Jan. 1 (Tues.)

Italy:—The Austrians are driven from Zenson, west of the Piave.

Jan. 2 (Wed.)

The German peace conditions are denounced by the Bolshevists as a policy of annexation.

Jan. 4 (Fri.)

The British hospital ship Rewa is sunk by a submarine in the Bristol Channel (three lives lost).

Jan. 5 (Sat.)

Mr. Lloyd George makes a declaration of 'War Aims' after consultation with Mr. Asquith, Lord Grey, and the leaders of the Labour Party.

Jan. 8 (Tues.)

President Wilson in an address to Congress lays down the 'fourteen points' on which, in his opinion, peace should be based. (Appendix V.)

Jan. 9 (Wed.)

H.M.S. Racoon (destroyer) is lost, with all hands, in a storm off the coast of Ireland.

Jan. 10 (Thur.)

In the peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk the independence of the Ukraine Republic is accepted both by the Central Powers and the Bolshevists.

Jan. 12 (Sat.)

Verdun Front:—A German attack at Chaume Wood is repulsed.

British forces are disembarked at Port Amelia in Portuguese East Africa.

Two British destroyers are wrecked off the coast of Scotland (all lives lost except one).

Jan. 14 (Mon.)

The Italians attack and gain ground east of the Brenta in the Asolone district (491 prisoners).

Yarmouth is shelled by German destroyers (four killed).

Jan. 15 (Tues.)

The result of an inquiry into the operations before Cambrai (see Nov. 20-Dec. 7, 1917) is announced in the British House of Commons: the Higher Command is exonerated.

Jan. 18 (Fri.)

The Russian Constituent Assembly meets in Petrograd: it refuses to accept the dictation of the Bolshevist Government.

Palestine:—The British line is advanced north of Jerusalem.

Jan. 19 (Sat.)

The Russian Constituent Assembly is forcibly dissolved by the Bolshevists.

Jan. 20 (Sun.)

The Goeben and the Breslau make a sortie from the Dardanelles and are engaged by British naval forces: the Breslau is sunk by a mine; the Goeben also strikes a mine but escapes into the Straits, where she runs aground at Nagara Point; here she is attacked by British aeroplanes; H.M.S. Raglan (monitor) and a smaller British monitor (M28) are also sunk in the engagement.

The British armed boarding-steamer Louvain is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean (224 lives lost).

Two German destroyers are sunk by mines in the North Sea.

Jan. 21 (Mon.)

Sir Edward Carson resigns from the British War Cabinet (see July 17, 1917).

Jan. 22 (Tues.)

Dr. von Seidler, the Austrian Premier, tenders his resignation, which is refused (see June 24, 1917, and July 23, 1918).

Jan. 23 (Wed.)

Two meatless days a week are enforced in Great Britain by a Public Meals Order.

Jan. 26 (Sat.)

It is announced that the British have taken over an additional sector of the front in France, and that their line now extends southward beyond St. Quentin.

Jan. 27 (Sun.)

The Goeben is refloated and towed to Constantinople.

Jan. 28 (Mon.)

The Italians attack between Asiago and the Brenta Valley: they capture the Col del Rosso and 1500 prisoners.

A night raid by German aeroplanes on London (58 killed); one raider is destroyed over Essex.

The British submarine E14 is sunk by the Turks off Kum Kale (Dardanelles).

Jan. 29 (Tues.)

The Italians capture Monte di Val Bella.

German aeroplanes reach the outskirts of London.

Jan. 30 (Wed.)

An air-raid on Paris (49 killed); one raider is destroyed.

Jan. 31 (Thurs.)

Austrian counter-attacks on Monte di Val Bella are repulsed by the Italians.

Feb. 4 (Mon.)

The trial of Bolo Pasha begins in Paris (see Feb. 14).

Feb. 5 (Tues.)

The Anchor liner Tuscania, transporting American troops, is sunk by a submarine off Ireland (166 lives lost).

Feb. 8 (Fri.)

The Germans attack French positions north of the Chemin-des-Dames and are repulsed.

Feb. 9 (Sat.)

Peace is concluded between the Central Powers and the Ukraine Republic.

Feb. 10 (Sun.)

It is announced by Trotsky that Russia is out of the war ('while desisting from signing a formal treaty of peace the state of war with the enemy Powers is ended') (see March 2).

Feb. 11 (Mon.)

A French air-raid on Metz.

Feb. 13 (Ash Wednesday).

The French, assisted by American troops, capture the German salient between Tahure and the Butte du Mesnil.

Russia:—General Alexeieff's forces are defeated by the Bolshevists. General Kaledin commits suicide.

Feb. 14 (Thur.)

Bolo Pasha is condemned to death for high treason (see Feb. 4 and April 17).

Palestine:—The British advance east of the Jerusalem-Shechem road.

Feb. 15 (Fri.)

German destroyers raid the Straits of Dover and sink a British armed trawler and seven drifters. Dover is shelled by a German submarine (one killed, a child).

Feb. 16 (Sat.)

It is announced that Sir William Robertson has resigned his post as British Chief of Staff and that he is succeeded by Sir Henry Wilson.

A night raid by German aeroplanes on London (11 killed).

Feb. 17 (Sun.)

A night raid by German aeroplanes on London (19 killed).

Feb. 18 (Mon.)

The armistice between Germany and Russia terminates; the Germans cross the Dvina and occupy Dvinsk and Lutsk; further south, at the invitation of the Ukraine, they advance towards Kovel.

Armenia is evacuated by the Russians.

Feb. 19 (Tues.)

The German armies continue to advance rapidly into Russia; they claim to have captured 2500 prisoners and several hundred guns.

Palestine:—General Allenby attacks north-east of Jerusalem and advances on a front of 15 miles to a depth of 2 miles towards Jericho.

Feb. 20 (Wed.)

The German advance into Russia, towards Reval, Petrograd, Moscow, and Kieff, continues.

Palestine:—General Allenby advances to within 4 miles of Jericho.

Mesopotamia:—General Marshall occupies Khan Abu Rayat on the Euphrates, 14 miles north of Ramadie.

Feb. 21 (Thur.)

The German Government outlines the peace terms which it will grant to Russia.

Palestine:—General Allenby captures Jericho.

Feb. 22 (Fri.)

Palestine:—The Turks retreat north of Jericho.

Feb. 24 (Sun.)

Germany's peace terms are accepted by the Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets.

Caucasus:—Trebizond is reoccupied by the Turks (see April 18, 1916).

The German auxiliary cruiser Wolf returns successfully to port after raiding commerce for fifteen months consecutively.

Feb. 25 (Mon.)

The first compulsory rationing comes into force in Great Britain (in London and the Home Counties).

Russia:—The Germans occupy Reval and Pskoff.

Venice is heavily bombarded by Austrian airmen.

Feb. 26 (Tues.)

Palestine:—The British occupy Rujm-el-Bahr (on the north shore of the Dead Sea) and the Mandesi ford of the Jordan.

The British hospital ship Glenart Castle is sunk by a submarine in the Bristol Channel (162 lives lost).

Mar. 1 (Fri.)

H.M.S. Calgarian (armed merchant cruiser) is sunk by a submarine off the coast of Ireland (67 lives lost).

Mar. 2 (Sat.)

Peace is signed at Brest-Litovsk between the Central Powers and Russia.

Roumania announces her submission to an ultimatum from the Central Powers requiring her to enter into peace negotiations.

Mar. 3 (Sun.)

Kieff is occupied by the Germans; the German military operations in Russia now cease.

Palestine:—General Allenby advances on a front of 12 miles to a depth of 3000 yards between Jerusalem and Shechem.

Mar. 5 (Tues.)

The preliminaries of a treaty of peace are signed between the Central Powers and Roumania.

German forces occupy the Aland Islands at the request of the Government of Finland.

Mar. 6 (Wed.)

Death of Mr. John Redmond, the leader of the Irish National Party.

Mar. 7 (Thur.)

A treaty of peace is signed between Germany and Finland.

Palestine:—General Allenby advances on a front of 18 miles to a depth of 3 miles across the Jerusalem-Shechem road.

A raid on a moonless night by German aeroplanes on London (20 killed); one raider is destroyed.

Mar. 8 (Fri.)

A German aeroplane raid on Paris (13 killed): one raider is destroyed.

Mar. 9 (Sat.)

Palestine:—A further advance by the British, who force the passage of the River Auja.

Mesopotamia:—Hit, on the Euphrates, is occupied by the British under General Marshall.

Mar. 10 (Sun.)

The British hospital ship Guildford Castle is torpedoed in the Bristol Channel but succeeds in making port.

Mar. 11 (Mon.)

The Germans raid the Western Front at a number of points.

Palestine:—A further advance by the British astride the Jerusalem-Shechem road.

Caucasus:—Erzerum is reoccupied by the Turks (see Feb. 16, 1916.)

Paris is attacked by 60 German aeroplanes; four of the raiders are destroyed.

Mar. 12 (Tues.)

German forces land at Abo in Finland.

Palestine:—The British advance near the coast.

A Zeppelin raid on the Yorkshire coast (one killed).

Mar. 13 (Wed.)

The Germans occupy Odessa.

A Zeppelin raid on Hartlepool (eight killed).

Mar. 14 (Thur.)

Palestine:—The British gain important positions commanding the Nablus road.

Mar. 15 (Fri.)

Prince Lichnowsky's memoir, dealing with the causes that led to the war, is published in Sweden.

Mar. 17 (Sun.)

Nikolaief, the Russian naval yard on the Black Sea, is occupied by the Germans.

Mar. 18 (Mon.)

The Germans bombard the Belgian Front and make a number of attacks there which are repulsed.

A British air-raid on Mannheim.

Mar. 19 (Tues.)

Great Britain:—Lord Pirrie is appointed Controller-General of Merchant Shipbuilding.

Mar. 21 (Thur.)

The great German offensive on the Western Front begins (the second Battle of the Somme; see April 5): the Germans attack, with immense weight of troops, the British Third and Fifth Armies on a fifty-mile front between the Scarpe and the Oise; they carry the British front-line positions over large sectors and penetrate more deeply at certain points.

Eighteen German destroyers raid Dunkirk. They are met by an Anglo-French flotilla consisting of two British destroyers (Botha and Morris) and three French destroyers, under the command of H.M.S. Botha. Three German destroyers are sunk and one disabled.

British monitors bombard Ostend.

Mar. 22 (Fri.)

The German offensive continues: the British line is broken west of St. Quentin but holds further north; the British fall back towards the line of the Somme; the Germans claim 16,000 prisoners and 200 guns.

Palestine:—General Allenby crosses the Jordan and advances towards the Hedjaz railway.

The British mine-sweeping sloop Gaillardia is sunk by a mine in the North Sea (68 lives lost).

Mar. 23 (Sat.)

The peace treaties concluded by the German Government are adopted by the German Reichstag.

The British fall back on new positions west and south-west of St. Quentin, 15 miles in rear of those held at the beginning of the offensive; the French enter the battle at Noyon, on the right of the British; the Germans claim 25,000 prisoners and 400 guns to date.

Paris is shelled by a long-range gun from a distance of 74 miles.

British air-raids on Bruges docks and Metz.

Mar. 24 (Sun.)

The Germans recapture Bapaume, PÉronne, Nesle, Ham, and Chauny; they claim 30,000 prisoners and 600 guns to date.

A British air-raid on Cologne.

Mar. 25 (Mon.)

The Germans make further progress between Arras and PÉronne and at other points further south; near Maricourt they reach their line of July 1916; the French evacuate Noyon.

Palestine:—General Allenby captures Es Salt and advances towards Amman on the Hedjaz railway (see April 1 and 30).

Mar. 26 (Tues.)

General Foch assumes supreme control of the Allied Armies in France.

The British line runs from in front of Arras south-west to Albert and thence south, behind the defences of 1916, to Bray; south of the Somme the Germans capture Chaulnes and Roye; the Germans claim to have taken to date 963 guns and to have destroyed 100 tanks.

Palestine:—British mounted troops approach Amman on the Hedjaz railway (see April 1).

Mesopotamia:—General Marshall defeats the Turks at Khan Baghdadie and takes 3000 prisoners.

Mar. 27 (Wed.)

The northern sectors of the British battle-line hold; the Germans capture Albert and in the valley of the Ancre are within 12 miles of Amiens; further south they capture Montdidier (between Amiens and CompiÈgne); German attacks are repulsed near Lassigny and Noyon.

Palestine:—The British destroy portions of the Hedjaz railway north and south of Amman.

The British destroyer Kale is sunk by a mine in the North Sea.

Mar. 28 (Thur.)

Strong German attacks on the British positions east and south-east of Arras are repulsed with heavy loss, but further south the Germans reach Hamel in their advance on Amiens.

Palestine:—The British attack Amman, but make little progress.

British destroyers capture and sink three German armed trawlers in the Heligoland Bight. H.M.S. Tithonus (armed boarding-steamer) is sunk by a submarine in the North Sea.

Mar. 29 (Good Friday)

The Germans make further progress towards Amiens between the Ancre and the Avre.

During the bombardment of Paris by the German long-range gun, a church is hit while a Good Friday service is in progress and many casualties are caused.

Mar. 30 (Sat.)

German attacks on the British Front north of the Somme (in the Boiry—Boyelles district) are repulsed with heavy loss. The French recapture Moreuil (south-east of Amiens).

Palestine:—The British attack on Amman is renewed with slight success.

April 1 (Mon.)

Palestine:—The British retire from before Amman and evacuate Es Salt (see March 25).

April 2 (Tues.)

The British recapture Ayette (between Arras and Albert).

April 4 (Thur.)

The Germans attack in great strength towards Amiens; they advance considerably on either side of Moreuil (south-east of Amiens); the French lose Morisel and Mailly-Raineval. The Germans claim to have taken 90,000 prisoners and 1300 guns since March 21.

April 5 (Fri.)

The British and French defences hold against strong German attacks; the Germans make little progress and suffer heavy losses; the French regain ground between Moreuil and Montdidier; this ends the second Battle of the Somme (see March 21).

British and Japanese marines under the command of Admiral Kato are landed at Vladivostok.

April 6 (Sat.)

The British recapture Aveluy Wood, north of Albert; the French yield ground near Chauny.

The Caucasus:—The Turks reoccupy Ardahan (see Jan. 3, 1915).

April 7 (Sun.)

Syria:—The Arabs capture Kerak, the Turkish headquarters east of the Dead Sea.

April 8 (Mon.)

The Germans bombard the whole British Front in the battle area and northwards to ArmentiÈres.

The French retire in the Coucy district, south of the Oise.

April 9 (Tues.)

The Germans attack in great strength on a ten-mile front between La BassÉe and ArmentiÈres; they penetrate the centre of this sector, which is held by the Portuguese, and widen the gap made (the Battle of the Lys: see April 29).

April 10 (Wed.)

The new German offensive extends northwards; the British are forced back on the Messines Ridge and in front of Ploegsteert Wood; south of ArmentiÈres the Germans cross the Lys.

Palestine:—The Turks attack in the coastal sector; they are repulsed and the British line is advanced at some points.

April 11 (Thur.)

There is fierce fighting on the Messines Ridge, where the British 9th Division repulses strong enemy attacks; below ArmentiÈres the Germans rapidly deepen and widen the salient they have created; they capture ArmentiÈres and Merville, and force back the British to a line behind Ploegsteert, Steenwerck, and Estaires; German attacks on the lines covering BÉthune are repulsed with heavy loss; the Germans claim 20,000 prisoners and over 200 guns in this battle to date.

April 12 (Fri.)

The Germans strike northwards from the salient; they reach Bailleul and capture Neuve Eglise; the British withdraw from the Messines Ridge; further south the Germans cross the Lawe and threaten St. Venant.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England and the Midlands (five killed).

April 13 (Sat.)

The British repulse German attacks from MÉtÉren to Wulverghem and recapture Neuve Eglise.

The Caucasus:—The Turks capture Batoum and 3000 prisoners.

April 14 (Sun.)

The British withdraw from Neuve Eglise.

April 15 (Mon.)

The resignation is announced of Count Czernin, the Austrian Foreign Minister, following on the publication by M. Clemenceau of a letter by Emperor Karl, dealing with the claims of France to Alsace-Lorraine.

The Germans capture Bailleul and Wulverghem.

A British naval force sinks ten German trawlers in the Kattegat; their crews are saved.

April 16 (Tues.)

The British withdraw from the Passchendaele Ridge.

April 17 (Wed.)

Bolo Pasha is shot at Vincennes (see Feb. 14).

The Belgians repulse German attacks near Bixschoote and capture 700 prisoners.

The British withdraw from Wytschaete and lose MÉtÉren; a German attack on Kemmel Hill is completely repulsed by the British; French reinforcements enter the battle along the ridge south-west of Ypres.

April 18 (Thur.)

Lord Milner succeeds Lord Derby as British Secretary of State for War.

The Germans attack in strength from Givenchy to the Lys and are repulsed with heavy loss.

The French attack in the Avre Valley, south-east of Amiens, and advance to the outskirts of Castel.

April 19 (Fri.)

The British gain ground at Givenchy and Festubert.

April 20 (Sat.)

British and German light naval forces are engaged in the Bight of Heligoland.

April 23 (Tues.) St. George's Day.

Guatemala declares war on Germany.

The Germans attack on the Amiens Front, at the junction of the French and British armies; they capture the village of Villers-BrÉttoneux from the British but elsewhere are repulsed.

British naval forces (Vice-Admiral Sir Roger Keyes in chief command) raid Zeebrugge and Ostend in the early morning with a view to blocking the entrances to the harbours. Storming parties land on the Mole at Zeebrugge, while three obsolete cruisers, the Intrepid, Thetis, and Iphigenia, filled with concrete enter the harbour; these are sunk at the entrance of the Bruges Canal. Two other block ships, the Brilliant and Sirius, are sunk near the entrance to the harbour at Ostend. In the action at Zeebrugge the British destroyer North Star is sunk.

The famous German airman, Baron von Richthoven, is shot down in the Somme Valley.

April 24 (Wed.)

On the Amiens Front the British recapture Villers-BrÉttoneux.

Syria:—Arab forces seize 53 miles of the Hedjaz railway south of Maan.

April 25 (Thur.)

The Germans capture Kemmel Hill.

H.M.S. Cowslip (sloop) is sunk by a submarine off Cape Spartel.

April 26 (Fri.)

German attacks at Locre and Voormezeele are repulsed.

April 27 (Sat.)

Mesopotamia:—General Marshall captures Kifri.

April 29 (Mon.)

The Germans attack in strength the British and French positions on a ten-mile front between MÉtÉren and Voormezeele and are severely defeated; this ends the Battle of the Lys (see April 9).

Mesopotamia:—General Marshall defeats the Turks at Tuz Khartmatli, half-way between Baghdad and Mosul, taking 300 prisoners and 6 guns.

April 30 (Tues.)

Palestine:—General Allenby again advances towards the Hedjaz railway, and recaptures Es Salt (see April 1).

Mesopotamia:—General Marshall reaches the Tank River and captures 12 more guns and many more prisoners.

May 1 (Wed.)

The Germans create a military dictatorship in the Ukraine; Field Marshal von Eichhorn breaks up the Ukranian Rada and establishes a German military Government at Kieff.

Palestine:—The British suffer a reverse between Jisr-ed-Damieh and Es Salt and lose 9 guns.

May 2 (Thur.)

The French make progress on the Avre.

British airmen bomb the lock-gates at Zeebrugge.

May 3 (Fri.)

Palestine:—General Allenby is compelled to withdraw his forces to the west bank of the Jordan.

May 5 (Sun.)

Lord French is appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.

The British gain ground in the angle between the Ancre and the Somme.

East Africa:—A British success near Manunga (160 miles south of Lake Nyassa).

H.M.S. Rhododendron (sloop) is sunk by a submarine in the North Sea.

May 7 (Tues.)

The Peace of Bucharest is signed between the Central Powers and Roumania.

Mesopotamia:—General Marshall occupies Kirkuk (110 miles south-east of Mosul) (see May 24).

May 8 (Wed.)

Nicaragua declares war on Germany.

May 10 (Fri.)

H.M.S. Vindictive (obsolete cruiser), damaged in the raid on Zeebrugge, is successfully sunk across the entrance to Ostend harbour.

May 11 (Sat.)

Mesopotamia:—The British, advancing along the Baghdad-Mosul road, drive the Turks across the Lesser Zab (70 miles from Mosul).

A British submarine destroys a German submarine of the 'cruiser' type.

May 14 (Tues.)

An Italian motor boat enters the port of Pola and sinks an Austrian battleship.

The British destroyer Phoenix is sunk by a submarine in the Adriatic.

May 15 (Wed.)

The French advance their line north of Kemmel Hill.

May 16 (Thur.)

A British air-raid on SaarbrÜcken.

May 17 (Fri.)

Great Britain:—A number of Sinn Fein leaders are arrested in connection with the discovery of a German-Irish plot.

Albania:—French and Italian forces advance on a sixteen-mile front.

May 18 (Sat.)

British airmen raid Cologne by daylight.

May 19 (Whit Sunday)

Ville-sur-Ancre is captured by Australian troops.

The Italians capture Austrian positions at Capo Sile (north of the Venetian lagoons).

A night raid by German aeroplanes on London (44 killed); five of the raiders are destroyed.

German airmen bomb a group of British hospitals at Etaples and cause many casualties.

May 20 (Mon.)

The French gain ground near Locre.

May 21 (Tues.)

A German aeroplane raid on Paris (three killed); one raider is brought down.

A British air-raid on Mannheim.

May 22 (Wed.)

A German aeroplane raid on Paris (one killed).

British airmen raid Zeebrugge and sink a German destroyer.

May 23 (Thur.)

Costa Rica declares war on the Central Powers.

The British armed merchant cruiser Moldavia, while transporting American troops, is sunk by a submarine in the English Channel (56 lives lost).

May 24 (Fri.)

Mesopotamia:—The British withdraw from Kirkuk (see May 7 and Oct. 25).

May 26 (Sun.)

The Italians capture the Monticello Pass (in the Adamello district) with 870 prisoners and 12 guns.

The British transport Leasowe Castle is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean (92 lives lost).

May 27 (Mon.)

The Third Battle of the Aisne (see June 2): the Germans launch an offensive north-west of Rheims; they carry the whole line of the Chemin-des-Dames and advance rapidly to the Aisne, which they cross on a front of eighteen miles; on the left of the German attack British troops hold their ground north of Rheims.

Between Locre and Voormezeele the French repulse a German attack.

The bombardment of Paris by long-range guns is renewed.

May 28 (Tues.)

The Germans advance rapidly south of the Aisne; they force the line of the Vesle.

American troops capture a German salient at Cantigny, north-west of Montdidier.

May 29 (Wed.)

The Germans capture the VrÉgny Plateau and Soissons (see Aug. 2), and advance south of the Vesle.

May 30 (Thur.)

The Germans reach FÈre-en-Tardenois.

Macedonian Front:—Greek troops make a successful attack at Skra di Legen (west of the Vardar and near the Serbian border) and capture 1500 prisoners.

May 31, (Fri.)

The Germans reach the Marne from ChÂteau-Thierry to Dormans; they claim to have captured 45,000 prisoners and 400 guns since May 27.

The American transport President Lincoln is sunk by a submarine in European waters.

The British destroyer Fairy is sunk after ramming and destroying a submarine in the North Sea.

June 1 (Sat.)

The Germans attack at various points between the Oise and the Marne and gain ground slightly; down the valley of the Ourcq the Germans advance to the edge of the Forest of Villers-Cotterets, 40 miles from Paris.

June 2 (Sun.)

The end of the Third Battle of the Aisne (see May 27): German attacks near ChÂteau-Thierry make little impression on the French defence; at several points between the Ourcq and the Marne the French counter-attack and gain ground.

June 3 (Mon.)

The Lys Front:—Mont de Merris (west of Merris village) is captured by the British.

The Germans attack in considerable strength north of the Aisne, between Soissons and Noyon, but make slight progress.

June 5 (Wed.)

A German attack at Longpont and an attempt by the Germans to cross the Oise near Vingres are defeated.

H.M.S. Snaefell (armed boarding-steamer) is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.

June 6 (Thur.)

French, British, and American troops counter-attack and regain ground at various points.

The Dutch hospital ship Koningin Regentes, engaged in carrying repatriated prisoners between England and Holland, is sunk by a submarine (four lives lost).

June 7 (Fri.)

French, British, and American troops again counter-attack successfully; the British regain Bligny, near Rheims; the French and Americans recapture Vinly and Veuilly-la-Poterie.

June 8 (Sat.)

A Conference of British and German delegates, to deal with questions relating to prisoners of war, opens at the Hague.

Palestine:—The British capture Turkish positions near the coast.

June 9 (Sun.)

The First Battle of Lassigny (see June 13): a new German offensive is launched on a front of 22 miles between Noyon and Montdidier.

June 10 (Mon.)

In their new offensive the Germans make progress, at great expense in casualties, towards EstrÉes St. Denis (west of CompiÈgne) and RibÉcourt (south-west of Noyon); they capture MÉry, Belloy, and St. Maur.

The Somme Front:—Australian troops make progress south of Morlancourt.

Italian torpedo-boats destroy an Austrian battleship, the Szent Istvan, in the Adriatic.

June 11 (Tues.)

The French counter-attack on a seven-mile front from Rubescourt to St. Maur; they recapture Belloy.

June 12 (Wed.)

The Germans attack between the Aisne and the forest of Villers-Cotterets towards CompiÈgne and make some progress.

June 13 (Thur.)

The end of the First Battle of Lassigny (see June 9): the Germans are held in check on the whole front between Noyon and Montdidier; they lose part of the ground won by them on the previous day in the direction of CompiÈgne.

The Italians defeat the Austrians at the Tonale Pass.

East Africa:—The British occupy Malema.

H.M.S. Patia (armed merchant-cruiser) is sunk by a submarine in the Bristol Channel.

June 14 (Fri.)

Northern Persia:—Tabriz is reoccupied by the Turks (see Jan. 30, 1915).

June 15 (Sat.)

Italy:—The Austrians launch an offensive on a front of 90 miles, from the Asiago Plateau to the sea; on the Asiago Plateau the British maintain their ground, and elsewhere the Austrians are either repulsed or make only slight progress; they cross the Piave at two points.

A German aeroplane raid on Paris.

June 16 (Sun.)

Italy:—The Austrians capture Capo Sile (north of the Venetian lagoons).

June 17 (Mon.)

Italy:—The Austrian offensive, which has met with little success, is definitely checked and the Allies begin to regain ground.

June 18 (Tues.)

Italy:—Capo Sile is recaptured by the Italians; further Austrian attempts to cross the Piave, which is in flood, are defeated.

June 19 (Wed.)

Italy:—The Austrians are driven back in the Montello sector.

June 20 (Thur.)

Italy:—The Italians complete the capture of Costalunga Redoubt and regain ground on the Montello and at other points.

June 21 (Fri.)

The British Government announce the abandonment for the present of Home Rule and Conscription in their policy towards Ireland.

Italy:—Austrian attacks in the Montello and Grappa areas are repulsed.

June 22 (Sat.)

Italy:—The Austrians begin to withdraw with difficulty across the flooded Piave.

June 23 (Sun.)

The British gain ground south of MÉtÉren.

Italian troops repulse a German attack on Bligny Crest, near Rheims.

Italy:—The Austrians recross the Piave in disorder pursued by the Italians; the Allies recover the whole of the right bank of the Piave except a small portion opposite San Dona di Piave.

June 24 (Mon.)

Italy:—The Italians clear the right bank of the Piave of the enemy and cross in places to the left bank; they capture many prisoners.

June 25 (Tues.)

American troops attack and defeat the Germans in a sharp engagement north-west of ChÂteau-Thierry; they take over 200 prisoners.

Italy:—The Italians capture the Austrian bridge-head at Capo Sile.

A British air-raid on Karlsruhe.

June 26 (Wed.)

The British capture a German position west of Vieux Berquin.

June 27 (Thur.)

General Franchet D'Esperey succeeds General Guillaumet in command of the Allied forces at Salonika.

The British hospital ship Llandovery Castle is sunk by a submarine 116 miles south-west of the Fastnet (234 lives lost).

A German aeroplane raid on Paris (11 killed).

June 28 (Fri.)

The British make progress on a front of 6000 yards east of the forest of Nieppe and capture over 400 prisoners.

The French advance between the Aisne and the forest of Villers-Cotterets and take over 1000 prisoners.

June 29 (Sat.)

The Italians capture Monte di Val Bella (on the Asiago Plateau) with 800 prisoners.

June 30 (Sun.)

The Italians capture the Col del Rosso (on the Asiago Plateau) with 2000 prisoners.

July 1 (Mon.)

The French capture St. Pierre Aigle; the Americans capture Vaux (near ChÂteau-Thierry) with 450 prisoners.

The American transport Corrington is sunk by a submarine (six lives lost).

British aeroplanes bomb the Austrian naval base at Cattaro with great effect.

A British air-raid on Mannheim.

July 2 (Tues.)

Italy:—The Italians advance on the Lower Piave and capture 1900 prisoners; they also make important progress on Monte Grappa.

July 3 (Wed.)

Death of Viscount Rhondda, the British Food Controller (see July 9, and June 15, 1917).

Death of Mohmed V., the Sultan of Turkey.

The French advance between AutrÈches and Moulin-sous-Touvent and capture over 1000 prisoners.

July 4 (Thur.)

A hundred merchant ships are launched in the U.S.A. to celebrate Independence Day; the day is celebrated in London and the Dominions, in Paris, and in Rome.

Australian troops, assisted by Americans, capture Hamel (between Villers-BrÉtonneux and the Somme), and the woods south of it, with over 1500 prisoners.

Italy:—The Italians make further progress on the Lower Piave and on Mount Grappa.

July 5 (Fri.)

The Australians advance on a front of 2000 yards north-east of Villers-BrÉtonneux.

Southern Albania:—An offensive is launched by the French and Italians.

July 6 (Sat.)

The Silver Wedding day of King George V. and Queen Mary of England.

Count Mirbach, the German Ambassador at Moscow, is assassinated.

Italy:—The Italians clear the Austrians from the Piave delta.

Southern Albania:—The French and Italians make rapid progress between the coast and the Tomorica Valley.

July 7 (Sun.)

The Australians advance on either side of the Somme on a front of 3000 yards.

July 8 (Mon.)

Southern Albania:—The French and Italians continue to advance, assisted in the coast sector by British monitors.

Siberia:—Czecho-Slovak forces temporarily occupy Irkutsk (see Aug. 17).

July 9 (Tues.)

Mr. J. R. Clynes succeeds Lord Rhondda as British Food Controller (see July 3).

The resignation is announced of Herr von KÜhlmann, the German Foreign Minister; he is succeeded by Admiral von Hintze.

July 10 (Wed.)

The French capture Courcy, north of the Ourcq.

Southern Albania:—The Italians capture Berat (see Aug. 26).

July 12 (Fri.)

Albania:—The Austrians retreat before the French and Italians.

The Japanese dreadnought Kawachi is blown up in Tokuyama Bay with a loss of over 500 lives.

July 14 (Sun.)

Palestine:—The Turks attack the British on the Jordan and north of Jericho and are repulsed.

The French liner Djemnah is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean with a loss of 442 lives.

July 15 (Mon.)

The Second Battle of the Marne begins (see Aug. 4): the Germans launch an offensive on a front of 50 miles, east and west of Rheims; west of Rheims, between Vrigny and ChÂteau-Thierry, they penetrate the Allied positions to a depth of several miles in places and capture Chezy and other villages; east of Rheims they carry the French outpost positions but are held on the main line of defence; they cross the Marne at Fossoy and other points.

July 16 (Tues.)

French and American troops regain ground south of the Marne and capture high ground overlooking the Marne Valley.

H.M.S. Anchusa (sloop) is sunk by a submarine off the north coast of Ireland.

July 17 (Wed.)

The Germans make progress towards Epernay and reach Montroison; east of Rheims they are defeated and driven back south of Prunay.

In the Somme area the Australians again make progress east of Villers-BrÉtonneux (see July 5 and 7).

The Cunard liner Carpathia is sunk by a submarine west of Ireland (five lives lost).

July 18 (Thur.)

The turning-point which leads to complete victory: the French counter-attack on a front of 35 miles between Belleau (5 miles north-west of ChÂteau-Thierry) and Vingres (north-west of Soissons); on the left, under General Mangin, they reach the Mont de Paris, near Soissons; in the valley of the Crise, they advance to a depth of 8 miles and capture 5000 prisoners and 30 guns. Further south they attack in co-operation with American troops, advance to a depth of 5 miles, and regain more than 20 villages; east of Rheims the French under General Gouraud recapture Prunay.

July 19 (Fri.)

The Lys Front:—The British recapture MÉtÉren (see April 17).

The French and Americans continue to attack between Soissons and ChÂteau-Thierry and approach the Soissons—ChÂteau-Thierry road; south of the Marne the Germans also yield ground.

July 20 (Sat.)

The Germans withdraw across the Marne (on the night of the 19th-20th); the Allied captures since the counter-stroke exceed 20,000 prisoners and 400 guns.

The White Star liner Justicia is sunk by submarines off the north coast of Ireland after fighting for twenty-four hours (16 lives lost); one of the submarines is sunk by the British destroyer Marne.

July 21 (Sun.)

The French recapture ChÂteau-Thierry; British, French, and Italian troops advance between the Marne and Rheims down the valley of the Ardre; they capture Courton Wood.

July 22 (Mon.)

The Allies cross the Marne near Dormans, at Chassins and Passy; the Germans retreat north and south of FÈre-en-Tardenois; German counter-attacks between the Marne and the Ourcq are repulsed and the French advance beyond La Croix and Epieds; east of Rheims General Gouraud recovers all his original positions between the Suippes and Massiges.

July 23 (Tues.)

Dr. von Seidler, the Austrian Premier, and his Cabinet resign.

The forced retreat of the Germans in the Soissons-Rheims salient continues; north of the Ourcq they are pressed back to the outskirts of Taux; south of the Ourcq the French approach FÈre-en-Tardenois.

On the Amiens Front the French advance towards the Avre Valley; they capture Mailly-Raineval and 1850 prisoners.

H.M.S. Marmora (armed merchant cruiser) is sunk by a submarine off the south coast of Ireland (ten lives lost).

July 24 (Wed.)

Progress is made by the Allies north of ChÂteau-Thierry towards FÈre-en-Tardenois and at various other points.

July 25 (Thur.)

The Allies capture the forest of FÈre, Oulchy-le-ChÂteau and other important positions on the Marne Front.

July 26 (Fri.)

The German retreat on the Marne Front extends.

July 27 (Sat.)

The German retreat on the Marne Front continues.

July 28 (Sun.)

The Marne Front:—The Allies capture FÈre-en-Tardenois and force the passage of the Ourcq.

July 29 (Mon.)

The Lys Front:—Australian troops capture Merris, near MÉtÉren.

The Marne Front:—The French capture positions north-east of Oulchy-le-ChÂteau and Grand Rozoy.

July 30 (Tues.)

The Marne Front:—The German resistance stiffens; the Allies capture Remigny and St. Gemme.

July 31 (Wed.)

The Marne Front:—The Americans capture Seringes after fierce fighting.

Aug. 1 (Thur.)

The French and British advance north of the Ourcq and capture important high ground commanding Soissons.

Aug. 2 (Fri.)

It is announced that Admiral Scheer is appointed Chief of the German Admiralty Staff.

The Allies recapture Soissons (lost on May 29); the Germans are again in full retreat in the Soissons-Rheims salient, closely pressed by the Allies, who advance rapidly.

North Russia:—Allied forces are landed at Archangel; they occupy the town and the surrounding district.

Two British destroyers, Vehement and Ariel, are sunk by enemy mines in the North Sea (97 lives lost).

Aug. 3 (Sat.)

The Marne Front:—The Allied advance continues; the Germans are driven across the Vesle.

The Albert Front:—The Germans retire behind the Ancre, evacuating Hamel, Dernancourt, and other villages.

British troops are landed at Vladivostok.

The British ambulance transport Warilda is sunk by a submarine (123 lives lost).

Aug. 4 (Sun.)

The Marne Front:—The Americans capture Fismes; the French cross the Vesle: this ends the Second Battle of the Marne (see July 15).

The Germans retire on a front of ten miles south-east of Amiens.

The Caspian:—A British military mission reaches Baku; it is subsequently reinforced (see Sept. 14).

Aug. 5 (Mon.)

Five Zeppelins fail in an attempt to cross the east coast of England; one of them (the L70) is brought down in flames at sea.

Aug. 6 (Tues.)

General Foch is created a Marshal of France.

The Germans attack the British lines south of Morlancourt and gain ground.

The British destroyer Comet is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.

Aug. 7 (Wed.)

The British counter-attack and recapture the greater part of the ground lost near Morlancourt.

The Marne Front:—The French and Americans cross the Vesle between Braine and Fismes; the French advance north of Rheims.

Aug. 8 (Thur.)

The Battle of Amiens begins (see Aug. 12): the 4th British Army (Rawlinson) and the 1st French Army (DÉbeney) attack, aided by tanks, on a front of twenty miles east of Amiens (both armies under the command of Sir D. Haig), from the neighbourhood of Morlancourt, north of the Somme, to Braches, on the Avre; the German lines are deeply penetrated and 400 guns and over 16,000 prisoners captured. The advance attains a maximum depth of seven miles.

Aug. 9 (Fri.)

The Franco-British advance proceeds: the British capture RosiÈres; the French capture Pierrepont and reach Arvillers; the battle-front extends southwards, the French attacking below Montdidier with their 3rd Army (this marks the beginning of the Second Battle of Lassigny; see Aug. 15).

The Lys Front:—The Germans evacuate a number of positions; the British advance between Merville and Locon to a depth of over a mile.

The Rheims—Soissons Front:—The Americans capture Fismettes.

Aug. 10 (Sat.)

The Franco-British advance continues on the whole front from the Ancre to south of Montdidier; the British capture Rainecourt, MÉharicourt, and Bouchoir; the French capture Montdidier.

Aug. 11 (Sun.)

The Allies make fresh progress, particularly between the Avre and the Oise.

Japanese contingents land at Vladivostok.

An engagement off the Frisian coast between British naval light forces and aircraft and German aircraft: a German airship is destroyed.

Aug. 12 (Mon.)

The end of the Battle of Amiens (see Aug. 8): it has disengaged Amiens, freed the Paris-Amiens railway, and seriously weakened the enemy's position; captures by the British during the battle amount to 21,850 prisoners and 400 guns.

British airmen destroy a German airship off the Frisian coast.

Aug. 13 (Tues.)

The Czecho-Slovaks are officially declared to be an Allied nation.

The French approach Lassigny.

Aug. 14 (Wed.)

The Germans extend their withdrawal on the Ancre Front, their whole line in this area being threatened by the British advance further south: they evacuate Beaumont Hamel, Serre, Puisieux, and Bucquoy.

The French capture RibÉcourt, on the Oise.

Aug. 15 (Thur.)

The British advance across the Ancre.

The French complete the capture of the Lassigny massif: this ends the Second Battle of Lassigny (see Aug. 9).

A German aeroplane raid on Paris.

H.M.S. Scott (flotilla leader) and H.M.S. Ullswater (destroyer) are sunk by submarine in the North Sea.

Aug. 16 (Fri.)

The French make further progress south of Lassigny.

Aug. 17 (Sat.)

The French (under General Mangin) advance between the Oise and the Aisne.

Siberia:—The Czecho-Slovaks recapture Irkutsk, having lost it to the Bolshevists during July (see July 8).

Aug. 18 (Sun.)

The Lys Front:—The British attack on a four-mile front between Vieux Berquin and Bailleul and capture Oultersteene and over 400 prisoners.

The French offensive between the Oise and Aisne develops.

Aug. 19 (Mon.)

The Lys Front:—The British capture Merville.

The French advance in the RibÉcourt sector towards Noyon.

Aug. 20 (Tues.)

The French continue to advance between the Oise and the Aisne and reach Lombray; they capture over 8000 prisoners.

Aug. 21 (Wed.)

The Battle of Bapaume begins (see Aug. 31): the British 3rd Army (Byng) attacks on a ten-mile front between Albert and Arras; Beaucourt, Achiet-le-Petit, Courcelles, and Moyenville are captured.

Between the Oise and the Aisne the French outflank Noyon, reaching the line Pontoise—Cuts—Camelin.

British air-squadrons bomb Frankfurt, Cologne, Mannheim, and TrÈves (night of Aug. 21-22).

Aug. 22 (Thur.)

The British attack on a six-mile front between Albert and Bray; they capture Albert and penetrate the German positions to a depth of two miles.

The French continue to advance south of the Oise and capture St. Aubin and PommiÈres.

The Austrians launch a counter-offensive in Albania.

The Bolshevists defeat the Trans-Caspian forces and capture Merv.

Aug. 23 (Fri.)

The British attack and advance on a thirty-mile front from Mercatel (5 miles south of Arras) to Lihons (8 miles south of the Somme): they capture Boyelles, Hamelincourt, Ervillers, GommiÉcourt, and Achiet-le-Grand in the northern sector of the attack, and in the south Chuignolles and Chuignes.

Aug. 24 (Sat.)

The British continue to make rapid progress in the Bapaume area: they capture Biefvillers and reach the outskirts of Bapaume at Avesnes; nearer Albert they capture Thiepval and the Thiepval ridge, PoziÈres, Courcellette and Martinpuich; further south they capture Bray.

Aug. 25 (Sun.)

The British advance continues: the whole of the road between Albert and Bapaume is captured (with Le Sars and Warlencourt), also Le Barque, Mametz, and other ruined villages; the prisoners captured since the battle began exceed 17,000.

Aug. 26 (Mon.)

The British offensive develops northwards; this marks the beginning of the Battle of the Scarpe (see Sept. 3); the British attack along both banks of the Scarpe and advance to the line south-of-Gavrelle—Roeux—Wancourt—Monchy.

Albania:—The Austrians recapture Berat and Fieri (see July 10 and Oct. 1).

The Caspian:—The Turks attack Baku and are repulsed by British and local troops (see Aug. 4).

Aug. 27 (Tues.)

The British make progress north of the Scarpe and capture Gavrelle; further south, amongst other places, they capture Beugnatre, Longueval, Delville Wood, and Maricourt.

The French capture Roye.

Aug. 28 (Wed.)

The Germans retreat at most points on the whole front between the Scarpe and the Aisne; the British and the French advance; the latter occupy Chaulnes and Nesle.

Aug. 29 (Thur.)

The British capture Bapaume.

The French capture Noyon, and cross the Ailette.

The British Embassy at Petrograd is attacked by Bolshevist troops, and the Naval AttachÉ, Captain Cromie, killed.

Aug. 30 (Fri.)

The British cross the Somme south and west of PÉronne.

The Germans begin to withdraw on the Lys Front; the British occupy Bailleul.

The French cross the Canal du Nord and capture Chevilly.

Aug. 31 (Sat.)

The end of the Battle of Bapaume (see Aug. 21); this battle, by turning the flank of the German positions on the Somme, compels the enemy to withdraw from the area protected by the Somme and the Ancre; his new positions are henceforward in process of being turned from the north by the Arras offensive, which continues. In the Battle of Bapaume the British captures amount to 34,250 prisoners and 270 guns.

The Germans retreat on most sectors of the entire front between Ypres and Soissons, especially on the Lys Front where they evacuate Kemmel Hill and Steenwerck.

The Caspian:—The Turks again attack Baku (see Aug. 26) and gain ground slightly.

Sept. 1 (Sun.)

The enforced retirement of the Germans continues: the British capture Bullecourt, Heudecourt, Bouchavesnes, Rancourt, PÉronne, and, on the Lys Front, Neuve Eglise.

Macedonian Front:—The British gain ground on the right bank of the Vardar.

Sept. 2 (Mon.)

Arras Front:—The Canadians with other British troops break through the Drocourt-QuÉant switch line on a front of six miles.

The French capture Neuilly and Terny Sorny.

Sept. 3 (Tues.)

The British widen the breach in the Hindenburg defences, capture Drocourt, and advance on Inchy and Moeuvres; this marks the end of the Battle of the Scarpe (see Aug. 26), in which the British captures amount to 200 guns and over 16,000 prisoners.

The Germans evacuate Lens.

The French cross the Somme at Epanancourt.

Sept. 4 (Wed.)

The British make progress toward Cambrai, exerting pressure on the retiring enemy; they capture Ecourt and reach the outskirts of Moeuvres; on the Lys Front they capture Ploegsteert village.

Sept. 5 (Thur.)

The French strike north-east of Noyon towards St. Quentin; on the Soissons Front they reach the Aisne from CondÉ to Vieil-Arcy.

Sept. 6 (Fri.)

Between the Somme Canal and the Oise the French capture the AutrÉcourt massif, Ham, and the railway junction at Chauny.

The Germans retreat rapidly from the line of the Somme south of PÉronne towards the Hindenburg line from which they launched their offensive on March 21.

Sept. 7 (Sat.)

The German retreat, pressed by the French, towards St. Quentin, La FÈre, and Laon continues.

Sept. 9 (Mon.)

The British reach Gouzeaucourt and EpÉhy.

The French cross the Crozat Canal.

Sept. 11 (Wed.)

The British capture Vermand and Vendelles, north-west of St. Quentin; south-west of La BassÉe they capture the 'Railway Triangle.'

Sept. 12 (Thur.)

The Americans, under General Pershing, attack both flanks of the St. Mihiel salient (the Battle of St. Mihiel): they capture Thiaucourt and other important positions with 8000 prisoners.

The Battle of Havrincourt and EpÉhy begins (see Sept. 18): the British capture Moeuvres, Havrincourt, Trescault, and Gouzeaucourt Wood.

West of St. Quentin the British take Holnon Wood and the French capture Savy.

H.M.S. Sarnia (armed boarding-steamer) is sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.

The Union Castle liner Galway Castle is sunk by a submarine (154 lives lost).

Sept. 13 (Fri.)

The Battle of St. Mihiel ends in the complete capture of the salient by the Americans, with 15,000 prisoners and 200 guns.

Sept. 14 (Sat.)

The Caspian:—The British evacuate Baku (see Aug. 4).

Sept. 15 (Sun.)

The Austrian Government issues a 'Peace Note'; Germany offers peace terms to Belgium.

The Germans, after evacuating the St. Mihiel salient, retire on a front of 33 miles, pressed by the Americans and the French, towards the Conflans-Metz-Longwy railway.

Macedonian Front:—The Battle of the Vardar begins, an offensive being launched by the Serbians and the French south-east of Monastir (see Sept. 30).

Sept. 16 (Mon.)

Macedonian Front:—The Serbians and the French advance on a front of 16 miles to an average depth of 4½ miles; they capture over 4000 prisoners and 30 guns.

An aeroplane raid on Paris (6 killed): two of the raiders are brought down.

Sept. 17 (Tues.)

Macedonian Front:—The advance of the Allies continues and develops; the French and the Serbians reach the Tcherna; the movement extends to a front of over 20 miles and attains a maximum depth of over 12 miles.

Sept. 18 (Wed.)

The end of the Battle of Havrincourt and EpÉhy (see Sept. 12): strong German counterattacks are repulsed; and Moeuvres, which had been lost, is retaken by the British. In this battle the British 3rd and 4th Armies have captured the outer Hindenburg defences, with nearly 12,000 prisoners and 100 guns.

Macedonian Front:—Serbian cavalry advance rapidly on the Tcherna Front; British and Greek troops attack east and west of Lake Doiran and advance against fierce resistance.

Sept. 19 (Thur.)

Macedonian Front:—The Serbians and the French advance rapidly, at many points in pursuit of a routed enemy; British attacks are stubbornly resisted.

Palestine:—General Allenby launches an offensive in great strength; he breaks the Turkish defences near the coast on a front of 16 miles and his infantry and cavalry advance rapidly through the breach; the infantry reach Tul Keram, the cavalry strike towards Shechem and Beisan to cut off the enemy's retreat; nearer the Jordan the British attack and advance against a stiffer resistance.

Sept. 20 (Fri.)

The French capture Benay, south of St. Quentin.

Palestine:—The battle develops into a decisive victory: British cavalry enter Beisan and Nazareth.

Sept. 21 (Sat.)

Macedonian Front:—Serbian and French forces reach the Vardar in the direction of Negotin.

Palestine:—The British infantry reach the line Bir Asur—Samaria—Beit Dejan; captures to date exceed 18,000 prisoners and 120 guns.

Sept. 22 (Sun.)

Macedonian Front:—The Bulgarians are in full retreat along the whole line between Monastir and Lake Doiran; the Allies capture Ghevgeli.

Palestine:—General Allenby reports the complete destruction of the Turkish 7th and 8th Armies.

Sept. 23 (Mon.)

Macedonian Front:—The French capture Prilep.

Palestine:—The British capture Acre and Haifa and, east of the Jordan, Es Salt; Arab forces capture Maan.

Sept. 24 (Tues.)

Macedonian Front:—The Bulgarians retreat in disorder beyond Veles.

Sept. 25 (Wed.)

Macedonian Front:—The Serbians capture Ishtip and Veles; the British enter Bulgaria near Kosturino; the Bulgarian Government proposes an Armistice.

Palestine:—The British advance continues with increasing rapidity: Tiberias, on the Sea of Galilee, and Amman, on the Hedjaz railway, are occupied; captures to date approximate 45,000 prisoners and 265 guns.

Sept. 26 (Thur.)

The Americans and the French attack in the region of the Argonne on a front of over 40 miles, from the Meuse to the Suippe: Montfaucon, Varennes, and many villages are captured; the advance attains an average depth of several miles.

Macedonian Front:—Strumnitza is occupied by the British.

Sept. 27 (Fri.)

The Battle of Cambrai and the Hindenburg Line begins (see Oct. 5): the British attack in front of Cambrai, break through the Hindenburg defences, and capture Beaucamp, Graincourt, Bourlon Wood, and other important positions, with over 10,000 prisoners and 200 guns.

The Argonne Front:—The Americans and French make further progress; the number of prisoners to date exceeds 23,000.

Palestine Front:—Arab forces capture Deraa.

Sept. 28 (Sat.)

The Fourth Battle of Ypres: the Belgians attack from Dixmude to Ypres, the British from Ypres to Ploegsteert; very rapid progress is made by the Belgians, who capture the whole of Houthulst Forest; the British advance on their right beyond the furthest points reached by them in 1917.

The Argonne Front:—The French capture Somme-Py and Maure; the Americans reach Brieulles and Exermont.

Sept. 29 (Sun.)

The British capture Messines and the Messines Ridge; Dixmude is occupied by the Belgians; the Allied front is carried to the neighbourhood of Roulers, Courtrai, and Menin, an important salient being thus driven into the enemy's northern front which endangers his positions on the Belgian coast: this ends the Fourth Battle of Ypres.

Cambrai—St. Quentin Front:—The British, assisted by the 2nd American Corps, reach the outskirts of Cambrai and carry an important section of the Hindenburg defences between Cambrai and St. Quentin.

In the Oise-Aisne area the French reach the line of the Ailette.

Sept. 30 (Mon.)

Serbia:—The Battle of the Vardar (see Sept. 15) ends in complete victory for the Allies; the French capture Uskub.

An Armistice (signed on the previous day) comes into force between the Entente Powers and Bulgaria (see Appendix VI. (i)).

Palestine Front:—Damascus is captured by British and Arab forces.

Oct. 1 (Tues.)

The resignation of Count Hertling, the German Imperial Chancellor, is announced (see Nov. 1, 1917).

The French capture St. Quentin.

The Argonne Front:—The French advance on a front of 14 miles and capture Vaux, Autry, CondÉ, and Binarville.

Albania:—The Italians recapture Berat (see Aug. 26).

Oct. 2 (Wed.)

The British capture Ledeghem and cross the Lys between Werwicq and Comines.

The British break through a further line of the enemy defences between Cambrai and St. Quentin.

The Germans retreat rapidly between the Vesle and the Aisne, from Rheims westward.

The Adriatic:—Italian and British naval forces attack Durazzo and destroy it as a naval base.

Oct. 3 (Thur.)

Prince Max of Baden succeeds Count Hertling as German Imperial Chancellor (see Nov. 9).

ArmentiÈres is occupied by the British.

The British attack on an eight-mile front north of St. Quentin and make progress.

Oct. 4 (Fri.)

A Note from the German Government to President Wilson proposes that peace negotiations should be opened on the basis of his 'fourteen points' (see Appendix V.).

King Ferdinand of Bulgaria abdicates in favour of his son Prince Boris.

The British advance east and south of ArmentiÈres.

The Americans renew their offensive between the Meuse and the Argonne and make progress.

The Japanese liner Hiramo Maru is sunk off the Irish coast with a loss of 292 lives.

Oct. 5 (Sat.)

The British advance east of the new breach they have made in the Hindenburg line and capture Montbrehain, Beaurevoir, and high ground further north: this marks the end of the Battle of Cambrai and the Hindenburg Line (see Sept. 27), by which victory, the main Hindenburg defences having been breached, the British directly threaten the enemy's chief line of communications.

The French advance on a front of 25 miles east of Rheims: they capture Fort Brimont, Nogent l'Abasse, and the Moronvilliers Ridge; the German retreat in this sector develops.

Oct. 6 (Sun.)

The British capture Fresnoy (north of the Scarpe, opposite Douai).

H.M.S. Otranto (armed merchant cruiser), carrying United States troops, is sunk in a collision (431 lives lost).

Oct. 7 (Mon.)

North of the Scarpe the British capture Oppy and Biache St. Vaast.

North-east of St. Quentin the French capture Remancourt.

The French capture Berry-au-Bac (north-west of Rheims).

Palestine Front:—The British occupy Sidon; the French occupy Beirut.

Albania:—The Italians capture Elbasan.

Oct. 8 (Tues.)

The Second Battle of Le Cateau (see Oct. 10): the British 3rd and 4th Armies, with the 30th American Division, attack and make rapid progress on a front of 17 miles from Sequehart to south of Cambrai.

The French make important progress in Champagne, and the French and Americans east of the Meuse.

Oct. 9 (Wed.)

The British capture Cambrai and advance upon Le Cateau.

The French advance east of St. Quentin.

In the valley of the Aisne the French capture Grand-Ham and LanÇon.

Oct. 10 (Thur.)

The British carry the whole Cambrai—Le Cateau road and enter Le Cateau; this ends the Second Battle of Le Cateau (see Oct. 8), by which the enemy is driven to the line of the Selle.

On the front north of Arras the British advance rapidly after the retiring enemy towards Douai.

The French reach the line of the Oise east of St. Quentin.

Serbia (where the advance of the Allies continues against the Austro-Germans):—The French occupy Prishtina.

The Irish mail boat Leinster is sunk by a submarine between Kingstown and Holyhead with a loss of 527 lives.

Oct. 11 (Fri.)

The German retirement develops in the south, forced by the threat of the Le Cateau salient: the Germans evacuate the Chemin-des-Dames, and, further east, the line of the Suippe; the French and Americans advance, pressing the retreat, on a front of 37 miles.

Serbia:—The French capture Prisrend.

Oct. 12 (Sat.)

Serbia:—The Serbians recapture Nish (see Nov. 5, 1915).

Oct. 13 (Sun.)

The British reach the west bank of the SensÉe Canal near Douai.

The Germans retire on a front of a hundred miles, from the Oise opposite St. Quentin to the Argonne; they evacuate St. Gobain Forest and the bend of the Aisne facing Rethel; the French capture Laon and La FÈre.

Palestine Front:—The British capture Tripoli.

Oct. 14 (Mon.)

The British, French, and Belgians renew the offensive in the north between Dixmude and the Lys: rapid progress is made; Roulers and Iseghem are captured.

The French capture Sissomme on the 'Hunding' line.

Serbia:—Ipek and Novi Bazar are occupied by the Allies.

Albania:—The Italians capture Durazzo.

Oct. 15 (Tues.)

President Wilson's reply to Germany's peace overtures is published.

The British capture Menin, in the northern offensive; south-west of Lille, they cross the Haute Deule Canal.

Palestine Front:—Homs, 80 miles north of Damascus, is occupied by the British.

Oct. 16 (Wed.)

The Northern Offensive:—The British 2nd Army (Plumer) captures Werwick, Comines, Halluin, and Wevelghem, and reaches the outskirts of Courtrai; the French and the Belgians capture Ingelmunster and Lichtervelde and outflank Thourout.

Oct. 17 (Thur.)

Owing to the threat caused by the Allied advance in Central Belgium, the Germans begin to retire from the Belgian coast north of the salient and, below the salient, to the line of the Scheldt; in consequence, Ostend, Douai, and Lille fall to the Allies (Ostend is occupied by a British naval detachment under Sir Roger Keyes and by Belgian troops; Douai by the British 1st Army under General Horne; Lille is surrounded and captured by the British 5th Army under General Birdwood). The King and Queen of the Belgians visit Ostend.

Further south, the Battle of the Selle begins (see Oct. 25): the British 4th Army, with the 2nd American Corps, attacks the line of the Selle; south of Le Cateau the passage of the river is forced, and the capture of Le Cateau is completed. The French advance in cooperation on the right, south of Bohain.

Oct. 18 (Fri.)

On the Belgian coast the Allies occupy Blankenberghe; north-east of Courtrai the British cross the SensÉe; further south the British occupy Roubaix and Tourcoing.

In the Battle of the Selle, British and American troops make further progress from Le Cateau southwards to east of Bohain; they capture Ribeauville and Wassigny. North of the SensÉe Canal, Denain is captured by the British 1st Army.

Oct. 19 (Sat.)

Zeebrugge and Bruges are captured by the Belgians.

The French, operating between the Oise and the Serre, break the 'Hunding' line on a front of three miles.

Oct. 20 (Sun.)

The Belgian coast is completely cleared of the Germans, who retire at a number of points on the whole front between the Dutch frontier and Valenciennes.

In Central Belgium, the British 2nd Army approaches the Scheldt.

The Selle Front:—The British attack from Denain to Le Cateau and carry the line of the river.

Serbian Front:—French and Serbian forces approach the Danube near the Roumanian border.

The British monitor M 21 is mined off Ostend.

Oct. 21 (Mon.)

The Germans temporarily gain the protection of water (the Scheldt and its canals and other waterways) from the Dutch frontier to the neighbourhood of Valenciennes.

The British 5th Army reaches Tournai.

Oct. 22 (Tues.)

The French and Belgians advance upon Ghent; they cross the Lys Canal.

The British 1st Army enters the western outskirts of Valenciennes.

Further south the French advance on the River Serre Front.

Serbian Front:—The French occupy Negotin.

Oct. 23 (Wed.)

The British 3rd and 4th Armies attack on a twenty-mile front north-east of Le Cateau; they advance to a depth of four miles. The British 1st Army, advancing between Tournai and Valenciennes, captures Bruay, Bleharies, and Espain.

Further south the French cross the Souche against strong resistance.

Mesopotamian Front:—The British advance (east of the Tigris) along the road Kifri—Kirkuk—Alton Keupri.

Oct. 24 (Thur.)

The British 3rd and 4th Armies advance between the Scheldt and the Sambre; they approach Landrecies and the Forest of Mormal.

Italy:—The Allies launch an offensive on a wide front against the Austrian positions in the Trentino and on the Middle Piave; the Italians capture Monte Solarolo, the French Monte Sisemol; the British attack to force a crossing of the Piave.

Oct. 25 (Fri.)

The British 1st Army advances north of Valenciennes; the British 3rd Army captures eight miles of the Valenciennes-Avesnes railway: this ends the Battle of the Selle (see Oct. 17), which has forced the Germans from the line of the river, driven a new salient into their front, and cut their chief lateral communication, the Valenciennes-Metz railway. Captures in the battle amount to 21,000 prisoners and over 450 guns.

The French attack and advance on a front of twenty-five miles between the rivers Oise, Serre, Souche, and Aisne.

Italy:—Lord Cavan, in command of the 10th Army (of British and Italians), crosses the Piave against fierce resistance.

Mesopotamian Front:—The British capture Kirkuk (see May 24) and force the passage of the Lesser Zab.

Oct. 26 (Sat.)

General Ludendorff, the German First Quartermaster-General, resigns.

The British make progress south of Valenciennes.

Palestine Front:—British and Arab forces capture Aleppo; by this the conquest of Syria is completed and the Baghdad railway cut.

Oct. 27 (Sun.)

Austria asks for an Armistice, which is refused.

The Germans retreat before the French between the Oise and the Aisne towards Hirson.

Italy:—Lord Cavan's army advances several miles east of the Piave.

Albania:—The Italians capture the port of Alessio.

Oct. 28 (Mon.)

An Allied Conference opens at Versailles.

The Italians cross the Piave in the Montello area.

Mesopotamian Front:—General Marshall captures Kalat Shergat on the Tigris.

Oct. 29 (Tues.)

Italy:—The Allies advance rapidly against the yielding Austrians from the Brenta Valley to the sea; Lord Cavan's army forces the passage of the Monticano north of Oderzo; the Allies enter Asiago.

Mesopotamian Front:—General Marshall attacks and routs the Turks five miles north of Kalat Shergat.

Oct. 30 (Wed.)

A Czecho-Slovak State is proclaimed at Prague.

Mesopotamian Front:—The remaining Turkish forces on the Tigris surrender to General Marshall; the number of prisoners captured, including those taken in the last seven days' fighting, exceeds 11,000. This ends the Tigris campaign.

Oct. 31 (Thur.)

An Armistice (signed on the previous day) comes into force between the Entente Powers and Turkey. (Appendix VI. (ii).)

Count Tisza is assassinated.

The Hungarian National Government at Budapest assumes power and proclaims Hungary a Republic; this ends the Dual Monarchy.

Italy:—In the plains, the Austrian disorderly retreat becomes a rout; the Italians approach the Tagliamento in pursuit; in the Trentino, the Italians also advance rapidly against the disorganised enemy. The Austrian dreadnought and flagship Viribus Unitis is sunk at Pola by an Italian naval motor boat.

Nov. 1 (Fri.)

The Battle of the Sambre begins (see Nov. 11); the British attack south of Valenciennes, force the passage of the Rhonelle, capture Maresches, Aulnoy, and other villages, and reach the southern outskirts of Valenciennes.

In Belgium, British, French, and American troops advance and reach the Scheldt in the neighbourhood of Gavere, ten miles south of Ghent.

Between the Aisne and the Meuse American and French troops attack and advance.

Italy:—The Austrian rout continues along the whole line from the Venetian Alps to the sea.

Serbia:—Belgrade is reoccupied by the Serbians.

Nov. 2 (Sat.)

The British complete the capture of Valenciennes.

The French capture Semuy and the south bank of the Canal des Ardennes from Semuy to Neuville; the Argonne Forest is completely cleared of the enemy; the Americans advance rapidly in the Meuse sector.

Nov. 3 (Sun.)

The sailors of the German Fleet at Kiel mutiny.

The Belgians advance south of the Dutch frontier and capture Baasvelde and Steydinge.

Between the Upper Aisne and the Meuse the Americans and French advance rapidly on a front of thirty miles.

Italian troops enter Trent and Udine; Italian military and naval forces occupy Trieste.

Mesopotamian Front:—The British occupy Mosul.

Nov. 4 (Mon.)

An Armistice (signed on the previous day) comes into force between the Entente Powers and Austria (see Appendix VI. (iii)).

Revolution spreads in Germany.

The British 1st, 3rd, and 4th Armies, in conjunction with General DÉbeney's Army on their right, attack on a front of over thirty miles, from east of Valenciennes to Guise: the British force the passage of the Sambre-Oise Canal; they capture Landrecies, the Forest of Mormal, and Le Quesnoy with its garrison; the French make equally rapid progress.

On the Aisne—Meuse Front the French reach the line of the Ardennes Canal and capture Le Chesne; the Americans approach Beaumont and Stenay.

Northern Albania:—The Italians occupy Scutari.

Nov. 5 (Tues.)

The German Government is informed through President Wilson that application for an Armistice must be made to Marshal Foch in the usual military form.

The French advance between the Oise and the Aisne towards Hirson.

The Aisne—Meuse Front:—The French cross the Ardennes Canal; the Americans capture Beaumont.

Nov. 6 (Wed.)

German delegates start for the Western Front to receive the terms of Armistice from Marshal Foch and Admiral Sir R. Wemyss.

The German retreat becomes general from the Scheldt north of Valenciennes to the Meuse at Sedan.

The British 1st, 3rd, and 4th Armies pursue the enemy towards Mons, Maubeuge, and Avesnes.

The French capture Vervins and Rethel.

The Americans enter Sedan.

Nov. 7 (Thur.)

The Bavarian Republic is proclaimed. Kiel and Hamburg fall into the hands of revolutionaries.

The British 1st Army makes a formal entry into Valenciennes.

The British capture Bavai and reach Haumont (in the valley of the Sambre).

Nov. 8 (Fri.)

The German delegates receive the terms of Armistice of the Allies.

Prince Max of Baden, the German Imperial Chancellor, resigns.

The revolutionary movement spreads rapidly through Germany.

The British capture Maubeuge, enter Tournai, cross the Scheldt south of it, capture CondÉ and Avesnes, and advance on Mons.

The French advance towards MÉziÈres and Charleville.

Nov. 9 (Sat.)

The Kaiser abdicates and flies to Holland.

Herr Ebert succeeds Prince Max as Chancellor (see Oct. 3).

The pursuit of the enemy by the Allies continues.

H.M.S. Britannia (battleship) is sunk by a submarine off Cape Trafalgar.

Nov. 10 (Sun.)

The French occupy Hirson, surround MÉziÈres, and cross the Meuse.

The Americans advance towards MontmÉdy and the Briey basin.

Nov. 11 (Mon.)

The Belgians enter Ghent; the British (3rd Canadian Division) enter Mons at dawn.

The Armistice with Germany (see Appendix VI. (iv)) is signed in the Forest of CompiÈgne, near the Chateau Francport (in the train of Marshal Foch), at 5 A.M. Fighting ceases at 11 A.M.

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Note.—The Battle of the Sambre struck at and broke the enemy's last important lateral communications, turned his positions on the Scheldt, and forced him to retreat rapidly from Courtrai. This victory completed the great strategical aim of the Allies, viz. to divide the enemy's forces into two parts, one on each side of the great natural barrier of the Ardennes. The pursuit of the beaten enemy all along the Allied line was only stopped by the Armistice.

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