June 28 (Sun.)

Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria, at Sarajevo.

July 23 (Thur.)

The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (see Appendix I.).

July 25 (Sat.)

Serbia replies, yielding on all points except two (see Appendix II.). The Austrian Minister leaves Belgrade.

July 26 (Sun.)

The Admiralty countermands orders for the dispersal of the British Fleet.

July 27 (Mon.)

France and Italy accept England's proposal for an international conference.

July 28 (Tues.)

Germany rejects England's proposal for an international conference.

Austria declares war on Serbia.

July 29 (Wed.)

First shots of the war: Austria bombards Belgrade.

Germany makes proposals to secure England's neutrality.

July 31 (Fri.)

German ultimatums to Russia and France (see Appendices III. and IV.).

The French Socialist leader, M. JaurÈs, is assassinated in Paris.

Aug. 1 (Sat.)

Germany declares war on Russia.

Aug. 2 (Sun.)

The German army enters Luxemburg. German patrols cross the frontiers of France. Germany invades Poland.

The German ultimatum to Belgium.

A moratorium is proclaimed in England.

Aug. 3 (Mon. Bank Holiday)

Germany invades Belgium and declares war on France.

Grey's speech in the House of Commons.

Italy declares her neutrality.

The mobilisation of the British Navy is announced complete.

Aug. 4 (Tues.)

The British Government[1] delivers an ultimatum to Germany, which is summarily rejected. Great Britain declares war on Germany as from 11 P.M. on this day.

Sir John Jellicoe assumes command of the British Home Fleets.

Aug. 5 (Wed.)

LiÉge is bombarded by the Germans.

Austria declares war on Russia.

Montenegro declares war on Austria.

Lord Kitchener is appointed Secretary of State for War in Great Britain.

The KÖnigin Luise, equipped as a German mine-layer, is sunk by the British Third Destroyer Flotilla (parent ship Amphion) off the Suffolk coast.

Aug. 6 (Thur.)

Fall of three of the forts of LiÉge.

H.M.S. Amphion (light cruiser) is sunk by a mine in the North Sea.

The Goeben and the Breslau escape at dusk from Messina and run for the Dardanelles.

Aug. 7 (Fri.)

Fall of LiÉge; but its northern forts hold out (see Aug. 15).

A French reconnaissance into Alsace: Altkirch is captured.

The Russians invade East Prussia.

H.M.S. Gloucester (light cruiser) attacks and pursues the Goeben and the Breslau in the Mediterranean.

Aug. 8 (Sat.)

The French occupy Mulhausen, in Alsace.

A British and French force enters Togoland (see Aug. 26).

Aug. 9 (Sun.) (Heligoland ceded to Germany in 1890).

British troops land in France (disembarkation completed on August 16th).

German submarines attack a British light cruiser squadron: the U15 is sunk by the Birmingham.

Aug. 10 (Mon.)

France declares war on Austria.

The French evacuate Mulhausen, and retire in Alsace, but gain successes in the Vosges.

Austria invades Russian Poland.

The Goeben and the Breslau reach the Dardanelles.

Aug. 11 (Tues.)

The Belgian army is defeated and falls back before the Germans.

A German reverse at Spincourt, in Lorraine.

Aug. 12 (Wed.)

Great Britain declares war on Austria.

Serbia invades Bosnia.

Aug. 13 (Thur.)

Austria invades Serbia (see Aug. 25).

Dar-es-Salaam (German East Africa) is shelled and raided by the British cruisers AstrÆa and Pegasus.

Aug. 14 (Fri.)

A Russian proclamation guarantees autonomy to Poland.

The Russians defeat the Austrians at Sokal.

Aug. 15 (Sat.)

Japan delivers an ultimatum to Germany, demanding the evacuation of Kiao-Chau.

The last LiÉge forts are reduced.

East Africa:—The Germans occupy Taveta.

Aug. 16 (Sun.)

The disembarkation in France of the original British Expeditionary Force is completed, with Sir John French in supreme command (see Dec. 15, 1915), the First Corps being commanded by Sir D. Haig, the Second Corps by Sir James Grierson (see Aug. 17).

The Austrians capture Shabatz from the Serbians.

The Austrian light cruiser Zenta is sunk during a sweep up the Adriatic by the Allied Fleets.

Aug. 17 (Mon.)

Death of Lieut.-General Sir James Grierson: he is succeeded in command of the British Second Corps by Sir H. Smith-Dorrien.

The Germans advance in Belgium: Tirlemont and Louvain are captured. The Belgian Government moves to Antwerp.

The Serbians attack on the Jardar (the Battle of the Jardar, which leads to the expulsion of the Austrians from Serbian territory).

Aug. 18 (Tues.) Gravelotte, 1870.

The French advance in Lorraine culminates in the capture of Saarburg on the Metz-Strasbourg Railway.

Aug. 19 (Wed.)

The Belgians retire on Antwerp.

Alsace:—Mulhausen is again taken by the French (see Aug. 10, 25).

The Battle of the Jardar ends in a complete victory for the Serbians (see Aug. 17).

Aug. 20 (Thur.)

The Germans enter Brussels. They bombard Namur.

The French retire before a German counter-offensive in Lorraine.

A Russian victory at Gumbinnen (East Prussia), which leads to the retirement of the Germans on KÖnigsberg, and to the appointment of Hindenburg to High Command (see Aug. 22).

Aug. 21 (Fri.)

The forts of Namur are silenced.

The Battle of Charleroi (east of Mons) begins (see Aug. 23).

South Africa:—German patrols cross into Union territory near Nakob.

Aug. 22 (Sat.)

The French and Belgians are defeated outside Namur.

The Germans approach Nancy: the Battle of Nancy (see Sept. 11).

General von Hindenburg is appointed to command the German armies in East Prussia.

Aug. 23 (Sun.)

Japan declares war on Germany.

Namur is captured by the Germans.

The Battle of Mons.

The Battle of Charleroi ends in the defeat of the French (see Aug. 21).

East Prussia:—The Russians are victorious at Frankenau.

Galicia:—The Russians take Brody and Tarnopol (see Sept. 1 and 7, 1915).

Aug. 24 (Mon.)

The retreat of the Allies on the Western Front begins.

The Germans occupy Tournai.

Cattaro, in the Adriatic, is bombarded by the Allied fleets.

Aug. 25 (Tues.)

Louvain is sacked by the Germans.

The British fight severe actions at Landrecies and Maroilles, and reach the line Cambrai—Le Cateau in 'the Retreat.'

Mulhausen is again captured by the Germans.

In East Prussia the Russians approach KÖnigsberg.

The Austrians defeat the Russians in the First Battle of Krasnik.

The Austrians evacuate Serbia (see Aug. 13).

Invasion of the Cameroons by the French and British (see Feb. 19, 1916).

Aug. 26 (Wed.) (CrÉcy, 1346).

The First Battle of Le Cateau: further retirement of the Allies in France. Maubeuge is invested by the Germans (see Sept. 7).

The beginning of the Battle of Tannenberg, which, after four days' fighting, leads to the crushing defeat of the Russians by Hindenburg.

Togoland surrenders to the Allies (see Aug. 8).

H.M.S. Highflyer (a light cruiser, used before the war as a training ship for naval cadets) sinks the German auxiliary cruiser Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse off the West African coast.

Aug. 27 (Thur.)

The Allies fall back behind the Somme. Lille and MÉziÈres are occupied by the Germans. Ostend is occupied by British marines.

Halicz (Galicia) is captured by the Russians.

The blockade of Tsingtau (Kiao-Chau) begins (see Aug. 15, Nov. 7).

The German cruiser Magdeburg runs ashore in the Gulf of Finland, and is blown up by her captain.

Aug. 28 (Fri.)

The Battle of the Bight of Heligoland: British destroyers supported by light cruisers and battle cruisers sink three German cruisers and two destroyers; no British vessel is lost.

New Zealand troops, supported by an Allied naval force, occupy German Samoa.

Aug. 29 (Sat.)

The British Army, in touch at last with the French on both flanks, rests temporarily for the first time in 'the Retreat.' General Joffre and Sir J. French meet and confer at CompiÈgne. In the evening the retreat is resumed in an orderly manner.

The Battle of Tannenberg ends in a complete victory for the Germans (see Aug. 26).

Aug. 30 (Sun.)

The British reach a line a little north of CompiÈgne-Soissons. The Germans occupy La FÈre and Laon. The British bases are established temporarily at St. Nazaire and Nantes instead of at Havre and Boulogne.

Aug. 31 (Mon.)

The Germans occupy Amiens.

In Galicia the First Battle of Lemberg begins (see Sept. 2).

Sept. 1 (Tues.)

The Germans occupy Soissons. The British fight gallant actions at Villers-Cotterets and NÉry in 'the Retreat.'

East Africa:—The first portion of the Expeditionary Force arrives at Mombasa.

Sept. 2 (Wed.)

The British reach the north bank of the Marne in 'the Retreat.'

The First Battle of Lemberg ends in a heavy defeat of the Austrians by the Russians (see Aug. 31).

China:—Japanese troops are landed to attack Tsingtau (Kiao-Chau).

Sept. 3 (Thur.)

The French Government moves to Bordeaux.

The British cross the Marne in 'the Retreat,' and blow up the bridges.

Lemberg is occupied by the Russians (see June 22, 1915).

H.M.S. Speedy, torpedo gunboat, is sunk by a mine off the Humber.

Sept. 4 (Fri.)

The Germans cross the Marne in force.

The Russians advance into the Carpathian passes.

Sept. 5 (Sat.)

The Franco-British retreat ends; Joffre orders a counter-offensive. The Germans take Rheims and on their right are close to Paris. Heavy fighting on the Ourcq.

The British light cruiser Pathfinder is sunk, with serious loss of life, by a German submarine off St. Abb's Head (the first ship to be sunk by a submarine).

Sept. 6 (Sun.)

The Allied offensive in France begins with the First Battle of the Marne (see Sept. 10). A decisive day in the Battle of Nancy (see Aug. 22 and Sept. 11); German attacks are repulsed.

East Prussia:—The Battle of the Masurian Lakes begins (see Sept. 12).

In Galicia, the Battle of Grodek begins (see Sept. 13).

Sept. 7 (Mon.)

Maubeuge surrenders to the Germans (see Aug. 26). The Allies press forward in France.

The Germans advance into Russia.

Austria begins a second invasion of Serbia (see Sept. 15).

The formation of the British Royal Naval Division is announced.

Sept. 8 (Tues.)

The advance of the Allies in France continues. Von Kluck is now definitely in retreat.

H.M.S. Oceanic (armed merchant cruiser) is wrecked and lost off the Shetland Islands.

Sept. 9 (Wed.)

The decisive day of the Battle of the Marne: the British cross the river and advance north of it; the French carry the Ourcq. Foch makes a decisive move with the 9th French Army.

General Botha announces the decision of the South African Government to undertake an expedition against German South-West Africa.

Sept. 10 (Thur.)

The victory of the Marne is complete (see Sept. 6): the Allies advance rapidly.

Poland:—The Austrians are defeated in the Second Battle of Krasnik.

The Serbians occupy Semlin (Hungary).

The Emden appears in the Bay of Bengal.

Sept. 11 (Fri.)

The French reoccupy ChÂlons. The British cross the Ourcq. The Battle of Nancy ends in complete failure by the Germans (see Aug. 22).

Australian military and naval forces occupy the Bismarck Archipelago.

Sept. 12 (Sat.)

The Battle of the Masurian Lakes (see Sept. 6) ends in the defeat and further retreat of the Russians: East Prussia is cleared of the invader.

Sept. 13 (Sun.)

The Battle of the Aisne begins (see Sept. 28); the British force the passage of the river. Soissons and Amiens are reoccupied by the French.

Galicia:—The Battle of Grodek (see Sept. 6) ends in a complete Russian victory.

The German light cruiser Hela is sunk off Heligoland by the British submarine E9 (the first successful submarine attack by the British).

Sept. 14 (Mon.)

High ground north of the Aisne is captured by the British 1st Corps. The Germans evacuate Rheims.

In Galicia, the Russians advance across the San.

H.M.S. Carmania (auxiliary cruiser) sinks the German auxiliary cruiser Cap Trafalgar off Trinidad after a sharp action.

Sept. 15 (Tues.)

The Russians take Czernowitz, in the Bukovina (see Oct. 22).

The Serbians defeat the Austrians on the Drina: this ends the second Austrian invasion of Serbia (see Sept. 7).

The rebellion in South Africa begins, but the accidental shooting of De la Rey delays the open outbreak designed and upsets the rebel plans (see Oct. 9, 22).

Sept. 16 (Wed.)

East Africa:—Longido is occupied by the Germans.

Sept. 17 (Thur.)

The Belgians fall back on Antwerp.

Hungary:—Semlin is evacuated by the Serbians (see Sept. 10).

Sept. 19 (Sat.)

British marines are landed at Dunkirk.

South-West Africa:—Luderitz Bay is occupied by Union troops.

Sept. 20 (Sun.)

The Germans bombard Rheims Cathedral.

H.M.S. Pegasus is sunk by the KÖnigsberg off Zanzibar (95 casualties).

Sept. 21 (Mon.)

The French retake Noyon (see Sept. 25).

The German forces advancing from East Prussia reach the Niemen.

Sept. 22 (Tues.)

The Russians invest Przemysl.

The Serbians invade Bosnia again (see Aug. 12).

South Africa:—General Botha assumes command of the Union forces.

H.M.S. Cressy, Aboukir, and Hogue (cruisers) are torpedoed by a German submarine off the Hook of Holland: 1400 lives are lost.

The Emden shells Madras.

A British naval air-raid on DÜsseldorf.

Sept. 23 (Wed.)

The Germans capture St. Mihiel.

The Russians take Jaroslav (Galicia).

Sept. 24 (Thur.)

The Germans occupy PÉronne.

Australian forces occupy German New Guinea.

China:—A British force is landed to aid the Japanese in their operations against Tsingtau.

Sept. 25 (Fri.)

Noyon is retaken by the Germans (see Sept. 21). The Battle of Albert (see Sept. 29) begins, the Germans attacking.

Sept. 26 (Sat.)

The Battle of the Niemen (see Sept. 28) begins, the Russians standing on the line of the river against the German attack.

Sept. 27 (Sun.)

The Germans fail to cross the Niemen and retire.

The Cameroons:—Duala surrenders to the Allies.

Sept. 28 (Mon.)

The Germans attack Antwerp.

The Battle of the Aisne (see Sept. 13) ends in trench warfare.

The Battle of the Niemen (see Sept. 26) ends in the definite retreat of the Germans.

The occupation of Galicia is completed by the Russians, who threaten Cracow and invade Hungary.

Sept. 29 (Tues.)

End of the Battle of Albert (see Sept. 25): the Germans are repulsed.

The Battle of Augustovo (see Oct. 4) begins: the Russians, having advanced from the Niemen, attack the Germans.

Sept. 30 (Wed.)

The French re-enter Arras and reoccupy Lille.

Oct. 1 (Thur.)

The transfer of the British Army from Champagne to Flanders begins (see Oct. 19).

Oct. 3 (Sat.)

The Germans attack from Varennes to Verdun.

Before Antwerp the Belgians retire to the line of the Nethe.

Oct. 4 (Sun.)

Lens and Bailleul (see Oct. 14) are occupied by the Germans in their movement towards the coast.

The end of the Battle of Augustovo (see Sept. 29): the Russians re-enter East Prussia.

Oct. 5 (Mon.)

The British Naval Division reaches Antwerp.

The first German advance on Warsaw begins.

Oct. 6 (Tues.)

The British 7th Division is disembarked at Ostend.

The British submarine E9 sinks a German destroyer off the mouth of the Ems.

Oct. 7 (Wed.)

The Belgian Government moves from Antwerp to Ostend.

Japan occupies the Marshall Islands.

Oct. 8 (Thur.)

The city of Antwerp is bombarded; the garrison retires across the Scheldt. A force of Belgians and 2000 British are driven into Dutch territory.

A British air-raid on Cologne and DÜsseldorf.

Oct. 9 (Fri.)

The end of the second Russian advance into East Prussia.

South Africa:—Maritz openly rebels and joins forces with the Germans on the border of South-West Africa (see Oct. 22).

A British naval air-raid on DÜsseldorf, by which a Zeppelin is destroyed in its shed.

Oct. 10 (Sat.)

Antwerp is captured by the Germans.

Oct. 11 (Sun.)

The Battle of La BassÉe begins (see Oct. 31); the British (2nd Corps) attack the La BassÉe position.

A heavy attack on the British 7th Division at Ghent is repulsed.

The Russian cruiser Pallada is destroyed by German submarines in the Baltic.

Oct. 13 (Tues.)

The Germans occupy Ghent and reoccupy Lille; the British (3rd Corps) drive them from MÉteren.

Oct. 14 (Wed.)

The British (3rd Corps) recapture Bailleul (see Oct. 4).

Jabussi, in the Cameroons, is occupied by the Allies.

Oct. 15 (Thur.)

The Germans occupy Zeebrugge and Ostend. The British (3rd Corps) advance towards the Lys.

The First Battle for Warsaw begins (see Oct. 27). The Siege of Przemysl is raised for three weeks.

South Africa:—Union forces under Colonel Brits attack and defeat the rebel commando under Maritz at Ratedrai.

H.M.S. Hawke (cruiser) is torpedoed by a German submarine in the North Sea (500 lives lost).

Oct. 16 (Fri.)

The Battle of the Yser begins (see Oct. 30). The Belgians retire from the Forest of Houthulst.

Oct. 17 (Sat.)

The British (9th Brigade) recapture Aubers.

H.M.S. Undaunted (cruiser) and four British destroyers sink four German destroyers off the Dutch coast.

Oct. 18 (Sun.)

British monitors bombard the right flank of the German army in Belgium.

The British submarine E3 is sunk in the North Sea (the first British submarine to be lost through enemy action).

Oct. 19 (Mon.)

The transfer of the British to Flanders is completed (see Oct. 1). The First Battle of Ypres begins (see Nov. 21). The first division of Indians reaches the Western Front.

Oct. 20 (Tues.)

The German attack on Arras begins.

Oct. 22 (Thur.)

Bukovina:—Czernowitz is reoccupied by the Austrians (see Sept. 15, Oct. 27).

South Africa:—Beyers, Kemp and De Wet openly rebel (see Sept. 15, Oct. 9).

Oct. 23 (Fri.)

French troops support the British at Zonnebeke.

South-West Africa:—Angola (Portuguese colony) is entered by the Germans.

Oct. 24 (Sat.)

The French advance near Zonnebeke. The Germans cross the Yser.

South Africa:—De Wet seizes Heilbron.

H.M.S. Badger rams a German submarine off the Dutch coast.

Oct. 26 (Mon.)

South Africa:—Union troops under Colonel Brits defeat and break up rebel forces under Maritz at Kakamas.

The Cameroons:—Edea is occupied by the Allies.

The French liner Amiral Ganteaume is sunk by a submarine off Cape Grisnez.

Oct. 27 (Tues.)

The British line is drawn back at Ypres.

The end of the First Battle for Warsaw (see Oct. 15): the Germans retreat.

Bukovina:—Czernowitz is reoccupied by the Russians (see Oct. 22, 1914; Feb. 17, 1915).

The Serbians are driven out of Bosnia by the Austrians.

South Africa:—General Botha defeats and disperses Beyers' commando at Commissie Drift, near Rustenburg; Beyers escapes.

H.M.S. Audacious (dreadnought) is sunk by a mine off Lough Swilly on the north coast of Ireland.

Oct. 28 (Wed.)

The Belgians flood the land round the Yser.

The Emden sinks the Russian cruiser Jemchug and the French destroyer Mousquet off Penang.

Oct. 29 (Thurs.)

Lord Fisher succeeds Prince Louis of Battenberg as British First Sea Lord (see May 28, 1915).

Fierce fighting round Kruseik and Gheluvelt.

Oct. 30 (Fri.)

The Germans are forced back by the floods in the Yser district: the end of the Battle of the Yser (see Oct. 16). The British are driven from Zandvoorde but hold at Klein Zillebeke.

South Africa:—Colonel Brits clears the north-west of Cape Province by defeating the remnant of the rebels left in this locality at Schuit Drift.

The German cruiser KÖnigsberg is discovered in the Rufiji River (German East Africa) and shelled by H.M.S. Chatham and other British warships (see July 11, 1915).

Oct. 31 (Sat.)

The end of the Battle of La BassÉe (see Oct. 11).

A critical day in the First Battle of Ypres; the British line is broken and restored.

Tsingtau is bombarded by the Japanese and British (see Nov. 7).

H.M.S. Hermes (aircraft-carrier) is sunk by a submarine in the Straits of Dover.

Nov. 1 (Sun.)

The Germans take Messines.

The third Austrian invasion of Serbia begins (see Dec. 15).

The forts of Tsingtau are silenced (see Nov. 7).

A British squadron is defeated off Coronel (Chile) by a German squadron of superior strength under Admiral von Spee: the Good Hope and Monmouth are sunk.

Nov. 2 (Mon.)

The Germans capture Neuve Chapelle from the British.

Nov. 3 (Tues.)

The Dardanelles Forts are bombarded by the British and French Mediterranean fleets.

East Africa:—Tanga is attacked by the British (see Nov. 5).

A German cruiser squadron bombards Yarmouth and escapes.

Nov. 4 (Wed.)

The Austrians are heavily defeated at Jaroslav (Galicia).

East Africa:—A British attack on Longido is repulsed.

The German armoured cruiser Yorck is sunk by a mine at the entrance to Jahde Bay (west of the mouth of the Weser).

Nov. 5 (Thur.)

Great Britain declares war on Turkey and annexes Cyprus.

The British line at Ypres is readjusted.

East Africa:—The British attack on Tanga is repulsed (see Nov. 3).

Nov. 6 (Fri.)

Carl Lody is shot for espionage in the Tower of London.

The Germans attack at Klein Zillebeke.

Mesopotamia:—Fao, at the mouth of the Shatt-el-Arab, is captured by the British.

Nov. 7 (Sat.)

Tsingtau is taken by the Japanese and British (see Aug. 27, Oct. 31).

Nov. 9 (Mon.)

H.M.S. Sydney of the Australian navy destroys the Emden off Cocos Island.

Nov. 10 (Tues.)

The Germans capture Dixmude.

Goldap (East Prussia) is occupied by the Russians.

H.M.S. Chatham and other British warships again shell the KÖnigsberg in the Rufiji River (German East Africa) (see Oct. 30 and July 11, 1915).

Nov. 11 (Wed.)

A critical day in the First Battle of Ypres: a great attack by the Prussian Guard is repulsed.

The Russians begin the Second Siege of Przemysl (see March 22, 1915).

The British torpedo-gunboat Niger is sunk by a German submarine off Deal.

Nov. 12 (Thur.)

A fresh German assault on the Klein Zillebeke position is partially successful.

South Africa:—Botha completely routs the rebel forces under De Wet at Mushroom Valley in the Orange Free State.

Nov. 14 (Sat.)

Death of Lord Roberts at British G.H.Q. in France (St. Omer).

Nov. 15 (Sun.)

The Russians advance rapidly in East Prussia.

Nov. 17 (Tues.)

South-West Africa:—The Germans again invade Angola (see Oct. 23).

East Africa:—Longido is occupied by the British.

Libau is shelled by a German squadron.

Nov. 18 (Wed.)

The Second Battle for Warsaw begins (see Dec. 28).

The Goeben and the Breslau are attacked by a Russian squadron in the Black Sea, the Goeben being damaged.

Nov. 20 (Fri.)

The Germans invade Uganda.

Nov. 21 (Sat.)

The end of the First Battle of Ypres (see Oct. 19).

Basra, at the head of the Persian Gulf, is occupied by British forces from India.

A British air-raid on the Zeppelin sheds at Friedrichshafen.

Nov. 23 (Mon.)

The Germans attack the Indians at Festubert; trenches are lost and recovered.

The Russian front is broken near Lodz.

Zeebrugge is bombarded by two British battleships.

The German submarine U18 is rammed and sunk off the north coast of Scotland.

Nov. 24 (Tues.)

The Russian line near Lodz is restored.

Nov. 25 (Wed.)

Mesopotamia:—A naval reconnaissance up the Tigris to Gurneh.

Nov. 26 (Thur.)

H.M.S. Bulwark (battleship) is destroyed by an accidental explosion off Sheerness with heavy loss of life.

Nov. 27 (Fri.)

The Russians begin to evacuate Lodz.

Dec. 1 (Tues.)

South Africa:—De Wet is captured by Union troops at Waterburg (100 miles west of Mafeking) (see Oct. 22).

Dec. 2 (Wed.)

A French success at Vermelles.

Belgrade is occupied by the Austrians.

Dec. 3 (Thur.)

The Battle of the Ridges, between the Serbians and the Austrians, begins (see Dec. 6).

Dec. 4 (Fri.)

South Africa:—Part of the rebel forces surrenders near Reitz.

Dec. 6 (Sun.)

The Battle at Lodz (see Nov. 23, 24 and 27) ends in the capture of the town by the Germans.

The Battle of the Ridges (see Dec. 3) ends in the rout of the Austrians.

Dec. 7 (Mon.)

The Russians attack the forts of Cracow.

Mesopotamia:—A British success at Mezera.

Dec. 8 (Tues.)

The Battle of the Falkland Islands: a German squadron under Admiral von Spee is destroyed by a British cruiser force under Admiral Sir F. Doveton Sturdee; only the Dresden escapes.

South Africa:—General Beyers, after a crushing defeat south of Bothaville, is drowned in attempting to escape across the Vaal River. The main rebel force surrenders to General Botha (see Oct. 22).

Dec. 10 (Thur.)

The Cameroons:—Bare is occupied by the British.

Dec. 11 (Fri.)

The Goeben is driven from Batum.

Dec. 12 (Sat.)

The Austrians take the Dukla Pass. The Russians are forced to retreat from Cracow.

Dec. 13 (Sun.)

The British submarine B11 passes under the Dardanelles mine-fields and sinks the Turkish battleship Messudiyeh.

Dec. 15 (Tues.)

The end of the third Austrian invasion of Serbia: the Serbians retake Belgrade and again drive the Austrians out of the country (see Nov. 1).

Dec. 16 (Wed.)

German cruisers bombard Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby.

Dec. 18 (Fri.)

The Khedive of Egypt, Abbas II., is deposed, and Prince Hussein Kamel Pasha, a son of the ex-Khedive Ismail, is appointed Sultan of Egypt by Great Britain (see Oct. 9, 1917).

Dec. 19 (Sat.)

An attack by the Indian Corps at Givenchy: ground is gained and lost.

Dec. 20 (Sun.)

The Germans capture Indian positions near Givenchy.

The Russians recapture the Dukla Pass and advance in the Carpathians.

A British air-raid on Brussels airship sheds.

Dec. 22 (Tues.)

The situation near Givenchy is restored by a British counter-attack.

Dec. 24 (Thurs.)

A British air-raid on the German airship sheds near Brussels.

Dec. 25 (Fri.)

German warships are bombed by British seaplanes off Cuxhaven.

South-West Africa:—Walfish Bay is occupied by Union troops.

Dec. 26 (Sat.)

Valona (Albania) is temporarily occupied by the Italians (see May 29, 1915).

Dec. 28 (Mon.)

The Second Battle for Warsaw (see Nov. 18) ends in failure for the Germans.

Dec. 29 (Tues.)

The Caucasus:—The Battle of Sarykamish begins, between the Russians and the Turks (see Jan. 2, 1915).

Dec. 30 (Wed.)

A raid by German aeroplanes on Dunkirk.