  I. The Blighting of the Babies1.The Theory and Practice of Infant Feeding, by Henry Dwight Chapin, A.M., M.D. 2.Registrar General’s Report, 1886, pp. 32–126. 3.Population FranÇaise, Levasseur, vol. ii, p. 403. 4.Tenement Conditions in Chicago, by Robert Hunter, pp. 154–157. 5.Poverty, by Robert Hunter, p. 144. 6.The Diseases of Children, by Henry Ashby, M.D., Lond., and G. A. Wright, B.A., M.B., Oxon., p. 12. 7.Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1882, p. 388. 8.Mulhall’s Dictionary of Statistics, p. 133. 9.Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration. Evidence. 10.Idem. Evidence of Dr. Eichholz and Others. 11.Parliamentary Paper [Cd. 1501] containing a Memorandum by Sir William Taylor, the Director-General, Army Medical Service. See also a letter to the London Times, February 2, 1903, by General F. Maurice. 12.Tenement Conditions in Chicago, p. 157. 13. 14.Trans. Nat. Ass’n for the Promotion of Social Science, 1882, p. 387. 15.The Nutrition of the Infant, by Ralph M. Vincent, M.D., p. 246. 16.Diseases of Children, Ashby and Wright, p. 228. 17.Idem., pp. 44–45. 18.Figures quoted from a newspaper report of an interview with Mr. Straus. 19.See the Article, But a Thousand a Year, in Charities, August 5, 1905; Infants’ Milk Depots and Infant Mortality, by Dr. G. F. McCleary; The Problem of the Milk Supply, by Dr. Lawson Dodd, etc. 20.Report Interdepartmental Committee, vol. ii, p. 442; Vincent, op. cit., pp. 268 et seq. 21.Report of the Health of the City of Birmingham, 1902, by Dr. Alfred Hill. Quoted by Vincent, op. cit., p. 272. 22.Vincent, op. cit. Also Testimony before the Interdepartmental Committee contained in the Report Evidence. 23.Mass and Class, by W. J. Ghent, p. 182. 24.From the newspaper report of an interview referred to above. 25.A Noviciate for Marriage, by Mrs. H. Ellis. 26.Twentieth Annual Report of the N. Y. Bureau of Labor Statistics, p. 61. 27.Charities, April 1, 1905. 28. 29.Methods of Social Reform, by W. S. Jevons. 30.Report of the Proceedings of the Third International Congress for the Welfare and Protection of Children,—Speech of Mr. Hartley, B. N. Mothersole, M.A., LL.D., p. 166. 31.Idem. Also the Transactions of the Nat. Soc. for the Promotion of Social Science, p. 384. 32.Primitive Folk, by Élie Reclus, p. 35. 33.See the Comparative Summary of Legislation upon this Subject in Dangerous Trades, edited by Prof. T. Oliver, pp. 53, 54. 34.Vide Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration and the frequent discussions in the British Press. 35.Transactions of the National Society for the Promotion of Social Science, 1882, p. 363. 36.Idem., p. 382. 37.Statistisches Jahrbuch fÜr das Deutsche Reich, 1904. 38.Diseases of Children, by Ashby and Wright, pp. 14 et seq. 39.See, e.g., Infants’ Milk Depots and Infant Mortality, by G. F. McCleary. 40.Report on Les CrÈches, by Dr. EugÈne Deschamps, CongrÈs International d’Hygiene et de DÉmographie À Paris, 1900. System of Medicine, edited by Clifford Allbutt. Antenatal Pathology, by J. W. Ballantyne, M.D. The Study of Children, by Francis Warner, M.D., London, F.R.C.S., F.R.C.P. The Nervous System of the Child, by the same author. In the preparation of the text free use has also been made of the files of the following journals: British Journal of Children’s Diseases; British Medical Journal; New York Medical Journal, Archives of Pediatrics; Lancet, Journal of the American Medical Association, etc. II. The School Child41.The Handwriting on the Wall, by J. C. Cooper, p. 222. 42.Education and the Larger Life, by C. Hanford Henderson, p. 85. 43.Poverty, by Robert Hunter, p. 11. 44.Hunter, op. cit., p. 216. See also Mr. Hunter’s article, The Heritage of the Hungry, in the Reader Magazine, September, 1905. 45.Address to the National Educational Association, September 24, 1904, as reported in the newspapers. 46. 47.The tendency of children to give such answers has been frequently noted and pointed out by foreign investigators. In general, I think it can safely be said that children are prone to hide their poverty and to exaggerate in an opposite direction. 48.Report to State Board of Charities. R. Hunter, The Heritage of the Hungry. 49.The Hunger Problem in the Public Schools—What the Canvass of Six Big Cities Reveals. Special correspondence in the Philadelphia North American, May 21, 1905. 50.Idem. 51.Idem. 52.Idem. 53.Testimony before the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, the Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland), Reports of the London School Board on Underfed Children, etc. 54.Quoted by G. Stanley Hall, in Adolescence. 55.Idem. 56.Final Report (1882–1883) of the Anthropometric Committee appointed by the British Association in 1875. 57. 58.Poverty,—A Town Study, by B. S. Rowntree. 59.In the pamphlet, The Cost of Child Labor, above referred to. 60.Annual Report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health, 1877. 61.Growth of St. Louis School Children, by William T. Porter. Report of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. vi, pp. 263–380. 62.Special Report of Anthropological Investigation of 1000 white and colored Children of the New York Juvenile Asylum, by Dr. Hrdlicka. 63.Report of the Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland), p. 30. 64.State Maintenance, by J. Hunter Watts, p. 10. 65.Adolescence, by G. Stanley Hall. 66.Feeble-minded Children in the Public Schools, by Will S. Monroe. 67.The Cost of Child Labor, pamphlet quoted above. 68.G. Stanley Hall, op. cit., vol. i, p. 401. 69.A Study in Youthful Degeneracy, by George E. Dawson, in the Pedagogical Seminary, iv, 2. 70.American Journal of Psychology, October, 1898. 71.Dr. Eichholz, Evidence before the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration. 72.Reported in the New York Times, May 10, 1905. 73. 74.See Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, February, 1893. 75.Hansard’s Debates, 1883. 76.Justice, Organ of the Social Democratic Federation, vol. i, No. 35, September 13, 1884. 77.Letter to the London Times, September 26, 1901. 78.Report of the Committee; Evidence, p. 484. 79.Idem. 80.Beretning om Kristiania folkeskolevÆsen,—various yearly reports. 81.School Luncheons in the Special Classes of the Public Schools—A Suggestive Experiment, by Elizabeth Farrell, in Charities, March 11, 1905. Undernourished School Children, by Lillian Wald, a letter in Charities, March 25, 1905. 82.Hungry Children in New York Public Schools, by E. Stagg Whitin, in the Commons, May, 1905. Hungry Children are Poor Scholars, an unsigned article in the Official Journal of the Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators, and Paperhangers of America, May, 1905. 83.See American Charities, by Professor Warner, for a careful statement of this point. 84.Sixth Biennial Report of the Board of Control and Superintendent of the Minnesota State Public School for Dependent and Neglected Children. The Pedagogical Seminary. Special Reports on Educational Subjects, issued by the Board of Education (England). III. The Working Child85.Politics, by Aristotle, A. IV, 4. 86.Architecture, Industry, and Wealth, by William Morris, p. 138. 87.Idem. 88.Farfolloni de gli Antichi Historici, by Abb. Lancellotti (Venice, 1636), quoted by Karl Marx in Capital, English edition, p. 427. 89. 90.A Description of the Country from Thirty to Forty Miles round Manchester, by Dr. Aikin. Quoted by R. W. Cooke-Taylor, The Factory System and the Factory Acts, p. 17. 91.Cooke-Taylor, op. cit., gives the real name of “Alfred” as Samuel Kydd, a barrister-at-law. 92.Memoirs of Robert Blincoe, N.D. Cooke-Taylor, Modern Factory System, pp. 189–198. Annals of Toil, by J. Morrison Davidson, p. 262. Industrial History of England, H. de B. Gibbins. 93.H. de B. Gibbins, op. cit., pp. 178–181. 94.Life of Robert Owen, Written by Himself, vol. i, xxvi, pp. 57 et seq. 95.H. de B. Gibbins, op. cit., p. 181. 96.Cooke-Taylor, The Factory System and the Factory Acts, p. 55. 97.Idem. 98.H. de B. Gibbins, op. cit., p. 181. 99.Hansard, 1832. 100.The whole poem is given in Mr. H. S. Salt’s little anthology, Songs of Freedom, p. 81. 101.Report on the Ten Hours Bill. J. Morrison Davidson, op. cit., p. 268. 102.Robert Hunter, Child Labor in New York, Being a Report to the Governor of New York. 103.Child Labor Legislation—A Requisite for Industrial Efficiency, by Jane Addams, in the Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905, p. 131. 104. 105.Quoted in Charities, August 26, 1905. 106.Illiteracy Promoted by Perjury. A pamphlet issued by the Pennsylvania Child Labor Committee. 107.U. S. Census, vol. ii. 108.Illiteracy Promoted by Perjury, p. 3. 109.U. S. Census, Occupations. 110.E. G. Murphy, op. cit., p. 110. 111.Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905, p. 21. 112.Jane Addams, op. cit., p. 131. 113.E. G. Murphy, op. cit., p. 143. 114.Idem., p. 103. 115.An address to the Manufacturers of Cotton, delivered at Glasgow, by Robert Owen, 1815. 116.U. S. Census, vol. ix. 117.Idem. 118.Report (unpublished) to the Child Labor Committee, by Owen R. Lovejoy. 119.Child Labor Legislation. Schedules of Existing Legislation. Handbook of National Consumers’ League, compiled by J. C. Goldmark and Madeline Wallin Sikes. 120.The Needless Destruction of Boys, by Florence Kelley, Charities, June 3, 1905. 121.Boys in the Glass Industry, by Harriet M. Van Der Vaart, the Churchman, May 6, 1905. 122.Owen R. Lovejoy, report quoted. 123.Florence Kelley, op. cit. 124. Poverty, by Robert Hunter, p. 237. 125.Working Children in Pennsylvania—Pamphlet issued by the Child Labor Committee of Pennsylvania. 126.Child Labor in New York, by Robert Hunter, p. 5. 127.Idem. 128.U. S. Census, vol. viii, Manufactures, Part II. 129.From a press report of a lecture at Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., by Margaret Dreier (Mrs. Raymond Robins). 130.From an address by Mrs. Florence Kelley, delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Consumers’ League, January, 1904. Published in the Report of the Consumers’ League of New York for the year ending December, 1903. 131.Transactions Illinois Child Study Association, vol. i, No. 1. 132.Labor Problems, by Thomas Sewall Adams, Ph.D., and Helen L. Sumner, A.B., pp. 62 et seq. 133.“In a recent investigation made by the Minnesota Bureau of Labor, it was found that, of the few wage-earners considered, the boys under sixteen had twice as many accidents as the adults, and the girls under sixteen thirty-three times as many accidents as the women.”—Adams and Sumner, op. cit., p. 63. 134.The Cost of Child Labor—pamphlet issued by the Child Labor Committee of Pennsylvania, p. 31. 135. 136.Child Labor—The Street, by Ernest Poole. Child Labor—Factories and Stores, by Ernest Poole. Myron E. Adams, op. cit. 137.Ernest Poole, op. cit. 138.Idem. 139.Unprotected Children—pamphlet issued by the Child Labor Committee of Pennsylvania. 140.See also Child Labor in New Jersey, by Hugh F. Fox, in Annals of the American Academy, July, 1902. 141.Jane Addams, op. cit., p. 131. 142.The Minotola Strike, by the Hon. John W. Westcott, in Wilshire’s Magazine, September, 1903. 143.Hannah R. Sewall, op. cit., p. 491. 144.Child Labor in Southern Industry, by A. J. McKelway, in Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905, p. 433. 145.The Economics of Socialism, by Henry M. Hyndman, p. 80. 146.See, for instance, Poverty, by Robert Hunter, p. 244; Mrs. Sidney Webb, in The Case for the Factory Acts, etc. 147.History of CoÖperation, by George Jacob Holyoake, vol. i, p. 213. 148.Mrs. Sidney Webb, op. cit. 149.Report of the Consumers’ League of the City of New York, 1903, p. 21. 150. 151.The Churchman, August 5, 1905. 152.The Operation of the New Child Labor Law in New Jersey, by Hugh F. Fox, in Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905. Other works consulted include:— Report of the Royal Commission on Labor (England); Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration. Hull House Maps and Papers. Reports of the Industrial Commission (especially vol. xix). Dangerous Trades, edited by Professor T. Oliver. The Effects of the Factory System, by Allen Clarke. Various Reports of the Different Bureaus of Labor, etc. IV. Remedial Measures153.The Diseases of Children, by Henry Ashby, M.D., and G. A. Wright, B.A., pp. 14 et seq. 154.Idem. See also the article on The Shameful Misuse of Wealth, by Cleveland Moffett, in Success, March, 1905. 155.See, e.g., the letters from several leading physicians on this subject in Success, April, 1905 (Appendix C). 156.Cleveland Moffett, op. cit. 157.Idem. 158. Factory Employment and Childbirth, by Adelaide M. Anderson, in Dangerous Trades, edited by Professor Thomas Oliver. Is the High Infantile Death-rate due to the Occupation of Married Women? by Mrs. F. J. Greenwood, Sanitary Inspector for Sheffield. Reprinted from the Englishwoman’s Review, 1901. In Germany, it is worth remembering, the working woman who is compelled to cease work owing to the birth of a child receives a sum equal to half her weekly wage.—See Infant Mortality and Factory Labor, by Dr. George Reid, in Dangerous Trades, p. 89. 159.Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration. 160.The Social Unrest, by John Graham Brooks, p. 292. 161.Vide leaflet issued by the Child Labor Committee of New York. 162.How to Save the Babies of the Tenements, by Virginia M. Walker, in Charities, August 5, 1905. 163.Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, vol. ii, pp. 442–450. The Nutrition of the Infant, by Ralph M. Vincent, M.D. The Problem of the Milk Supply, by F. Lawson Dodd, M.R.C.S. Infantile Mortality and Infants’ Milk Depots, by G. F. McCleary, M.D. 164. But a Thousand a Year, by George W. Goler, M.D., reprinted from Charities. 165.The School Child, the School Nurse, and the Local School Board, by Elsie Clews Parsons, Charities, September 23, 1905. 166.Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, vol. i, p. 47. 167.Idem. 168.The figures are quoted from a speech by Mr. Homer Folks, at the first annual meeting of the Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, held at Washington, D.C., May 18–19, 1905. 169.Virginia M. Walker, op. cit. 170.Idem. 171.Ralph M. Vincent, M.D., op. cit., also evidence given before the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration. Virginia M. Walker, op. cit. 172.This paragraph is taken, with slight changes, from my paper on The Problem of the Underfed Children in our Public Schools, in the Independent, May 11, 1905. 173.See the Official Report of the National Labor Conference on the State Maintenance of Children, Held at the Guildhall, London, etc. 174. 175.Physical Efficiency in Children, by Sir James Crichton Browne, in the Report of the International Congress for the Welfare and Protection of Children, London, 1902. See also the Reports of the Interdepartmental Committee and the Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland), for descriptions of the systems adopted in various European cities. The Medical Inspection of School Children, by W. L. Mackenzie, M.A., M.D. For a very suggestive, but technical, account of a system of medical inspection adopted in Dundee, Scotland, see the Report of Investigation into Social Conditions, published by the Dundee Social Union,—Part I, The Medical Inspection of School Children. 176.The Heritage of the Hungry, by Robert Hunter. 177.Special Reports on Educational Subjects, issued by the (English) Board of Education. 178.Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland), Report. 179.Idem. 180.Poverty, by Robert Hunter, p. 259. 181.The importance of attending to the teeth of school children has been sadly overlooked in the United States. In some of our cities, notably Rochester, N.Y., the attention of the medical inspectors of the schools has been specially directed to the teeth, with important results. See, for instance, the paper by Dr. Goler on Some General Tuberculosis Problems, in the New York State Journal of Medicine, August, 1905. 182. 183.The Field before the National Child Labor Committee, by Homer Folks, in Charities, October 1, 1904. Child Labor and the Schools, by Florence Lucas Sanville, in Charities, August 26, 1905. Illiterate Children in the Great Industrial States, by Florence Kelley, reprinted from Charities. 184.Child Labor.—The Street, by Ernest Poole. Children in American Street Trades, by Myron E. Adams, in the Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905. The Employment of Children, with Special Reference to Street Trading, by Robert Peacock, Chief Constable of Manchester (England). A Paper read at the Third International Congress for the Welfare and Protection of Children, London, 1902.—Report, pp. 191–202. See also the evidence given by various witnesses before the Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland). 185.Education and the Larger Life, by C. Hanford Henderson, p. 142. |
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