 
2. For authorities see note to chapter ii. 3. Havet’s Lettres de Gerbert (Picard’s ‘Collection de Textes’), with the editor’s introduction, are a chief authority for Gerbert’s history and policy. See also an article on Gerbert by Mr. R. Allen, in the English Historical Review, vol. vii. pp. 625-668. 4. Luchaire’s Institutions Monarchiques de la France sous les Premiers CapÉtiens (987-1180) includes, besides its detailed studies of institutions, an admirable summary of the political history. Special works include Lot’s Les Derniers Carolingiens, Monod’s Études sur l’Histoire de Hugues Capet, and Pfister’s Étude sur le RÈgne de Robert le Pieux. 5. Moeller’s Church History (translated from the German), gives a bald but full and learned summary of the ecclesiastical history of the whole period. Gieseler’s Church History (also translated), is valuable for its numerous citations of original texts. Besides Gibbon’s famous fifty-sixth chapter on the Normans in Italy, Delarc’s Les Normands en Italie (1016-1073) gives an elaborate and careful account of the Norman history in Italy up to the accession of Gregory VII. 6. Stephen’s Hildebrand and his Times (‘Epochs of Church History’), gives a useful summary of the life and work of the future Gregory VII.; see also Stephen’s essay on Hildebrand in his Essays on Ecclesiastical Biography. Bowden’s Life and Pontificate of Gregory VII., and Villemain’s Histoire de Gregoire VII. give fuller accounts. 7. See the life of David [d. (?) 1139], Bishop of Bangor, by the present writer, in the Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xiv. pp. 115-117. 8. The text of the Concordat of Worms, and many other German constitutional documents, can be studied in Altmann and Bernheim’s useful AusgewÄhlte Urkunden zur Verfassungsgeschichte Deutschlands im Mittelalter. 9. The best English book on later Byzantine history is Finlay’s History of Greece, which covers the whole period. Oman’s Byzantine Empire (‘Story of the Nations’) is a readable summary. Gibbon’s Decline and Fall must always be consulted. Schlumberger’s Un Empereur byzantin au Xe siÈcle, NicÉphore Phocas, and L’EpopÉe byzantine À la fin du Xe siÈcle, present attractive aspects of the subject in a recent light. 10. The best short book on the Crusades in English is Archer and Kingsford’s The Crusades (‘Story of the Nations’). Kugler, Geschichte der KreuzzÜge (Oncken’s Series), is a fuller but dry survey of the whole subject. H. von Sybel’s History and Literature of the Crusades (translated from the German) is one of the earliest of modern critical works. Mr. Archer’s article in the English Hist. Review, iv. 89-105, determines some points. Gibbon’s Chapters LVIII. and LIX. should always be read. RÖhricht’s Geschichte des KÖnigreichs Jerusalem is invaluable for the internal history. 11. Besides the dry pages of MÖller and Gieseler, reference can be made to Montalembert’s picturesque Monks of the West, and Maitland’s Dark Ages, while J. H. Newman’s Lives of English Saints tells the story of some of the monastic heroes with rare sympathy and power. An idea of the monastic life can be got from good biographies, such as Church’s Life of St. Anselm, or Morison’s Life of St. Bernard. Poole’s Illustrations of the History of MediÆval Thought, and Rashdall’s Universities of the Middle Ages (chap. ii. ‘Abelard and the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century,’ and chap. iv. §§ 1 and 2) give admirable accounts of the intellectual movements of the time. Hardwick’s History of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages is a succinct one-volume summary of general Church history. 12. See on this subject Enlart’s Origines de l’Architecture gothique en Italie (BibliothÉque de l’Ecole franÇaise de Rome). 13. Poole, Illustrations of the History of MediÆval Thought, p. 106, quotes the local chronicle’s account of the teaching of Odo of Cambrai at the Abbey of St. Martin’s, Tournai. 14. See on this subject Clerval, Les Écoles de Chartres au moyen Âge. 15. To the books enumerated in chapter i. may now be added, Busk’s discursive but detailed MediÆval Popes, Kings, Emperors and Crusaders, from 1125 to 1268. Bernhardi’s Lothar von Supplinburg and Konrad III. deal specially with the two reigns covered in this chapter. 16. ‘Rex venit ante fores, jurans prius Urbis honores, Post homo fit papÆ, sumit quo dante coronam.’ Ann. Colon. Max. s.a. 1133, Pertz, Mon. Hist. Germ. SS. vol. xvii.; Ragewinus, Gesta Fred. Imp. ib. xx. 422. 17. On the whole subject of the constitution of the Italian towns see Hegel, Geschichte der StÄdteverfassung von Italien (1847), Heinemann, Zur Entstehung der StÄdteverfassung in Italien (1896), whose views Hegel contests; or for their more general history, Lanzi, Storia dei communi italiani (1881-1884), and Sismondi’s old-fashioned Histoire des RÉpubliques Italiennes. 18. Among the modern authorities for this period may be quoted Prutz’s Kaiser Friedrich I., Reuter’s Geschichte Alexanders des Dritten und der Kirche seiner Zeit, and Ficker’s Forschungen zur Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte in Italien. Giesebrecht’s great work, unluckily, ends with the fall of Henry the Lion. Raumer’s Geschichte der Hohenstaufen is quite antiquated. A full account of Frederick’s Italian struggle is to be found in English in Testa’s History of the War of Frederick I. against the Communes of Lombardy (1877). Otto of Freising is a first-rate original chronicler. 19. On Frederick’s relations to the Middle Kingdom, see Fournier’s Royaume d’Arles et de Vienne, 1138-1378. 20. ‘Debes enim ante oculos mentis reducere... qualiter imperialis insigne coronae libentissime conferens, benignissimo gremio suo tuae sublimitatis apicem studuerit confovere... sed si majora beneficia de manu nostra excellentia tua suscepisset... non immerito gauderemus.’ Ragewinus, Gesta Frederici Imperatoris, in Pertz, Scriptores, xx. 421. 21. Besides M. Luchaire’s Institutions Monarchiques, his Louis VI. le Gros, Annales de sa vie et de son rÈgne and his Etudes sur les actes de Louis VII., are of capital importance for this period. Hirsch’s Studien zur Geschichte Ludwigs VII. von Frankreich, and Delisle’s Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste, well illustrate the latter part of the chapter. Hutton’s short Philip Augustus (‘Foreign Statesmen Series’) is a readable summary, while W. Walker’s On the Increase of the Royal Power in France under Philip Augustus is also useful. Miss Norgate’s England under the Angevin Kings is fullest for the struggle of France and Anjou. 22. Vie de Louis le Gros, par Suger. Ed. Molinier in Picard’s Collection de textes pour servir À l’Étude et À l’enseignement de l’histoire. 23. See on this subject Luchaire’s Les Communes franÇaises À l’Époque des CapÉtiens directs. 24. To the authorities mentioned in chapter viii., may be added for the Third Crusade, the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi (Rolls Series), with Dr. Stubbs’ Introductions, Ambroise’s Estoire de la guerre sainte, ed. G. Paris, and Archer’s useful, though popular, Crusade of Richard I. Toeche’s Kaiser Heinrich VI. is the standard modern authority for Henry VI.’s reign; some of its results are usefully criticised in Bloch’s Forschungen zur Politik Kaiser Heinrichs VI. in den Jahren 1191-1194. 25. Among the numerous treatises written in Germany on the political significance of Richard I.’s captivity may be mentioned, besides Toeche and Bloch, Kindt’s GrÜnde der Gefangenschaft Richards I. von England, and Kneller’s Des Richards LÖwenherz deutsche Gefangenschaft. Compare English Historical Review, viii. 334-336, and ix. 746. 26. The late M. Luchaire has recently published studies of the chief aspects of Innocent III.’s career in four little volumes, popular in form, but solid in substance. Milman’s Latin Christianity, vol. v., will be found useful as far as it goes. The imperial history is treated in detail by Winkelmann, Philipp von Schwaben und Otto IV. von Braunschweig. 27. To the authorities mentioned under Chapter VII. may now be added Pears’ Fall of Constantinople, being the Story of the Fourth Crusade. 28. Huillard-BrÉholles’ Historia Diplomatica Friderici Secundi contains a magnificent collection of Frederick’s acts, and a whole volume of introduction, which is the best general commentary on his reign. The same writer’s Pierre de la Vigne should also be studied. T. L. Kington’s History of Frederick II. (2 vols.) is a sound and elaborate English version of the Emperor’s career. For Frederick’s religious ideas, see also Gebhart’s L’Italie Mystique. There is a good essay on Frederick II. in Freeman’s Historical Essays, First Series. Freeman’s over-emphasis of the continuity of imperial tradition may be usefully contrasted with the view held by Mr. E. Jenks, in his interesting Law and Politics in the Middle Ages, ‘that the Frank Empire in both its stages was a sham Empire.’ The magnificent editions of the registers of the thirteenth century Popes, now being published, mainly by the French school at Rome, will afford a solid basis for the detailed history of the Papacy. 29. It is printed in Altmann and Bernheim, AusgewÄhlte Urkunden, pp. 18-20. 30. Altmann and Bernheim, AusgewÄhlte Urkunden, pp. 20-22. 31. A good account of this ‘Capture of a General Council’ is given by Mr. G. C. Macaulay in the English Historical Review, vol. vi. (1891), pp. 1-17. 32. Delisle’s Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste and Hutton’s Philip Augustus cover the early part of this period. For the fall of John, see BÉmont’s Condamnation de Jean Sans Terre, in Revue Historique, xxxii., 33-74, 290-311. For the Albigensian Crusade, see Peyrat’s Histoire des Albigeois, and Douai’s Les Albigeois, and Lea’s History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages. For the reign of Louis VIII., the best work is Petit-Dutaillis’ RÈgne de Louis VIII., in the BibliothÈque de l’École des hautes Études. For St. Louis, Wallon’s Histoire de Saint Louis is a useful but not an original summary. Joinville’s contemporary Vie de Saint Louis should above all be studied. Boutaric’s Saint Louis et Alfonse de Poitiers, the essay in vol. vii. of the Nouvelle histoire de Languedoc, and Sternfeld’s Karl von Anjou als Graf von Provence show well the process of the Southward expansion of France. For Louis’ relations to the Papacy consult Berger’s Saint-Louis et Innocent IV. See also Lecoy de la Marche’s Saint Louis sa famille et sa cour in Revue des questions historiques, t. xxiv., and Beugnot’s Essai sur les constitutions de Saint Louis. Ch. V. Langlois’ RÈgne de Philippe le Hardi gives an admirable summary of the state of France as it was left at St. Louis’ death. 33. Petit-Dutaillis’ Louis VIII., pp. 30-183, gives by far the best account of this expedition. 34. Miss Farnell’s Lives of the Troubadours, with Specimens of their Poetry, gives this (p. 222) and other illustrations of ProvenÇal feeling. Luchaire’s Innocent III. et la Croisade des Albigeois is useful for the whole subject. 35. See Curie Seimbres’ Essai sur les villes fondÉes dans le sud-ouest de la France aux xiiie et xive siÈcles sous le nom de bastides [Toulouse, 1880]. 36. See on this subject M. BÉmont’s Simon de Montfort. On the general position of the English Dukes of Guienne, see the RÔles Gascons, now being published in the Documents inÉdits sur l’histoire de France, with M. BÉmont’s invaluable introductory sketch. 37. See Tout’s Edward I. (Twelve English Statesmen), pp. 86-92. 38. Denifle’s UniversitÄten des Mittelalters (vol. i.), and Rashdall’s Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages supply full information as to the organisation and studies of the universities. HaurÉau’s De la philosophie scholastique (2 vols.) summarises clearly the activity and teaching of the schoolmen. For the Franciscans, Hase’s Franz von Assisi and Sabatier’s brilliant Saint FranÇois d’Assise, and MÜller’s AnfÄnge des Minoritenordens und der Bussbruderschaften. Brewer’s Monumenta Franciscana and Little’s Grey Friars at Oxford illustrate their activity in England. For the Dominicans, Lacordaire’s Vie de Saint Dominique, Caro’s Saint Dominique et les Dominicains, and Lecoy de la Marche’s La Chaire franÇaise au moyen Âge. For the heretics and their repression, besides Lea’s History of the Inquisition, J. Havet’s L’hÉrÉsie et le bras sÉculier au moyen Âge. The extracts from original authorities in Gieseler, and MÖller’s careful summary, remain very useful. 39. Rex Francorum qui terrestrium rex regum est tum propter ejus coelestem inunctionem tum propter suam potestatem et militiÆ eminentiam.—Hist. Major, V. 480. 40. Besides the general authorities referred to in an earlier chapter, special reference may be made to important recent monographs such as RÖhricht’s Die Kreuzzugsbewegung im Jahre 1217 (Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, 1876), Die Belagerung von Damiette (Raumer’s Historisches Taschenbuch, 1876), and Riant’s article on Edward I.’s Crusade in the Archives de l’Orient Latin. Joinville is indispensable for St. Louis’s Egyptian Crusade. 41. The authenticity of the story of the Children’s Crusade, challenged by Winkelmann, Geschichte Friedrichs des Zweiten, is upheld by the great authority of RÖhricht in his article on Der Kinderkreuzzug in the Historische Zeitschrift, vol. 36. 42. Ulick R. Burke’s History of Spain, 2 vols. (1895), S. Lane-Poole’s Moors in Spain, Watts’ Spain, and Professor Morse Stephens’ Portugal (these three in ‘The Story of the Nations’); Southey’s Chronicle of the Cid, H. B. Clarke’s The Cid (‘Heroes of the Nations’). Fuller accounts in Dozy, Histoire des Mussulmans d’Espagne, and SchÄfer and Schirrmacher’s Geschichte von Spanien. 43. The Chronicle of James I. of Aragon, translated by John Foster, with an introduction by Pascual de Gayangos. 44. To the authorities earlier given may be added Schirrmacher’s Die letzten Hohenstaufen and Kempf’s Geschichte des deutschen Reichs wÄhrend des grossen Interregnum. A considerable literature of monographs and dissertations has been written in Germany as to the Interregnum. References to it will be found in the present writer’s article on Richard of Cornwall in the Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xlviii. pp. 165-175. In Eight Volumes. Crown 8vo. With Maps, etc. Eight Shillings and Sixpence net each Volume. PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY General Editor—ARTHUR HASSALL, M.A. Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Period I.—The Dark Ages. A.D. 476-918. By Sir C. W. C. Oman, K.B.E., M.A., LL.D., F.B.A., M.P. Chichele Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford.
Period II.—The Empire and the Papacy. A.D. 918-1273. By T. F. Tout, M.A., D.Litt., F.B.A. Professor of History in the University of Manchester.
Period III.—The Close of the Middle Ages. A.D. 1273-1494. By Sir R. Lodge, M.A., LL.D., Professor of History in the University of Edinburgh.
Period IV.—Europe in the 16th Century. A.D. 1494-1598. By A. H. Johnson, M.A., Historical Lecturer to Merton, Trinity, and University Colleges, Oxford.
Period V.—The Ascendancy of France. A.D. 1598-1715. By H. O. Wakeman, M.A., late Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford.
Period VI.—The Balance of Power. A.D. 1715-1789. By A. Hassall, M.A., General Editor of the Series.
Period VII.—Revolutionary Europe. A.D. 1789-1815. By H. Morse Stephens, M.A., late Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Period VIII.—Modern Europe. A.D. 1815-1899. By W. Alison Phillips, M.A., Lecky Professor of Modern History in the University of Dublin.
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