 is destroyed by British drifters on the Goodwin Sands.

Nov. 25 (Sun.)

The French advance north of Verdun.

Nov. 27 (Tues.)

Cambrai Front:—The British gain ground towards Fontaine Notre Dame and the village of Bourlon.

East Africa:—Near Nevale 3500 German and native troops, under Colonel Tafel, surrender to the British.

Nov. 28 (Wed.)

The British Admiralty announces the formation of the Women's Royal Naval Service.

The Elder-Dempster liner Apapa is sunk by a submarine (79 lives lost).

Nov. 29 (Thur.)

Meetings of the Allied Conference open at Paris.

Count Hertling announces that Germany will treat with the Bolshevists.

Lord Lansdowne's letter advising a revision of war aims is published in the Daily Telegraph.

Nov. 30 (Fri.)

The Germans counter-attack in strength before Cambrai: they capture Lateau Wood and penetrate the British positions as far as La Vacquerie, Gonnelieu, and Gouzeaucourt; La Vacquerie is recovered by a British counter-attack; the Germans claim 4000 prisoners and 60 guns.

Dec. 1 (Sat.)

Cambrai Front:—The British recapture Gonnelieu.

East Africa:—The British drive the last enemy forces into Portuguese territory.

Dec. 2 (Sun.)

German and Bolshevist plenipotentiaries meet at Brest-Litovsk to negotiate an armistice.

Dec. 3 (Mon.)

The Russian General Staff surrenders to Bolshevist troops; General Dukhonin, the former Commander-in-Chief, is murdered.

Mesopotamia:—The Turks are driven out of the hills north of Deli Abbas; they retreat towards the Jebel Hamrin range.

Dec. 4 (Tues.)

Italy:—The Austro-Germans attack in the Asiago region and win Italian hill positions.

Dec. 5 (Wed.)

Cambrai Front:—The British evacuate Bourlon Wood.

Italy:—The Austro-Germans make progress on the Asiago Front: Monte Zomo and Monte Castelgomberto are carried.

Dec. 6 (Thur.)

An insurrection breaks out in Lisbon against the Government in power (see Dec. 11).

Roumania agrees to an armistice.

Cambrai Front:—Strong enemy attacks south of Bourlon Wood are repulsed by the British.

Italy:—The Austro-Germans capture Monte Sisemol.

Palestine:—The British occupy Hebron.

A German aeroplane raid on London in the early morning (7 killed); two raiders are destroyed.

Dec. 7 (Fri.)

The United States Government declares war on Austria.

The end of the Battle of Cambrai (see Nov. 20), the British gains having been largely abandoned.

Dec. 8 (Sat.)

Ecuador breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

The Russian peoples on the Don and in the Urals revolt against the Bolshevists.

Palestine:—The British advance isolates Jerusalem.

Dec. 9 (Sun.)

Palestine:—Fall of Jerusalem to General Allenby (see Dec. 11).

The Italians torpedo two Austrian battleships in the port of Trieste, sinking one of them (the Wien).

Dec. 10 (Mon.)

Panama declares war on Austria.

Dec. 11 (Tues.)

The Russian Constituent Assembly meets in Petrograd.

The Revolutionary party establishes itself in Lisbon, and forms a Government which declares its solidarity with the Allies (see Dec. 6).

Palestine:—General Allenby formally enters Jerusalem accompanied by the military attachÉs of France, Italy, and the United States.

A German submarine bombards Funchal, Madeira.

A British air-raid on Germany between Metz and the Rhine.

Dec. 12 (Wed.)

The Germans attack, and gain some ground near Bullecourt.

Palestine:—General Allenby advances north and north-west of Jerusalem.

A raid by German destroyers in the North Sea: they attack six merchantmen (five Neutral and one British) escorted by two British destroyers (the Partridge and the Pellew) and four armed trawlers; the merchantmen and the escort are all sunk with the exception of the destroyer Pellew, which is disabled.

Dec. 13 (Thur.)

The Russian Constituent Assembly is forcibly dispersed by the Bolshevists.

H.M.S. Stephen Furness (armed boarding-steamer) is sunk by a submarine in the Irish Sea.

Dec. 14 (Fri.)

The French cruiser ChÂteaurenault is sunk by a submarine (10 lives lost).

Dec. 15 (Sat.)

An armistice for one month from Dec. 17 is signed at Brest-Litovsk by representatives of the German Government and of the Russian Bolshevist Government.

General Guillaumet succeeds General Sarrail in command of the Allied forces at Salonika.

Dec. 16 (Sun.)

H.M.S. Arbutus (sloop—employed as Special Service ship) is sunk by a submarine off the Bristol Channel.

Dec. 18 (Tues.)

Italy:—The Austro-Germans attack from Col Caprile to Monte Pertica; they capture Monte Asolone with 2000 prisoners.

An evening raid by German aeroplanes on Essex, Kent, and London (10 killed); one raider is brought down.

Dec. 19 (Wed.)

The Ukraine Government demands recognition by the Bolshevist Government.

The Italians recapture part of Monte Asolone.

Dec. 21 (Fri.)

The Italians complete the recapture of Monte Asolone.

Palestine:—General Allenby advances northward.

Dec. 22 (Sat.)

Peace negotiations are opened at Brest-Litovsk between the German Government and the Russian Bolshevist Government; Herr von KÜhlmann presides.

A German aeroplane raid on the Kentish coast; one machine is forced to land and its crew is captured.

Dec. 23 (Sun.)

Italy:—The Austro-Germans capture Val Bella and the Col del Rosso in the Frenzela Valley; they claim 9000 prisoners.

Three British destroyers, the Surprise, Tornado, and Torrent, are sunk by mines off the Dutch coast with considerable loss of life.

Dec. 24 (Mon.)

A British air-raid on Mannheim.

Dec. 26 (Wed.)

Vice-Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss succeeds Admiral Sir John Jellicoe as First Sea Lord (see Nov. 29, 1916).

Dec. 27 (Thur.)

Palestine:—Turkish attacks north of Jerusalem are shattered and a British offensive is launched subsequently against the defeated enemy.

Dec. 28 (Fri.)

The Labour Memorandum on War Aims is adopted at a special British Labour Conference.

Palestine:—The British advance on a nine-mile front: they capture Ramah and Beitunia.

Dec. 29 (Sat.)

Palestine:—The British capture Bireh (on the Shechem road, nine miles north of Jerusalem).

Dec. 30 (Sun.)

The Germans attack Welsh Ridge on the Cambrai Front, and gain ground.

Palestine:—The British continue to advance; they capture Bethel and other villages.

The British destroyer Attack is sunk by a mine off Alexandria.

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