GnaphaliThe success of the country rambles of an expert lepidopterist depends greatly on his knowledge of the times at which the various butterflies and moths generally appear, and of the localities which they are known to frequent. The experiences he has gained in the past enable him to calculate on the probabilities of the future, and he chooses both time and locality according to his requirements.
As he makes his way to the hunting ground he counts over the chances of meeting with a certain insect that is wanted to fill a long-standing blank in his cabinet; and we hear him discussing the probabilities as to whether this species is yet 'out,' or whether the larvÆ of that species are feeding.
How different it is with the young and unguided entomologist! He rambles promiscuously here and there, having only the faintest idea as to what he is likely to see, and perhaps meeting with only four or five species when an experienced collector, without covering a larger area of ground, would take scores in the same time.
In order to afford some little help to the beginner, I have thought it advisable to introduce a calendar of operations to guide him in his work. The space at our command would not allow this to be carried out in detail, but the general instructions will undoubtedly assist most of my readers until the practical experience gained by a few years' work has enabled them to run on their own legs.
Of course, in making reference to the monthly lists of insects on the wing, allowance must be made for the forwardness or backwardness of the seasons. Thus, an insect entered in the April list may appear in March in an exceptionally warm season, but may not emerge till the early part of May if the spring has been unusually severe.
It will be observed that in cases where all the species of a certain genus or family appear on the wing in the same month, the name of that genus or family is entered on the list instead of the names of the individual species; but the latter can easily be obtained by reference to Appendix I.
JANUARY
There is not much field work to be done during this month. If the weather is very severe, hardly an insect will be found on the wing; but a mild January will sometimes entice the Brimstone Butterfly (Rhamni) and some of the hybernating Vanessas from their winter quarters.
Hybernating moths may also be met with, on the wing if the weather is mild, or sleeping in their sheltered nooks during the frosts. These include several NoctuÆ—Auricoma, Lithargyria, Suffusa, Vaccinii, Spadicea, Erythrocephala, Satellitia, Rubiginea, Croceago, Vetusta, Exoleta, Ornithopus, Furcifera, Semibrunnea, Socia, and Libatrix; and also a few GeometrÆ—Zonaria, Fluviata, Dubitata, Siterata, and Miata.
In addition to these hybernating insects, the collector may examine tree trunks and fences for the Early Moth (Rupicapraria), and late specimens of the Winter Moth (Brumata); and towards the end of the month he may expect to meet with fresh specimens of the Pale Brindled Beauty (Pedaria) and the Spring Usher (LeucophÆaria). A few of the TineÆ may also be seen.
The net need not be used at all during the colder months of the year, as the moths are easily taken in pill boxes from the trunks and fences on which they rest.
Pupa digging may be carried on throughout the month if the weather is sufficiently mild, but it is of no use attempting this during a frost. Hybernating larvÆ may also be searched out of their winter quarters if the collector does not mind giving them the attention they require; but, as a rule, it is better to wait till they themselves start out to feed in the spring, at which time all their food plants are showing leaf.
FEBRUARY
Our remarks under 'January' concerning pupa digging and other work apply equally well to this month. The same hybernating butterflies and moths may be looked for; and, in addition to Pedaria, LeucophÆaria, and Rupicapraria, which now appear more plentifully, the following species will probably be seen:
- Small Eggar (Lanestris)
- Small Brindled Beauty (Hispidaria)
- Oak Beauty (Strataria)
- Dotted Border (Marginaria)
- March Moth (Æscularia)
About half a dozen species of the TineÆ will also have made their appearance before the end of the month.
MARCH
Many of the hybernating larvÆ will come out during March if the weather is mild, and commence to feed; and the young caterpillars will begin to appear from the eggs of the early moths already named. This is consequently a good time to commence the search for larvÆ if you intend to go in for rearing. During the daytime some may be beaten from the boughs of trees and shrubs; and those which feed on low plants, being generally nocturnal in their habits, should be searched for in the evening, after dark, with the aid of a lantern.
The hybernating butterflies are now flying more freely than before, and, if the weather is bright and warm for the time of year, a few freshly emerged species may be seen. These may possibly include:
- Large White (BrassicÆ)
- Small White (RapÆ)
- Green-veined White (Napi)
- Holly Blue (Argiolus)
As regards moths, several fresh species may be expected to appear, while those named as appearing in February are still to be found. The new-comers may include:
- Bombyces.
- Kentish Glory (Versicolor)
- Yellow-horned (Flavicornis)
- NoctuÆ.
- Pine Beauty (Piniperda)
- White-marked Rustic (Leucographa)
- Red Chestnut (Rubricosa)
- All species of the genus TÆniocampa
- Early Grey (Areola)
- Green-brindled Dot (Oleagina)
- Orange Underwing (Parthenias)
- Light Orange Underwing (Notha)
- GeometrÆ.
- Early Thorn (Bilunaria)
- Engrailed (Biundularia)
- Mottled Grey (Multistrigaria)
Sugaring may be commenced towards the end of March, and sallow blossom may be searched in the evening, but it is probable that only a few species will be taken by these means.
A few more species of the TineÆ appear in March, and four or five of the Tortrices are out before the end of the month.
APRIL
This is really a busy month with the entomologist, and it will be necessary to put all apparatus and appliances into perfect order early. The cyanide bottle should be freshly charged, nets examined and repaired if necessary, and all setting boards, breeding cages &c. put in perfect trim for the new season's work.
LarvÆ are now feeding freely, and a few hours spent in beating, sweeping, and searching will enable you to stock your cages liberally.
Sugaring may be continued throughout the month, and the sallow blossom may be searched as long as it proves attractive. Moths may also be attracted by light at night.
The following butterflies are generally out during April, in addition to the hybernated species already named:
- Large White (BrassicÆ)
- Small White (RapÆ)
- Green-veined White (Napi)
- Orange Tip (Cardamines)
- Wood White (Sinapis)
- Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Euphrosyne)
- Speckled Wood (Egeria)
- Green Hairstreak (Rubi)
- Small Copper (Phloeas)
- Holly Blue (Argiolus)
- Grizzled Skipper (MalvÆ)
- Dingy Skipper (Tages)
The following is a list of the principal moths for April:
- Bombyces.
- Small Lappet (Ilicifolia)
- Kentish Glory (Versicolor)
- Yellow Horned (Flavicornis)
- Frosted Green (Ridens)
- NoctuÆ.
- Pine Beauty (Piniperda)
- White-marked Rustic (Leucographa)
- Red Chestnut (Rubricosa)
- All species of the genus TÆniocampa
- Early Grey (Areola)
- Mullein Shark (Verbasci)
- Orange Underwing (Parthenias)
- Light Orange Underwing (Notha)
- GeometrÆ.
- Brimstone (Luteolata)
- Early Thorn (Bilunaria)
- Belted Beauty (Zonaria)
- Brindled Beauty (Hirtaria)
- Waved Umber (Abruptaria)
- Small Engrailed (Crepuscularia)
- Engrailed (Biundularia)
- Sloe Carpet (Pictaria)
- Netted Mountain (Carbonaria)
- Mottled Grey (Multistrigaria)
- Satyr Pug (Satyrata)
- Marbled Pug (Irriguata)
- Campanula Pug (Campanulata)
- Brindled Pug (Abbreviata)
- Oak-tree Pug (Dodoneata)
- Double-striped Pug (Pumilata)
- Early Tooth-striped (Carpinata)
- Shoulder Stripe (Badiata)
- Many-lined (Polygrammata)
- Tissue (Dubitata)
In addition to the above, a few species of the Tortrices, several of the TineÆ, and one or two of the Plume Moths (Pterophori) are out during April.
MAY
Little or nothing will be obtained by digging during May, yet a number of pupÆ may be found among grass and leaves under trees, and also attached to the leaves and stems of low plants. These pupÆ include those of several of the butterflies, among which may be mentioned Machaon, Selene, Euphrosyne, Aurinia, MegÆra, Ianira, Rubi, Astrarche, Icarus, Bellargus, Corydon, Lucina, and Sylvanus.
LarvÆ may now be taken in abundance by beating the boughs of oaks and other trees, and also by examining low plants.
The hybernating butterflies are still on the wing, and the following are also out:
- Swallow Tail (Machaon)
- Large White (BrassicÆ)
- Small White (RapÆ)
- Green-veined White (Napi)
- Bath White (Daplidice)
- Orange Tip (Cardamines)
- Wood White (Sinapis)
- Small Pearl-bordered (Selene)
- Pearl-bordered (Euphrosyne)
- Greasy Fritillary (Aurinia)
- Glanville Fritillary (Cinxia)
- Speckled Wood (Egeria)
- Wall (MegÆra)
- Marsh Ringlet (Typhon)
- Small Heath (Pamphilus)
- Green Hairstreak (Rubi)
- Small Copper (Phloeas)
- Brown Argus (Astrarche)
- Common Blue (Icarus)
- Clifden Blue (Bellargus)
- Holly Blue (Argiolus)
- Mazarine Blue (Semiargus)
- Grizzled Skipper (MalvÆ)
- Chequered Skipper (PalÆmon)
There is a great increase in the number of moths this month, and much good work may be done by means of light traps and by the examination of fences. Many moths are driven from their resting places early in the morning by the direct rays of the rising sun, and then seek out a spot where they are better sheltered, and where they are consequently less easily found. Hence the advantage of searching fences early in the morning.
The May list includes:
- Sphinges.
- Small Elephant (Porcellus)
- All species of the genera Smerinthus and Macroglossa
- Some of the Clearwings (Apiformis, Sphegiformis, and Culiciformis)
- Cream-bordered Green (Chlorana)
- Green Silver-lined (Prasinana)
- Bombyces.
- Wood Tiger (Plantaginis)
- Muslin Moth (Mendica)
- Common Swift (Lupulinus)
- Pale Tussock (Pudibunda)
- Small Lappet (Ilicifolia)
- Emperor (Pavonia)
- All species of family DrepanulidÆ
- Alder Kitten (Bicuspis)
- Puss (Vinula)
- Several of the 'Prominents' (Cuculla, Carmelita, DictÆa, DictÆoides, Trilophus, Ziczac, Trepida, Chaonia, Trimacula)
- Chocolate Tip (Curtula)
- Small Chocolate Tip (Pigra)
- NoctuÆ.
- Knot Grass (Rumicis)
- Sweet Gale (MyricÆ)
- White Colon (Albicolon)
- Cabbage (BrassicÆ)
- Treble Lines (Trigrammica)
- Marsh Moth (Palustris)
- Light Brocade (GenistÆ)
- Mullein Shark (Verbasci)
- Betony Shark (ScrophulariÆ)
- Starwort Shark (Asteris)
- Camomile Shark (ChamomillÆ)
- Small Dark Yellow Underwing (Cordigera)
- Small Yellow Underwing (Tenebrata)
- Bordered Sallow (Umbra)
- Lunar Double Stripe (Lunaris)
- GeometrÆ.
- Brimstone (Luteolata)
- Speckled Yellow (Macularia)
- Purple Thorn (Tetralunaria)
- Scalloped Hazel (Bidentata)
- Brindled Beauty (Hirtaria)
- Peppered (Betularia)
- Waved Umber (Abruptaria)
- Ringed Carpet (Cinctaria)
- Square Spot (Consonaria)
- Small Engrailed (Crepuscularia)
- Engrailed (Biundularia)
- Grey Birch (Punctularia)
- Small Grass Emerald (Viridata)
- All species of family EphyridÆ
- Cream Wave (Remutaria)
- White Wave (Pusaria)
- Round-winged Wave (Rotundaria)
- Common Wave (Exanthemata)
- Clouded Silver (Temerata)
- White-pinion Spotted (Bimaculata)
- Latticed Heath (Clathrata)
- Brown Silver-line (Petraria)
- Barred Umber (Pulveraria)
- Netted Mountain (Carbonaria)
- Common Heath (Atomaria)
- Bordered White (Piniaria)
- Rest Harrow (Ononaria)
- Yellow Belle (Ochrearia)
- Clouded Border (Marginata)
- Horse Chestnut (Hippocastanaria)
- Pretty Pinion (AdÆquata)
- Pugs (Venosata, Consignata, Pulchellata, Plumbeolata, Satyrata, Castigata, Pusillata, Irriguata, Indigata, Nanata, Vulgata, Assimilata, Exiguata, Coronata)
- Yellow-barred Brindle (Viretata)
- Ruddy High-flier (Ruberata)
- May High-flier (Trifasciata)
- Common Carpet (Sociata)
- Silver-ground Carpet (Montanata)
- Streamer (Nigrofasciaria)
- Barberry Carpet (Berberata)
- Flame Carpet (Designata)
- Twin-spot Carpets (Ferrugata and Unidentaria)
- Scarce Tissue (Certata)
- Water Carpet (Suffumata)
- Small Phoenix (Silaceata)
- Oblique-striped (Virgata)
- Broom Tip (Rufata)
A number of the Micros are also out this month. About twenty species of the Pyralides, one or two of the Pterophori, a few Crambi, about fifty of the Tortrices, and no less than two hundred of the TineÆ. The collector will do well to search fences and tree trunks for these moths, whenever he has the opportunity; and also to use the net freely in wooded country, waste places, and along hedgerows, before and at dusk.
JUNE
There is a marked increase in winged insect life during this month. The early butterflies are disappearing, or perhaps have quite left us; but new species are taking their place. The Sphinges now reach their maximum, as do also the Bombyces; and the other groups are almost if not quite up to their highest total. The NoctuÆ and GeometrÆ each amount to over a hundred species. No less than a hundred and fifty British Tortrices are on the wing; the TineÆ make a near approach to three hundred, and the Pyralides of the month are not far short of numbering a hundred species. It will thus be seen that the net and pill boxes, as well as the setting boards, are in constant demand.
Dull days may be well occupied in beating for moths, and in the examination of fences and the bark of trees; and on bright days, as soon as the butterflies have settled down to rest, the same work may be carried on till dusk.
Micros and GeometrÆ are out early in the evening, when they should be taken with the net. Later on the NoctuÆ may be seen playing round their favourite flowers.
Sugar and light traps are likely to do good service during June, and decoy females of the Bombyces group may be called to your aid.
LarvÆ are also abundant during June, and those of most of the butterflies may be taken by carefully searching their food plants.
The following is the list of imagines for the month:
- Butterflies.
- Swallow Tail (Machaon)
- Black-veined White (CratÆgi)
- Large White (BrassicÆ)
- Small White (RapÆ)
- Green-veined White (Napi)
- Small Pearl-bordered (Selene)
- Pearl-bordered (Euphrosyne)
- Silver-washed Fritillary (Paphia)
- Greasy Fritillary (Aurinia)
- Glanville Fritillary (Cinxia)
- Heath Fritillary (Athalia)
- Small Tortoiseshell (UrticÆ)
- White Admiral (Sibylla)
- Small Ringlet (Epiphron)
- Meadow Brown (Ianira)
- Ringlet (Hyperanthus)
- Marsh Ringlet (Typhon)
- Small Heath (Pamphilus)
- Green Hairstreak (Rubi)
- Small Copper (Phloeas)
- Common Blue (Icarus)
- Small Blue (Minima)
- Duke of Burgundy (Lucina)
- Grizzled Skipper (MalvÆ)
- Dingy Skipper (Tages)
- Large Skipper (Sylvanus)
- Chequered Skipper (PalÆmon)
- Sphinges.
- Privet Hawk (Ligustri)
- Spurge Hawk (EuphorbiÆ)
- Small Elephant (Porcellus)
- Large Elephant (Elpenor)
- Eyed Hawk (Ocellatus)
- Poplar Hawk (Populi)
- Lime Hawk (TiliÆ)
- Humming Bird Hawk (Stellatarum)
- All the Clearwings (SesiidÆ)
- The Burnets (Fam. ZygÆnidÆ)
- Bombyces.
- Family NolidÆ
- Dew Moth (Irrorella)
- Cinnabar (JacobÆÆ)
- Scarlet Tiger (Dominula)
- Family CheloniidÆ
- Family HepialidÆ
- Family CossidÆ
- Family CochliopodidÆ
- Dark Tussock (Fascelina)
- Pale Tussock (Pudibunda)
- Scarce Vapourer (Gonostigma)
- Fox (Rubi)
- Lappet (Quercifolia)
- Family DrepanulidÆ
- Family DicranuridÆ
- Pale Prominent (Palpina)
- Coxcomb Prominent (Camelina)
- Swallow Prominent (DictÆa)
- Lesser Swallow Prominent (DictÆoides)
- Iron Prominent (Dromedarius)
- Pebble Prominent (Ziczac)
- Great Prominent (Trepida)
- Marbled Brown (Trimacula)
- Buff Tip (Bucephala)
- Peach Blossom (Batis)
- Genus Cymatophora
- NoctuÆ.
- Scarce Marvel-du-jour (Orion)
- Genus Acronycta
- Powdered Wainscot (Albovenosa)
- Most of the species of genus Leucania
- Flame Wainscot (Flammea)
- Silky Wainscot (Maritima)
- Small Rufous (Rufa)
- Mere Wainscot (Hellmanni)
- Concolorous (Extrema)
- Flame (Putris)
- Genus Xylophasia
- Bird's Wing (Scabriuscula)
- Small Mottled Willow (Exigua)
- Bordered Gothic (Reticulata)
- Feathered Ear (LeucophÆa)
- Large Nutmeg (Sordida)
- White Colon (Albicolon)
- Cabbage (BrassicÆ)
- Dot (PersicariÆ)
- Rustic Shoulder Knot (Basilinea)
- Union Rustic (Connexa)
- Dusky Brocade (Gemina)
- Double Lobed (Ophiogramma)
- Genus Miana
- Treble Lines (Trigrammica)
- Mottled Rustic (Morpheus)
- Rustic (Taraxaci)
- Pale Mottled Willow (Quadripunctata)
- Reddish Buff (Caliginosa)
- Marsh Moth (Palustris)
- Brown Rustic (Tenebrosa)
- Turnip (Segetum)
- Heart and Dart (Exclamationis)
- Light-feathered Rustic (Cinerea)
- Sand Dart (RipÆ)
- Garden Dart (Nigricans)
- Lover's Knot (Strigula)
- Double Dot (Augur)
- Flame Shoulder (Plecta)
- Double-spotted Square-spot (Triangulum)
- Ingrailed Clay (Festiva)
- Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing (Fimbria)
- Large Yellow Underwing (Pronuba)
- Gothic (Typica)
- Heart Moth (Oo)
- Genus Dianthoecia
- Broad-barred White (Serena)
- Small Angle Shades (Lucipara)
- Angle Shades (Meticulosa)
- Green Arches (Prasina)
- Grey Arches (Nebulosa)
- Silvery Arches (Tincta)
- Pale Shining Brown (Advena)
- Northern Arches (Exulis)
- Genus Hadena (nearly all)
- Lychnis Shark (Lychnitis)
- Starwort Shark (Asteris)
- Cudweed Shark (Gnaphalii)
- Camomile Shark (ChamomillÆ)
- Shark (Umbratica)
- Genus Habrostola
- Burnished Brass (Chrysitis)
- Plain Golden Y (Iota)
- Beautiful Golden Y (Pulchrina)
- Silver Y (Gamma)
- Scarce Silver Y (Interrogationis)
- Genus Anarta
- Small Yellow Underwing (Tenebrata)
- Bordered Straw (Peltigera)
- Bordered Sallow (Umbra)
- Spotted Sulphur (Trabealis)
- Four-spotted (Luctuosa)
- Family ErastriidÆ
- Purple Marbled (Ostrina)
- Small Marbled (Parva)
- Small Purple-barred (Viridaria)
- Mother Shipton (Mi)
- Burnet Noctua (Glyphica)
- Black Neck (Pastinum)
- Family HerminiidÆ
- Family HypenidÆ
- GeometrÆ.
- Little Thorn (Advenaria)
- Brimstone (Luteolata)
- Speckled Yellow (Macularia)
- Orange (Prunaria)
- Barred Red (Prosapiaria)
- Scorched Wing (Dolobraria)
- Lunar Thorn (Lunaria)
- Peppered (Betularia)
- Speckled Beauty (Angularia)
- Genus Boarmia
- Square Spot (Consonaria)
- Brindled White-spot (Luridata)
- Grey Birch (Punctularia)
- Blotched Emerald (Pustulata)
- Small Grass Emerald (Viridata)
- Common Emerald (Strigata)
- Nearly all the family AcidaliidÆ
- Genus Bapta
- Peacock (Notata)
- Rannoch Geometer (Brunneata)
- Brown Silver-line (Petraria)
- Barred Umber (Pulveraria)
- Grey Scalloped Bar (Belgiaria)
- Frosted Yellow (Limbaria)
- Bordered White (Piniaria)
- Drab Geometer (Murinata)
- Black-veined (Lineata)
- Grass Wave (Strigillaria)
- Clouded Magpie (Sylvata)
- Scorched Carpet (Adustata)
- Clouded Border (Marginata)
- Twin-spot Carpet (Didymata)
- Grey Mountain Carpet (CÆsiata)
- Striped Twin-spot Carpet (Salicata)
- Green Carpet (Viridaria)
- Genus Emmelesia
- Most of the Pugs (Eupithecia)
- Small Seraphim (Sexalisata)
- Seraphim (Halterata)
- Yellow-barred Brindle (Viretata)
- Shaded Broad-bar (Variata)
- Ruddy High-flier (Ruberata)
- Purple Bar (Ocellata)
- Beautiful Carpet (Albicillata)
- Genus Melanippe
- Royal Mantle (Cucullata)
- Flame (Rubidata)
- Genus Coremia
- Yellow Shell (Bilineata)
- Fern (Tersata)
- Oblique Carpet (Vittata)
- Small Waved Umber (Vitalbata)
- Scalloped Shell (Undulata)
- Brown Scallop (Vetulata)
- Short-cloak Carpet (Picata)
- Broken-barred Carpet (Corylata)
- Common Marbled Carpet (Truncata)
- Small Phoenix (Silaceata)
- Small Mallow (Limitata)
- Belle (Plumbaria)
- Oblique-striped (Virgata)
- Treble Bar (Plagiata)
- Pale Grey Carpet (Griseata)
- Chimney Sweep (Atrata)
JULY
The number of species on the wing in July is even greater than in June. Butterflies are very numerous, some being second broods of double-brooded species, and others late single-brooded insects.
Sphinges are beginning to fall off, and so are the Bombyces, but the NoctuÆ and GeometrÆ are slightly on the increase.
As regards the Micros, a good number of fresh species may be expected, all the groups exhibiting a marked increase in the total number on the wing with the exception of the TineÆ.
Sugaring is likely to pay well this month, and many moths may be attracted by light. Tree trunks and fences should be well examined.
PupÆ may certainly be taken, but unless the collector is particularly desirous of obtaining the pupÆ of insects known to be now passing through that stage, he will probably do better by looking after imagines.
LarvÆ, however, may well receive a little attention, providing the setting of butterflies and moths leave a little leisure for other employments. Beating by day, and searching by both day and night, even if carried on only occasionally, will probably supply you with as many species as you can accommodate in your glasses and cages.
The butterflies of the month are:
- Swallow Tail (Machaon)
- Black-veined White (CratÆgi)
- Large White (BrassicÆ)
- Small White (RapÆ)
- Green-veined White (Napi)
- Wood White (Sinapis)
- Brimstone (Rhamni)
- Dark Green Fritillary (Aglaia)
- High Brown Fritillary (Adippe)
- Silver-washed Fritillary (Paphia)
- Heath Fritillary (Athalia)
- Comma (C-Album)
- Large Tortoiseshell (Polychloros)
- Small Tortoiseshell (UrticÆ)
- Peacock (Io)
- Painted Lady (Cardui)
- White Admiral (Sibylla)
- Purple Emperor (Iris)
- Marbled White (Galatea)
- Northern Brown (Æthiops)
- Speckled Wood (Egeria)
- Grayling (Semele)
- Meadow Brown (Ianira)
- Large Heath (Tithonus)
- Ringlet (Hyperanthes)
- Marsh Ringlet (Typhon)
- Small Heath (Pamphilus)
- Brown Hairstreak (BetulÆ)
- White-letter Hairstreak (W-Album)
- Dark Hairstreak (Pruni)
- Purple Hairstreak (Quercus)
- Green Hairstreak (Rubi)
- Small Copper (Phloeas)
- Silver-studded Blue (Ægon)
- Common Blue (Icarus)
- Chalk-hill Blue (Corydon)
- Holly Blue (Argiolus)
- Mazarine Blue (Semiargus)
- Small Blue (Minima)
- Large Blue (Arion)
- Small Skipper (Thaumas)
- New Small Skipper (Lineola)
The moths of July include the following species:
- Sphinges.
- Privet Hawk (Ligustri)
- Bedstraw Hawk (Galii)
- Eyed Hawk (Ocellatus)
- Poplar Hawk (Populi)
- Humming Bird Hawk (Stellatarum)
- Hornet Clearwing of Poplar (Apiformis)
- Hornet Clearwing of Osier (Crabroniformis)
- Welsh Clearwing (Scoliiformis)
- Red-belted Clearwing (Myopiformis)
- Red-tipped Clearwing (Formiciformis)
- Six-belted Clearwing (Ichneumoniformis)
- Genus Ino
- Burnets (Trifolii, LonicerÆ and FilipendulÆ)
- Bombyces.
- Tortrix (Undulanus)
- Large Green Silver-lined (Bicolorana)
- Short-cloaked (Cucullatella)
- Most of the family LithosiidÆ
- Tiger (Caia)
- Ruby Tiger (Fuliginosa)
- Buff Ermine (Lubricipeda)
- White Ermine (Menthastri)
- Wood Swift (Sylvanus)
- Northern Swift (Velleda)
- Goat Moth (Ligniperda)
- Leopard (Pyrina)
- Brown Tail (Chrysorrhoea)
- Yellow Tail (Similis)
- Satin (Salicis)
- Reed Tussock (Coenosa)
- Black Arches (Monacha)
- Vapourer (Antiqua)
- Lackey (Neustria)
- Ground Lackey (Castrensis)
- Oak Eggar (Quercus)
- Drinker (Potatoria)
- Sallow Kitten (Furcula)
- Poplar Kitten (Bifida)
- Lobster (Fagi)
- Pale Prominent (Palpina)
- Coxcomb Prominent (Camelina)
- Buff Tip (Bucephala)
- Buff Arches (Derasa)
- Peach Blossom (Batis)
- Figure of Eighty (Octogesima)
- Poplar Lutestring (Or)
- Lesser Satin (Duplaris)
- NoctuÆ.
- Marbled Green (Muralis)
- Marbled Beauty (Perla)
- Grey Dagger (Psi)
- Miller (Leporina)
- Poplar Grey (Megacephala)
- Grisette (Strigosa)
- Coronet (Ligustri)
- Knot Grass (Rumicis)
- Scarce Dagger (Auricoma)
- Light Knot Grass (Menyanthidis)
- Brown Line Bright Eye (Conigera)
- Double Line (Turca)
- Clay (Lithargyria)
- Wainscots (Littoralis, Impudens, Comma, Impura, Pallens, Phragmitidis, Maritima, Rufa, Bondii, Neurica)
- Ear Moth (Nictitans)
- Flame (Putris)
- Genus Xylophasia
- Antler (Graminis)
- Straw Underwing (Matura)
- Most of Genus Mamestra
- Genus Miana
- Haworth's Minor (Haworthii)
- Treble Lines (Trigrammica)
- Genus Caradrina
- Brown Rustic (Tenebrosa)
- Archer's Dart (Vestigialis)
- Pearly Underwing (Saucia)
- Heart and Dart (Exclamationis)
- Heart and Club (Corticea)
- Sand Dart (RipÆ)
- Coast Dart (Cursoria)
- Garden Dart (Nigricans)
- Streaked Dart (Aquilina)
- True Lover's Knot (Strigula)
- Stout Dart (Obscura)
- Dotted Rustic (Simulans)
- Northern Rustic (Lucernea)
- Ashworth's Rustic (Ashworthii)
- Most of Genus Noctua
- Genus TriphÆna
- Copper Underwing (Pyramidea)
- Mouse (Tragopogonis)
- Old Lady (Maura)
- Suspected (Suspecta)
- Dismal (Upsilon)
- Olive (Subtusa)
- Genus Calymnia
- Dusky Sallow (Ochroleuca)
- Marbled Coronet (Nana)
- Genus Hecatera
- Minor Shoulder Knot (Viminalis)
- Small Angle Shades (Lucipara)
- Genus Aplecta
- Dark Brocade (Adusta)
- Shears (Dentina)
- Nutmeg (Trifolii)
- Pale-shouldered Brocade (Thalassina)
- Silver Cloud (Conspicillaris)
- Lychnis Shark (Lychnitis)
- Wormwood Shark (Absinthii)
- Family PlusiidÆ
- Beautiful Yellow Underwing (Myrtilli)
- Marbled Clover (Dipsacea)
- Four-spotted (Luctuosa)
- Rosy Marbled (Venustula)
- Marbled White-spot (Fasciana)
- Small Purple-barred (Viridaria)
- Red Underwing (Nupta)
- Light Crimson Underwing (Promissa)
- Dark Crimson Underwing(Sponsa)
- New Black-neck (CraccÆ)
- Family HerminiidÆ
- Family HypenidÆ
- GeometrÆ.
- Swallow-tail (Sambucaria)
- Dark-bordered Beauty (Parallelaria)
- Bordered Beauty (Apiciaria)
- Orange (Prunaria)
- Light Emerald (Margaritaria)
- Barred Red (Prosapiaria)
- Lilac Beauty (Syringaria)
- Early Thorn (Bilunaria)
- Scalloped Oak (Elinguaria)
- Genus Cleora
- Genus Boarmia
- Annulet (Obscuraria)
- Scotch Annulet (Obfuscaria)
- Black Mountain Moth (Coracina)
- Family GeometridÆ
- Golden-bordered Purple (Muricata)
- Waved Carpet (Sylvata)
- Dingy Shell (Obliterata)
- Welsh Wave (Cambrica)
- Most of the AcidaliÆ
- Blood Vein (Amataria)
- Family MacariidÆ
- Latticed Heath (Clathrata)
- Bordered Grey (Ericetaria)
- Common Heath (Atomaria)
- Rest Harrow (Ononaria)
- Vestal (Sacraria)
- Grass Wave (Strigillaria)
- Family ZerenidÆ
- Twin-spot Carpet (Didymata)
- Grey Mountain Carpet (CÆsiata)
- Yellow-ringed Carpet (Flavicinctata)
- Beech-green Carpet (Olivata)
- Green Carpet (Viridaria)
- Genus Emmelesia
- Pugs (Linariata, Oblongata, Succenturiata, Pernotata, Isogrammaria, Virgaureata, Innotata, Subnotata, Absinthiata, Tenuiata, Subciliata, Rectangulata)
- Chestnut-coloured Carpet (Simulata)
- Shaded Broad Bar (Variata)
- Pine Carpet (Firmata)
- July High-flier (Sordidata)
- Genus Melanthia
- Genus Melanippe
- Flame (Rubidata)
- Red Carpet (Munitata)
- Large Twin-spot Carpet (Quadrifasciaria)
- Yellow Shell (Bilineata)
- Fern (Tersata)
- Oblique Carpet (Vittata)
- Many-lined (Polygrammata)
- Dark Umber (Rhamnata)
- Short-cloak Carpet (Picata)
- Marsh Carpet (Sagittata)
- Common Marbled Carpet (Truncata)
- Dark Marbled Carpet (Immanata)
- Netted Carpet (Reticulata)
- Phoenix (Prunata)
- Chevron (Testata)
- Northern Spinach (Populata)
- Barred Yellow (Fulvata)
- Barred Straw (Dotata)
- Spinach (Associata)
- Dark Spinach (Comitata)
- Small Mallow (Limitata)
- Belle (Plumbaria)
- Chalk Carpet (Bipunctaria)
- Oblique-striped (Virgata)
- Manchester Treble Bar (Paludata)
- Treble Bar (Plagiata)
- Pale Grey Carpet (Griseata)
- Chimney Sweep (Atrata)
AUGUST
Although there is a very appreciable falling off in the number of species on the wing during August, yet there remains plenty of work for the lepidopterist.
Many of the butterflies of July continue to fly during the whole or part of this month, and several fresh species commence their flight. August, too, may be looked upon as the month for second broods, and an opportunity now arises for searching for some of the species that were missed at the time of their early appearance in May. Clover and lucerne fields should be well worked.
A few Sphinges and a number of the Bombyces are still on the wing. The NoctuÆ are on the decrease, but there are yet nearly a hundred species (including the rarer ones) at large.
These last may be taken at sugar in considerable numbers, and it is interesting to note that two of the Vanessas (Atalanta and Cardui) may be caught sipping on your baited trees during the daytime.
GeometrÆ and Micros fall off very considerably this month, but these, as well as moths of the other groups, may be taken from tree trunks and palings. Light traps may also be used with much success during August.
Fallen fruits should be examined for the larvÆ that feed within them; and late in the month ripe fruit will supply food to the lovers of sweets.
Ivy blossom should be well worked at night; and clover and lucerne fields form admirable hunting grounds for moths at night, especially just after rain.
LarvÆ are to be obtained in abundance by beating and searching, the latter process being conducted by night as well as by day.
The following is the list of imagines for August:
- Butterflies.
- Swallow Tail (Machaon)
- Large White (BrassicÆ)
- Small White (RapÆ)
- Green-veined White (Napi)
- Bath White (Daplidice)
- Wood White (Sinapis)
- Pale Clouded Yellow (Hyale)
- Clouded Yellow (Edusa)
- Brimstone (Rhamni)
- Queen of Spain (Latona)
- Dark Green Fritillary (Aglaia)
- High Brown Fritillary (Adippe)
- Silver-washed Fritillary (Paphia)
- Genus Vanessa
- White Admiral (Sibylla)
- Purple Emperor (Iris)
- Marbled White (Galatea)
- Northern Brown (Æthiops)
- Speckled Wood (Egeria)
- Wall (MegÆra)
- Grayling (Semele)
- Meadow Brown (Ianira)
- Large Heath (Tithonus)
- Small Heath (Pamphilus)
- Brown Hairstreak (BetulÆ)
- Purple Hairstreak (Quercus)
- Small Copper (Phloeas)
- Tailed Blue (BÆtica)
- Silver-studded Blue (Ægon)
- Brown Argus (Astrarche)
- Common Blue (Icarus)
- Clifden Blue (Bellargus)
- Chalk-hill Blue (Corydon)
- Holly Blue (Argiolus)
- Mazarine Blue (Semiargus)
- Dingy Skipper (Tages)
- New Small Skipper (Lineola)
- Lulworth Skipper (ActÆon)
- Large Skipper (Sylvanus)
- Silver-spotted Skipper (Comma)
- Sphinges.
- Death's-head Hawk (Atropos)
- Convolvulus Hawk (Convolvuli)
- Bedstraw Hawk (Galii)
- Striped Hawk (Livornica)
- Humming Bird Hawk (Stellatarum)
- Red-tipped Clearwing (Formiciformis)
- Six-belted Clearwing (Ichneumoniformis)
- Bombyces.
- Round-winged Muslin (Senex)
- Muslin (Mundana)
- Footmen (Muscerda, Lutarella, Griseola)
- Wood Swift (Sylvanus)
- Brown Tail (Chrysorrhoea)
- Yellow Tail (Similis)
- Satin (Salicis)
- Gipsy (Dispar)
- Black Arches (Monacha)
- Vapourer (Antiqua)
- Lackey (Neustria)
- Ground Lackey (Castrensis)
- Oak Eggar (Quercus)
- Grass Eggar (Trifolii)
- Drinker (Potatoria)
- Hook Tips (Lacertinaria, Falcataria, Binaria, Cultraria)
- Chinese Character (Glaucata)
- Sallow Kitten (Furcula)
- Poplar Kitten (Bifida)
- Prominents (Camelina, Trilophus, Ziczac)
- Lesser Lutestring (Diluta)
- NoctuÆ.
- Marbled Green (Muralis)
- Marbled Beauty (Perla)
- Grey Dagger (Psi)
- Scarce Dagger (Auricoma)
- Wainscots (Musculosa, Albipuncta, Impura, Pallens, Fulva, CannÆ, Arundinis, Geminipuncta, Neurica, Lutosa)
- Frosted Orange (Ochracea)
- Genus Hydroecia
- Slender Clouded Brindle (Scolopacina)
- Feathered Brindle (Australis)
- Feathered Gothic (Popularis)
- Antler (Graminis)
- Straw Underwing (Matura)
- Genus Luperina
- Confused (Furva)
- Small Clouded Brindle (Unanimis)
- Crescent (Leucostigma)
- Common Rustic (Didyma)
- Anomalous (Anomala)
- Mottled Rustic (Morpheus)
- Pale Mottled Willow (Quadripunctata)
- Archer's Dart (Vestigialis)
- Shuttle-shaped Dart (Puta)
- Pearly Underwing (Saucia)
- Crescent Dart (Lunigera)
- Heart and Dart (Exclamationis)
- Coast Dart (Cursoria)
- Garden Dart (Nigricans)
- White-line Dart (Tritici)
- Streaked Dart (Aquilina)
- Square-spot Dart (Obelisca)
- Heath Rustic (Agathina)
- Portland (PrÆcox)
- Stout Dart (Obscura)
- Dotted Rustic (Simulans)
- Plain Clay (Depuncta)
- Setaceous Hebrew Character (C-Nigrum)
- Barred Chestnut (Dahlii)
- Small Square-spot (Rubi)
- Six-striped Rustic (Umbrosa)
- Grey Rustic (Castanea)
- Square-spot Rustic (Xanthographa)
- Genus TriphÆna
- Mouse (Tragopogonis)
- Old Lady (Maura)
- Mountain Rustic (Hyperborea)
- Suspected (Suspecta)
- Olive (Subtusa)
- Double Kidney (Retusa)
- Angle-striped Sallow (Paleacea)
- Genus Calymnia
- Dusky Sallow (Ochroleuca)
- Grey Chi (Chi)
- Large Ranunculus (Flavicincta)
- Feathered Ranunculus (Lichenea)
- Crescent (Bimaculosa)
- Great Brocade (Occulta)
- Beautiful Brocade (Porphyrea)
- Golden-rod Brindled (Solidaginis)
- Herald (Libatrix)
- Scarce Burnished Brass (Chryson)
- Burnished Brass (Chrysitis)
- Gold Spot (FestucÆ)
- Scarce Bordered Straw (Armigera)
- Four-spotted (Luctuosa)
- Clifden Nonpareil (Fraxini)
- Red Underwing (Nupta)
- Dark Crimson Underwing (Sponsa)
- GeometrÆ.
- Dark-bordered Beauty (Parallelaria)
- Bordered Beauty (Apiciaria)
- Purple Thorn (Tetralunaria)
- Scalloped Oak (Elinguaria)
- Canary-shouldered Thorn (Alniaria)
- Dusky Thorn (Fuscantaria)
- September Thorn (Erosaria)
- August Thorn (Quercinaria)
- Dotted Carpet (Glabraria)
- Annulet (Obscuraria)
- Scotch Annulet (Obfuscaria)
- Family EphyridÆ
- Small Dusty Wave (Virgularia)
- Mullein Wave (Marginepunctata)
- Small Blood Vein (Imitaria)
- Common White Wave (Pusaria)
- Vestal (Sacraria)
- Yellow Belle (Ochrearia)
- Straw Belle (Gilvaria)
- Currant (Grossulariata)
- Autumnaria
- Haworth's Carpet (Unifasciata)
- Bordered Lime Speck (Succenturiata)
- Pugs (Virgaureata, Campanulata, Indigata, Constrictata, Expallidata, Sobrinata, Variata)
- July High Flier (Sordidata)
- Carpets (Bicolorata, Montanata, Fluctuata, Berberata)
- Yellow Shell (Bilineata)
- Gem (Fluviata)
- Oblique Carpet (Vittata)
- Many-lined (Polygrammata)
- Tissue (Dubitata)
- Common Marbled Carpet (Truncata)
- Phoenix (Prunata)
- Chevron (Testata)
- Northern Spinach (Populata)
- Barred Yellow (Fulvata)
- Barred Straw (Dotata)
- Small Mallow (Limitata)
- Chalk Carpet (Bipunctaria)
- Treble Bar (Plagiata)
- Broom Tip (Rufata)
SEPTEMBER
The number of species on the wing is now considerably lower, yet there is a good deal to be done both with butterflies and moths.
Many of the former are worn and ragged, but good fresh specimens of some species may be taken. Clover and lucerne fields and the flowery borders of corn fields remain very attractive.
Tree trunks and palings should be searched as before. Sugar still attracts numbers of the NoctuÆ; and ivy blossom should be examined at night whenever an opportunity offers itself.
September is a good month for larva hunting. Most of the species that pupate in the autumn are now full fed, and will undergo the change to the chrysalis state shortly after they have been housed, thus giving but little trouble to the entomologist. The day feeders may be beaten or swept from their food plants, but, of course, the nocturnal species are best discovered by searching at night.
Some have already 'gone down' for the winter, and, consequently, pupa hunting may be started. However, as there is yet much to be done with imagines and larvÆ, it may, perhaps, be better to leave the pupÆ alone till about the end of the month, especially as many of the larvÆ have not yet had time to complete their transformation.
The list of imagines for September includes:
- Butterflies.
- Clouded Yellow (Edusa)
- Brimstone (Rhamni)
- Queen of Spain (Latona)
- Comma (C-Album)
- Large Tortoiseshell (Polychloros)
- Small Tortoiseshell (UrticÆ)
- Peacock (Io)
- Camberwell Beauty (Antiopa)
- Red Admiral (Atalanta)
- Painted Lady (Cardui)
- Speckled Wood (Egeria)
- Wall (MegÆra)
- Grayling (Semele)
- Large Heath (Tithonus)
- Small Heath (Pamphilus)
- Small Copper (Phloeas)
- Common Blue (Icarus)
- Clifden Blue (Bellargus)
- Chalk-hill Blue (Corydon)
- Holly Blue (Argiolus)
- Sphinges.
- Death's-head Hawk (Atropos)
- Convolvulus Hawk (Convolvuli)
- Humming Bird Hawk (Stellatarum)
- Bombyces.
- Tortrix (Undulanus)
- Crimson Speckled (Pulchella)
- Vapourer (Antiqua)
- Pale Oak Eggar (CratÆgi)
- Lesser Lutestring (Diluta)
- NoctuÆ.
- Figure of Eight (CÆruleocephala)
- Small Wainscot (Fulva)
- Bullrush (Arundinis)
- Large Wainscot (Lutosa)
- Frosted Orange (Ochracea)
- Rosy Rustic (Micacea)
- Feathered Brindle (Australis)
- Beautiful Gothic (Hispidus)
- Antler (Graminis)
- Flounced Rustic (Testacea)
- Hedge Rustic (Cespitis)
- Haworth's Minor (Haworthii)
- Anomalous (Anomala)
- Shuttle-shaped Dart (Puta)
- Dark Sword Grass (Suffusa)
- Pearly Underwing (Saucia)
- Turnip (Segetum)
- Heart and Dart (Exclamationis)
- Autumn Rustic (Glareosa)
- Mouse (Tragopogonis)
- Red-lined Quaker (Lota)
- Yellow-lined Quaker (Macilenta)
- Genus Anchocelis
- Genus Xanthia
- Centre-barred Sallow (Xerampelina)
- Double Kidney (Retusa)
- Genus Polia
- Black Rustic (Nigra)
- Green-brindled Crescent (OxyacanthÆ)
- Marvel-du-jour (Aprilina)
- Angle Shades (Meticulosa)
- Flame Brocade (Flammea)
- Brindled Green (Protea)
- Genus Calocampa
- Genus Xylina
- Herald (Libatrix)
- Gold Spot (FestucÆ)
- Silver Y (Gamma)
- Scarce Bordered Straw (Armigera)
- Clifden Nonpareil (Fraxini)
- Buttoned Snout (Rostralis)
- GeometrÆ.
- Bordered Beauty (Apiciaria)
- Brimstone (Luteolata)
- Genus Eugonia
- November (Dilutata)
- Autumnal (Filigrammaria)
- Juniper Pug (Sobrinata)
- Shaded Broad Bar (Variata)
- Slender-striped Rufous (Lapidata)
- Tissue (Dubitata)
- Carpets (Siderata, Miata, Immanata)
- Chevron (Testata)
- Mallow (Cervinata)
- Streak (Spartiata)
OCTOBER
As there is very little winged life this month, and the larvÆ have nearly all sought out their winter quarters, special attention may be given to pupÆ. The earlier this work is started after the insects have completed their change the better. If left late, many pupÆ will have been destroyed by floods, moles, &c., and a prolonged series of frosty days may render digging unproductive if not impossible. Again, it must be remembered that some larvÆ are not yet down, and by digging at the roots of the trees on which they are feeding, you are preparing an acceptable bed for the late species, for the pupÆ of which you may call again in about a month.
LarvÆ may be obtained by beating and searching as before, but this work should be done as early in the month as possible, since but few are feeding after the first week or so.
Butterfly catching is now practically over, only a few of the late species and the hybernators being on the wing, and these only on mild days.
NoctuÆ are still attracted by sugar and ivy blossom, and a few may be found at rest. GeometrÆ and Micros may be taken from palings and tree trunks by day, or caught flying at dusk.
The imagines of October may include the following butterflies:
- Brimstone (Rhamni)
- Pale Clouded Yellow (Hyale)
- Clouded Yellow (Edusa)
- Comma (C-Album)
- Large Tortoiseshell (Polychloros)
- Small Tortoiseshell (UrticÆ)
- Peacock (Io)
- Camberwell Beauty (Antiopa)
- Red Admiral (Atalanta)
- Painted Lady (Cardui)
- Small Copper (Phloeas)
And a few late 'Blues.'
The principal moths of the month are:
- Sphinges.
- Death's-head Hawk (Atropos)
- Bombyces.
- Plumed Prominent (Plumigera)
- NoctuÆ.
- Large Wainscot (Lutosa)
- Red-lined Quaker (Lota)
- Yellow-lined Quaker (Macilenta)
- Beaded Chestnut (Pistacina)
- Brown-spot Pinion (Litura)
- Chestnut (Vaccinii)
- Dark Chestnut (Spadicea)
- Red-headed Chestnut (Erythrocephala)
- Satellite (Satellitia)
- Dotted Chestnut (Rubiginea)
- Orange Upperwing (Croceago)
- Brick (Circellaris)
- Brindled Ochre (Templi)
- Green Brindled Crescent (OxyacanthÆ)
- Marvel-du-jour (Aprilina)
- Angle Shades (Meticulosa)
- Flame Brocade (Flammea)
- Red Sword-grass (Vetusta)
- Sword-grass (Exolita)
- Genus Xylina
- Sprawler (Sphinx)
- Silver Y (Gamma)
- GeometrÆ.
- Feathered Thorn (Pennaria)
- Vestal (Sacraria)
- Scarce Umber (Aurantiaria)
- Mottled Umber (Defoliaria)
- Winter (Brumata)
- Northern Winter (Boreata)
- November (Dilutata)
- Juniper Carpet (Juniperata)
- Gem (Fluviata)
- Carpets (Siderata, Miata)
- Mallow (Cervinata)
- Streak (Spartiata)
NOVEMBER
No butterflies are to be seen this month with the exception of the hybernating species, and even these will not venture on the wing unless the weather is mild and bright for the season.
Most of the moths met with are also hybernators, but a few species are to be found only at this season, and these should be looked for on fences and tree trunks. A few NoctuÆ may be taken at sugar, and the GeometrÆ attracted by lights.
The only larvÆ now existing are hybernators, and many of these may be met with during your pupa-digging operations; but they are best left alone till the spring, as a rule.
The chief work of the entomologist in November is certainly pupa hunting, and this may be carried on in real earnest whenever the weather is favourable, following the instructions given in Chapter VII.
It will be remembered, also, that many of the Lepidoptera pass the winter in the egg state, and search may be made for ova when time permits.
The November list, besides some of the hybernating species previously mentioned, include:
- Bombyces.
- December (Populi)
- NoctuÆ.
- Genus Cerastis
- Satellite (Satellitia)
- Dotted Chestnut (Rubiginea)
- Orange Upperwing (Croceago)
- Brindled Ochre (Exempli)
- GeometrÆ.
- Feathered Thorn (Pennaria)
- Scarce Umber (Aurantiaria)
- Mottled Umber (Defoliaria)
- Winter (Brumata)
- Northern Winter (Boreata)
DECEMBER
Outdoor work is now at a minimum. The weather is too severe, as a rule, to allow pupa digging to be carried on with either success or comfort, but favourable opportunities should be seized for this employment as well as for ova collecting.
Now and again we may meet with P. Populi at rest by day, or fluttering round a light at night. Brumata and Defoliaria may also be seen, and the Early Moth (Rupicapraria) may appear on the wing before the new year; but nothing is likely to be met with beyond these save the hybernators, already named in other lists, and some of the TineÆ.
It is a good plan to utilise your spare time during the dreary months of winter by attending to your cabinet. Rearrange your specimens where necessary, and see that all are properly labelled; remove all greasy specimens, and deal with them as recommended on page 127; also renew the supply of camphor or naphthaline in your drawers and store boxes. Time may also be found for the construction of apparatus that is likely to be required next season, and for repairing any that has been damaged during the work of the last.
COLOURED PLATES
Plate I (Frontispiece)
- Swallow-tail (Papilio Machaon).
- Black-veined White (Aporia CratÆgi).
- Large White (Pieris BrassicÆ). Female.
- Small White (Pieris RapÆ). Male.
- Green-veined White (Pieris Napi). Under side.
- Bath White (Pieris Daplidice). Female.
- Orange Tip (EuchloË Cardamines). Male.
- Orange Tip (EuchloË Cardamines). Male. Under side.
Plate II
- Wood White (Leucophasia Sinapis).
- Pale Clouded Yellow (Colias Hyale).
- Clouded Yellow (Colias Edusa). Male.
- Brimstone (Gonopteryx Rhamni). Male.
- Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis Selene).
- Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis Euphrosyne).
- Queen of Spain Fritillary (Argynnis Latona).
- Dark-green Fritillary (Argynnis Aglaia).
Plate III
- High Brown Fritillary (Argynnis Adippe). Under side.
- Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis Paphia).
- Greasy Fritillary (MelitÆa Aurinia).
- Glanville Fritillary (MelitÆa Cinxia).
- Heath Fritillary (MelitÆa Athalia).
- Heath Fritillary (MelitÆa Athalia). Under side.
- Comma (Vanessa C-Album).
- Large Tortoiseshell (Vanessa Polychloros).
- Small Tortoiseshell (Vanessa UrticÆ).
Plate IV
- Peacock (Vanessa Io).
- Camberwell Beauty (Vanessa Antiopa).
- Red Admiral (Vanessa Atalanta).
- Painted Lady (Vanessa Cardui).
- White Admiral (Limenitis Sibylla).
Plate V
- Purple Emperor (Apatura Iris). Male.
- Marbled White (Melanargia Galatea).
- Small Ringlet (Erebia Epiphron).
- Northern Brown (Erebia Æthiops).
- Wood Argus (Pararge Egeria).
- Wall Butterfly (Pararge MegÆra).
- Grayling (Satyrus Semele). Female.
- Meadow Brown (Epinephele Ianira). Female.
- Large Heath (Epinephele Tithonus). Male.
- Ringlet (Epinephele Hyperanthus).
Plate VI
- Marsh Ringlet (CÆnonympha Typhon).
- Small Heath (CÆnonympha Pamphilus).
- Brown Hairstreak (Thecla BetulÆ). Under side.
- White-letter Hairstreak (Thecla W-album). Under side.
- Dark Hairstreak (Thecla Pruni). Under side.
- Purple Hairstreak (Thecla Quercus). Under side.
- Green Hairstreak(Thecla Rubi). Under side.
- Large Copper (Polyommatus Dispar). Male.
- Small Copper (Polyommatus PhlÆas).
- Tailed Blue (LycÆna BÆtica).
- Silver-studded Blue (LycÆna Ægon). Male.
- Silver-studded Blue (LycÆna Ægon). Female.
- Brown Argus (LycÆna Astrarche).
- Brown Argus (LycÆna Astrarche). Under side.
- Common Blue (LycÆna Icarus). Male.
- Common Blue (LycÆna Icarus). Female.
- Clifden Blue (LycÆna Bellargus). Male.
- Clifden Blue (LycÆna Bellargus). Female.
Plate VII
- Chalk-hill Blue (LycÆna Corydon). Male.
- Chalk-hill Blue (LycÆna Corydon). Female.
- Holly Blue (LycÆna Argiolus). Male.
- Holly Blue (LycÆna Argiolus). Female.
- Mazarine Blue (LycÆna Semiargus). Male.
- Mazarine Blue (LycÆna Semiargus). Female.
- Small Blue (LycÆna Minima).
- Large Blue (LycÆna Arion).
- Duke of Burgundy Fritillary (Nemeobius Lucina).
- Duke of Burgundy Fritillary (Nemeobius Lucina). Under side.
- Grizzled Skipper (Syrichthus MalvÆ).
- Dingy Skipper (Nisoniades Tages).
- Small Skipper (Hesperia Thaumas).
- Lulworth Skipper (Hesperia ActÆon). Male.
- Large Skipper (Hesperia Sylvanus). Male.
- Silver-spotted Skipper (Hesperia Comma).
- Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus PalÆmon).
- New Small Skipper (Hesperia Lineola).
Plate VIII
- Larva of Swallow-tail Butterfly (Papilio Machaon).
- Larva of Orange Tip (EuchloË Cardamines).
- Larva of Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis Paphia).
- Larva of Peacock Butterfly (Vanessa Io).
- Larva of Purple Emperor (Apatura Iris).
- Larva of Duke of Burgundy Fritillary (Nemeobius Lucina).
- Pupa of Swallow-tail Butterfly (Papilio Machaon).
- Pupa of Orange Tip (EuchloË Cardamines).
- Pupa of Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis Paphia).
- Pupa of Purple Emperor (Apatura Iris).
- Pupa of Duke of Burgundy Fritillary (Nemeobius Lucina).
- Pupa of Dingy Skipper (Nisoniades Tages).
Plate IX
- Privet Hawk Moth (Sphinx Ligustri).
- Spurge Hawk (Deilephila EuphorbiÆ).
- Large Elephant Hawk (Choerocampa Elpenor).
- Eyed Hawk (Smerinthus Ocellatus).
- Lime Hawk (Smerinthus TiliÆ).
- Humming-bird Hawk (Macroglossa Stellatarum).
- Broad-bordered Five-spotted Burnet (ZygÆna Trifolii).
Plate X
- Cinnabar Moth (Euchelia JacobÆÆ).
- Wood Tiger (Nemeophila Plantaginis).
- Tiger (Arctia Caia).
- Cream-spot Tiger (Arctia Villica).
- Oak Eggar (Bombyx Quercus). Male.
- Lappet (Lasiocampa Quercifolia).
- Kentish Glory (Endromis Versicolor). Male.
- Emperor Moth (Saturnia Pavonia). Male.
- Buff Tip (Phalera Bucephala).
Plate XI
- Large Yellow Underwing (TriphÆna Pronuba).
- Marvel-du-jour (Agriopis Aprilina).
- Small Angle Shades (Euplexia Lucipara).
- Mother Shipton (Euclidia Mi).
- Clifden Nonpareil (Catocala Fraxini).
- Dark Crimson Underwing (Catocala Sponsa).
Plate XII
- Herald (Gonoptera Libatrix).
- Swallow-tail Moth (Uropteryx Sambucaria).
- Brimstone Moth (Rumia Luteolata).
- Scalloped Oak (Crocallis Elinguaria).
- Brindled Beauty (Biston Hirtaria).
- Waved Umber (Hemerophila Abruptaria).
- Maiden's Blush (Zonosoma Punctaria).
- Mottled Umber (Hybernia Defoliaria).
- Treble Bar (Anaitis Plagiata).
Plate II. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate III. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate IV. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate V. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate VI. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate VII. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate VIII. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate IX. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate X. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate XI. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
Plate XII. Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.
