A fistula, or false passage, is sometimes formed between the bladder and the vagina, between the bladder and the uterus, or between the urethra and the vagina. This passage allows the urine to escape through it into the vagina, and is a source of great annoyance and suffering. This affection is most commonly due to sloughing, caused by severe and long-continued pressure upon the parts during child-labor. It is also sometimes produced by the unskillful use of forceps and other instruments employed by midwives. Syphilitic and other ulcerations may so destroy the tissues as to form a urinary fistula.

Treatment. The treatment is purely surgical, and consists in paring the edges of the opening so as to make them raw, bringing them together and holding the parts thus by means of stitches until they heal. By the aid of a speculum, properly curved scissors, needles with long handles, fine silver wire, and a few other instruments and appliances, the skillful surgeon can close a urinary fistula with almost as much ease as he can close a wound on the surface of the body.