91 Padill.—Sometimes called Patill, and another kind denominated Kashta Padill or Kut Padill. Of this also there is another kind, but as the properties of all are the same, I have not particularly distinguished them from each other. It is the flower of an Indian tree, which in size is equal to the Mangoe or Jamin, its pod is 1½ feet long, and 4 fingers in breadth, formed of different layers, and lined with a soft cottony substance. The seed resembles that of the Seriss tree, and its taste is astringent, sweet, and its properties mixed, cool and hot. It is beneficial in swellings of a general nature, in foulness of the blood, in difficulty of breathing, in thirst, nausea, and loss of appetite. Its flowers correct all the natural secretions, and remove bilious laxity of the bowels, and heartburn. The pod relieves hiccup, and corrects bilious and mucous secretions; some have described its properties as cool, and the Dhuntri recommends the first kind, as the one to be preferred for internal use.

92 PaÁ.—Sulphur Zinci, a name for Zaje Suffed. It resembles the Shibbi Yemani, but of a more yellow tinge, and less transparent, but its pungency and astringency greater; placed in the fire it becomes sublimed; its nature hot and dry. If a cloth is wetted with its solution, and allowed to dry, and then placed in the vagina, it dries the part, and lessens its diameter.

93 Beekhbans or Beedjbans.—A kind of green bamboo, shot as arrows by the Nepaulese, and which poison the wound they inflict.

94 Bansa.—Called also PiÁbansa. Some say that it is the name of the Baadawurd tree; however this may be, it is the name of a very common tree, found in plains and waste places; it grows about the height of a man, more or less; has spreading branches, which grow out of its stem even to the root: its leaves are thin, small, and pointed, when the tree is young; but they increase in size as the tree grows, and become like those of the Jamin. Its flowers are white, with prickles on their stalk. The other kind called Pia Bansa has colored flowers.

It increases wind, and clears the throat; it removes disorders of bile, mucus, or blood, cough, difficulty of breathing, nausea, fever, seminal weakness, juzam, and marasmus. A tooth-brush made of its wood, materially strengthens the gums and teeth, and of this many have had experience. It strengthens the system, darkens the color of the hair, cures the itch, and is an antidote to poison. In its nature it is hot, and is useful in eruptions of the skin and leprosy.

In the Maadentezerrubad, that with the yellow flowers, is called Pia Bansa, and the tree is said to be about a yard high, with long leaves, hot, cool, and dry in an equal degree; a decoction of the root is beneficial as a gargle in toothache, or with the addition of the leaves, as a gargle in ptyalism.

95 Baluka.—Cucumis Madraspatanus. A species of Kitcherie; it is also called Kootoombur. Phoont is likewise a variety of this, and is in Persian named DustoombaÓyÉ. When unripe, its taste is sweet; it is cool, and heavy, removes eruptions of the skin from bile, and when ripe, it is hot, light, aperient, creating appetite, and bile.

96 Palewut.—Also Palook, a medicine of India. The first is sweet, hot, and cool, in an equal degree; it is heavy, and corrects bile and wind. The second kind, also called Malook, is sweeter than the first, and in all its properties resembling Padill, except that it produces less thirst.

97 Baraykund or KeetkuroÓdh, or Subbuzkund.—The produce of a wet or moist soil. Its capsule is thick and hard; it is sweet, bitter, pungent, and increases the powers of manhood, and generally strengthens the system; it increases bile, but removes a superabundance of phlegm or wind. It is vermifuge, and useful in seminal weakness. Its leaves used as greens, create appetite, improve the complexion, and are beneficial in Juzam. I have ascertained from several books of Hindoostan, that it is a species of Russain, and that Barayokand and Bedareekund are one and the same plant; but some books state the contrary.

98 BanjkakÓra.—A medicine of India, of a light nature, beneficial in mucous affections, antidote to poison, useful in boils and wounds, also in sores; called in Persian Khora. One kind of this bears no fruit, hence its name Banja.

99 Pakur.—A large tree, beautiful in appearance, as large as the Jamin. The leaves also resemble the Jamin, but broader, longer, and thicker; its fruit is yellow, and when ripe, like the apple, but when small, it is more like the peach; it is cooling, and cures boils, eruptions of the skin, and is effectual in mucous and bilious affections, it also allays swelling in wounds. The fruit bears the same name; it is acid, its sherbet cardiac, promotes appetite, and decreases bile. By some called Pakull.

100 Panee Amluk.—A medicine of Hindoostan, hot and heavy; it cures flatulency, and when ripe, it increases the bilious and mucous secretions.

101 Paadae.—Pungent and bitter, hot and light, cures wind, bile, Juzam, and fever; vomiting, dropsy, affections of the heart, general heat, itch, disorders from poison, difficulty of breathing, and is vermifuge. It also cures Badgola, boils and eruptions of the skin, and removes laxities of the bowels.

102 Babchee or Bakchee, an Indian medicine, the seed of which is black; it is beneficial in every kind of leprosy, and in every pain of the stomach; it is used both internally and externally. I have used 2 mashas of this, with other appropriate medicines, infused in water for a night, strained and given as a drink to those affected with white leprosy, and other affections of the same nature; and have used the strained refuse externally, with the greatest success. It is pungent and aromatic, hot and dry in the 3d deg. light and cardiac, creates appetite, and cures affections of bile and mucus; but is prejudicial to the eyesight, and lessens the seminal secretion.

In the Maadentezerrubad it is written, that Babchee is a seed about the size of gram, or rather less, of a dark color, and aromatic flavor, hot and dry in a small degree, cures wind, mucus, and Juzam; the itch and other eruptions of the skin when discoloration or ulceration takes place, and all complaints arising from foulness of blood. In Acouta, or that scaly leprous eruption that is often met with, it is very effectual, the part being first moistened with mustard oil, and the powder of the seed sprinkled over its surface.

“Tried in Lepra without effect, both in substance and in infusion, in 1818.—Translator.”

103 Paperie.—A name for Shumshad, cool, and brightens the complexion, and is useful in mucous and bilious complaints.

104 Babur.—Called by some Nagbo, and also Badrouje.

105 Barasinga.—Cervus Elaphus. Called so from its many branched horns; it is about the size of a small cow, and is also called Thunkur or Eal. Its meat is sweet to the taste, and heavy; it increases Aphrodisia, cures wind, bile, and mucus. The horns rubbed down in water, and applied externally, cure rheumatic and other pains.

106 Parba.—Cervus Porcinus. Very common in the upper parts of India; its properties I have never seen noticed in any Indian publication. I have met with a description of another kind of deer, Cheetul, and in my opinion they are nearly alike in their properties; the flesh of both easy of digestion, quickly increasing the volume of blood and bulk of the solids; it is without fibres, hot and somewhat dry.

107 Bander.—Monkey. The flesh is beneficial in flatulencies, difficulty of breathing, and Jaundice, and is vermifuge; in P. Bozeena.

108 Baag.—In P. Sher. The Tiger. Its flesh is hot, and cures affections from wind, and complaints of the eyes. Its milk, mixed with Soorma, is an excellent application in that disease of the eye called Mootiabin. My grandfather experienced its good effects in his own case in the cure of this disease.

109 Palug.—A much esteemed kind of culinary vegetable (Spinnach.) A. Isphanach: cool and heavy, laxative, producing wind and mucus, as also swelling of the abdomen. It is beneficial in difficulty of breathing, and eruptions from bile. Some say that it produces intoxication in a small degree, but this I have not found to be the case.

110 Paan.—Aromatic, bitter, astringent, hot, and aperient. (“Piper Betel, Lin. Warm juice, febrifuge; given in indigestion in children, and combined with musk in Hysteria.”) It creates appetite and agreeable sensations; it also increases semen, and is aphrodisiac. It cures disorders of wind, mucus, and of the blood; corrects vitiated breath, preserves the gums, clears the blood, is useful in prostration of strength from fatigue, and cures nervous head-aches. Its juice is beneficial in giving tone to the stomach and heart, and it promotes digestion. It corrects a cold temperament, cures cholicky disorders, and pains of the bowels, and this I have repeatedly found by experience. In my own opinion, and in the opinion of every Yunani writer whom I have consulted, (with the exception of Shaik Boo Alli,) it is hot; but the physicians of Hindoostan very generally agree with the Shaik. Those of a hot temperament, who use much of this plant, are subject to eruptions of the mouth, and fissures in the tongue. Its correctors are almonds and the kernel of the cocoa-nut, but the former is to be preferred, and the addition of the almond increases its effects on the mental powers.

The distilled water of Paan, as described below, is recommended for correcting a melancholic temperament, strengthening the stomach and circulation, removing spasms in the stomach, creating appetite, correcting flatulence, and loosening phlegm.

Take flowers of Bugloss 5 scruples, rose leaves 6 drachms, cloves 13 scruples, Paan 4 ounces, distilled water of Bugloss two pounds, rose water 6 pounds: distil, and give as a dose from one to four drachms. Another: take of cinnamon 13 scruples, Indian Spikenard and Galangal, each 14½ scruples; Bugloss, Soad Kufah, and dried mint, each 19 scruples; rose leaves and cloves each 24 scruples; anise seed (Nancha), and another kind called Rajiana, and sweet-scented flag of Toorkistan, each 19 scruples; Paan 50 leaves or more, good rose water 15 pounds: distil. The dose to be regulated by the temperament of the patient.

Another: take of Indian leaf (Tezpat), 1/2 a pound; cloves, Indian Spikenard, and anise seed (Nancha), each 4 ounces, good Paan 200 leaves; bruise all the ingredients, and let them remain in infusion for 24 hours in 20 pounds of water, then draw off by distillation 14 pounds: the dose will be from 8 to 10 scruples given after meals.

Another: take of cloves, Oodghoorkee, each 13 scruples; reduce both to a coarse powder; flowers of Bugloss, raspings of white Sandal wood, each 5½ scruples; Bugloss, rose leaves and Indian leaf, each 4 ounces; white Paan 100 leaves, rose water 8 pounds, distilled anise seed water 4 pounds; infuse 24 hours in the heated liquids, and draw off by distillation 8 pounds.

111 Pariss Peepul.—Called also Palass Peepul, (Hibiscus populneoides, Roxb.)

Warning: using mercury as described below is very dangerous. Mercury is highly poisonous and the claims made are incorrect.

112 Para, or Parud, (as it is called in Sanscrit,) Mercury. It is hot, gives strength to the eyesight, is useful in Juzam, and is vermifuge. A. Zeebuck. P. Seemab. It is very generally used throughout India, in many ways, both in its native and prepared state; but in the latter we ought to be very cautious, for it is seldom sufficiently killed, or removed from its native state, in which it is a dangerous drug. One grain or two grains, or even a little more, is taken for a dose, and in some cases with success. Cups are also made of it, from which milk is drank; they possess this virtue, that a greater quantity of milk may be taken in this way than in any other. It is said, that if a little Mercury be tied up in a cloth, and boiled in milk, that the milk will have an aphrodisiac property. Should any one have taken live Mercury, and the result be, that he is attacked with Juzam, or other leprous affection, let him take the whole of an Indigo plant, and cutting it in small pieces, let it be boiled in a large quantity of water; then straining it, drink a cupful of the water very frequently, till all is taken, and till then eat no food. All the Mercury will in the course of the day be evacuated per urethra, and if the whole does not make its escape the first day, the treatment must be repeated. If the urine be received into a brass vessel, or any other with a polished surface, the Mercury will be detected; many people having been in this predicament, have followed this advice, and found the result to be as I have stated it.

In a state of calcination, if it is mixed with strong vinegar, or lime juice, and afterwards dried, if no live Mercury appears it is good; otherwise it is dangerous. Others have said, that if mixed and rubbed with the juice of the radish leaf, till they are incorporated, and then a little lime juice poured over it, and again rubbed and dried, it will be fit for use; and the less live Mercury that is perceptible, the less dangerous it is.

To make cups and balls of Mercury, triturate the Mercury well with pounded bricks, in an iron pot, moistening the mixture with water; wash the whole in water, and strain through a moderately fine cloth, till the Mercury becomes perfectly clear like a looking glass. Take equal parts of this purified quicksilver, rock salt, and sulphate of copper, and put them into an iron pot, with strong vinegar or lime juice, and let the whole be well triturated for 7 or 8 hours, when the compound will appear like butter; wash this well in water, that the salt and sulphate be carried off, and the Mercury left behind; take this Mercury and coat over the outside of an unburnt earthen vessel or cup, till it shall be well covered and appear like Mercury; place this in a dish filled with lime juice, and let it remain for a week, then take it out and place it in the sun to dry and harden; when quite hard, it may be used in this way, or it may be filled with water and kept so, till the clay becomes soft enough to be separated from the quicksilver. Milk drank from this cup will have an aphrodisiac quality, and will increase appetite. For the formation of this cup, 9 or 10 tolahs of quicksilver will be requisite, and for the balls one tolah.

The Balls.—When the ingredients above-mentioned have, from long trituration, acquired the consistence of butter, balls may be formed of the composition in a fine cloth, and allowed to remain for 7 days in lime juice; then take them out and throw them into a boiling decoction of the Dhatura leaves, allowing it to be well boiled. The balls are then to be taken out of the cloth and preserved for use.

In the Maadentezerrubad it is said, that if a small parcel of Mercury be boiled in soup, made from the Bis-Copra, it will become hard.

113 Baboona, or Marehtee: Anthemis Chamomile; a common flower, Akhgwan.

114 Bans.—A. Russub. P. Ney. Its leaves like those of the Joowar, when they are young; it is cool and a little astringent, beneficial in dysuria, gonorrhÆa, piles, in stomach complaints, bilious disorders, and those of the blood, in cholicky pains from flatulence. Some say, that it increases the secretion of bile. A preserve is made from the young shoots which is much esteemed, and is useful in promoting appetite and giving tone to the stomach, correcting an increased secretion of bile or phlegm. The young shoots are first cut into small pieces, and steeped in salt and water; then dried, and afterwards put into the vinegar or other acid, in which it is to be preserved. The root of the bamboo in equal parts, with JudwÁr (Zedoary), and Suronjan (Hermodactylis), applied externally, I have found very effectual in removing pains from the joints. The oil expressed from the fresh joints of the plants, is also very beneficial in pains of the joints and other rheumatic affections. Mention is made of this oil in the Hajul Umeer and Ejale naÁf, works written by me.

The joints of the bamboo are very useful as a diuretic, and they also are effectual in producing abortion, and made into a decoction with Cassia fistula, are recommended for recorrecting and stopping the discharge after such an occurrence.

115 Badgan Khutay.—No account having been given of this in any of the Yunani works, it is left for me to give a description of it. It is a seed of a dark red color, the capsule resembles the stone of the tamarind, but is more thin and pointed, and a little open; it is used as an infusion with tea; it is hot, strengthens the stomach; is discutient, removes flatulence, and the tea corrects any bad effects that it may possess.

116 Baremoo.—A name for Dookoo.

117 Barehie.—A name for Zedoary.

118 Patirr.—The Wagtail, called in Yunani, Suffraghoon.

119 Parjath, or Parbhudder, (Bombax heptaphyllum.) The gum useful as an expectorant in worms, corpulency, swellings, and wind; it also increases certain secretions; the gum is called Moocherriss.

120 Balchur.—A name for Chur (Spikenard).

121 Baeberung.—A seed, black, roundish, and pointed; bitter and pungent to the taste, hot and dry, light and cardiac; beneficial in itchiness of the stomach, flatulent swellings, dropsy, affections of mucus, wind, or worms, and remedies costiveness. A. Birnuk Caboolie.

122 Badjera.—Holcus Spicatum. A common grain; in my opinion hot and dry; it strengthens the system and loins; is aphrodisiac, and corrects acidity in the stomach, but produces flatulence.

123 Papeyha.—Papeya, Carica Papeya, W. A native of South America, now common all over India; milky juice of the unripe fruit, vermifuge; dose,—two table spoonfuls in warm milk, afterwards a dose of castor-oil.

124 Papieha.—A common green bird; the poets of Hindoostan keep numbers of them, and have an idea that the noise they make at night, in the rainy season, produces inspiration. Its flesh is useful in affection from wind and mucus, and is alone sufficient to remove disorders from bile.

125 Papeitha.—“Papita nux, Nux Vomica Serapionis, Faba Indica, or Faba Sancti Ignatii, St. Ignatius’s Bean, Catalougay, belongs to a genus called Ignatia Amara. The above description applies especially to the Papeitha, but not to the Nux Vomica, (Cuchila,) which is a Strychnos, this is not.”

This is a medicine of foreigners, and it is said, that it has been in use for the last century; there is no account of it in any books of Hindoostan, or in the Yunani works; but in this part of the country it is in general use. I have partly taken the present description from the books of foreigners, and partly it is the result of my own experience. In foreign language, it is called Papita. It is a nut, round, more or less so, each weighing about a pice; it is depressed in the centre, and of a brown color, some darker than others. Its properties are said to be various. If one of the nuts be strung on a thread and retained about the person, it is a security against sorcery, and the attempted mischief will recoil on the sorcerer. Should any one be poisoned and this be administered, the poison will thereby be rendered innocent.

Whoever shall keep this constantly about his person, nor noxious wind nor evil eye will affect him.

If one retti or two retti weight of this be rubbed down in water and taken, it will cure pains in the stomach and cholicks.

It is very beneficial in the disorder called Elaous, also in paralytic affections.

In faintings and convulsions, if the teeth are forced open, and a little given internally, also the part of the forehead called peshanie scarified, and rubbed with a little of the medicine, the senses will be restored.

In bites of snakes or the sting of any noxious reptile or insect, it is highly beneficial.

The powder of the seed is styptic, and when applied over a wound in sufficient quantity to form a cake and bound up, it will stop any discharge of blood.

In intermittent fever, if about 4 barley-corns in bulk be given before the cold fit, it will render it much less severe, or remove it altogether.

In labor, if the pains are not sufficiently effectual, 4 barley-corns of this given, will expedite delivery; but if by mistake it be given after delivery, it will cause a protrusion of the bowels.

In all laxities of the bowels it is useful. If a seed be allowed to remain in the mouth, it will promote the discharge of mucus which may oppress the chest, and will relieve acidity in the stomach.

If the nut be cut into slices and fried in sweet oil, the oil will form an excellent application to chancres, venereal or other cuticular eruptions.

Should any one have swallowed poison and become senseless, this oil forced into the throat, if swallowed, will save the patient.

This oil will also have the effect of restoring sensation to parts deprived of it, if rubbed externally.

In suppression of the menses, 7 or 8 barley-corns in bulk administered, will give relief.

Should a tendon be cut through from a wound, filling the division with the powder, will promote adhesion.

A tincture of it in spirits, in the strength of 25 nuts to half a pound of spirit, allowed to remain 15 days in the sun, is aphrodisiac, in the quantity of 16 liquid grains every night.

I have found this medicine given to the quantity of half a drachm, more or less, mixed up into a bolus with rose-water, very beneficial in excessive vomiting.

Once my father and I were proceeding on a journey, it happened, that some of our people had ate in the morning, of the food prepared the night before, which being stale, produced incessant and violent vomiting; their sufferings were great, and the color of their bodies completely changed. My father having no other medicine with him, except this, gave it to them mixed with rose-water, in various proportions, with great success.

In unremitting vomiting, it ought to be given twice, when it will assuredly be successful.

126 Babool, vide Keekur. Acacia Arabica, W.

127 Papotun.—A plant, about a yard high; its seed is like that of the nightshade, at first green, and when ripe, red; in appearance like the Goonchee, covered with a very thin capsule. The leaves heated and applied to swellings are discutient, and the root pounded and mixed with water, applied to the carbuncle or introduced on a seton, will effect a cure in a few days.

128 Paethaon.—Called also Culsi or Breshtpirnie. A medicine of India; sweet, hot, light, and aphrodisiac; remedies laxities of the bowels and abrasions of the intestines. It decreases general heat, allays thirst, and is useful in affections of wind, mucus, bile, nausea, and fever. In the Dhinteri, it is said to be pungent, and beneficial in asthma, phlegm, and dropsy.

129 Patole, vide Pulwul.

130 Patera, usually called PatÈla, a name of Birdee, a reed, growing in marshy places, used for making mats. It grows about a man’s height, sometimes higher, and about the thickness of one’s finger. Its ashes are peculiarly drying, and in quality dry and moist; if sprinkled over a sore, they quickly dry it up; if mixed with vinegar, dried, pounded, and applied to a carbuncle, it will cure it. They are also useful in Ukula and Nufsoodum.

131 Patung.—A large tree, a native of the hills; its leaves are like that of the almond, and its flowers yellow. The fruit round, and of a dirty green color when young, becoming red as it ripens, and sweet to the taste.

Physicians of Yunan have described it as hot, useful in bilious affections, mucus, and blood; also in boils and eruptions. A. Bukkum. The wood is used by dyers. In the Topha it is written, that in the quantity of 15 masha it is a deadly poison. Its powder is excellent as an application to wounds and ulcers. A bath formed of a decoction of the wood, clears the surface of the body, and gives strength to the bones.

132 Putrudj.—A very common leaf, in length from three to five inches, and in breadth two inches; of a green color, and pleasant smell; it is strongly marked by veins, and is brought from the hills. It is hot and light, useful in wind and piles, nausea, pain at the stomach, flatulence, and is cardiac. A. Sadielj Hindui. Laurus Cassia, W. Tamalapatra, S. Tezpat, H. Tez (the bark), H. Twacha, S.

133 Pithpapra.—Oldenlandia biflora. Bitter, cool, light, and in its effects astringent; beneficial in affections and disorders of bile, mucus, and blood; also in general heat; useful in giddiness, thirst, and fever; it generates flatulence. A. Shaterra.

134 Batassa.—A name for Phaneer.

135 Buthua, or Pasthuk, “Chenopodium album.” A plant about a yard high, or even less; its leaves are small like the mint, soft and serrated; when the plant is old, it becomes a little larger, but the leaves remain the same. It is used in India as a culinary vegetable, and ate with or without meat; the leaves are sweetish when young; it delights to grow near water, and is found both in the wild and cultivated state, but the wild is considered the best; it is light and laxative, strengthens the system, is useful in affections of the spleen, eruptions from diffusion of bile, piles, worms, ascarides in the rectum, and corrects all natural secretions except blood. A. Kutf.

136 Butela.—A kind of Pea: see Muttur.

137 Butaer.—The Quail, Perdix Olivacea, (Buch.) Its flesh is cool, and promotes appetite; is beneficial in fever, and corrects the three principal secretions. Some have said, that this is a name for Tihoo; it resembles the partridge, but is only about half the size. In my opinion, it is cool and hot in equal degrees; it forms a desirable food for the sick, or emaciated; it strengthens the stomach, and produces costiveness.

138 Batees.—A name for Atees, already described.

139 Pytha.—The gall-bladder of any animal. Bile is hot and dry, but no general account can be given of its properties, as almost that of every animal differs from another. If goat’s bile be used, it will relieve an affection of the liver, and if it be mixed with camphor and butter, and introduced into the ear, it will cure tooth-ache, or rubbed into the abdomen of a child below the navel, it will prove laxative. Cow’s bile, if introduced into the ear, will cure pain arising from wind, mucus or bile.

140 Putalphoorie.—The name of a grass, which grows in rocky places, from which it has either derived its name or from its property of dissolving the stone in the urinary or gall-bladder. It is a very small plant; its leaves, like those of the Lobeia (a small bean), when chewed are found to be very mucilaginous. It is a powerful medicine in dysuria, and is beneficial in dissolving stones in the urinary or gall-bladder. Of this I have several times had proof within my own observation; and I have given it to the extent of 5 or 6 mashas in these disorders, combined with sugar, or with other diuretic medicines, or sherbets, or even in plain water; a substitute for this may sometimes be found in Gokroo, in cucumber seeds, or some such cooling medicine. A distilled water from it is in use. In one case where I used the Putalphoorie, I found, that while fresh and green, it was not so beneficial, and induced costiveness; but when dried and given, it was much more effectual and less prejudicial.

141 Puturjenie.—A name for Lichmuna and Lichmunie.

142 Butchudder.—A species of the Catechu tree; hot and astringent, beneficial in Aphtha, tooth-ache, blood, itch, poisons, and phlegm.

143 Budjaesaar.—The name of a tree; the best sort is called Bidjaesaar; it is beneficial in Juzam, ptyalism, white leprosy, seminal weakness, ascarides in the rectum, disorders of bile and blood, cleansing the fluids, strengthening the roots of the hair, and it is well known as an ingredient in many formulÆ.

144 Bitchoo, (Scorpion.).—A. Akrub. Its medicinal properties are described in Yunani works. Bitchoo Diriag is small and of a blackish color, tinged with red, and has a sting on its head with which it wounds; its eyes are pointed, and its head is large in proportion to its body. The author of the Dara Shekoi supposes this to be the Singee fish.

145 Bejoura.—A. Utrudj, though some describe them as distinct species.

146 Butch.—Acorus Calamus, W. Vacha, S. Sweet-scented flag, Acorus Odorant, F. Kalamus Nurtzil, G. Calamo Aromatica, J. Acoro Calamo, S. Wedj. A. Agrtoorki. P. One kind of this is white; both kinds are bitter, pungent, hot and stomachic: loosens mucus from the throat, cures itch, mucous disorders, epilepsy, idiotism, the influence of evil spirits. In the Maadentezerrabad it is written, that the Indians have a belief, that if the butch be taken, cut in small pieces, and put into an earthen pot, with ghee sufficient to cover it about an inch, that is one part of the butch and two of ghee, and this pot placed in Jow for 40 days, and 15 mashas of this taken daily, it will cure paralysis and loss of memory, and all complaints arising from cold.

147 Budgerkund.—Called also Soorun, q. vide.

148 Beechnak.—The name of a poison; vide Singia.

149 Bedareekund.—A kind of Baraikund. Of this two kinds are described; one of which is white, and called Chitturkund; the properties of all are alike.

150 Bedarkee.—Also a name for Bedareekund.

151 Budhill.—Indian Suffergill (as it is called); the fruit of a large tree, very common all over India; the tree is like a middle-sized Jamin; its leaves are broad and longer than the Daak, but the latter is round, whereas this is longish, irregular on the back, and very brittle; when ripe the fruit is of a sweet acid taste, and when unripe it is perfectly sour; when about half ripe, it is hot, heavy, and flatulent, producing wind, disorders of bile, decreasing aphrodisia and appetite, and increasing phlegm; when ripe its properties are quite the reverse; but with respect to the disorders produced by suffusion of bile, I have not ascertained if it is beneficial or otherwise. The Dara Shekoi has not noticed this medicine, and for my information I am indebted to works of Hindoostan. As far as I can judge, it increases the tone of the stomach, raises the spirits; but taken in quantities, it is difficult of digestion and produces flatulence. It is acid, and therefore remedies bile, but it increases cough. The kernel is astringent.

152 Bedhara.—A medicine of India, brought from the hills; it is a light wood about the thickness of liquorice root; bitter and astringent, hot and aperient. It is aphrodisiac; useful in disorders of wind, phlegm, and blood; also in swellings of the body, seminal weakness, and forms an ingredient in many approved formulÆ.

153 Pudmeinie.—(The Winter Lilly.) The flower of the Kawul; sweet and cool, heavy and stomachic, astringent and useful in disorders of bile, mucus, and blood. A. Neelophir.

154 Pudumcharnie.—A kind of the above, with few leaves; light and beneficial in mucous disorders and suppression of urine, and it hardens the matrix. For a more particular account, see Kawul.

155 Pudumrauj.—Sweet and astringent; cool and aperient; it strengthens the eyes, corrects corpulence, cures boils, eruptions, and is an antidote to poison. A. Yacootlal.

156 Pedloon.—A kind of salt; vide Noon. The salt of lead, called also Kutchloon.

157 Burrh.—A large tree of Hindoostan, very common, cool and heavy; astringent, useful in mucous disorders, in bile, boils, and eruptions. In the Maadentezerrabad it is called Reesha in Persian. If the milk is applied to swellings or boils, it will effect a cure by resolution; or if applied to the eye, will remove specks on the cornea. If a tooth be at all loose, the milk applied to it will cause it to fall out without pain, but care must be taken that it be not applied to the sound tooth. If the bark of the tree be put into the pan in which fish is fried, it will soften the bones. The young shoots of the hanging roots and the bark, are cool, dry, and astringent; the milk is hot and powerful; the fruit less so. If the above-mentioned young shoots be bruised and put into a cloth, and heated over the fire, it forms an excellent and affectual application to lumbago or other rheumatic affections. The fruit, ate with milk and sugar, is mentioned as aphrodisiac, and increasing certain secretions. The young shoots of the pendent roots and leaves, and the bark are astringent, and useful in diarrhoea. The leaf-buds are also recommended for the same complaint, dressed with meat or otherwise.

158 Birnaan or Burna.—A tree of Adjmere; the wood of which is used for making beads, which from their beauty are sent to different places as presents. Its medicinal property is hot and aperient, stomachic, beneficial in disorders of the blood, phlegm, wind, dysuria, and emaciation; it is vermifuge, and lithontriptic.

159 Purpeeloo.—The Araaq Hindui. Cool, and useful in itch, Juzam, hemorrhoids, disorders of blood, mucus, and bile.

160 Beridda.—A medicine of Hindoostan; cool, and grateful, increasing seminal secretion, removing cough, hectic fever, disorders of blood, and phlegm, and increasing the strength of the solids.

161 Pereshtpurnie.—A name for PÆthaon.

162 Berchakund.—A kind of Pindaloo; another kind is called Roomus, also Mudwull; a third kind is Sunkal; a fourth Kashtall; a fifth Hustaloo; a sixth Rucktall, called Ruckutkund. All these roots are sweet, cool, dry, and flatulent; also aperient. They give tone to the urinary bladder, remove eruptions (the consequence of suffused bile), increase semen, phlegm, and wind; they strengthen the solids, are slow of digestion, and increase the secretion of milk. Pindaloo is somewhat bitter and hot, heavy, mucilaginous, and diuretic. Mudwall increases bile, and is bitter; but it is beneficial in mucous disorders.

163 Barumbie or Soonputtie.—Sweet, cool, aperient, light; increases the powers of perception and memory, clears the voice, cures Juzam, jaundice, seminal weakness, foulness of the blood, and cough; is an antidote to poisons, beneficial in swelling of the body, in bilious affections, and is a common ingredient in all useful formulÆ. A. Zernub.

164 Burberi.—A name for Hermodaclytes. Cool, strong, dry; increases the general heat and bile, cures disorders of the blood, phlegm, daad, and worms. It is an antidote to poisons.

165 Bureeja.—A name for Kuna, (Galbanum.)

166 Berehta or Berehti.—(Sorrel)? (but the first is the common name.) Kuthai; some say, that both kinds of Kuthai are called Berehti; but it is not so, the small kind only goes by that name. Karenta and Kutla are both names of the large Kuthai, and Kuthlee; and Kuntkaree and Kuntkalka, are names for the small Kuthai. It is hot and astringent, strengthens the animal spirits; is stomachic, and a pleasant addition to the flavor of food. It is used in disorders of mucus and blood, wind, worms, ascarides in the rectum, Juzam, fever, asthma, pain in the bowels, cough, dysuria, emaciation, Badgola. It is lithontriptic, and in P. is called Badinjandyshtee. The flower called Gulkhar.

167 Purbal.—A name for Coral; see Moonga.

168 Byrumbseerjella, vide Hurhurra.

169 Peertuckhpirnie.—A species of Peereshtpirnee.

170 Buryara.—“Indian Mallow, (Sida cordifolia, W. Sida Rhombifolia, W. Sida Rhomboidoea, Roxb. MS. Sp. Ch.) Shrubby, erect, ramous; leaves short, petioled, rhomboid-lanceolate, serrate, 3-nerved, villous; stipules sitaceous. Peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the leaves, one-flowered, capsules 12, without beak, Roxb. MS.” A very light flower of Hindoostan, cool and dry, demulcent and emolient; it promotes seminal secretion, and cures disorders of the spirits, gonorrhoea, and seminal weakness. Take 24 grs. of the dried flower in powder, and eat with milk and sugar, for the cure of the above-mentioned disorders. Ext. Maadentezerrabad.

171 Burruntaaki.—A name for Buretta.

172 Purundha.—A name for Mahameet.

173 Pursarnie.—Hot and purgative, pungent and strengthening; expels wind, disperses phlegm, &c. In the Maadentezerrabad, Pursarnie is said to be a medicine of India; hot and dry, beneficial in leprosy, boils and pains in the joints, mucous disorders, and flatulence.

174 Berahumnie, or Berrumdundie.—A wild plant, growing very low, with very thin branches and dark-red flowers, having small prickles on them; it is sweet, cool and light, increases knowledge and memory, relieves pains in the back, clears the voice, and is useful in marasmus, seminal weakness, and fever. In the Maadentezerrabad, it is thus described—Beramdundie, a medicine of India, with prickles on its flowers; hot and dry: seven scruples in powder taken in cow’s milk, increases memory; is aphrodisiac, and beneficial in mania; it also removes too great irritability in the seminal vessels.

175 Berahumie.—I have given a description of this separately, as it is so done in the Maadentezerrabad. A medicine of India, of the herb tribe; pungent, astringent, hot and dry in the 2d degree; beneficial in cholicks, phlegm, epilepsy, depression of spirits, fever from mucus, and delirium from cold; it is also stomachic.

176 Peroza, or Berektummun.—A common stone, called in India Feroza. It is astringent and sweet, stomachic, and an antidote to all poisons.

177 Biscopra.—Trianthema Pentandra. A wild grass, of a spreading kind, about 1½ or a yard long; its leaves are like those of the Bookla Yemania, but rather less; its flowers are of a red yellowish color, and the whole plant forms itself into a circle on the ground of about half a yard in diameter. It is bitter, sweet, hot and dry, also aperient. It cures boils, disorders from mucus, bile, blood, wind, swellings, and creates appetite. It forms an ingredient in many formulÆ. One kind of this is red, and is called Rukit Bhitt; bitter and powerfully stomachic; cool, light, and inducing costiveness; producing wind, beneficial in disorders of mucus, bile, and blood.

178 Pystha.—The Pistachio Nut. Sweet, hot, oleaginous, heavy, aphrodisiac, and detergent; useful in disorders of wind and mucus, and difficult of digestion. A. Fystuk.

179 Pysturling.—A name of Chitchera or Chirchera, so called from its fixing itself in one’s clothes.

180 Bussunti.—A flower of a yellow color; cool, light, pungent, powerfully diminishing all the secretions and sensible perspiration. Of a sweet smell, and pleasant to the taste.

181 Bishnookrantha.— A kind of Biscopra, of a pungent nature, strengthening the mental faculties; vermifuge; beneficial in boils, eruptions and mucous disorders. Some writers have given it under the head Kuneyr.

182 Bishash.—A name for Oostoochoodoos.

183 Boqun, or Bookla, or Book.—A plant, the branches of which are very thin, the leaves small, long and pointed; the flowers small and white, growing on every knot of the plant; they are round, useful in disorders from poison, phlegm, bile, and in dysuria. It also is lithontriptic, and beneficial in general heat and delirium.

184 Bukochie.—Conyza, or Serratula Anthelmintica. One kind of which is white, both sweet, astringent, and stomachic, powerfully cool and dry. They are aperient, producing flatulent, tension of the belly, promote appetite, and useful in disorders of blood and bile, difficulty of breathing, leprosy, seminal weakness, fever, and worms. The plant is carminative, and its seed increases bile, is useful in white leprosy, disorders of wind and phlegm, and forms an ingredient in many of the formula.

185 Bagerie.—Alauda. A bird, the flesh of which is cool, sweet, and dry; beneficial in disorders of bile and mucus. In my opinion it is hot and aphrodisiac; also cardiac, and increases corpulency; it cleanses the blood, and is a very proper food for aged persons, those of a cold temperament, or such as labour under cold diseases.

186 Bukaen.—Melia Sempervirens. (A species of the bead-tree.) The Hindoos call it Mahaneeb, vide M. In the Maadentezerrabad, it is thus described: Bukaen, is a common tree, cool, dry, and bitter; useful in disorders of the blood, gravel, swellings, and miliary eruptions, also piles and lumbago. If 9 mashas of the seed be bruised, mixed with equal parts of sugar, and taken every morning in water, it will stop the discharge from the bleeding piles; or if a seer of the seeds, when they have become yellow, be infused in two seers of water, and buried in the ground for 21 days, taken out, and ¼ seer drank every morning for six months, it will certainly cure leprosy; both Juzam and white.

187 Pushanbedh.—A. Jeuntiana. Its oil is equally beneficial, as that before recommended for strengthening particular organs. This and the Jeuntian are of a very different appearance, they are either distinct plants, or have become different from peculiarity of soil or cultivation. It is a root of a dirty-red color, or when broken, of a bright red; in figure a little crooked. It is cool and laxative; it is lithontriptic, cures seminal weakness, and gonorrhoea. My late uncle used half of this, and half Mendhi, as an application to the inside of the hands and soles of the feet of women laboring under immoderate flow of the menses, and equal benefit was derived, as is usually done from the Mendhi. In the Maadentezerrabad, it is called cool and dry, removing flatulence, bile, thirst, heat, dysuria, gravel, contraction of the urethra, and difficult menstruation.

For the cure of the above-mentioned complaints, it is to be given in water; but for seminal weakness, gonorrhoea, dysuria, &c. it is to be taken in goat’s milk. The dose is six mashas. It grows in stony places.

188 Buckree, or ChÈrie, q. vide

189 Becktindeek.—A kind of Teindoo, q. vide

190 Palass.—Butea Frondosa. A very common tree, called also Pullae; it is a large forest tree, which in season loses its leaves and throws out flowers of an orange or fire color; its leaves are oval; their breadth about 3 or 4 inches; it is hot, laxative, and stomachic; used in boils, eruptions, Badqola, gravel, piles, worms, and broken bones. It is written, that when the white flowers of the Daak are found, and any one shall eat the seeds and the bark of them, their hearts will be cleansed, their understanding increased, and they shall then ever be endowed with supernatural knowledge; it may be advisable to eat moong ka dall along with it. Its flowers are called Tesoo; they are astringent, curing disorders of mucus, bile, blood, and difficulty in making water. If a decoction is prepared from the flowers, and poured warm from a height on the parts, it will be found useful in pains of the kidneys, bladder, and in suppression of urine. It is diuretic, and if given with medicines of that class, it will add greatly to their efficacy. The flowers are excellent as a fomentation in pains; also hydrocele and schirrous swellings of the testicle may be greatly benefitted by it. The seeds called Palass papra, are hot and light; they cure seminal weakness, piles, worms, and disorders of wind and mucus. In the Maadentezerrabad, “Palass papra is said to be like the seed of the Amultas, round, broad, and thin, of a dark-brown color; its kernel white, or yellowish, and perfectly insipid: it is oleaginous, and smells when chewed.” In my opinion, it is useful in phlegm, and the root is beneficial in cholic. The nurses of Hindoostan put one seed into the mixture, which they exhibit after parturition, with much benefit, as it is cardiac. The capsule when whole is also used in decoction. The dose to an adult is four or five seeds, but beyond that, the opinion of the physician is necessary. I have used the bark of the seed and the capsule made into pills, with great success, when mixed with Goor.

191 Belaikund.—“Maadentezerrabad.” A medicine of India, also called Pullai seed, or Kaika; a seed red, round, and about the size of a pice, but thinner: it is light as a leaf, and is hot, and dry in the third degree. Applied to blisters on the tongue, to boils, or other eruptions; it removes the bad skin, and cleanses the parts below. It is purgative; removes wind, and every complaint of mucus, cold, or itch; its corrector is ghee, or butter, and its succedaneum Koonush. The dose is three and a half masha, or 12 grains.

192 Palass Peepul.—Hibiscus Populneoides, (Roxb.) A large tree, of the Peepul kind; its leaves and fruit large, moist and aphrodisiac; producing phlegm and worms.

193 Pulwull.—Trichosanthes Dioeca, (Roxb.) A culinary vegetable, of the cucumber kind, oval in its shape; the plant low, and creeping, like the Kanoorie or Cutcherie; they sometimes sow it with the Paan. It is eaten either (when boiled) by itself, or dressed with meat; it is hot and moist; promotes digestion; and strengthens the stomach and powers of virility; creates appetite; cures cough and disorders of the blood, and lessens the other three secretions. It is also beneficial in fevers, boils, and eruptions. It is vermifuge; its leaves are cooling, and cure disorders. Its branches remove superabundance of phlegm, and its root is pungent and aperient, strengthening the stomach. Equal in its degree. Again, it is said to be a fruit eaten by the people of India, sown and cultivated with the Paan, because it delights in shady places. Useful in fever, piles, and mental debility; it is aperient and promotes digestion; and some say, an antidote to poison.

194 Billie.—The Cat; its meat is sweet, hot, and moist: of use in mucous and flatulent disorders.

195 Billoousseeke.—Astringent; removes disorders of wind, phlegm, cholick, or other pain of the bowels. The Bale which bears no fruit, is called by this name.

196 Byll.—Cratoeva, or Ægle Marmelos. The fruit of jungle-tree, like the Quince; called also Bale.

197 Bylla.—A name for Shahudae, Keekwon, Kangi, and Bursali.

198 Bulka.—Likewise a name for Kangi.

199 Bunda.—Epidendrum Tessillatum, (Missletoe.) Epidendron Tesseloides, (Roxb.) I know not whether this is in itself a tree, or a shrub, or from whence it makes its appearance; but it is found growing from the branches of other trees. It is dry, and beneficial in disorders of mucus, wind, and blood; in boils and eruptions, and as an antidote to poisons.

200 Pynvar or Toeroota.—A species of Cassia Obtusifolia. A wild shrub of India, about one or one and a half yard high, its seed is used for food, and is reckoned among the farinÆ; it grows like the Mooth, especially when it is split down the middle. The color of the capsule is brownish, long, and has an indented mark on both sides. It is sweet, cool, dry, light, and useful in disorders of wind, bile, Juzam, Daad, and worms. It also produces an exhilaration of the spirits. I have found that three masha bruised, and mixed with a pound of curdled milk, placed in an earthen vessel for three days, till it becomes fermented, is very useful when externally applied in psora and other kinds of itch. The seed is heating, and generally mentioned as such. It is also light, and beneficial in itch, Daad, Zaerbad, Soorkhbad, and produces phlegm. Its leaves and young stalks are light; and produce flatulence and mucus. It is called by many Chukwund.

201 Ponauk.—An Indian flower, sweet and cool; useful in disorders of the blood, bile, and mucus.

202 Punk.—In Arabic Vaheel. P. Lae, (wet clay). Cool and laxative; useful in general heat in hemorrhoids, and in swellings of the body.

203 Bunbele.—The flower of the wild Raibele. It is astringent, lithontriptic, and recommended in mucous and windy disorders, and in suppression of urine.

204 Pindole.—A white earth, used for cleaning houses; sweet, cool, moist, astringent, and beneficial in that species of leprosy, called Soorkhbad; also in bilious disorders, and affections of the uterus. It is also said to clear the complexion.

205 Pendaloo.—Trewia Nudiflora, (Lin.) Rottlera Indica, (Wild.) This is of two kinds; a white, and a red. The latter is probably that called Roomis, vide R.; the white is always called Pendaloo. It is sweet, cool; difficult of digestion; aphrodisiac; useful in lessening bilious secretion, in dysuria and heat, and in heightening the animal spirits.

206 Pindaluck, or Pindal, vide Pendaloo.

207 Bunpowarie.—The flower of the wild Powarie, which blows in the hot weather; there is one kind of this, which flowers in the rains; both are bitter, cool, light; lessens the three principal secretions, and is useful in affections of the ear, nose, and mouth.

208 Pindkhajoor, vide Bhoomkhajoor.

209 Punna.—A name for the stone, called Zamoorud.

210 Bunslochun.—A substance produced in the hollow joints of the bamboo; cool and allaying thirst; removing hectic fever, common fever, difficulty of breathing, bilious disorders, foulness of blood, and jaundice. It is called in Arabic Tubasheer.

211 Poondereek.—A name for Kawul.

212 Benowla.—The Cotton-seed. Moist, and heavy; causes bile, increases seminal secretion and milk, both in the human and brute creation.

213 Punchcheer.—Name of a compound made of the milk of five trees; viz. Burr, Peepul, Palass peepul, Goolur, Pakur; some, in place of Palass peepul substitute the Seriss. It is astringent, useful in boils, eruptions, swellings, and sudden inflammatory eruptions; (Eczema Rubrum;) also affections of the vagina. It increases seminal secretion and milk, and promotes the union of fractured limbs. The leaves of the above-mentioned trees are cool, light, and astringent; very beneficial in disorders of mucus, wind, and the blood; their fruit produces swellings of the belly, but is useful in eruptions caused by superabundance of bile and disorders of mucus.

214 Pungekool.—A formula of four ingredients; viz. Peepul, Peepulajab, Chittea, and dried Ginger. It creates appetite, and is recommended in disorders of wind, mucus, swellings of the belly, produced by affections of the urinary bladder, and bad-gola.

215 Punjemool.—Two kinds, called large and small, by way of distinction. The large is composed of Bale, Aginmunth, Padill, KÁshmerie Sheonak. Its taste is bitter and astringent; it is light, hot, and stomachic; dissolves animal fat, cures disorders of phlegm, wind, and difficulty of breathing. The small is composed of Gookhroo, Salpurbi, Bureshtpurbi, Bereta, Rutai. Its taste is sweet, and its properties are in equilibrium. It strengthens the system in general, and is useful in disorders of bile and wind.

216 Bindaal.—A creeping plant, which is found on trees; it resembles the Kusseroo, and its seed is dark-colored, like those of the Till. Its capsule is somewhat larger than that of the Kusseroo, covered with a black rind, which also covers a second. It is very beneficial in the Zaerbad of horses; is pungent, and creates appetite, and is useful in wind and mucus. It is common to hills, plains, and ditches. In the Maadentezerrabad it is said to be a cure for hydrophobia, in the quantity of two fruits mixed with black pepper. It is said to be an Indian fruit like the black Hurrhe, light, bitter and elastic: its rind is hard; and the best kind of it is yellow. It is hot and dry in the 3rd degree. If pounded and sifted, and after a motion introduced into the rectum, it will in a few days cause the separation of hemorrhoids and their discharge. A fumigation of these seeds is also very beneficial in external piles. If they are bruised and mixed with cow’s ghee, and introduced into the nose, they will cure irritability of temper and epilepsy, and remove all complaints arising from wind. If two or three seeds be moistened with water for a night, and in the morning two or three drops be introduced into the nose, it will produce the discharge of that yellow fluid from the brain which causes the disease named Pirbaal, or loss of sensation in the olfactory nerves.

217 Bindeakurkotheki.—A name for Banjekakora, so called from its barrenness; pungent, useful in poisons and cough.

218 Puns.—A name for Kutel.

219 Punnus.—An appellation for Lackutch.

220 Punealae.—A plant, “Flacourtia Catafracta;” the fruit of which resembles the Zerdaloo, and is itself like to the Neemb tree; the leaves are like those of the ratan; unripe, it is green, but when ripe red.

221 Poiey.—“Basella Alba et Rubra.” A culinary vegetable which grows slow and creeping; its fruit is black; cool and moist; it is heavy and rough in the throat, thickens the voice, is soporific; promotes the secretion of semen and mucus, and cures eruptions from bilious disorder.

222 Podhka or Boleserie.—A large tree with very beautiful flowers, of a sweet smell. It bears fruit like, or rather having the color of the orange, in size and shape like the Baer, or Bulooth; it is cool, beneficial in disorders of phlegm, bile, and affections of the teeth, as has been ascertained by experience. The fruit is cool and astringent, flatulent, and diminishes phlegm and bile. If chewed and kept in the mouth, it cures tooth-ache.

223 Boont.—“Cicer Arietenum.” The green, unripe Gram. It is in the opinion of Indian physicians cool and dry; allays chordee; increases wind; is light, flatulent, and also favors secretion of bile and blood. The Yunani physicians differ very materially from those of Hindoostan respecting its properties.

224 Potie.—“Cyprinus Chyssopareius,” (Buch.) A very small fish; heavy, and increasing phlegm; it is the smallest of all fish; sweet to the taste, beneficial in all the three secretions, All the varieties of small fish are strengthening and aphrodisiac; stomachic, and useful in affections of wind and cough.

225 Potuck.—A kind of honey, resembling ghee; hot, dry, and light.

226 Ponda.—Saccharum Officinarum, (Sugar-cane). Sweet, cool, moist, heavy, and aphrodisiac; strengthening the system; enlivening the flow of animal spirits; beneficial in bilious disorders, and is diuretic. It increases the secretion of mucus, and breeds worms in the intestines.

That which is of a red color, is cool and heavy, and allays general heat; useful in disorders of bile and blood: remedies suppression of urine. The black Sugar-cane is in its properties like that which is white. The very best is cool and moist, aphrodisiac, laxative, and increases mucus.

227 Bole.—“Myrrha.” A name for myrrh; cool, increases knowledge; creates appetite; improves a relish for food; cleanses the uterus; beneficial in disorders of the blood and bile, and in Juzam.

228 Podeena.—“Mentha Sativa, W. Mentha Crissa, Murray, ii. 178, Mentha viridis, Woodville, iii. 463.” Arabic, Nana. It is hot and dry; promotes digestion; allays vomiting from phlegm; is vermifuge, peculiarly aphrodisiac; increases eye-sight, and is astringent.

229 Phalisae or PhÁlsa.—The fruit of a tree of Hindoostan, of two kinds. One sweet, the other acid; the first is called Shukurie, the second Sherbuttee. The tree of one is small, not above a yard high. The other is as large as a mulberry tree. The fruit of the acid kind is the largest; its leaves large, round, and partially indented. The fruit is at first green, and astringent; when nearly ripe it is rich, and when it arrives at maturity it assumes a dark-purple color; when red, it is very acid; and when purple, of a sweetish acidity. The fruit is like the nightshade berry, or even larger. It is very grateful to the taste, and beneficial in disorders arising from a redundance of bile and blood; loosens phlegm, and is less prejudicial than any other acid fruits. It is also astringent; allays thirst; strengthens the stomach and system. Its sherbet is excellent in strengthening the circulation, and removing depression of spirits in heat, fever, and giving tone to the stomach. It is also recommended in many other disorders. Its sherbet is a corrector of the mogane. If 48 grains of the bark of the root of the sweet PhÁlsa be infused for a night in water, and then rubbed and strained, the infusion forms an excellent remedy in ardor urinÆ and gonorrhoea; yet the sweet kind is less cooling than the acid species, though I have found the former the most effectual in giving strength to the circulation and to the stomach. The expressed juice of the PhÁlsa in water, boiled, is used as a condiment.

230 Bhangra.—Eclipta, or Verbesina Prostrata. A small creeping plant; its flowers very minute. Some of them white, others of a dark color; the leaves small, in branches and leaves resembling the mint. Another species is called Kookur Bhangra; the plant of which is high, long, and large. It is found at the bottom of old walls. It is bitter, hot, pungent, and dry; cleanses the skin; cures affections of wind, phlegm, complaints of the eyes, pains in the head and Juzam. It forms an ingredient in many famous formulÆ. If it be dug up by the roots on a Sunday, and dried in the shade; washed seven times in the Bale sherbet, and as often dried in the shade; and as much as may be contained in the palm of the hand, be eaten daily by those afflicted with white leprosy and Juzam, the disorders will be removed. The seed bruised with black Till and sugar, and eaten, will strengthen the senses of hearing and seeing, and will promote longevity. If during the four rainy months, the Bhangra be used with the hurrha, bhaera, and anula, in equal parts, and a fourth part of peepul, every disorder will be removed, and the hair will become black.

In the Maadentezerrabad, it is said, that Bhangra is a shrub, like the Anjedan, but somewhat larger, of a purple or reddish color; disagreeable to the taste; hot, and dry. Of this there are three kinds: a yellow, green, and black; it improves the eye-sight, is beneficial in phlegm and swellings, white leprosy, Juzam, burns, and black spots in the face. Recent writers have said much of the virtues of the black kind; its seed is in its properties equal; beneficial in disorders of wind, phlegm, foulness of blood, blisters, and difficulty of breathing. If for 50 days nine masha be pounded, bruised, and taken in water, the hair will not become white. If the plant (black) be dried in the shade, and six masha be taken for two months, it will blacken the hair. It is the best external application for colouring the hair.—See Singia.

231 Phirrhud.—The name of a tree in India. Vermifuge; it cures flatulency, disorders of mucus and blood. An antidote to poisons; induces corpulency, and remedies seminal weakness.

232 Bhoje Puttur, called also Burje Puttur, (the birch bark.)—A tree common in Cashmere; the bark of which may be separated into numerous layers, like the talc, and each layer resembles paper.—The layers are variegated, and colored with straight lines; white and red. The Cashmerians use it as paper; in its medical properties, it is beneficial in disorders of phlegm, bile, and blood; ear-ache, and possession by evil spirits. In India it is used for making hookah snakes; and if clothes be lined with it, it will prevent them from being stained with perspiration. In Persian, it is called Tooze.

233 Bhoum amulek.—The anula tree, without the principal root; it is bitter and astringent, cool, and producing flatulence; it allays thirst, cough, disorders of bile, blood, and phlegm; it cures marasmus, and is useful in hurts.

234 Phoje.—Cool and heavy, astringent and useful in bilious eruptions, and disorders from phlegm.

235 Pockurmool.—A root; bitter, pungent, hot and stomachic; useful in disorders of wind and phlegm, in fevers, swellings, difficulty of breathing, and in affections of the liver.

236 Bharingee.—The bark of a tree in the hills; bitter, pungent, hot, and dry; promotes appetite; remedies disorders of indigestion, swellings, cough, disorders of wind, phlegm, difficulty of breathing, fever, and pains in the uterus.

237 BhÆr.—The name for a sheep, called also Mendha.

238 Bhains.—The Buffalo, called also Mahaki.

239 Bheria.—The Wolf; also named Bhuddha. Its flesh is heavy, beneficial in disorders of wind, in affections of the eye, and clears the voice. Its teeth rubbed down in water forms an effectual application in specks of the cornea. This was used by my father with success. If the teeth be suspended from the neck of a child, it will preserve the child from the effects of an evil eye. A. Zeeb. P. Goorg.

240 Phunjeetuck.—A species of Loonia; a culinary green.

241 Bhuhira.—“Terminalia Bellerica, (Roxb. MS.) Beleric myrobalan. P. Beyleyleh.” In taste it is astringent; grateful during the process of digestion; hot, dry, and beneficial in disorders of phlegm, bile, and cough; strengthens the eyes, hair of the head, and the brain. It produces a slight degree of intoxication. A. Baleludje.

242 Bhelawj.—“Bela, Semicarpus Anacardium.” It is astringent and sweet to the taste; hot and light. It promotes appetite; is aphrodisiac; cures disorders of the wind and phlegm; useful in dropsy, flatulence, Juzam, piles, diarrhoea, Badgola, fever, and white leprosy. It is vermifuge, and used in boils and eruptions. A. BilÂdoÚr.

I have found that its kernel used as an ingredient in a decoction intended to promote aphrodisia, (having used it myself,) is effectual; it strengthens the stomach and powers of virility, and cures colds beyond any other medicine.

A friend of mine had a very severe cold in his head, for which he had taken much medicine without relief. I first gave him the Nux Vomica to supplant the habit of eating opium, to which he had become addicted: from this he derived partial benefit; but it soon became as difficult to refrain from this as from the opium. I then gave him the kernel of the Bela made into pills with honey, and cured him of his disorder.

I also gave it to a woman who had a swelling on both sides of the uterus, which was daily increasing, and this it also cured.

In short, this is a drug, that when it agrees with the patient, no medicine is equal in efficacy; but when it disagrees, no drug is more prejudicial. It will be prudent not to give it to any one of a hot temperament.

243 Bhoom Kajoor.—A tree as tall as the Taar tree. The stem rough and serrated; the leaves only growing at the top; they are long and hard, and used in making mats. The tree is also called Pinkajoor. It is sweet, cool, and moist; it allays pain, and is an excellent application in bruises. It is beneficial in disorders of blood, wind, bile, and debility. The Pinkajoor is brought from Mooltan or Tattla, and in A. is called Rittub.

The Rittub, which is brought from Mecca, is aphrodisiac; strengthens the kidnies, back, tone of the stomach, and corrects a cold phlegmatic temperament. This is ascertained from experience. It also increases the volume of blood; but if much is used, it produces a fermentation therein, unless habit has rendered it innocent.

244 Bhehi.—“The Quince. The seed very mucilaginous, and excellent in diarrhoea and dysentery.” A species of pear, of a yellow color.

245 Boochitter.—Some call it BeechittÚr; it is cool and heavy, aperient, strengthening, increasing the three principal secretions. A. Jamarookh and Koombi; also Gagundool, vide K.

246 Bhuiteroor.—Whoever shall use this as their only food for one month, their youth will be prolonged, and their hair remain black. It will strengthen the solids, and give universal strength. If it be ate for 40 days, it will produce a sweet smell from the body. It is laxative, and in A. called Soonamookey. “Cassia Senna.”

247 Bhoeperus.—A name of honey.

248 Bhang.—“Canabis Sativa;” a name for Kainib, called also Bidjia; it is pungent, bitter, hot, light, and astringent; it promotes appetite, cures disorders of phlegm, produces idiotism; is the cause of foolish speech and conduct, or in other words, it intoxicates; if used in excess it produces fever, and it increases all the deleterious effects of poison.

The author of the DharÁ Shekoi says, that when he was digging the foundation of a house in Bengal, he found a board, on which the effects of this drug was written, and on this it was recorded, that Mahadeo used constantly to eat of this, and that from its use, he derived the wonderful aphrodisiac power, with which he was gifted; he says he has tried it, and found it very beneficial.

Take of Bidjia 64 tolahs, when the sun is in the division Sirtaam, white sugar 32 tolahs, and pure honey 16 tolahs, cow’s ghee 34 tolahs. First fry the Bidjia in the ghee, then add the honey in a boiling state, afterwards the sugar: use this in moderate doses daily, and when it has been used for two months, strength and intelligence will have become increased, and every propensity of youth restored; the eye-sight cleared, and all eruptions of the skin removed; it will prove an exemption from convulsions and debility, and preserve the bowels at all times in a state of order. It will likewise give an additional zest for food.

249 Bhoom Kudum.—A kind of Kudum.

250 Bhendi.—A very common vegetable of the culinary kind, from 2 to 3 inches in height: very mucilaginous. It is sweet; produces wind and phlegm; it diminishes bile; is diuretic, and increases the seminal secretion. “Hibiscus Esculentus.”

251 Phaar.—The author of the Cashmee calls it the medicine of Shaik Furried, because it was a great favorite of his. It is common at Agra and Delhi; it is bitter, and difficult of digestion, and hot; it cures fever from phlegm and bile, also diarrhoea and indigestion, and cholicky pains in the bowels. Its virtues are many, but too numerous for the compass of this work. The people of Hindost’han use it as a culinary vegetable with much benefit.

252 Bhindale.—The name of Bhindal.

253 Phankra.—Mahomed Cassim says, that this tree is the DÁrsheeshÁn, and that the name of its bark is Kagphill; it is hot, and easy of digestion; it lessens the secretion of wind and phlegm. It is aperient, and corrects a bad taste in the mouth.

254 Bhapungi.—The author of the Cashmee says, that this is the Anjidan Roomi. It is pungent bitter, and hot, and is useful in removing coughs from phlegm, asthma, swellings, wounds, worms in the stomach, heat, and fever.

255 Phitkerrie.—“Sulphate of Alumine, Alumen. F. Alaun, G. Allume, I. Alumbre. S. Sphatica. Shan Shub, A.” Pungent, astringent, transparent. It increases and clears the complexion; is beneficial in seminal weakness and dysuria, in all complaints of the vagina, in vomiting, and in thirst.

256 Bheroza.—Called also Gundha Bheroza, (Turpentine.) In its properties it approaches the Koondhur; but its effects are more drying. If a tent be made with this, and applied or introduced into the vagina, it will cure any affection to which that may be subject, and prevent habitual abortion.

257 Bhateele.—In Persian called Goolqunda. A. Verdmoonuttin.

258 Bhoodill.—The name of a piece of Talc.

259 Bhoothpees.—A name for the Ram.

260 Phaloke.—A name for Arloo.

261 Bhu’th Kutaeye.—The name of both kinds of Kutai, “Solanum Jacquini.”

262 Bhohphilly.—A creeping grass, the fibres of which are very thin, and its leaves very small. Its seed vessels are numerous, thin, and small, about the size of the nail of the finger; it is aphrodisiac, and thickens the seminal fluid.

263 Phooth.—“Cucumis Momordica,” (Roxb.) P. Dustumboeah. Its properties approach those of the melon when unripe. In my opinion, as nature has given it a sweet smell, it must be beneficial in strengthening the heart and brain; but it encourages the attack of putrid fever. It is used to form a sherbet with sugar and rose-water, for the above-mentioned beneficial purposes.

264 Bhuntaki.—(“The wild Bhengun; is the Solanum Melongena,”) a name for Badinjan; sweet, pungent, and penetrating, and during digestion, bitter, hot, and light; beneficial in diminishing phlegm and bile, strengthens the circulation, clears the complexion, promotes appetite, and cures fever and cough.

When ripe, it is hot and heavy, and increases the bilious secretion. The white kind is inferior in virtue to the black. Some call it hot, others cold. I have from experience found it excellent in giving strength to the stomach; that it is very drying, and produces vitiated bile; from this circumstance it prevents sleep, or produces unpleasant dreams: its correctors are ghee or oil. Although I have stated all these properties, yet as a culinary vegetable it is in very general use, it cannot possess them in any great degree; it is called Benghun.

265 Pechuck.—A name for Bidjosaar.

266 Beedjbund.—(From the Maadentezerrabad.) A medicine of India, red and black; its seed resembles that of the onion, red and shining; the red kind is to be preferred. It is aphrodisiac, increases seminal secretion, strengthens the back and loins. It is cool and dry, flatulent and difficult of digestion; its corrector is sugar; its sucoedaneum, the seed of the Antungun. The dose is one miskal with equal parts of sugar.

267 Benth.—“Calamus Rotang.” Of this there are many kinds; one kind called ToÆikam, another Jillbenth, a fourth Itchill; the whole four are cool and cure swellings, piles, pains in the uterus, boils, eruptions, acne, difficulty in voiding urine, are lithonthriptic, useful in affections of wind and mucus, also foulness of blood. Jillbenth is astringent and flatulent, and Itchill is an antidote to poison.

268 Peetul.—(Brass.) P. Bering. It is not an original metal, but a composition. In its properties it is equally cool, hot, and dry; it cures disorders of wind, phlegm, jaundice, and affections of the spleen. A kind of this is called Sonepeetul.

269 Peepul.—“Ficus Religiosa.” A tree of India, very large and common; the young leaves are green, but when well formed become yellowish; it is cool; cures disorders of bile, phlegm, and blood; is useful in boils and eruptions. The bark of the tree is aphrodisiac, strengthens the loins, and restrains watery discharge from the urethra; and this I have found from experience. Some say, this is called in P. Lirzan. Its fruit is about twice the size of the PhaÌsa. It tastes like the fig. It is called Peepulie, and is when ripe of a yellowish color. In the Maadentezerrabad, it is thus mentioned. “The Peepul tree in Persian is called Lirzan; in the opinion of the inhabitants of India, cool and dry. Its fruit diminishes the secretion of bile, promotes digestion, relaxes the bowels; and if the bark be infused in water and applied to boils, it will hasten suppuration and promote the discharge of the matter; if the bark be burnt and thrown into water, it will quickly purify it.”

270 Bale.—A name for Raebale; cool and light; cures disorders of phlegm, and is an antidote to poisons.

271 Baele.—“Called also Byll, Cratoeva, or Ægle Marmelos; Wood Apple.” The name of a fruit which grows like the quince; its seeds are larger than those of the Ryhan. I have seen the tree, it is like the Bukaen; its leaves very soft and tender, broad and long, somewhat like the Moong: on each small sprig it has three leaves. Some have said that it was originally wild, but subsequently brought into our gardens; that which is now in gardens is larger than that which grows uncultivated. The fruit is hollowed out and used as snuff-boxes, and for several other purposes. It is a very common tree in India; it is bitter, astringent, and a little sweetish, hot, and moist; when ripe it is heavy, producing phlegm, bile, and wind, causing heat of stomach, and is difficult of digestion. It destroys appetite and induces costiveness; but unripe it is light, strengthens the circulation, and the whole body; induces costiveness; increases appetite, hastens digestion, and cures disorders of wind and phlegm. I have given it with other medicines for the cure of diarrhoea with good effect. “And in dysentery, a table-spoonful of the pulp, made into sherbet, and taken several times a day, has been effectual.”

272 Peeloo.—“Salvadora Persica.” “Careya Arborea,” (Roxb.) The Indian name for this, Araak. It is a wild growing shrub, about the height of a long spear, (8 feet,) with many branches; it is broad and round in its general appearances; its leaves thin, and about ½ an inch long. The fruit is called Peel or Peeludj; it is hot, light, and aperient; promotes appetite, cures Badgola, piles, affections of the spleen and wind; is lithonthriptic; useful in disorders of the blood; it produces bile, and in all favorite formulÆ, it forms an ingredient. The fruit is also called Jhal; it is bitter, laxative, lessens phlegm, general heat, Juzam, fever, and worms. The wood of the Peeloo used as a tooth-brush, is excellent for preserving the gums.

273 Peoke, or Peossie.—The first milk given by any animal after the birth of its young. A. Lubba. It increases the bulk of the solids, and inclination towards aphrodisia, but it causes hiccough, and the formation of stone in the bladder, and is difficult of digestion; its corrector is sweetmeats.

274 Peease.—“Allium Cepa. Agnon, F. Swiebel, G. Cipolla, I. Pallandoo, S. Onion.” A. Bosool. Pungent, and during digestion sweet; hot in a small degree, and in its effects resembling Garlic. It increases mucus, removes disorders of wind, and hydrocele. There is a smaller sort, called Karinjun, which increases bile, produces costiveness, and cures piles. There is a third kind, which when dried is white, and is recommended to be kept in any house to prevent the approach of snakes or any venomous reptiles.

275 Peeplamool.—The name given to the root of the Peepul tree, but some give the name to the whole tree, and some give the name to the fibres of the root of any tree; but judging from the name, I conceive it to be what I have just stated. Mool being root, and Peepul must indicate the kind of root. The idiom is Indian, and I think must be correct. It is bitter and pungent, dry and stomachic; promotes digestion, cures disorders of wind and phlegm, but impairs the eye-sight and seminal secretions.

276 Bear.—Called also Konar, “Ziziphus Jujuba.” Sweet, cool, heavy, aperient, causes wind, produces corpulency, cures disorders of bile, wind, blood, general heat, and the disease called Rajerogue; also allays thirst. Another kind of this, named Husthkool, and a third called Kurkund, q. vide.

277 Peeta.—Called also Khunda, q. vide.

278 Passownie.—A name for ChÍrkÁkÓlie.

279 Bealduntuck.—A name for KhÁrkhÚsuck, meaning a snake’s tooth. This is known to every one.

280 Peeche.—Congee, or rice water; it is cool and allays thirst; it is proper food for the sick; drank with rose water, Beelemoosk and sugar, or with pomegranate sherbet, it produces cold, strengthens the circulation, and entirely allays general heat.

281 Beerbahootie.—An insect very common in the rainy season, resembling scarlet velvet; hot in the 3rd and moist in the 2nd deg. One insect, with the legs taken off, ate with Paan, is very efficacious in paralytic disorders, and other complaints from cold. Bruised and mixed with water, it is used as an aphrodisiac, in seminal weakness, &c. Its oil is also used as an external application in debility brought on by onanism, and for giving strength to the muscular fibres. Its succed. is the Kinchua.

“I have prescribed the Beerbahootie with decided good effects in paralysis, commencing with one and increasing to three or four in the day: 1 or 2 given with a little pounded nutmeg is said to be very efficacious in spasms in the bowels of children.”