IC analysis appositive attribute attributive bowwow theory comparative linguistics complement construction modifier cutting deep structure derivation descriptive linguistics dialectology dingdong theory direct object etymology filler form-function unit function glossematics glossology glottochronology glottology grammar graphemics historical linguistics immediate constituent analysis indirect object language study levels lexicology lexicostatistics linguistic geography linguistic science linguistics mathematical linguistics modifier morphology morphophonemics object paleography philology phonetics phonology phrase structure predicate psycholinguistics qualifier ranks semantics shallow structure slot slot and filler sociolinguistics strata structuralism structure subject surface structure syntactic analysis syntactic structure syntax tagmeme transformational linguistics underlying structure word arrangement word order