77 , 58 . Differentiation, commencement of in simple plants, 48 . -- of tissues in higher plants, 49 , 19 , 50 et seq., 20 . Embryo of Ginkgo , 100 . -- in seeds, 76 , 57 , 77 , 58 . -- of Bennettites , 106 , 73 . Endodermis, 55 , 26 , 61 . Environment, 181 , 182 . Epidermal tissues, 54 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 125 . Epidermis cells, fossil impressions of, 13 , 14 , 8 , 59 , 34 , 125 . Equisetales, 44 . -- general distribution of in time, 177 . Equisetites , 146 , 103 . Equisetum , 9 , 38 , 40 , 44 , 145 , 149 , 152 . -- underground rhizomes of, 43 . Eucalyptus , 83 . Europe, 87 , 102 . -- ancient climates of, 170 . Evolution, 43 . -- in plants, various degrees of in the organs of the same plant, 45 et seq. Evolution in plants, cause of, 181 . -- -- -- suggestions as to possible future lines of, 178 . Expedition, requirements for collecting, 183 . Extinct families, 44 . Ferns, sporangia of, 67 , 45 . -- connection with Pteridosperms, 123 . -- description of group, 124 . -- fructifications of among fossils, 131 , 132 , 92 . -- general distribution of in time, 177 . -- germinating spores of, 68 , 47 . Ficus , 83 . Flotsam, 6 . Flowering plant, anatomy of stem, 49 , 19 . Formation of rocks, key to processes, 6 . Fossil plants, indications of ancient climates and conditions, 168 . -- -- diagram illustration the distribution of, 177 , 122 . Fungi, fossils of, 164 . -- parasitic, 119 , 164 , 165 , 120 . GamopetalAE, 84 . Gannister, 25 , 14 . Geikie , 186 . Ginkgo , leaf impression, 14 , 7 , 100 , 69 . -- comparison with Cycas seeds, 112 . -- distribution in the past, 168 . -- embryo of, 100 . -- epidermis of fossil, 14 , 8 , 100 . -- foliage of, 99 , 66 . -- only living species of genus, 98 , 70 . -- possible common origin with Cordaites , 102 . -- ripe seed of, 99 , 67 . -- section of seed of, 100 , 68 . -- seed structure of, 76 , 57 . -- similarity to Cordaites , 96 . GinkgoaceAE, 88 . Ginkgoales, 88 , 98 . -- description of group, 98 . -- general distribution in time, 177 . Glacial epoch, 170 . Glossopteris , 173 . Glyptostrobus , 86 . Gondwanaland, 173 . Grand'Eury , 186 . Gum, 17 . Gymnosperms, 38 , 41 , 44 , 86 , 176 , 179 . -- connection with Pteridosperms, 124 . -- general distribution in time, 177 . -- relations between the groups of, 88 , 89 , 90 . Hairs, 54 , 22 , 70 . -- special forms among fossils, 70 . Heterangium , 119 , 122 , 123 , 127 .

976-h-1.htm.html#Page_44" class="pginternal">44, 67, 133, 175.

— description of group, 133.

— general distribution in time, 177.

— reproductive organs of, 67, 46.

— secondary wood in fossil, 70, 48, 71, 49.

Lyell, 186.

Lyginodendron, 115, 116, 122.

— anatomy of stem of, 116, 78A.

— petioles of, 117, 118, 79.

— roots of, 117, 78B.

— seeds of, 118, 119, 80.

Magnolia, 83.

Marattia, 130.

MarattiaceÆ, 125, 129.

— appearance of, 130.

— description of group, 129.

Marchantites, 163.

Medullosa, 72, 73, 119, 120, 121, 82, 83, 122, 123.

— foliage of, 121, 83.

— probable seeds of, 121.

— steles of, 72, 50, 73, 51, 120.

Mesozoic, character of flora, 40.

Metaxylem, 57, 31.

Mycorhiza, 165.

Micrococcus, 167.

Monocotyledons, 41, 44, 79.

— relative antiquity of, 81, 82.

Monostelic anatomy, 63, 126.

Mosses, scarcity of fossils of, 162.

Mosses, fossils of, 163.

Mountain building, from deposits under water, 6.

— — slow and continuous changes, 35.

Muscites, 163.

Mutation, By the Same Author

The Study of Plant Life for Young People

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