[2]J. W. Powell, Exploration of the Colorado River of the West (Washington, D.C., 1875), p. 111. Erroneously reported as September 12, 1870.
[3]William R. Palmer, “Pahute Indian Government and Laws,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 35-52.
[4]The tuna mentioned probably refers to cactus; and the maize and calabashes to corn and squash. The name, Parrusis, equivalent to Parrusits, undoubtedly referred to the Virgin River Indians. It simply means people living on the Par-roos River. Fifty years later, in 1826, Jedediah Strong Smith, found Indians on the Santa Clara Creek raising corn and pumpkins. Maurice Sullivan, The Travels of Jedediah Smith (Santa Ana, California, 1934), pp. 27-28.
[5]Cf. H. S. Auerbach, ed., “Father Escalante’s Journal,” in Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XI, pp. 85, 91.
[6]G. H. Heap, Central Route to the Pacific, Journal of the Expedition of E. H. Beale and G. H. Heap in 1853 (Washington, D.C., 1854), p. 99.
[7]Escalante, “Diario,” in Documents para la historia de Mexico (Mexico City), ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 37.
Cf. also: H. S. Auerbach, “Father Escalante’s Journal, 1776-77” in Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XI, pp. 1-142; H. L. Bolton, “Escalante in Dixie and the Arizona Strip,” New Mexico Review (Santa Fe, 1928), Vol. III, No. 1; H. E. Gregory, “Spanish Entradas in Kaiparowits Region,” U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper (Washington, D.C., 1931), p. 164; W. R. Harris, The Catholic Church in Utah (Salt Lake City, 1909); Philip Harry, “Brief of Escalante’s Journal” in Simpson’s Explorations, 1859, Appendix R. (Washington, D.C., 1860), p. 490.
[8]Cf. Auerbach, loc. cit., pp. 85-86.
[9]Ibid., p. 5.
[10]
H. H. Bancroft, History of Utah (San Francisco, 1884-86), pp. 22, 23.
H. M. Chittenden, The American Fur Trade of the Far West (New York, 1935), 2 Vols.
Robert Glass Cleland, From Wilderness to Empire (New York, 1944).
H. C. Dale, The Ashley-Smith Explorations (Los Angeles, 1918).
T. E. Farish, History of Arizona, (Phoenix, Arizona, 1916).
Albert Gallatin, Synopsis of Indian Tribes (Worcester, Mass., 1836) map, p. 265.
P. T. Hanna, “California’s Debt to Jedediah Strong Smith,” in Touring Topics (Los Angeles, California, September 1926).
C. H. Merriam, “Earliest Crossings of the Deserts of Utah and Nevada to Southern California; Route of Jedediah S. Smith,” California Historical Society Quarterly, 1923, Vol. 2, pp. 228-237.
J. G. Neihardt, The Splendid Wayfaring (New York, 1920).
Maurice Sullivan, The Travels of Jedediah Smith (Santa Ana, California, 1934).
A. M. Woodbury, “The Route of Jedediah S. Smith in 1826 from the Great Salt Lake to the Colorado River,” Utah Historical Quarterly, 1931, 4:35-46.
[11]From letter of Jedediah Strong Smith, Maurice Sullivan, The Travels of Jedediah Smith, pp. 15, 27-28.
[12]C. L. Camp, ed., “The Chronicles of George C. Yount,” California Historical Society Quarterly, 1923.
[13]Cf. Herbert S. Auerbach, “Old Trails, Old Forts, Old Trappers and Traders,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. IX, 1941, pp. 13-63.
[14]Cf. J. C. Fremont, Narrative of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains (New York, 1846).
[15]What is now the Virgin River was called Sulphur Creek by Escalante in 1776. Jedediah S. Smith named it Adams River, to which he adhered in letters written on both trips of 1826 and 1827. This upsets the idea that he named it for Thomas Virgin, a member of his party. George C. Yount, as recorded in 1923 by Charles L. Camp, (loc. cit., p. 10), told of entering the Virgin River valley on a trip in 1830, but this is no assurance that it was so named at that early date. It bore the name of Rio Virgin in 1844 when Fremont passed over the Spanish Trail and doubtless the name was given between 1827 and 1844. In Fremont’s time, the Muddy River was called “Rio de Los Angeles,” and the Mountain Meadows “las Vegas de Santa Clara” (the Meadows of St. Clara).
[16]Fremont, op. cit., p. 168.
[17]Cf. Franklin D. Daines, “Separatism in Utah, 1847-1870,” in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1917 (Washington, D.C., 1920).
[18]Dale L. Morgan, “The State of Deseret,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. VIII, pp. 67-239.
[19]Cf. Leland H. Creer, Utah and the Nation (Seattle, Washington, 1929); Robert J. Dwyer, The Gentile Comes to Utah (Washington, D.C., 1941). Andrew L. Neff, History of Utah (Salt Lake City, 1940).
[20]“L.D.S. Journal History,” November 13, 1847 (in files of L.D.S. Church Historian’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah).
[21]There are many references in Mormon records to Fremont’s report. Orson Hyde’s letter of April 26, 1845, to Church officials in Nauvoo mentions obtaining a copy of Fremont’s report and having Stephen A. Douglas frank it to Joseph Smith in Nauvoo. The Nauvoo Neighbor, September 24, 1845, devoted four and one-half columns of the front page to discussions of and quotations from this report. The Journal of William Clayton, secretary to Brigham Young, frequently refers to Fremont’s report and map. In Volume 11 and 12 of the Millenial Star, Orson Pratt makes a number of references to Fremont’s report.
[22]“Journal History,” September 17, 1849.
[23]“L.D.S. Journal History,” September 20 and October 2, 1849; Cf. W. A. Chaffant, Death Valley (Stanford University Press, 1939), pp. 17-22; R. G. Cleland, From Wilderness to Empire (New York, 1944), pp. 249-255; William Lewis Manly, Death Valley in ’49 (New York, 1924), pp. 201-203.
[24]Report of the Southern Exploring Expedition submitted to the Legislative Council of Deseret by Parley P. Pratt, February 9, 1850 (original in L.D.S. Church Historian’s Office).
[25]Loc. cit.
[26]“Call”—The Mormons were a peculiarly close-knit harmonious group working cooperatively together. In order to make for efficiency in the social group, each one was expected to do voluntarily and with unquestioning obedience the part assigned by the leaders. Thus individuals were usually “called” to go on missions, to fill an office, to go as a colonist, to work on the temple or any other unusual problem. The “call,” at least in the early days, was practically a command.
[27]“Journal History,” January 17, 1851.
[28]Neff, History of Utah, pp. 302-310.
[29]Heap, Central Route to the Pacific, p. 95.
[30]Ibid., p. 99.
[31]Jules Remy and Julius Brenchley, A Journal of Salt Lake City: Being a Sketch of the History, Religion and Customs of the Mormons (London, 1861), 2 Vols.; Vol. II, p. 363.
[32]The party included J. D. Lee, Chapman Duncan, John Steele, C. Y. Webb, L. and William Barton, J. and Miles Anderson, B. Jones, Zadock Judd, R. H. Gillespie, J. H. Dunton.
[33]“L.D.S. Journal History.”
[34]Deseret News, August 7, 1852. See also “Journal of Priddy Meeks,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. X, 1942, p. 187.
[35]“Journal History.”
[36]The missionaries included the following: Rufus C. Allen, Pres.; Clark Ames, S. F. Atwood, T. D. Brown, clerk, Hyrum Burgess, Prime T. Coleman, Jacob Hamblin, Elnathan Eldridge, Augustus P. Hardy, Thales H. Haskell, William Henefer, Ira Hatch, Benjamin Knell, Samuel Knight, David Lewis, John Lott, John R. Murdock, Robert Richie, Isaac Riddle, Richard Robinson, Lorenzo W. Roundy, and Amos G. Thornton.
[37]The original missionaries to the Virgin and Santa Clara Valleys in 1854, as reported in “Journal History,” were: Jacob Hamblin, Samuel Knight, Ira Hatch, Richard Robinson, Amos G. Thornton, Prime T. Coleman, Benjamin Knell, Thales Haskell, Robert Dixon, Isaac Riddle, Robert Ritchie, David Tullis. Probably several others should be added to this list: Rufus Allen, A. P. Hardy, Nephi Johnson, William Henefer, Ira Hatch and perhaps others.
[38]“Journal History,” letter of Richard Robinson, July 13, 1854.
[39]Neff, op. cit., pp. 290-292.
[40]Cf. Juanita Brooks, ed., “Diary of Thales Haskell,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, No. 1 and 2, pp. 70-98.
[41]Remy and Brenchley, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 388.
[42]Neff, op. cit., p. 291.
[43]Ibid., p. 292.
[44]Original MS in possession of Lovina A. J. Farnsworth, Kanab, Utah.
[45]Interview at Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.
[46]James G. Bleak, “Annals of the Southern Utah Mission” (Ms. in files of Utah State Historical Society).
[47]“Journal History,” October 7, 1861.
[48]The scouting party included Apostles George Albert Smith and Erastus Snow, Dr. James M. Whitmore, Horace S. Eldridge, Robert J. Golding and Isaac Stewart.
[49]Joseph Black, “Journal,” in possession of his son, Peter Black, Delta, Utah.
[50]Interview with E. C. Behunin by J. W. Thornton at Zion Canyon.
Interview with Ezra Stevens, at Mt. Carmel, Utah, August 14, 1933.
Interview with Peter Munk, at Manti, Utah, September 1, 1933.
[51]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (copy in the files of the Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City, Utah).
[52]John Langston, “History of John Langston” (Ms. in files of Utah State Historical Society).
[53]The settlers of Rockville included the following; beginning at west end on south side of street, Elijah Newman, a wheelwright from Parowan who had operated sawmills in Parowan Canyon and was well acquainted with Cedar Mountain; Mr. Frauschum, a jeweler from Provo; Mr. Scoggins, an Englishman; John C. Hall, a self-educated man from Salt Lake City; George Staples, farmer from Lehi; Albert and Edward Huber from France; Thomas Hall, a tinker from Salt Lake City; Joe and Jim McFate, farmers; Jacob E. and James P. Terry; and Mr. Coombs. On the north side of street beginning at west end, Samuel A. Kenner, doctor and journalist; Henry Jennings from Provo; William H. Carpenter, broom-maker; Hyrum and Ezra Strong, farmers; Henry Stocks from England, ironmonger by trade, who made the first molasses mill rollers in southern Utah and brought the mill to Rockville; William Ashton (“picked on” by the boys); William Crawford from Draper; John Langston from Draper; Daniel Q. Dennett, fifer in Mormon Battalion; Tom Flanigan, who sold out to William L. Draper a month later; and Asa York, carpenter; on land to the north; James Green stayed one summer. (Interview with James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August 14, 1933).
[54]In the fall of 1862 the following came to Shunesburg: the mother of young Hyrum Stevens and his three brothers, Amos, Ezra and Charles; two uncles, Henry and Barney Stevens, each with two families; Albert Petty with two families, and John J. Allred. Charlie Klapper soon left and Albert and George Petty and Hardin Whitlock moved over to Springdale during the winter of 1862-63. In the fall of 1863 came James Thaxton and Samuel K. Gifford, a chairmaker.
[55]The first settlers of Springdale included: Isaac Behunin and sons, Albert Petty, George Petty, William Black and three sons, William, George and Joseph; Robert Brown, Newman Brown, Hardin (Howard?) Whitlock, Hyrum Morris, C. G. Averet, Mr. Powell, Mr. Davis, Mr. Norton and Joseph Millett.
[56]James G. Black, loc. cit.
[57]Neff, op. cit., p. 908.
[58]There is a difference of opinion as to the location of the cabin. O. D. Gifford placed it about ? mile above the lodge, on a flat since washed away by the river. E. C. Behunin, after an absence of 57 years, placed it near the forks of the road that lead to the lodge and swimming pool. He was evidently mistaken, for his description of the location of his father’s farm seems to indicate that Gifford’s location is correct. He was certain that the old river meander just north of the lodge (now artificially filled in) was not there in the early days, but the physical evidences before straightening the river and building the permanent road definitely indicate that it was. Heap’s farm, which he says was separated from his father’s by the river, was above this meander. James H. Jennings, who owned the place afterward, says that Behunin was mistaken. (Interview with James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August 15, 1933).
[59]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.
[60]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.
[61]Interview at Hurricane, Utah, August 26, 1933.
[62]For a detailed account of this experiment, cf. Edward J. Allen, The Second United Order Among the Mormons (New York, 1936).
[63]Interview with B. A. Riggs, near Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.
[64]Interview with Mrs. Mary Jane Stout at Hurricane, Utah, August 25, 1933.
[65]Creer, Utah and the Nation, 151.
[66]Juanita Brooks, “The Journal of Thales Haskell,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, pp. 69-98.
[67]Loc. cit., p. 81, 95, 96.
[68]Juanita Brooks, ed., “Indian Relations on the Mormon Frontier,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, January-April, 1944, p. 42.
[69]These included William J. Jolley, Henry B. M. Jolley, Silas Hoyt and Henry Gardner.
[70]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (Copy in the files of the Utah State Historical Society).
[71]In files of the Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[72]Letter of J. M. Higbee to W. H. Dame, July 10, 1866. Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[73]Report of expedition by Franklin B. Woolley for James Andrus, September 18, 1866, at St. George, to Brigadier General Erastus Snow, Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[74]Order No. 16, November 29, 1866, by General Erastus Snow, Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[75]Copy of the journal of a scouting expedition against marauding Navajo Indians, February 25 to March 12, 1869 by Edwin G. Woolley, Adjutant, filed in Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[76]Cf. J. W. Powell, ed., The Colorado River (Washington, D.C., 1875), pp. 128-132.
[77]James Little. ed., Autobiography of Jacob Hamblin (Salt Lake City, 1909), p. 106. (Hamblin erroneously dates the peace trip 1871.)
[78]Little, op. cit., p. 110.
[79]Ibid., p. 119.
[80]“Journal History,” Letter dated April 5, 1870.
[81]These included, in addition to Levi Stewart, Moses M. Farnsworth, Allan Frost, Edward A. Noble, John Rider, John Morgan, William Thompson, Edward Cooke, Caleb D. Brinton, Mr. Burt, and families.
[82]Letter from A. Milton Musser, September 10, 1870, published in Deseret News, and collated in “L.D.S. Journal History.”
[83]Interview at Kanab, Utah, October 21, 1933.
[84]“The Life of Levi Stewart,” biographical sketch by his granddaughter, Margery Browne Cottam (copy in files of A. M. Woodbury).
[85]F. S. Dellenbaugh, A Canyon Voyage (New York, 1908), pp. 166-167.
[86]Fredonia—Suggested by Erastus Snow, allegedly from “free” and “dona” (Spanish for lady or woman), thus, “free woman.” Actually, the name is simply a variant of “freedom,” invented shortly after 1800 by a certain Dr. Charles Mitchell, according to George R. Stewart, Names on the Land (New York, 1945), p. 173.
[87]Kumen Jones, “First settlement of San Juan County, Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 1 (January, 1929).
[88]“Journal of Josephine Catherine Chatterly Wood,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. X, pp. 128-136.
[89]Mark A. Pendleton, “The Orderville United Order of Zion” and Emma Carroll Seegmiller, “Personal Memories of the United Order of Orderville,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. VII, 1939.
[90]Powell, op. cit., p. 110.
[91]Ibid., p. 111.
[92]Herbert E. Gregory, ed., “Diary of A. H. Thompson,” Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. IX, 1939, pp. 89, 92.
[93]“Cougar Hunting on the Rim of the Grand Canyon,” The Outlook (London, England, October 4, 1913), pp. 259-266.
[94]Letter of Frederick Vining Fisher to the writer, September 22, 1933.
[95]Memorandum of Horace M. Albright, August 4, 1933, in files of A. M. Woodbury.
