282 Talmukara, or Talmukana.—“Bartleria longifolia.” A seed, very small, and like the zeera, red, the color of Toodrie, but the Toodrie is round, whereas this is longish and smaller. The plant is knotted like a reed, and has prickles on the joints. The flower is like the lotus, but is whiter. It is cool and heavy; increases seminal secretion, and cures disorders of wind and blood; it forms an ingredient in all aphrodisiac formulÆ; it is taken mixed with cow’s milk, either cold or boiled. In the Maadentezerrabad, it is thus described.

Talmukana is a medicine of India; its seed of a brown color, like that of the Anjera; cool and moist; used as an aphrodisiac, in cases of seminal weakness, in gonorrhoea, and in chancres. It is astringent; strengthens the system; is flatulent, and not easy of digestion: its corrector is sugar; its succed. Moosliesia. The dose six masha.

283 Taal, or Taar.—“Borassus Flabelliformis.” A very high tree, about 60 feet, more or less; very common in the Deccan and in Bengal. At Agra it is more common than at Delhi; the leaves grow at the top of the stem; they are broad and long; and of these are formed Punkahs, which are much esteemed and carried to various parts. They are also used for writing upon; its fruit is like the cocoanut; the kernel of the fruit is cut into pieces, and ate with sherbet and sugar; it is very sweet to the taste, and is called the Tirkool.

The upper part of the stem of the fruit is cut across, and the liquid which exudes from the wound, received into earthen vessels called Labnahs, and these fill several times in the course of the day. This liquor is called Taarie: when fresh drawn and before the sun is above the horizon, it is sweet to the taste; but it soon becomes fermented, and is then intoxicating. It is cool and moist, beneficial in disorders of wind and bile, also in boils and eruptions. It is both aperient, and aphrodisiac. A liquor distilled from the Taarie, is to be preferred: roasted or stewed meat should be eaten along with it. It produces pains in the limbs, and heaviness of the head, and is as intoxicating as spirits. The fruit is sweet and cool, heavy and flatulent, causes pains in the limbs, cures affections of wind, bile, blood, and bruises; it relieves general heat, and allays thirst. Its seed is also sweet, cool, and diuretic; useful in disorders of wind and bile. P. Khoormae Aboojile, or Khoormae Hindee. A. it is called Doom, but the author of the Munhage says, that Doom means the Googul tree. The Maadentezerrubad thus describes it: taar is a tree like the date tree; its leaves about a yard long; the kernel of the fruit is often sold for the sea cocoanut. The juice of this tree is the taarie, so well known; it is equally hot and cold, and moist in the 2nd degree. It is aphrodisiac and diuretic, induces corpulency, and if taken to excess produces intoxication and head-ache. If fresh drawn, it is sweet and less intoxicating; but allowed to remain for a night, it becomes acid, and then it is very inebriating. The fresh taarie improves the complexion, moistens the brain; is beneficial in hectic fever, in difficulty of breathing, in depression of the spirits, and is aperient. If allowed to remain long, it becomes sour, smells very strong; is heating, and causes vomiting and indigestion.

In the Lyzuttoor rejal, it is thus mentioned: taarrie is an intoxicating produce of the taar tree, very common to the eastward. The tree resembles the date tree, but its leaves are different: when fresh, the taarie is hot and moist, induces corpulency; is aphrodisiac, diuretic, and when it has acquired a strong smell, is intoxicating, and in that state, it is very heating, and produces indigestion, with heaviness of the brain. The sherbet of the pomegranate allays vomiting brought on by its use. Its succedaneum is a decoction of dates called Sendhi.

284 Taalesputter.—A name of Talesphir; of this there are many and various accounts, some call it the leaf of the wild olive, zeatoon, and others call it the bark of the Lissaan nulaej safeer, or Biss’bassa. The author of the Topha says, that he considers it the same as the Tewaje Kutai. The people of India deem it hot, light, aphrodisiac, stomachic, promoting digestion, curing difficulty of breathing, cough, disorders of phlegm, badgola, and hectic fever.

285 Tanbirr.—“Copper.” It is sweet, cool, light, and aperient: cures disorders of bile and phlegm; useful in marasmus, Juzam, piles, asthma, swellings, cough, and ague. It is caustic, and in A. is called Nowhass. P. Miss. The physicians of India use it in a calcined form, and speak much in its favour. If it be properly prepared, it will be soluble in water. In my opinion, if it does not produce heat in the blood, nausea, pains in the bones, and joints, giddiness, and confusion of ideas, it will be fortunate, and will be a sign, that it has been well prepared; and should it stand both these tests, it may be used with comparative safety.

286 Taberuck.—A tree, the produce of Arabia; its fruit and flower resembling the rose; during digestion it is bitter and hot; removes bile, and blisters, and seminal debility.

287 Tubasheer, or Tubakeer, names of Bunslochun.

288 Tuputtee or Typsie, a trefoil grass.

289 Tatyrie, in P. called Teetoo; a bird, the meat of which produces wind. “Tringa Goensis.”

290 Tittereek, sometimes called Tintereek.—Its fruit, when unripe, is beneficial in disorders of wind; is vermifuge, and destroys worms in the rectum; it is very heavy; but when ripe, is light and astringent, and is useful in weakness of the digestive organs, and cures disorders of phlegm and wind. A. Simaak.

291 Tudje.—Laurus Cassie? Some say that this is Kirfa, and others Syleekha; also called Keelkheela; it is in Indian works described as cool and pungent; it cures disorders of phlegm, and more especially dissipates collections of it in the small intestines; clears the passage to the stomach or oesophagus, and promotes digestion.

292 Tedhara.—“Euphorbia Antiquorum.” A kind of Seehund.

293 Turkool.—The fruit of the Taar tree, vide Taal.

294 Tarkoota, or Terookhun.—The title of a formulÆ composed of peepul, pepper, and ginger, in equal parts. It creates appetite and promotes digestion; cures difficulty of breathing, cough, local affections of the skin, badgola, seminal weakness, phlegm, swelling of the testicles, and diseases of the nostrils.

295 Terisgundh or Tirjatuck.—The name of the following formulÆ. Small cardamums, Kerfa, Tezpat, in equal parts. It is said to remedy disorders of phlegm.

296 Tirtuck.—A kind of rice, of the same properties as the Saathie.

297 Tirmirra.—The best kind of this grows in gardens. It is hot in the 2nd degree, dry in the 1st. When fresh, it is moist, and its juice is excellent in wounds and ulcers; it is diuretic and aperient; produces frequent inclination to aphrodisia, and causes blindness. Its corrector is KÁou (Lettuce), or Kasni (Endive), or Koorfa, or Till. It increases the secretion of semen, and thickens its consistence. It is an antidote to the bite of the mongoose. If bruised and applied to the root of the acid pomegranate it will render it sweet. A. Jerjeer.

298 Tersindiaturnie.—A kind of Jeeaphul; see I.

299 Teraemanna, called also Teraman.—It is cool, sweet, and useful in pains of the stomach, in mucus, super-abundance of blood, giddiness, thirst, delirium, poisons, and vomiting. Manna.

300 Teroor, called also great Dathun.—Bitter and cool; strengthens eye-sight; cures bile, heat, diseases of the mouth and hepatic eruptions.

301 Tirnie.—Cool and sweet, increasing eye-sight, beneficial in bilious disorders, bile, heat, thirst, vomiting, and eruptions of the mouth.

302 Tirdisha.—A name for Mahomeed.

303 Tyrphilla.—The name for Hurr, Bhaera, and Anula.

304 Tirpurnie.—An appellation for Jalpurnie or Tirpunnie.

305 Takkur.—The name given to a mixture of Dhaie and water.

306 Tuggur.—A name for Asaroon (Asarabece); it is sweet, hot, moist, light, and an antidote to poisons. It cures epilepsy, delirium, affections of the eyes, wind, and mucus. One kind of it is red. (Asarum), excellent errhine.

307 Teluck.—A flower like the Till; hot, beneficial in mucous disorders, and Juzam; an ingredient in favourite formulÆ.

308 Telk.—Ginger.

309 Till or Tillee.—The name of a seed, from which oil is extracted, and which leaves much refuse after the oil has been drawn. When green, it is dry, increases knowledge, and promotes appetite. Is astringent, reduces corpulency, clears the voice and complexion, and allays thirst. There are three kinds of this, the 1st called Pooth, the 2nd Tilbund, or white Till, the 3rd is wild; it is heavy and astringent, increases mucus and bile, strengthens the head, cures boils, and all rheumatic affections. Is stomachic, increases knowledge, and restrain the secretion of urine. The best kind is black, next the white, and last in order the red. The flower of the Till is useful in disorders of the eye, such as specks, and that affection called Nachoona, and is applied mixed with Soorma with good effect. This is stated both in the Ejalenapheh and Elajejul-umrae.

310 Toolsi.—“Ocimum Sanctum. (Roxb. MS.) Shrubby, hairy, branches four-sided, leaves ovate, oblong, serrated with margins, and petioles hairy; bractes petioled, ovate, cordate, ciliate, upper lip of the calyx round, cordate, and hairy, with corol twice its length. Its seed, Tookmi Rehan, H. of a mucilaginous nature.”

A common plant, about a yard high or more; its leaves small and longish, and serrated at the edges. The Hindoos consider it as very sacred, and worship it. It is a species of sweet basil (Raihan); bitter, pungent, hot, cardiac, and stomachic. It increases bile and general heat, cures Juzam, difficulty in making water, affections of the liver and blood.

311 Tumakoo.—Nicotiana Tabacum, W. It is said in the Dara Shekoi, that it was first sown in India during the reign of Akber, or in the year of the Hidjera 1014, when it was imported from Europe, and sown by his order; now it is every where common, and is generally smoked. In the opinion of Hukeem Alli Gheelanee, it is hot and dry; its smoke from its heating quality confuses the ideas, and reduces the strength; from its discutient property, it weakens the brain, and depresses the spirits. Those who are of a cold, moist temperament, may derive benefit from its use, but those who are of equal temperament cannot use it with impunity. It is useful in piles the consequence of cold, also in waterbrash, and complaints of this nature; it promotes digestion and dissipates flatulent pains. It increases the strength of vision when it is weakened by the effects of cold, but adds to it when it has been caused by heat. In difficulty of breathing or pain in the chest, proceeding from an accumulation of viscid phlegm, it is very useful. It is prejudicial in thin spare habits; it shuts all the passages, decreases the power of the absorbents, and consequently prevents the absorption of chyle, thereby weakening the system, and drying up and emaciating the body. It produces hectic fever in the aged, and many other disorders in which medicine is useless. Its corrector, according to the author of the Dara Shekoi, is milk; and he gives this wise reason for it, that cloth stained with the smoke of tabacco can only be cleaned with milk. It is used in many ways, chewed, snuffed, smoked, &c. but is least prejudicial when smoked, after being mixed up with goor and preserves. I have by experience found it effectual in wind of the stomach, in pains produced by flatulence, and in the waterbrash; but have found it prejudicial to those labouring under depression of spirits, or who are subject to heartburns.

The dried plant brought from Surat is more drying than any other, and ought to be washed in rose-water or Bedemushk before use.

It is used by the Pytans as snuff: as a cephalic it strengthens the brain, and prevents the effects of indigestion on that organ, but it should not be used when people have weak eyes from heat. The author of the Ulfaz Udwiyeh says, that he had a friend who was blind, and that meeting him afterwards quite recovered, he was surprised to learn that his cure had been effected by his having smoked equal parts of tobacco and Sumhaloo; the women eat the Surat tobacco with pawn: and it increases digestion, and is discutient. It is beneficial in those temperaments which are cold and moist, and its juice is used for drying the vagina.

312 Tamaal.—The Serroe tree. A tree resembling the Jhow, but much larger; in its properties resembling the Saul. It cures swellings, general heat, and blister.

313 Tym.—A kind of fish, producing appetite and general strength.

314 Tamaalputtur.—A name for Teeridje. Some have called it the leaf of the Tamaal tree, and named it Serroe, while others have said that it was the leaf of the Sandal tree. It is therefore uncertain what it is.

315 Toon.—A kind of reed; its seed like the Benth; its flowers are used as a dye by the dyers of India, and are of a yellow color; cool, dry, astringent, producing wind, curing eruptions from an overflow of bile, also other eruptions of the skin and Juzam. A. Arheekun, but the author of the Topha says, that Arheekun is a name of the Isperuck, and that it is not like the Toon.

316 Toon.—“Cedrela Tuna,” W. See Sir W. Jones’s description, vol. 4. As. R. page 273. Powder of the bark and extract used in the cure of fever.

317 Tuntureek.—A name for Tuttereek, called also SeemÁk.

318 Tumbole.—A designation for Paan, but what is properly called so is a preparation used at marriages, composed of Paan bruised and the juice expressed, mace, nutmeg, cloves, and cardamoms, all bruised and mixed with sugar, and allowed some time till it ferment. Its use causes exhiliration of spirits, slight intoxication, and strengthens the system. It removes wind, is cardiac, and promotes dryness; those of a hot and dry temperament will be injured by its use; it sweetens the breath, and is generally known by this name.

319 Tunkaar.—“Impure Borate of Soda, Boras SodÆ.” A name of Borax, called also Zirkur; it is of two kinds, one white, called Curia, the other named Telia. The proportion of both are the same; it is refrigerant and detergent; strong, hot, and useful in mucus and wind, cough, and asthma. It is burnt in the fire, pounded, and with equal parts of Aloes and a little treacle made into pills, and as many used daily as will agree with the stomach. These will remove pains in the stomach, internal parts, chronic cough, difficulty of breathing, or any complaint of that nature. It is recommended, that it be taken every day for at least 20 days, but if this cannot be done, it may be used at intervals for the above-mentioned complaints; this advice is given from the Echtyarat Casmi. The whole properties of this medicine are only known to Indian physicians, and from experience, I know it to be a powerful promoter of digestion if taken about an hour after meals with a little water only; it is called also TunkunkaÁr.

320 Tawakeer.—A medicine of India, useful in gonorrhoea and dysuria ardens.

321 Tombrir, also Tombie.—A bitter cuddoo. There is a kind of this in which the seed is not bitter; it is heavy, though some call it light; it is aphrodisiac; cures disorders of mucus and bile.

The one in which the seed is bitter, is cool, cardiac, and an antidote to poisons; useful in cough and bile. If the seed be taken when the moon is in the wane, bruised, and for 21 days, steeped in the juice of ginger, its oil extracted and preserved in a bottle, it will be found that this oil, when a year old, rubbed over the body in weakly habits will renovate strength, and it is also said that it will consolidate mercury.

322 Turai.—“Cucumis Acutangulus, Roxb. Hibiscus Esculentus?” A common vegetable, bitter and dry, light and suppurating; beneficial in swellings, marasmus, dropsy, affection of the spleen, Juzam, piles, mucous disorders, and bile. Another kind is called Geea, and is very mucilaginous and cool, but increases mucous disorders. A third kind is named Arra, and is aperient and useful in bilious disorders.

Turai is a very common culinary vegetable of India, and the people sow it in their houses; its flower is very beautiful, of a yellow color, and the fruit is extremely mucilaginous. If it is sown at the root of a tree or wall, it will climb for support; its leaves resemble the vine, its fruit is about 2 or 3 inches long, and about the thickness of the thumb or even thicker; the second and third kinds are larger and thicker than the first, but the latter is the best, and those are to be chosen which are thin, small, and soft. It is in my opinion cool, moist, and aperient; beneficial in hot temperaments and weakness of the stomach; those of a dry temperament will find it particularly beneficial; it is a proper food for those labouring under fever. The 2nd kind is the most mucilaginous; the 3rd less so than the 1st.

323 Toour.—A kind of Arhur. “Cytisus Cajan.”

324 Tooiekam.—A kind of Rattan.

325 Toodun.—A kind of Kakroo.

326 Toott.—A common tree, of the middling size; its leaves are a little oval, very soft and easily squeezed; its fruit is half an inch long or more, both white and black, the best without seeds, and much less than the rest. It is sweet and easy of digestion, strengthens the system and kidnies; is aphrodisiac, increases blood, remedies costiveness; is hot and dry. Those without seed, more efficient than any other. I have written what I have experienced of its effect, but much more is said of its properties in Yunani publications. Its bruised leaves with salt said to be suppurative and discutient.

327 Thour.—Euphorbia Neriifolia, Roxb. called also ThÚr. A kind of Zekoom, (thorny tree,) some call it Synhud, others describe it as resembling the Zekoom, and that its fruit is like the Hurrhee, but the ThÓor and Synhud do not bear fruit. The milk of the plant blisters the skin; its expressed oil is aphrodisiac, and possesses other properties. A cloth wet with the milk, is used as an aphrodisiac, and the particular manner will be found in the Ilajulumrar and the IjalÉnÁpheh.

In the Maadentezerrubad, it is thus mentioned: ThewÉr. In the opinion of the people of India, it removes costiveness, cures affections of the spleen and spasms of the stomach, and evacuates the bowels and Fetuek; if its leaves are boiled in water or Dhaie with a little salt, strained and drank with a little cow’s ghee, it will cure all disorders of wind and vitiated bile, and relax the bowels. The milk of the Thewer is procured as follows:

Pierce the plant close to the root, and fill the wound during a night with asafoetida, in the morning remove the gum, and attach a vessel to receive the exuding milk, and should the juice be required very thin, a little salt may be added to the asafoetida.

328 Tendhoo, called also Tendook.—“Diospyros Ebenum,” another kind is called Bychtendook. A tree of India, of a large size; its fruit like the Anula, but smaller. The first kind cures boils, eruption and disorders of wind. When the tree becomes aged, it produces the ebony, which is the centre; it cures bilious disorders; its unripe fruit is cool, astringent and increases wind. When ripe it is heavy, beneficial in bilious complaints, disorders of the blood, and seminal weakness; The second kind is nearly similar in its properties; but is more cooling, light, and astringent.

329 Tejotee.—Bitter, pungent, hot, stomachic, useful in disorders of mucus, wind, dysuria, cough, and convulsions.

330 Teetur.—The Partridge, “Perdix Francolinus.” Its flesh increases the color of the skin, renders the bowels costive; is stomachic, useful in hiccup, and disorders of the three principal secretions; beneficial in difficulty of breathing, cough, and dropsy.

331 Tendooa.—“The Leopard, Felis Leopardus.” Some say the Indian name for this is Nimonur. The people of India call it a species of tiger, but it is smaller; it is also named Tendoo.

332 Telkirur or TelkÚr.—The oil of the Kojora; it is bitter, pungent, hot, beneficial in affections from wind, strengthens the system, diminishes the eye-sight, increases the three principal secretions, and produces heart-burn.

333 Tesoo.—The flower of the Palass.

334 Tezpat.—A name for Patrudje.

335 Teerun.—Cool, bitter, useful in wounds, and improves the complexion.

336 Terbile.—A medicine of India.

337 Teetee.—The name of the fruit Karele.