Jan. 1 (Fri.)

A new British decoration, the 'Military Cross,' is instituted.

The Caucasus:—Ardahan is occupied by the Turks.

H.M.S. Formidable (battleship) is torpedoed in the English Channel (600 lives lost).

Jan. 2 (Sat.)

The Caucasus:—The end of the Battle of Sarykamish (see Dec. 29, 1914): the Turks are routed.

East Africa:—Jassin is occupied by the British (see Jan. 19).

H.M.S. Fox and H.M.S. Goliath bombard Dar-es-Salaam (German East Africa).

Jan. 3 (Sun.)

The Caucasus:—Ardahan is reoccupied by the Russians.

Jan. 4 (Mon.)

A Russian advance in the Bukovina begins.

Jan. 7 (Thurs.)

The Cameroons:—A German attack on Edea is repulsed.

Jan. 8 (Fri.)

The Battle of Soissons begins (see Jan. 14): the French advance.

The Caucasus:—The Battle of Kara Urgan begins (see Jan. 13).

Jan. 9 (Sat.)

Northern Persia:—The Turks capture Tabriz from the Russians (see Jan. 30).

Jan. 11 (Mon.)

A German counter-attack at Soissons is repulsed.

Jan. 12 (Tues.)

East Africa:—The Island of Mafia surrenders to the British.

Jan. 13 (Wed.)

Caucasus:—The Battle of Kara Urgan ends in a Turkish defeat (see Jan. 8).

Jan. 14 (Thur.)

The French fall back on Soissons: the end of the Battle of Soissons (see Jan. 8).

South-West Africa:—Swakopmund is occupied by Union forces.

Jan. 19 (Tues.)

The Austrian army enters Galicia.

East Africa:—Jassin is captured by the Germans (see Jan. 2).

A Zeppelin raid on Yarmouth, Cromer and King's Lynn.

Jan. 21 (Thur.)

The Germans capture the Hartmannsweilerkopf (Alsace).

Jan. 22 (Fri.)

A British air-raid on Zeebrugge.

Jan. 24 (Sun.)

South Africa:—The rebels under Maritz and Kemp are repulsed with heavy loss at Upington.

The Battle of the Dogger Bank: Beatty's squadron destroys the BlÜcher and damages other German warships.

Jan. 25 (Mon.)

German attacks are repulsed at Cuinchy and near Givenchy.

The German light cruiser Gazelle is torpedoed in the Baltic.

The Russians destroy a German airship over Libau.

Jan. 26 (Tues.)

The Turks advance on Egypt from Palestine.

Jan. 29 (Fri.)

The Turks occupy Katiyeh, near the Suez Canal.

Jan. 30 (Sat.)

Northern Persia:—The Russians reoccupy Tabriz (see Jan. 9).

Jan. 31 (Sun.)

Farsan Island (Red Sea) is occupied by Arab forces.

Feb. 1 (Mon.)

The British hospital ship Asturias is attacked near Havre by a German submarine.

Feb. 2 (Tues.)

The first Turkish attack on the Suez Canal.

Feb. 3 (Wed.)

The Turks are repulsed on the Suez Canal.

South Africa:—Kemp, the last rebel leader, surrenders unconditionally; this ends the rebellion (see Oct. 22, 1914).

Feb. 4 (Thur.)

The British cross the Suez Canal and pursue the Turks.

Feb. 6 (Sat.)

The Russians again advance in East Prussia.

Feb. 7 (Sun.)

The Russians retire before a German advance in East Prussia, and are driven back by the Austrians in the Bukovina.

Feb. 8 (Mon.)

South-West Africa:—General Botha sails for Walfish Bay (see July 9, 1915).

French airmen bombard Ostend.

Feb. 11 (Thur.)

A British air-raid on Zeebrugge.

Feb. 12 (Fri.)

The Germans invade Russia and take Miriampol.

The Austrians advance in the Carpathians.

Aden Protectorate is invaded by the Turks.

Feb. 14 (Sun.)

The Germans capture Lyck and again clear East Prussia.

Feb. 15 (Mon.)

Mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry at Singapore.

Feb. 16 (Tues.)

The Austrians capture Kolomea (Bukovina).

A British naval air-raid on Zeebrugge.

Feb. 17 (Wed.)

Czernowitz is recaptured by the Austrians (see Oct. 27, 1914).

Feb. 18 (Thur.)

The declaration by Germany of a submarine blockade round the British Isles comes into force.

The end of the German advance into Russia.

Feb. 19 (Fri.)

The Austrians drive the Russians out of Stanislau (see March 4).

A naval attack on the Dardanelles begins: the outer forts are bombarded until the 23rd.

Feb. 21 (Sun.)

A Zeppelin raid on Calais.

Feb. 22 (Mon.)

The Germans advance on Przasnysz (the Battle of Przasnysz).

The Turks are driven from Akaba (Red Sea).

South-West Africa:—Garub is occupied by Union troops.

Feb. 24 (Wed.)

The Germans capture Przasnysz (see Feb. 27).

Feb. 25 (Thur.)

The bombardment of the Dardanelles forts is resumed; the Queen Elizabeth comes into action.

Feb. 26 (Fri.)

The entrance to the Dardanelles is swept clear of mines.

Feb. 27 (Sat.)

Przasnysz is reoccupied by the Russians (see Feb. 24 and July 14).

Feb. 28 (Sun.)

A German retreat from North Poland begins.

A German submarine is rammed by the Thordis off Beachy Head (the first case of a submarine being rammed by a merchant ship).

Mar. 3 (Wed.)

South-West Africa:—Makob is occupied by Union forces.

Mar. 4 (Thur.)

Stanislau is recaptured by the Russians (see Feb. 19).

The Dardanelles forts are bombarded from inside the Straits.

The German submarine U8 is sunk by British destroyers near Dover.

Mar. 5 (Fri.)

The Allies bombard Smyrna.

Mar. 6 (Sat.)

Another great attack on the Dardanelles forts.

Mar. 7 (Sun.)

Lemnos, in the Ægean Sea, is occupied by the British.

Mar. 8 (Mon.)

The British Government announces that a separate treatment will be meted out to prisoners captured in German submarines (see April 12 and June 12).

Heavy fighting near Augustovo: the Russians drive the Germans back to the frontier.

A British air-raid on Ostend.

Mar. 9 (Tues.)

East Africa:—The British defeat the Germans on the Mora River.

The German submarine U12 is rammed and sunk by the British destroyer Ariel off the Firth of Forth.

Mar. 10 (Wed.)

The Battle of Neuve Chapelle begins: the British advance (see March 13).

Mar. 11 (Thur.)

South-West Africa:—Nabas is occupied by Union forces.

H.M.S. Bayano (armed merchant cruiser) is sunk by a submarine off the Clyde.

Mar. 13 (Sat.)

The Battle of Neuve Chapelle ends: the British gains are consolidated (see March 10).

The Russians breach the defences of Przemysl.

Mar. 14 (Sun.)

The Germans attack at St. Eloi and take the village.

H.M.S. Kent and Glasgow sink the Dresden off Juan Fernandez Island.

Mar. 15 (Mon.)

The British retake St. Eloi.

H.M.S. Amethyst makes a raid up the Dardanelles.

Mar. 17 (Wed.)

A further enemy attack at St. Eloi is repulsed.

Sir Ian Hamilton arrives at Tenedos (Ægean Sea).

Mar. 18 (Thur.)

The Battle of the Narrows: an Allied naval attack on the Dardanelles is repulsed; the French battleship Bouvet and the British battleships Irresistible and Ocean are sunk.

The Russians again invade East Prussia and temporarily occupy Memel (see March 21).

A Zeppelin raid on Calais.

Mar. 20 (Sat.)

South-West Africa:—General Botha defeats the Germans at Riet on the Swakop.

Mar. 21 (Sun.)

The Germans retake Memel (see March 18).

Mar. 22 (Mon.)

Przemysl surrenders to the Russians, who claim 126,000 prisoners (see Nov. 11, 1914, and June 3, 1915).

A second Turkish attack on the Suez Canal.

Mar. 23 (Tues.)

The Turks are again driven back from the Suez Canal.

Mar. 24 (Wed.)

A British air-raid on German submarine works at Hoboken, near Antwerp.

Mar. 25 (Thur.)

The French attack the Hartmannsweilerkopf (Alsace).

The Dutch steamship Medea is sunk by a German submarine off Beachy Head.

The German fleet bombards the coast of Courland.

A French air-raid on Metz.

Mar. 27 (Sat.)

The French capture the Hartmannsweilerkopf (Alsace).

Mar. 28 (Sun.)

The British liner Falaba is sunk by the U28 south of St. George's Channel.

Libau is bombarded by German warships.

A German air-raid on Calais.

April 1 (Thur.)

South-West Africa:—Union forces seize Hasuur.

A British air-raid on Hoboken and Zeebrugge.

April 4 (Easter Sunday)

South-West Africa:—Warmbad is occupied by Union forces.

April 5 (Mon.)

The French attack at Les Eparges.

Caucasus:—Artvin is occupied by the Russians.

April 6 (Tues.)

A German counter-attack at Les Eparges.

April 8 (Thur.)

The French win the summit of Les Eparges.

April 9 (Fri.)

A final German counter-attack at Les Eparges is repulsed.

April 12 (Mon.)

Germany places 39 British officers in detention barracks as a reprisal against the treatment of submarine prisoners by Great Britain (see March 8 and June 12).

Mesopotamia:—The British are attacked at Shaiba.

April 14 (Wed.)

Mesopotamia:—The Battle at Shaiba ends in the defeat of the Turks.

A Zeppelin raid on the Tyneside.

April 15 (Thur.)

A Zeppelin raid on East Anglia.

April 16 (Fri.)

Northern Persia:—Urmia is occupied by the Turks.

April 17 (Sat.)

The British capture 'Hill 60,' near Ypres.

South West Africa:—Seeheim is occupied by Union forces.

April 18 (Sun.)

The Germans counter-attack on 'Hill 60' and regain part of it.

On the North-West Frontier of India Mohmand Inshkar is defeated by the British.

April 20 (Tues.)

Fierce fighting on 'Hill 60.' The Germans bombard Ypres.

April 21 (Wed.)

The Germans are driven from 'Hill 60' (see May 5).

April 22 (Thur.)

The Second Battle of Ypres (see May 24) begins; poison gas is used by the Germans for the first time; the Canadians suffer heavily.

April 24 (Sat.)

A second German gas attack; the Germans storm St. Julien.

April 25 (Sun.)

Alsace:—The French lose ground on the Hartmannsweilerkopf.

April 25-26 (Sun.-Mon.)

The Allies land in Gallipoli (the Battle of Cape Helles).

April 27 (Tues.)

The Baltic Provinces are invaded by the Germans.

The British positions in Gallipoli are consolidated.

The French armoured cruiser Leon Gambetta is torpedoed and sunk at the entrance of the Straits of Otranto (night of 26-27).

The British submarine E14 enters the Sea of Marmora.

April 28 (Wed.)

The German offensive is held at Ypres.

Alsace:—The French retake the Hartmannsweilerkopf, the summit of which had been lost on the 25th.

Gallipoli:—The First Battle for Krithia: the Allies are repulsed.

An unsuccessful Turkish attack on the Suez Canal (the third).

South-West Africa:—The Germans are defeated at Gibeon.

French airmen raid Friedrichshafen.

April 29 (Thur.)

A Turkish transport is sunk by the E14 in the Sea of Marmora.

April 30 (Fri.)

A Zeppelin raid on East Anglia.

May 1 (Sat.)

The great Austro-German offensive in Western Galicia begins. In the Baltic Provinces the Germans occupy Shavli and approach Libau.

The Turks attack in Gallipoli.

The British destroyer Recruit[2] is sunk by a submarine off the Galloper lightship. Two German torpedo boats are sunk by British destroyers in the North Sea.

May 2 (Sun.)

A German gas attack at Ypres is repulsed.

The Austro-Germans cross the Biala; Ciezkowice is taken.

The British counter-attack in Gallipoli.

May 3 (Mon.)

The British line at Ypres is shortened.

The Germans advance on the Eastern Front.

May 4 (Tues.)

Gallipoli:—The British fail in an attack at Gaba Tepe.

May 5 (Wed.)

The Germans recapture 'Hill 60' (see Apr. 21).

South-West Africa:—Union forces occupy Karibib.

May 6 (Thur.)

Gallipoli:—The Second Battle for Krithia begins (see May 8).

May 7 (Fri.)

The Lusitania is torpedoed by a German submarine off the Old Head of Kinsale; 1198 lives are lost (including 124 Americans).

The British destroyer Maori is sunk by a mine in the North Sea.

May 8 (Sat.)

A fierce German attack at Ypres.

The Russians are defeated in Galicia and in the Baltic Provinces. Libau is captured by the Germans.

Gallipoli:—The Second Battle for Krithia (see May 6) ends in a slight Allied advance.

May 9 (Sun.)

The British line is pushed back at Ypres. The British attack and gain ground (which is subsequently relinquished) near Fromelles.

The Battle of Souchez begins (see July 13).

Gallipoli:—Turkish trenches at Sari Bair are stormed by the Australians.

May 10 (Mon.)

The Germans retreat in the Baltic Provinces but continue to advance in Galicia.

May 11 (Tues.)

The Germans evacuate Shavli (Baltic Provinces) (see May 1).

The Cameroons:—Eseka is captured by the Allies.

May 12 (Wed.)

South-West Africa:—Union forces capture Windhoek, the capital of the Colony.

May 13 (Thur.)

A fierce German attack at Ypres: the British line is restored after hard fighting.

H.M.S. Goliath (battleship) is torpedoed off Gallipoli, while inside the Straits protecting the French flank.

May 14 (Fri.)

The Battle of the San: Jaroslav is taken by the Austro-Germans.

May 15 (Sat.)

The Caucasus:—The Russians capture Van.

May 16 (Sun.)

The Battle of Festubert begins: the British advance (see May 25).

The Austrians are defeated in South Poland.

A Zeppelin raid on Calais.

May 17 (Mon.)

The San is crossed by the Austro-Germans.

A Zeppelin raid on Ramsgate.

May 18 (Tues.)

Gallipoli:—The Turks attack the Australians and are repulsed.

May 19 (Wed.)

The Austro-Germans capture Lutkow (Galicia).

May 20 (Thur.)

Admiral von Essen, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Baltic fleet, dies of pneumonia.

May 23 (Whit Sunday)

Italy declares war on Austria.

May 24 (Mon.)

The end of the Second Battle of Ypres (see April 22).

The Italians cross the frontier into Austria (midnight, 24th-25th).

May 25 (Tues.)

The formation of a new Coalition Ministry is announced in the House of Commons.

The end of the Battle of Festubert (see May 16); the British gains are consolidated.

H.M.S. Triumph (battleship) is sunk by a submarine off Gaba Tepe, Gallipoli.

May 26 (Wed.)

The constitution of the new British Government is announced: Prime Minister, Mr. Asquith; Foreign Secretary, Sir E. Grey; Secretary for India, Mr. Chamberlain; Secretary for War, Lord Kitchener; First Lord of the Admiralty, Mr. Balfour; Minister of Munitions, Mr. Lloyd George (see Aug. 4, 1914, and Dec. 10, 1916).

The British submarine E11 torpedoes a Turkish transport in Constantinople harbour.

A Zeppelin raid on Southend.

May 27 (Thur.)

The Italians capture Ala and Grado.

H.M.S. Majestic (battleship) is torpedoed off Cape Helles, Gallipoli.

A French air-raid on Ludwigshaven.

May 28 (Fri.)

The appointment of Admiral Sir Henry Jackson as First Sea Lord in succession to Lord Fisher is announced (see Oct. 29, 1914, and Nov. 29, 1916).

May 29 (Sat.)

The French capture Ablain (near Souchez).

The Italians occupy Valona (Albania).

May 30 (Sun.)

The Austro-Germans attack Przemysl.

May 31 (Mon.)

The French capture the sugar factory at Souchez.

A Zeppelin raid on London.

June 1 (Tues.)

The Austro-Germans capture Stryj.

June 2 (Wed.)

A German attack at Hooge is repulsed by the British.

June 3 (Thur.)

The Austro-Germans recapture Przemysl (see March 22).

Mesopotamia:—The British capture Amara.

June 4 (Fri.)

Gallipoli:—A third Allied attack on Krithia and Achi Baba results in a slight gain of ground at certain points.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England.

June 6 (Sun.)

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England.

June 7 (Mon.)

The Italians begin a general advance on the Isonzo Front.

Sub-Lieut. R. A. J. Warneford destroys a Zeppelin over Belgium. A Zeppelin in its shed near Brussels is destroyed by British airmen.

June 8 (Tues.)

Stanislau is recaptured by the Austrians (see March 4).

June 9 (Wed.)

The Isonzo front:—Monfalcone is captured by the Italians.

June 10 (Thur.)

The Austro-Germans are defeated near Zurawno, where they had crossed the Dniester.

The Cameroons:—Garua surrenders to the Allies.

June 12 (Sat.)

The British Government rescinds the order concerning the treatment of German submarine prisoners (see March 8 and April 12).

June 14 (Mon.)

The Russian retirement on Grodek begins.

June 15 (Tues.)

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians attack the Podgora position.

A Zeppelin raid on the north-east coast of England.

A French air-raid on Karlsruhe.

June 16 (Wed.)

The British attack and gain ground on the Bellewarde Ridge, east of Ypres.

June 17 (Thur.)

The Isonzo Front:-The Italians attack at Plava.

June 18 (Fri.)

The Austrians are defeated at Plava, and the town is captured by the Italians.

Gallipoli:—The Turks attack and are repulsed.

An Austrian squadron raids Fano on the Italian coast.

June 20 (Sun.)

The Germans attack in the Argonne.

The Russians are defeated at Rava Russka; the Grodek position is turned.

June 21 (Mon.)

Gallipoli:—The Allies attack and gain ground.

June 22 (Tues.)

The Austrians recapture Lemberg (see Sept. 3, 1914).

June 23 (Wed.)

East Africa:—Bukoba on Lake Victoria Nyanza is captured by the British.

June 25 (Fri.)

The Cameroons:—The Allies capture Lome.

June 27 (Sun.)

The Austro-Germans occupy Halicz.

Gallipoli:—The British attack and gain ground.

June 29 (Tues.)

Gallipoli:—The Turks attack in strength (see July 1).

Cameroons:—The Allies occupy Ngaundere.

June 30 (Wed.)

The Russians retreat before a powerful German offensive between the Bug and the Vistula.

The British destroyer Lightning is sunk in the North Sea.

July 1 (Thur.)

Gallipoli:—The Turkish offensive fails completely after fierce fighting (see June 29).

July 2 (Fri.)

An offensive is launched by the Italians on the Isonzo: they advance on Gorizia (see July 29).

South-West Africa:—Union forces capture Otavifontein.

The German cruiser Pommern is torpedoed by a British submarine in the Baltic.

July 4 (Sun.)

Gallipoli:—A strong Turkish attack is repulsed.

South-West Africa:—The Germans are defeated at Gaub.

July 5 (Mon.)

The German advance on Warsaw is checked.

In the Aden Protectorate Lahej is taken by the Turks.

July 6 (Tues.)

The British capture trenches near Pilkem.

A German success at St. Mihiel.

The Russians defeat the Austrians near Krasnik.

July 7 (Wed.)

An Italian attack at Gorizia is repulsed.

July 8 (Thur.)

The Italian cruiser Amalfi is sunk by an Austrian submarine in the Adriatic.

July 9 (Fri.)

The German forces in South-West Africa surrender unconditionally to General Botha.

July 11 (Sun.)

The KÖnigsberg is finally destroyed in the Rufiji River (East Africa) by British river monitors (see Oct. 30 and Nov. 10, 1914).

July 13 (Tues.)

The end of the Battle of Souchez (see May 9).

July 14 (Wed.)

The Austro-Germans launch an offensive which covers the whole Eastern Front; they capture Przasnysz (see Feb. 27).

July 15 (Thur.)

The Germans advance towards Riga.

July 16 (Fri.)

Heavy fighting on the Eastern Front; the Battle of Krasnostav begins.

July 18 (Sun.)

The Russians are defeated at Krasnostav.

Windau (on the coast of Courland) is captured by the Germans.

The Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi is sunk by an Austrian submarine.

July 19 (Mon.)

The Third Battle for Warsaw begins (see Aug. 5). The Germans force a crossing of the Upper Bug.

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians capture Monte San Michele.

July 20 (Tues.)

The Germans advance on Kovno (see Aug. 17).

The Isonzo Front:—An Italian success at Podgora.

July 21 (Wed.)

A British success at Hooge.

The Germans gain a crossing of the Vistula at Nova Alexandria.

July 22 (Thur.)

The Germans invest Ivangorod.

The Isonzo Front:—The Italians continue to gain ground.

July 23 (Fri.)

The Germans force a crossing of the Narev.

An Austrian squadron bombards Ortona (on the eastern coast of Italy).

July 25 (Sun.)

The Italians occupy the island of Pelagosa (Adriatic).

Mesopotamia:—Nasiriyeh is captured by the British.

July 26 (Mon.)

There is heavy fighting before Warsaw.

A British submarine sinks a German destroyer near the German coast.

July 27 (Tues.)

The Germans close in on three sides of Warsaw.

July 28 (Wed.)

The Germans cross the Vistula in force.

July 29 (Thur.)

The Russian line is broken on the Lublin-Cholm railway.

The end of the Italian offensive on the Isonzo (see July 2); it results in a valuable advance and the capture of many prisoners by the Italians.

July 30 (Fri.)

A successful German attack with liquid fire (first use of this) at Hooge; a British counter-attack fails (see Aug. 9).

The Austro-Germans occupy Lublin. The Russians retire rapidly.

A British submarine sinks a German transport in the Baltic.

July 31 (Sat.)

The Austro-Germans occupy Cholm.

Aug. 1 (Sun.)

Mitau is occupied by the Germans (see Aug. 16).

Rhodesia:—The Germans are driven back from Abercorn.

Aug. 3 (Tues.)

The Germans force the line of the Narev.

Aug. 4 (Wed.)

The Russians evacuate the Blonie lines, 15 miles west of Warsaw.

Aug. 5 (Thur.)

Warsaw, Ivangorod, and Vladimir Volynski are captured by the Austro-Germans (see July 19 and 22). The Russians prepare to evacuate Riga.

Aug. 6 (Fri.)

Gallipoli:—The Battles of Sari Bair (see Aug. 11) and Suvla (see Aug. 15) begin: the British effect a surprise landing in Suvla Bay and launch an offensive against the Turks at other points.

Aug. 7 (Sat.)

The Germans are repulsed near Riga.

Gallipoli:—Slight successes are gained against the Turkish positions above Suvla Bay.

Aug. 8 (Sun.)

Gallipoli:—The New Zealanders capture Chunuk Bair. This is the critical day at Suvla (see Aug. 10).

Persian Gulf:—Bushire is occupied by the British.

H.M.S. India (armed merchant cruiser) is sunk by a submarine off the Norwegian coast.

Aug. 9 (Mon.)

A successful British counter-attack at Hooge: the trenches lost on July 30 are recaptured.

A British submarine sinks a Turkish battleship, the Kheyr-ed-Din Barbarossa.

The British destroyer Lynx is mined off the Moray Firth.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England.

A Zeppelin is destroyed near Ostend.

Aug. 10 (Tues.)

The German advance beyond the Vistula begins.

Gallipoli:—The Turks regain Chunuk Bair.

A German squadron fails to force its way into the Gulf of Riga (see Aug. 17, 18, and 21).

The German mine-layer and raider Meteor is blown up, to avoid capture by British cruisers near the German coast.

Aug. 11 (Wed.)

Gallipoli:—The end of the Battle of Sari Bair (see Aug. 6).

Aug. 12 (Thur.)

Syedlets (Poland) is taken by the Germans.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England.

Aug. 14 (Sat.)

A German submarine sinks a British transport, the Royal Edward, in the Ægean (the first British transport to be lost).

Aug. 15 (Sun.)

The Germans take Vlodava (Poland).

Gallipoli:—The end of the Battle of Suvla (see Aug. 6).

Aug. 16 (Mon.)

The Russians retake Mitau (see Aug. 1).

Aug. 17 (Tues.)

The Germans capture Kovno (see July 20).

A German squadron enters the Gulf of Riga (see Aug. 10, 18, and 21).

Aug. 18 (Wed.)

The Germans cut the Brest-Bialystok railway.

A Russian naval success in the Gulf of Riga: the German squadron which has entered the Gulf suffers severe losses.

A British submarine torpedoes the German battle-cruiser Moltke in the Baltic.

The British submarine E13 is shelled by German warships when aground in Danish waters. She is wrecked and interned.

Aug. 19 (Thur.)

A German submarine sinks the White Star liner Arabic south of Ireland.

Aug. 20 (Fri.)

Italy declares war on Turkey.

Novo-Georgievsk is captured by the Germans; a further Russian retreat follows.

Aug. 21 (Sat.)

The British and French Governments declare cotton an absolute contraband of war.

Gallipoli:—A fresh British attack on the Turkish positions at Suvla fails.

The German naval forces retire from the Gulf of Riga (see Aug. 17 and 18).

Aug. 23 (Mon.)

The Germans take Ossowietz. The Austro-Germans occupy Kovel.

A Franco-British squadron bombards Zeebrugge.

Aug. 25 (Wed.)

Brest-Litovsk is taken by the Germans.

Aug. 26 (Thur.)

The Russians evacuate the fort of Olita on the Niemen.

A British aeroplane bombs and sinks a German submarine near Ostend.

Aug. 27 (Fri.)

Germany notifies the U.S.A. that her submarine commanders are henceforward forbidden to sink merchantmen without warning.

Aug. 28 (Sat.)

A great German attack on the Dvina line begins.

Aug. 30 (Mon.)

A Russian victory on the Strypa in Southern Galicia.

Sept. 1 (Wed.)

The Germans capture Lutsk (see Sept. 23 and 28) and storm part of the defences of Grodno. The Austro-Germans capture Brody (Galicia) (see Aug. 23, 1914).

Sept. 2 (Thur.) Sedan capitulated 1870.

The Germans capture Grodno. The Austro-Germans cross the Styr, the Sereth, and the Strypa.

The British transport Sutherland is torpedoed in the Ægean (loss of life small).

Sept. 3 (Fri.)

The Russians re-enter Grodno temporarily, but are forced across the Dvina at Friedrichstadt.

Sept. 4 (Sat.)

The Germans complete the occupation of Grodno.

A German submarine torpedoes the Allan liner Hesperian off Ireland.

Sept. 5 (Sun.)

The Tzar formally assumes command of the Russian armies; the Grand Duke Nicholas is appointed Viceroy in the Caucasus.

A British success at Hafiz Kor on the North-West Frontier of India.

Sept. 6 (Mon.)

A French air-raid on SaarbrÜcken.

Sept. 7 (Tues.)

The Battle of Tarnopol begins (see Aug. 23, 1914).

British and French warships bombard the Belgian coast.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England (17 killed).

Sept. 8 (Wed.)

The Battle of Tarnopol on the Sereth ends in a Russian victory.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England and on London (20 killed).

Sept. 9 (Thur.)

Further Russian successes on the Sereth.

Sept. 12 (Sun.)

The Germans storm Meiszagola and cut the Vilna-Dvinsk railway.

Sept. 16 (Thur.)

The Germans occupy Pinsk.

Sept. 18 (Sat.)

Vilna capitulates to the Germans.

British and French warships bombard the Belgian coast.

Sept. 19 (Sun.)

The British transport Ramazan is torpedoed and sunk in the Ægean with heavy loss of life in Indian troops.

Sept. 20 (Mon.)

The Russians retake Vidzy.

Sept. 22 (Wed.)

A French air-raid on Stuttgart.

Sept. 23 (Thur.)

The Russians retake Lutsk and Dubno (see Sept. 1 and 28).

Bulgaria mobilises (see Oct. 11).

Sept. 24 (Fri.)

A German attack on Dvinsk fails.

Sept. 25 (Sat.)

The Battle of Loos begins: the British capture Loos and make a considerable advance in its neighbourhood (see Oct. 15).

The French attack at the Vimy Ridge and in Champagne (the Battle of Champagne).

Mesopotamia:—General Townshend reaches Kut-el-Amara.

Sept. 26 (Sun.)

Fierce fighting round Loos and Hulluch; the British lose ground.

The French capture Souchez.

Sept. 28 (Tues.)

The Russians abandon Lutsk (see Sept. 1 and 23).

Mesopotamia:—The First Battle of Kut-el-Amara begins.

The Italian battleship Benedetto Brin is destroyed by an accidental explosion.

Sept. 29 (Wed.)

Heavy fighting for the Hohenzollern Redoubt (near Loos).

Heavy fighting on the French front in Champagne and on the Vimy Ridge.

Mesopotamia:—The British capture Kut-el-Amara and 2000 prisoners.

Oct. 3 (Sun.)

The Germans counter-attack near Loos and retake most of the Hohenzollern Redoubt.

A great battle for Dvinsk begins (see Oct. 10).

Oct. 4 (Mon.)

Russian ultimatum to Bulgaria.

The Caucasus:—The Turks are defeated by the Russians near Van.

Oct. 5 (Tues.)

Lord Derby is appointed Director of Recruiting in Great Britain.

M. Venizelos resigns and M. Zaimis becomes Greek Premier (see Nov. 4).

Allied troops land at Salonika.

Oct. 6 (Wed.)

Crossings of the Save and the Danube are forced by the Austro-Germans; Serbia is thus invaded for the fourth time.

Oct. 8 (Fri.)

German counter-attacks in Champagne and near Loos are repulsed with heavy loss.

The Austro-Germans capture Belgrade.

Oct. 9 (Sat.)

Austria invades Montenegro.

The Cameroons:—Wum Biagas is captured by the British.

Oct. 10 (Sun.)

The German attack on Dvinsk fails (see Oct. 3).

Semendria is taken by the Austrians.

Oct. 11 (Mon.)

Bulgaria invades Serbia (see Oct. 14). Serbia appeals to Greece for aid.

Oct. 12 (Tues.)

Edith Cavell is executed at Brussels.

Greece refuses Serbia's appeal.

The Russians attack near Dvinsk.

A Zeppelin raid on London (many casualties).

Oct. 13 (Wed.)

M. DelcassÉ, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, resigns.

The British attack near Loos with partial success.

A Zeppelin raid on London (59 killed).

Oct. 14 (Thur.)

Bulgaria declares war on Serbia (see Oct. 11).

A Russian success near Dvinsk.

Oct. 15 (Fri.)

Great Britain declares war on Bulgaria.

The end of the Battle of Loos (see Sept. 25).

The Bulgarians take Vranja.

Oct. 16 (Sat.)

France declares war on Bulgaria.

Alsace:—The French recover the Hartmannsweilerkopf (lost after much previous fighting).

Sir Ian Hamilton is recalled from Gallipoli, Sir Charles Monro being appointed to succeed him.

Oct. 17 (Sun.)

The Italians capture Pregasina.

A French air-raid on TrÈves.

Oct. 18 (Mon.)

Sir Edward Carson resigns his seat in the British Cabinet.

The Germans advance on Riga.

Oct. 19 (Tues.)

Italy declares war on Bulgaria.

A French force drives the Bulgarians from Strumnitza.

Oct. 21 (Thur.) Trafalgar, 1805.

The Bulgarians capture Veles (see Oct. 25 and 29).

An Allied squadron bombards the harbour of Dedeagatch and other points of military importance on the Bulgarian coast.

Oct. 22 (Fri.)

The 'Group' system of enlistment comes into operation in Great Britain.

The Bulgarians capture Uskub and Rumanovo.

The Italians advance on the Isonzo front.

Oct. 23 (Sat.)

The Austro-Germans force the passage of the Danube at Orsova.

Mesopotamia:—The British reach Azizie in their advance on Baghdad.

A British submarine sinks the German cruiser Prinz Adalbert in the Baltic.

Oct. 24 (Sun.)

The Germans are within ten miles of Riga.

The Danube route to Constantinople is opened to the Germans by their victories in Serbia.

Oct. 25 (Mon.)

The Austro-German and Bulgarian forces effect a junction in the Kraina district. The Serbians recapture Veles (see Oct. 21 and 29).

The Cameroons:—Sende is occupied by the French.

The British destroyer Velox is mined off the Nab lightship.

Oct. 26 (Tues.)

The British transport Marquette is torpedoed in the Ægean.

Oct. 27 (Wed.)

French troops effect a junction with the Serbians at Veles. The French and British are in position across the Vardar.

The Russian Black Sea Fleet bombards Varna.

Oct. 28 (Thur.)

The French Ministry resigns: M. Briand becomes Premier (see March 17, 1917).

King George is thrown from his horse and injured in France.

Sir Charles Monro assumes command in Gallipoli.

H.M.S. Argyll (cruiser) is wrecked off the east coast of Scotland (no lives lost).

Oct. 29 (Fri.)

Veles is retaken by the Bulgarians (see Oct. 21 and 25).

The British mine-sweeper Hythe is sunk off Gallipoli.

Oct. 30 (Sat.)

The Germans capture the Butte of Tahure.

The Serbian arsenal at Kragujevatz is captured by the Austrians.

The Cameroons:—Eseka is captured by the Allies.

Oct. 31 (Sun.)

A Russian counter-offensive near Dvinsk begins.

Nov. 2 (Tues.)

A Russian success on the Strypa: 5000 prisoners are taken.

An Italian success on the Isonzo front.

Nov. 3 (Wed.)

The Russians advance south-east of Dvinsk.

The British transport Woodfield is sunk by a submarine off Morocco (loss of life small).

The Cameroons:—Tibati is occupied by the Allies.

Nov. 4 (Thur.)

The resignation of M. Zaimis, the Greek Premier, is announced (see Oct. 5).

Turkish attacks at Anzac are repulsed.

Nov. 5 (Fri.)

The Russians force back the Germans in the Riga district.

Serbia:—Nish is captured by the Bulgarians after three days' fierce fighting. The main German and Bulgarian forces effect a junction at Krivivir, north of Nish.

Nov. 6 (Sat.)

M. Skouloudis becomes Greek Premier (see June 22, 1916).

A British success at Bango Mountain in the Cameroons.

The British submarine E20 is lost in the Dardanelles.

Nov. 7 (Sun.)

A Note is received from the U.S.A. protesting against the maritime policy of Great Britain and France.

The Russians capture Olai (west of Riga).

A German submarine sinks the Italian liner Ancona off Sardinia; many are drowned, including 25 Americans.

A British submarine sinks the German light cruiser Undine in the Baltic.

Nov. 9 (Tues.)

A Russian victory near Kolki, on the Styr: 3500 prisoners are taken.

Nov. 10 (Wed.)

Heavy fighting between the Russians and the Germans near Riga.

Nov. 11 (Thur.)

The War Committee of the British Cabinet is appointed. Mr. Churchill leaves the Government.

A Russian victory at Kemmern near Riga: the Germans are forced to retreat.

Nov. 12 (Fri.)

The Germans henceforward control the railway from Belgrade to Constantinople.

Mesopotamia:—The British under General Townshend advance on Ctesiphon.

Nov. 14 (Sun.)

Fierce fighting for the 'Labyrinth' in Artois.

An Austrian air-raid on Verona.

Nov. 15 (Mon.)

An Austrian success on the Styr.

Gallipoli:—A successful attack is made on Turkish trenches by the 52nd Division.

Nov. 16 (Tues.)

The Bulgarians capture Prilep. The French repulse Bulgarian attacks between Krivolak and Strumnitza.

Nov. 17 (Wed.)

The British hospital ship Anglia is sunk by a mine in the Channel (85 lives lost).

Nov. 21 (Sun.)

Serbia:—Fall of Novi Bazar to the Germans.

Nov. 22 (Mon.)

A German success on the Dvina.

Mesopotamia:—The Battle of Ctesiphon begins: the chief Turkish positions are captured (see Nov. 24).

A revolt, instigated by Germany, breaks out in Persia.

Nov. 23 (Tues.)

The Serbians retreat towards Albania. The Serbian Government leaves Mitrovitza for Prisrend.

Rovereto is taken by the Italians.

Nov. 24 (Wed.)

Mesopotamia:—The Battle of Ctesiphon ends in the defeat of the Turks, but at the price of very heavy British losses (see Nov. 22).

Nov. 25 (Thur.)

Serbia:—The Austrians capture Mitrovitza and Prishtina. The Serbian seat of Government is moved to Scutari in Albania.

Mesopotamia:—The British retreat from Ctesiphon towards Azizie.

Nov. 28 (Sun.)

The Serbian army retreats into Albania.

A German submarine is sunk off the Belgian coast by a bomb from a British aeroplane.

Nov. 29 (Mon.)

The Bulgarians occupy Prisrend.

Nov. 30 (Tues.)

Mesopotamia:—The British retreat from Azizie on Kut-el-Amara.

Dec. 3 (Fri.)

Mesopotamia:—The British reach Kut-el-Amara.

Dec. 4 (Sat.)

British reinforcements are landed at Salonika.

Dec. 5 (Sun.)

Serbia:—Monastir is taken by the Bulgarians.

Dec. 6 (Mon.)

The Allied Council meets in Paris (its first meeting).

The Bulgarians attack the British near Lake Doiran.

Dec. 7 (Tues.)

Ipek (Montenegro) is taken by the Austrians; the British are forced back from Lake Doiran; the Allies begin to retire from Serbia into Greece.

Mesopotamia:—The siege of Kut-el-Amara begins (see April 29, 1916).

Dec. 8 (Wed.)

Gallipoli:—The evacuation of Suvla and Anzac begins (see Dec. 20, 1915, and Jan. 8, 1916).

Dec. 9 (Thur.)

The Bulgarians occupy Diakhova, Dibra, and Okrida.

Dec. 11 (Sat.)

Macedonia:—The French and British repel Bulgarian attacks with heavy loss.

Persia:—The Russians occupy Hamadan after defeating the Persian rebels.

Dec. 12 (Sun.)

Recruiting for the 'Derby' groups is closed in Great Britain.

The Franco-British forces are in position before Salonika.

The Bulgarians capture Doiran and Ghevgeli.

Mesopotamia:—A Turkish attack on Kut-el-Amara is repulsed.

Dec. 13 (Mon.)

Western Egypt:—In an action near Mersa Matruh an attack by Senussi Arabs is repulsed.

Dec. 14 (Tues.)

It is announced that Sir H. Smith-Dorrien is appointed to Supreme Command in East Africa (see Feb. 10, 1916).

Dec. 15 (Wed.)

Resignation of Sir John French; Sir Douglas Haig succeeds him as British Commander-in-Chief in France.

Dec. 17 (Fri.)

The German light cruiser Bremen and a German torpedo boat are sunk in the Baltic by Allied submarines.

Albania:—Elbasan is taken by the Bulgarians.

Dec. 20 (Mon.)

The first 'Derby' groups are called up for service.

Gallipoli:—The evacuation of Anzac and Suvla is completed (see Dec. 8).

Albania:—Durazzo is occupied by the Italians.

Persia:—The Russians occupy Kum; this marks the end of the Persian revolt.

Dec. 21 (Tues.)

Sir William Robertson is appointed Chief of the British Imperial General Staff (see Feb. 16, 1918).

The Cameroons:—Mangeles is occupied by the French.

Dec. 24 (Fri.)

The French liner Ville de Ciotat is torpedoed in the Mediterranean.

Dec. 25 (Sat.)

Western Egypt:—The main Senussi force is attacked and routed near Mersa Matruh.

Mesopotamia:—Turkish attacks on Kut-el-Amara are repulsed.

Dec. 27 (Mon.)

Heavy fighting between the Russians and the Austrians on the Bessarabia-Bukovina frontier.

Dec. 28 (Tues.)

The decision of the British Cabinet in favour of Compulsory Service is announced.

The Indian Corps leaves France.

Dec. 29 (Wed.)

In a sea fight off Cattaro a French submarine and two Austrian destroyers are sunk.

Dec. 30 (Thur.)

The P. & O. liner Persia is torpedoed in the Mediterranean.

Dec. 31 (Fri.)

H.M.S. Natal (cruiser) is blown up in Cromarty Firth by an internal explosion.

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