  A. Abaga, khan of the Tartars, sends ambassadors to Rome, iii. 26. Abassides persecute the Christians, i. 8. Decline of their empire, i. 13. Aboubeker, his interview with Richard I. of England, i. 498. Abou-bekr, founder of one of the Mohammedan sects, iii. 413. Accien, sovereign of Antioch, i. 129. Achard de Montmerle, i. 83. Adel, the son of Saladin, ii. 3 n. AdhÉmar de Monteil, bishop of Puy, engages in the first crusade, i. 5, i. 87. His enthusiastic bravery, i. 170, i. 173. Adonis, the river, i. 306. Adrianople, besieged by the Latins, ii. 166. Battle of, ii. 167. Siege raised, ii. 168. Æneas Sylvius, bishop of Sienna, preaches a crusade against the Turks, iii. 163 et seq. Elected pope, under the title of Pius II., iii. 170. See Afdhal, son of Saladin, and commander of the Mussulman forces of Egypt, i. 238. His extensive empire, ii. 3. Civil contests of, ii. 4 et seq. Oath taken by the emirs of, ii. 3 n. Rebellion against, ii. 4. Africa invaded by the Christian forces, iii. 117 et seq. Agriculture, products of, introduced into Europe during the middle ages, iii. 329, iii. 330. Aibek, assassinated, iii. 3. His son raised to the throne of Egypt, iii. 4; and dethroned, iii. 5. Alaziz, sultan of Egypt, ii. 2, ii. 3 n. Takes arms against his brother, ii. 4 et seq. AlbÉric, son of Hugh de GrandmÉnil, i. 83. Alberon, archdeacon of Metz, slain, i. 131. Albert, count of Blandras, i. 249. Albigeois, religious principles of the, ii. 196, ii. 197. Papal crusades and cruel wars against the, ii. 199, ii. 267, ii. 310. Alemar of Selingar engages in the holy war, ii. 465. Aleppo, states of, i. 127. Alexander of Macedon, amount of his forces, and his victories, i. 255, i. 257. Alexandretta taken possession of by the Crusaders, i. 119. Alexandria captured and burnt by the Crusaders, iii. 116. Alexius Comnenus I., emperor of Constantinople, seeks the assistance of the Latins against the Turks, i. 44 and n., i. 45. Alarmed at the vast number of Crusaders from the West, i. 88.(*) (*) The name in this and a few of the following pages is printed “Alexis”. His character, i. 89. His treatment of the Crusaders, i. 90. His alliance with Godfrey de Bouillon, i. 92. His reception of the French chiefs, i. 93, i. 94. His suspicious treatment of the Crusaders, i. 104. He perfidiously takes possession of Nice, in opposition to the Latins, His insidious policy, i. 105, i. 168, i. 282. He sends an embassy to the Crusaders at Archas, i. 194. Opposes the second body of them, i. 250. The limits of his empire extended by the victories of the Crusaders, and Constantinople rendered safe from the attacks of the Saracens, i. 260. —— Angelus, emperor of Constantinople, dethrones his brother Isaac, ii. 62. His character, ii. 75, ii. 158. Expelled by the Crusaders, ii. 93. His death, ii. 158. ——, nephew of Alexius Angelus, and son of Isaac, the dethroned emperor, ii. 62, ii. 69. Aided by the Crusaders, ii. 75. His military operations and conquests, ii. 79, ii. 80. Enters Constantinople in triumph with the besieging Crusaders, ii. 95. Crowned as joint emperor with his father, ii. 97. His peculiar position, ii. 101, ii. 113. His proposals to the Crusaders, ii. 102. His contentions with the Bulgarians, ii. 105. His character, ii. 107, ii. 118. His dethronement and violent death, ii. 118. Ali, founder of one of the Mohammedan sects, iii. 413, iii. 414. Alides, party of the, i. 8. Alise, of Antioch, i. 311. Al-Mahadia, city of, captured and burnt, i. 40 and n. Almamon, caliph of Bagdad, i. 9. Almoadam elected to the throne of Egypt, ii. 417. Enters into a treaty for the ransom of Louis IX., ii. 438. Revolt of the Mamelukes against, ii. 439, ii. 440. His assassination, ii. 441; with whom terminated the Ayoubite dynasty, ii. 445. Alp-Arsland, reign of, i. 32. Alphonse, count, of Poictiers, engages in the holy war, ii. 393, ii. 395. Arrives at Damietta, ii. 396. Alphonso, prince of Burgundy, i. 375. —— II., of the house of Arragon, iii. 193, iii. 194. Altamont castle, the seat of the “Old Man of the Mountain”, iii. 416, iii. 417. Amadeus, duke of Turin, i. 338. Amalfi, city of, i. 85, i. 86. Amaury, count of Jaffa, elected king of Jerusalem, i. 386. His expedition to Egypt, i. 388. He allies himself with the Egyptians to resist the Syrians, i. 390. The Egyptians agree to pay him an annual tribute, i. 391. Marries the daughter of the emperor Manuel, i. 392; and makes war on Egypt, i. 394 et seq. His projects against Egypt, i. 399. Death of, —— II., king of Jerusalem, death of, ii. 190. Amurath, the Turkish sultan, iii. 123. He enters into a treaty of peace with the Crusaders, iii. 138; and afterwards defeats them with great slaughter, iii. 142. Anaclet, the anti-pope, i. 76. Ancona, the Crusaders under Pius II. collected at, iii. 178. Ancyra, city of, taken by assault, i. 251. Battle of, between Tamerlane and Bajazet, iii. 133. AndrÉ de Brienne, slain, i. 461. Andrew, Brother, of Antioch, his strange address to Philip of France, iii. 110. —— II., king of Hungary, engages in the sixth crusade, ii. 217, ii. 224. He arrives in Palestine, ii. 225. Returns to Europe, ii. 230. Andronicus, emperor of Constantinople, iii. 122. ——, the “Nero of the Greeks,” dethroned, i. 446. Angelli, Peter, author of a poem on the first crusade, i. 171 n. Angelram, death of, i. 190. Anjou, duke of, his heroism, ii. 413. Anselm, archbishop of Milan, i. 249. Anselme de Ribemont, death and character of, i. 190. Antioch captured by Nicephorus, i. 13. Renaud de Chatillon raised by marriage to the throne of, i. 103. The Crusaders arrive at the city of, i. 127. Its ancient celebrity, i. 128. Described, Protracted siege of, i. 129 et seq. Betrayed by Phirous, i. 147, et seq.; and captured, i. 155-157. Sufferings of the Crusaders at, i. 159, i. 160. They march out of, and defeat the Saracens, i. 170-174. Miraculous prodigies seen at, i. 173, i. 183. Fatal epidemic at, i. 178, i. 179. The Crusaders take their departure from, i. 187, i. 188. Distresses of, i. 285. Flourishing state of, i. 306. Disputes respecting the sovereignty, i. 311. Raymond of Poictiers appointed governor, i. 312. Louis VII. arrives at, with a portion of the Crusaders, i. 360. His splendid retinue, Bohemond III. governor of, ii. 8. At war with Armenia, ii. 9. Territory of, ravaged by the Turcomans, ii. 372. Captured and destroyed by the sultan of Cairo, and all the inhabitants slaughtered or led into captivity, iii. 17, iii. 18. Antiochetta, capital of Pisidia, the Crusaders arrive at, i. 114. Antoninus, St., of Plaisance, voyage of, i. 7 n. Apostoliques, their religious principles, ii. 197. Arabians, their conquests, i. 10. Their knowledge of medicine, iii. 336. Archambaud de Bourbon, i. 359. Archas, city of, described, i. 187, i. 188 and n. Siege of, i. 189. Architecture, progress of, during the crusades, iii. 330-332. Arculphus, St., pilgrimage of, i. 7. Argun, the Tartar chief, iii. 94, iii. 95. Aristocracy, on the origin of, iii. 280 et seq. Aristotle, philosophy of, introduced into Europe, iii. 338. Armenians, slaughter of the, ii. 169. Arms of the Crusaders, i. 99. Arnold, a priest, elected pastor of the Church of Jerusalem, i. 236. —— a Flemish preacher, his account of the siege of Lisbon noticed, i. 375 n. —— de RohÉs, chaplain to the duke of Normandy, i. 191. His incredulity in prodigies, i. 192. His address to the Crusaders, i. 214. —— of Bressia, i. 332. Arpin, count de Berri, dies in slavery, i. 254 and n. Arsouf, city of, i. 244. Besieged and captured by the Mamelukes, iii. 11, iii. 12. Arsur, rebellion and siege of, i. 267, i. 268. Captured by Baldwin, i. 277. Battle of, fought between Richard I. and Saladin, i. 487. Art, works of, destroyed at Constantinople by the Latins, iii. 438-440 (App.). Artesia captured by the Crusaders, i. 127. Artois, count de, ii. 396. His rash bravery, ii. 403. Is slain, ii. 408. His letter on the taking of Damietta, iii. 456 (App.). Arts, emulation in Europe for their cultivation, iii. 229. Progress of during the period of the crusades, iii. 251, iii. 328 et seq. Ascalon, great battle on the plain of, between the Egyptians and the Crusaders, i. 240-242. Siege of, i. 244. The Saracens defeated on the plains of, i. 297, i. 298, i. 402. Destroyed by fire, i. 490. Rebuilt by the Crusaders, Surrendered to Saladin, i. 426. Siege and capture of by Baldwin III., i. 384. Aschmoum, canal of, military operations on the banks of, ii. 399 et seq. Asia subdued by the Turks, i. 32. “Assassins” of Syria, origin and history of the, iii. 413, iii. 420 et seq. See “Assizes of Jerusalem,” collected by John d’Ibelin, i. 271 n. Laws and spirit of the, i. 272, i. 273, i. 488. Atabecks, dynasty of the, i. 306. Decline of the empire of the, i. 399. Atheling, Edgar, commander of the English, i. 205. Attalia, the Crusaders arrive at, i. 357; and suffer great hardships, i. 358. Aubusson, grand master of the knights of St. John, iii. 188. Augsburg, diet at, iii. 200. Augustines, their quarrels with the Dominicans, iii. 210. Avignon, assembly of Christian sovereigns at, to promote a fresh crusade, iii. 113, iii. 114. Ayoub, the father of Saladin, i. 369. Ayoubites, princely race of the, ii. 3, and n. Their empire, Decline of their empire, ii. 237. Discord among the family, ii. 376. Extinction of the dynasty, ii. 445. Aymeristes, religious principles of the, ii. 197. B. Bacon, Chancellor, his dialogue “de Bello Sacro,” iii. 246. Bagdad, the seat of the arts and sciences, i. 9. Degeneracy of the caliphs of, i. 12, i. 13. The caliphs of, the chiefs of Islamism, i. 383. Captured by the Mogul Tartars, iii. 4. Baghisian, the sovereign of Antioch, i. 129. Bajazet I., the Turkish sultan, iii. 125. Defeats the Christian forces, iii. 127, iii. 128. His speech to the duke de Nevers, iii. 129. Raises the siege of Constantinople, and being defeated at Ancyra by Tamerlane, is taken prisoner, iii. 133. —— II. succeeds Mahomet II., iii. 191. Declares war against Venice, iii. 197. Dethroned, and succeeded by Selim, iii. 201. Balac, the emir, slain, i. 302. Baldoukh, the emir, defeated, i. 123. Baldwin, brother of Godfrey de Bouillon, engages in the first crusade, i. 78. His dissensions with the leaders, i. 116, i. 117. Massacres the Turks, i. 118. Joined by corsairs, His hostile encounter with Tancred, i. 119. His successes, i. 121, i. 122. Founds the principality of Edessa, i. 124. Sends magnificent presents to the leaders of the Crusaders, i. 146. Visits Jerusalem, i. 269. Elected king of Jerusalem on the death of Godfrey, i. 275. Defeats the Saracens, i. 275, i. 276. His quarrel with Tancred, i. 276, i. 277. Carries on vigorous hostilities against the infidels of Palestine, Egypt, &c., i. 277 et seq. Anecdote of his humanity, i. 279. His singular preservation, i. 280. Lamentations for his supposed death, His quarrels with the patriarch of Jerusalem, i. 285, i. 286. Captures PtolemaÏs, i. 286. His hostilities against Egypt, i. 293. His death and character, i. 294. His funeral, i. 295. —— de Bourg, cousin of Godfrey de Bouillon, engages in the first crusade, i. 78. Defeated and taken prisoner, i. 283. His release, and great poverty, i. 285. Elected king of Jerusalem, i. 296. Made prisoner by the Turks, Released, i. 302. His death and character, i. 310, i. 311. —— III., king of Jerusalem, i. 316. Form of his coronation, i. 317 and n. Urges on the war against the Saracens, i. 363. His military character, i. 384. Death of, by poison, —— IV., king of Jerusalem, i. 401. His wars with Saladin, i. 402 et seq. Death of, i. 412. —— V., crowned king of Jerusalem, i. 407. Death of, i. 412. ——, count of Flanders, engages in the fifth crusade, ii. 47. Elected emperor of Constantinople, ii. 148. Quarrels with Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, ii. 150-161. His letter to the pope, ii. 152. Defeated, and taken prisoner by the Bulgarians, ii. 168. Romantic incidents of his life, ii. 171 and n. His mysterious death, ii. 172. ——, son-in-law of John of Brienne, successor to the throne of Constantinople, ii. 289. His expulsion and great poverty, —— II., emperor of Constantinople, his distressing situation, iii. 9. Driven from his throne by Michael PalÆologus, iii. 10. ——, count de Hainault, engages in the first crusade, i. 78. Perishes in Asia Minor, i. 177. ——, Archbishop, preaches the crusade in England, i. 441 and n. His journey into Wales, iii. 408 (App.). Baleau d’Ibelin defends Jerusalem against Saladin, i. 427. Bar, count de, refuses the command of the Crusaders, ii. 54. Barbarossa, Frederick, engages in the holy war, i. 444 et seq. His victorious career, i. 448. His death, i. 449. Barbary invaded by the Christian forces, iii. 117 et seq. The states of, taken under the protection of the Ottoman Porte, iii. 220. Barland, Adrian, his notices of Peter the Hermit, i. 41 n. Barons of England, contests of the, with their sovereigns, iii. 257. BarthÉlemi, Peter, a priest, pretended revelation of, i. 165. Fanaticism of, i. 191, i. 192. Submits to the ordeal of fire, and loses his life, i. 193. ——, Sieur, anecdote of, iii. 68. Becomes a Mohammedan renegade, iii. 69, iii. 84. Bathenians, a title given to the IshmaËlites, iii. 419. Battle, wager of, during the middle ages, iii. 312. Bavaria, diet convoked in, i. 338. Baysy, the birth-place of Godfrey de Bouillon, i. 76 n. Beard, pledging and redeeming of the, i. 285 and n. “Bearers of the cross,” title assumed by the first Crusaders, i. 52 and n. Bedouin Arabs, their bravery, ii. 391. Bela IV., king of Hungary, his fear of the Tartars, iii. 6 n. Belgrade besieged by the Turks, iii. 166. The Turks defeated, iii. 167. Taken by the Turks, iii. 213. “Belial, children of”. i. 65. Belinas, in Syria, pillaged by the Crusaders, ii. 475. Bellerophon, statue of, at Constantinople, ii. 138 and n. Berengaria of Navarre, i. 475. Married to Richard I. of England, i. 476. Berenger II., count of Barcelona, penitential pilgrimage of, i. 27. Bernard, count of Carinthia, i. 338. Bernard. See Bernicles, punishment of the, ii. 434. Bertrand, son of Raymond de St. Gilles, i. 287. Berytus, plain of, i. 198. Wealth and importance of the city of, ii. 18. Besieged by the Crusaders, Captured and destroyed by the Saracens, iii. 89. Bethlehem, i. 21. The Crusaders take possession of, i. 201. Bethonopolis, city of, i. 492. Bibars Bendocdar, the Mameluke chief, ii. 404 and n. Slays Almoadam, the sultan, ii. 440. Assassinates Koutouz, iii. 7. Is proclaimed sultan of Egypt, iii. 8. Declares war against the Christians of Palestine, His continued victories over them, iii. 11 et seq., iii. 63. His death and character, iii. 64, iii. 65. Biblies taken by the Crusaders, i. 288. Bilbeis, city of, i. 388. Besieged and captured by the king of Jerusalem, i. 394. Bissarion, Cardinal, speech of, iii. 172. Bithynia, hostilities in, between the Crusaders and the Turks, i. 99 et seq. Blanche, queen-regent of France, ii. 350. Accompanies her son, Louis IX., on the outset of his crusade, ii. 368. Death of, and grief of Louis IX., ii. 475. Blois, count of, obtains possession of Bithynia, ii. 162. Is slain, ii. 167. Anecdote of his devoted heroism, iii. 298. Blondel, the minstrel, emancipates Richard I. from imprisonment, iii. 406 (App.). Bohemond, prince of Tarentum, one of the leaders of the Crusaders, i. 84. Embarks for Greece, i. 86. Reception of, by Alexius of Constantinople, i. 93. Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 108-111. His barbarous treatment of the Turkish spies, i. 137. His ambitious views, i. 147. His defence of Antioch, i. 163. Made prince of the city and territory, i. 186. Visits Jerusalem, i. 269. Surprised and captured in an expedition against the infidels, i. 275. Regains his liberty, and at Antioch resists the aggressions of Alexius, i. 282. Defeated at Charan, and escapes to Italy, i. 282, i. 283. Arouses Europe against the infidels, i. 283, i. 284. Embarks with a large army against the Emperor Alexius, i. 284. Returns to Tarentum, where he dies, Letter from him and others detailing their victory over the infidels, iii. 360 (App.). Bohemond, prince of Antioch and Tripoli, a descendant of the prince of Tarentum, treacherously taken prisoner by the Armenians, ii. 8. His death, ii. 190. ——, count of Tripoli, enters into a treaty with Bibars, iii. 17. Bibars’s insulting letter to, on the capture of Antioch, His city of Tripoli captured, iii. 69. Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, elected commander of the fifth crusade, ii. 55. Captures Constantinople, ii. 131. Elected sovereign of Thessalonica, ii. 150. Shares the spoils of the Greek empire, ii. 152. Quarrels with Baldwin, ii. 159-161. Invades Greece, ii. 162, ii. 163. Is slain, ii. 173. Bosnia conquered by Mahomet II., iii. 174. Bosra, city of, i. 317. Expedition against, i. 318. Disastrous retreat from, i. 319. Bourbons, Archambault de, death of, ii. 371. Bordeaux, itinerary from, to Jerusalem, iii. 351 et seq. Notices of, Bouvines, battle of, ii. 210. Brienne, John of, city of Damietta assigned to, ii. 251. His speech against the invasion of Egypt, ii. 254. Revisits Europe, ii. 264. Called to the throne of Constantinople, ii. 288. Death of, ii. 289. Brittany, duke of, his bravery, ii. 408. “Brothers of Mercy,” origin of the, iii. 303. Bulgarians, notices of the, i. 62. Oppose the progress of the Crusaders, i. 63 et seq. Their victories over the Latins, ii. 166-171. Burbotte, a fish of the Nile, ii. 418 n. Burgundy, duke of, his death, i. 501. Byzantium. See C. CÆsarea besieged and captured by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 277, i. 278 and n. Capitulation of, i. 316. Captured by the Egyptians, iii. 11. Cairo, caliph of, treats the Christians as allies, i. 16. Maintains relations with the Crusaders, i. 194. His object, ib. His propositions rejected, i. 195, i. 196. Sultan of, carries on war against the sultan of Damascus, ii. 468, ii. 473. Treaty of peace between, ii. 474. See Caliphs, degeneracy of the, i. 12, i. 13. Calixtus III., endeavours to stir up a crusade against the Turks, iii. 165, iii. 169. Camlets, manufacture of, during the middle ages, iii. 328. Candia capitulates to the Turks, iii. 235. Cannon of enormous size used against Constantinople, iii. 148. Cantacuzenes, emperor of Constantinople, iii. 123. Capistran, John, preaches a crusade against the Turks, iii. 163. Death of, iii. 167. Carac, heroic defence of, i. 453. Caraffa, Cardinal, commands a crusading fleet, iii. 183. Cardinals first clothed in scarlet at the council of Lyons, ii. 343. Carismia captured by Gengiskhan, ii. 320. The warriors of, commit extensive ravages in Syria, ii. 325. Defeat the Christian and Mussulman united forces, ii. 326. Join the sultan of Egypt, and capture Jerusalem, Capture Damascus, ii. 332; but rebelling against the sultan of Cairo, are defeated and dispersed, Carlowitz, treaty of, iii. 236. Cassia brought from Asia, iii. 336. Cassin, Mount, i. 21. Cassius, his dispute with Dolabella, i. 117 n. Cazan, the Mogul prince, conquests of, iii. 95. Sends ambassadors to the pope, Death of, iii. 97. Celestine III., Pope, instigates Christendom to undertake the fourth crusade, ii. 11. —— IV., Pope, short reign of, ii. 296. Cemetery for the pilgrims at Jerusalem, i. 10, i. 11. Cenis, Mount, hospital of, i. 22. Centius, prefect of Rome, pilgrimage of, i. 25. Chages, a Mussulman sect, their fanatical devotion, iii. 79. Chalcis captured by the Crusaders, i. 127. Chalil elected sultan of Cairo, iii. 76. Besieges PtolemaÏs, iii. 77. Captures it, iii. 85; and takes several other Christian cities, iii. 89. Charan, Christians defeated at, i. 283. Charlemagne, magnificent court of, i. 8. His amicable relations with Aroun al Raschid, i. 9. Promulgates religion by the sword, iii. 15 n. Attempts to destroy the feudal system, iii. 275. Portraiture of, iii. 358 (App.). Charles IV., emperor of Germany, projects a fresh crusade, iii. 115. —— V., his violence to the pope, iii. 216. Policy of, iii. 219. —— VIII., of Naples, engages in a crusade against the Turks, iii. 193. Receives the crown of Naples, iii. 195. His army disbanded, iii. 196. ——, count of Anjou, crowned by the pope as king of Sicily, iii. 21. Defeats his rival Conraddin, iii. 31. Lands at Tunis, iii. 46; and takes the command of the Crusaders, iii. 48-52. Charles-le-Bel, of France, iii. 102. His death, iii. 103 and n. Charters, use of, adopted, iii. 320. Charts, geographical, imperfect state of, during the middle ages, iii. 335. ChÂtelain de Coucy, chivalry of, i. 500 and n. Chaver, vizier of Egypt, i. 387. Resists the military preparations against Egypt, i. 390 et seq. Chegger-Eddour, beauty and genius of, ii. 397. Incites the Mamelukes to revolt, ii. 439. Elected sultana of Egypt, ii. 445. Marries Ezz-Eddin, and yields her regal authority, ii. 459. Assassinates her husband, iii. 3. Is sacrificed by her slaves, iii. 4. Children, Jourdain’s letter on the crusade of, in 1212, iii. 441 (App.). China conquered by Gengiskhan, ii. 319. Chio captured by the Turks, iii. 232. Chirkou, the emir, i. 387. Invades Egypt, i. 389 et seq. Death of, i. 397. ChirkoÙh, family of, ii. 3. Chivalry, spirit of, in favour of the crusades, i. 55. Origin and history of, iii. 294 et seq. “Christ lives!” &c., the war-cry of the Christian soldiers, i. 281 and n. Christendom, distracted state of, iii. 201, iii. 202, iii. 217. Fears of, allayed by the victory of Lepanto over the Turks, iii. 226. Improving position of, iii. 230, iii. 245. Christian army at Jerusalem, pious fervour of the, i. 226, i. 227. Enthusiasm and valour of, ii. 36, ii. 37. —— religion, its tendency to soften the manners of the Eastern conquerors, i. 38. Influence of, on the Crusaders, i. 56. Christianity, power of the popes augmented by the progress of, i. 39. On the sanguinary wars in support of, ii. 310; iii. 15 n. Overthrown at Constantinople by the Turks, iii. 158. Extended to China, iii. 304. Its superiority over Mohammedanism, iii. 346, iii. 347. Christians of the East respected by the northern barbarians, i. 3. Persecuted by the Mussulmans, i. 7, i. 8, i. 16, i. 17, i. 19, i. 32, i. 33. Defeat the Mussulmans, i. 15. Favoured by the caliphs of Cairo, i. 16. Driven from Jerusalem, i. 19. Their rejoicings at the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, i. 236. Quit Jerusalem on its capture by Saladin, i. 431. Their great sufferings, i. 433, ii. 7. War declared against, by the sultan of Egypt, and Palestine ravaged, ii. 11. —— of the West, their early attention directed to the East, i. 3. Excited to resistance by Archbishop Gerbert, i. 17. Their various pilgrimages, i. 20 et seq. Welcomed everywhere, i. 22. See Chronicle of Tours, extract from, iii. 359. Chronicles, ancient, what is fabulous and what not, i. xxiii. Of the middle ages, iii. 339-342. “Chronicon Anglicanum,” by Ralph of Coggershall, iii. 395. Churches, building of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 331. ChÜtes, sect of the, iii. 413. Cities abandoned by the infidels, i. 201. Enfranchisement of, in Europe during the crusades, iii. 284-287. Civilization weakens the spirit of fanaticism, i. xxi. Increasing spread of, in Europe, iii. 229. Progress of, during and after the crusades, iii. 251 et seq. Clement IV. supports the second crusade undertaken by Louis IX., iii. 26, iii. 27. Death of, iii. 36. —— V., Pope, proclaims a crusade at the council of Vienna, iii. 97. —— VII., his abortive attempts to arouse Christendom against the Turks, iii. 215, iii. 218. Imprisoned by Charles V., iii. 216. Clergy assume arms in the crusades, i. 55. Oppose the levying of contributions to the second crusade of Louis IX., iii. 27. Ascendancy and wealth of, during the age of the crusades, iii. 301, iii. 302 et seq. Their influence in the administration of justice during the middle ages, iii. 315, iii. 316 and n. Clermont, council at, held by Urban II., i. 44 et seq. Coeur, Jacques, biographical notices of, iii. 184 and n. Colonna, Mark Antony, his triumphal entry into Rome after the battle of Lepanto, iii. 227. Comans defeat the Latins, ii. 166. The barbarous hordes of, ii. 333. Comet, alarm caused by the sight of one, iii. 166. Commerce of the East, i. 11. State of, and progress during the period of the crusades, iii. 326 et seq. Comnena, Anna, the historian, and daughter of Alexius Comnenus of Constantinople, i. 41 n., i. 73, i. 75, i. 85, i. 88, i. 89, i. 147 et passim. Comnenus, John, emperor of Constantinople, attacks Antioch, i. 312. ——, Manuel, his hypocritical policy, i. 347 et seq. ——, Michael-Angelus, gains the kingdom of Epirus, ii. 156. Conon de Bethune, his speech in reply to the Emperor Alexius, ii. 84. Conrad III., emperor of Germany, i. 337. Determines on the second crusade, i. 338. Leaves Germany at the head of the Crusaders, i. 346. Arrives at Constantinople, i. 348. Defeated by the Turks, i. 351, i. 352. Returns to Constantinople, i. 353. Arrives at Jerusalem, i. 363. His heroism before Damascus, i. 366. ——, son of the marquis of Montferrat, and marquis of Tyre, engages in the holy war, i. 451. Defends Tyre, and repulses Saladin, i. 452. Fits out a fleet for the Holy Land, i. 457. His pretensions to the throne of Jerusalem, i. 470. Ill-treated by Richard I. of England, i. 491. Insidiously enters into an alliance with Saladin, i. 493. Assassination of, i. 494. ——, Bishop, leader of the German crusades, ii. 21, ii. 22. Assassinated, ii. 34. Conraddin disputes the crown of Sicily, iii. 22. Is defeated and executed, iii. 31. ——, sultan of Damascus, death of, ii. 275. Constantine the Great, the promoter of Christian zeal, i. 1. ——, the Armenian prince, i. 122. Popular traditions of its future liberation by the Latins, i. 9. Eleven of its emperors put to death, i. 35. The emperor, Alexius Comnenus, seeks the assistance of the Latins, i. 44 and n. The Crusaders arrive at, i. 67. Excesses committed, i. 73. Reception of the French leaders, i. 92-95. State of, at the time of the second crusade, i. 347. Isaac Angelus the emperor of, i. 445. Contentions between the Greeks and the Latins, i. 446, ii. 114-125. The emperor dethroned, ii. 62. Description of, ii. 81. Besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 82. Captured, ii. 93. Conflagration in, ii. 105, 106. Mourzouffle dethroned, ii. 129. Lascaris chosen emperor, ii. 130. Captured and plundered by the Latins, ii. 131-133. Destruction of its works of art, ii. 137-140. Relics sought for, ii. 141-143. Amount of plunder obtained, ii. 144, ii. 145. Baldwin, count of Flanders, elected emperor, ii. 148. Decline of the Latin empire in, ii. 288. John of Brienne called to the throne of, ib. Wrested from the Latins by the Greek troops of Michael PalÆologus, iii. 10. Insurrectionary spirit in, iii. 111, iii. 113, iii. 116, iii. 117. Tottering state of, when menaced by the Turks, iii. 123 et seq. Besieged by Mahomet II., iii. 145, iii. 148 et seq. Sanguinary conflicts, iii. 154, iii. 155. Capture of, iii. 156. Destruction of the empire of, iii. 158. The stores of ancient learning and philosophy brought from, iii. 338. Constantinople, treaty between the Crusaders for dividing the city and empire of, iii. 431 (App.). Statues of, destroyed by the Crusaders, as related by Nicetas Choniates, iii. 435 (App.). Corfu surrenders to the Crusaders, ii. 77. Fertility of, ii. 78. Corsairs, a band of, join the Crusaders, i. 118. —— Flemish, released from imprisonment, i. 188. CosroËs, king of Persia, i. 3. Coucy, Sieur de, death of, iii. 129. CourÇon, Cardinal de, preaches the sixth crusade, ii. 206, ii. 207. Accusations against, ii. 208. Death of, ii. 240. Courtenay, Peter of, assassinated, ii. 288. ——, Robert of, his losses and death, ii. 288. ——, family of. See Courts of Justice established in Europe during the middle ages, iii. 317 et seq. Coxon and Marash, or “mountain of the devil,” i. 126. Creton, Reimbault, origin of the noble family of, i. 222 n. Cross, the badge of the Crusaders, i. 52. —— of Christ found at Jerusalem, i. 230. No spectacle more imposing in the history of the middle age, Disasters of the, i. xx, i. xxi. “A right regal history”, i. xxii. On the justice of the, i. xxiii. Causes of, Their effects, i. xxiv. Their early history, from A.D. 300 to 1095, i. 1 et seq. —— The First Crusade, a.d. 1095.—The numerous pilgrimages of the eleventh century the forerunner of the, i. 24-30. Instigated by Peter the Hermit, i. 42 et seq. Determined on, and the name first assumed, at the council of Clermont, i. 52. Enthusiasm inspired thereby, i. 53 et seq. Miracles and supernatural wonders alleged to be manifested, i. 57, i. 81. Large armies collected, i. 61. Their departure, Opposed by the Hungarians and Bulgarians, i. 63 et seq., i. 71, i. 72. Progress of, i. 65. The Crusaders assail Nissa, Their disastrous defeat, i. 66. Enter Thrace, and reach Constantinople, i. 67. Elect Gotschalk, a priest, as their general, i. 68. Their progress, i. 69 et seq. Rapacity and cruelties perpetrated by the, i. 70 et seq. Signal defeats and general slaughter of, i. 72 et seq. Fresh armies sent from various parts of Europe, and the names of their most distinguished leaders, i. 76-88. Wage war against the Greeks, i. 90, i. 91. Wretched situation of the remains of Peter’s army in Bithynia, i. 96. Opposed by the Seljoucide Turks in Bithynia, i. 97. Their various contests, i. 99 et seq. Their arms and accoutrements, i. 99. They besiege and capture Nice, i. 100-105. They enter Phrygia, i. 106; and defeat the Turks, i. 107-111. Their sufferings in “burning Phrygia”, i. 113, i. 114. They arrive at Antiochetta, i. 114. Dissensions among the leaders, i. 116-118, i. 191. They reach Mesopotamia, i. 121; and are everywhere triumphant, i. 126. Their sufferings in Mount Taurus, They enter Syria, and capture Antioch, i. 127. Their sufferings, i. 133 et seq., i. 159-161. Their vices and debaucheries, i. 136. Their valorous deeds, i. 140-142. The sultan of Persia sends an immense army against them, i. 158. They are besieged, and exposed to famine and desertion, i. 159-164. They march out of Antioch, and defeat the invading Saracens with great slaughter, i. 170-174. Disputes among the leaders, i. 179 et seq. Their conquests in Syria, i. 183-186. Their departure for the Holy Land, i. 187, i. 188. They besiege Archas, Tortosa &c., i. 189 et seq. Their reliance on prodigies and visions, i. 191, i. 192. Their march through Palestine, i. 196 et seq. The immense losses sustained, i. 197. Their enthusiasm on the first view of Jerusalem, i. 202. Besiege the city, i. 205 et seq.; and take it by storm, i. 221-225. Godfrey de Bouillon elected king, i. 234. Great victory over the Egyptian forces on the plain of Ascalon, i. 240-242. Many of the leaders return to Europe, i. 246, i. 247. Fresh bodies of Crusaders leave Europe for the East, i. 249, i. 250. Their leaders, i. 249, i. 251. Take the city of Ancyra, ib. Defeated with great slaughter by the Turks, i. 252, i. 253. Reflections on their heroism and exploits, i. 257 et seq. Kingdom founded by their victories, i. 265 et seq. Death of their great leader, Godfrey de Bouillon, king of Jerusalem, i. 274. His brother Baldwin elected as his successor, on whose family the sovereignty devolves, i. 275 et seq. Hostilities carried on against the infidels of Palestine and Egypt, with alternate success and defeat, i. 277 et seq. Their conquests and high state of prosperity under Baldwin du Bourg, i. 306. Their military orders of knighthood, i. 307-309. Their calamitous defeat at Edessa by the armies of Zengui and Noureddin, i. 321-327. Their consternation and despair, i. 328. —— The Second Crusade, a.d. 1142-1148.—The Christian colonies of the East being threatened by the Mussulmans, call upon the princes of Europe to assist them, i. 329. All Christendom aroused by St. Bernard to the impending dangers of the Holy Land, i. 139 et seq. Louis VII., king of France, and Pope Eugenius III., determine on a second crusade, i. 331. The multitudes assembled for the occasion, i. 342, i. 343. The cities of Metz and Ratisbon the general rendezvous, i. 344. Measures for raising money to defray the expenses, i. 345. The crusaders depart from Europe, headed by Louis VII. and the Emperor Conrad, i. 346. Arrive at Constantinople, i. 348, i. 349. Treacherous policy of the Greeks, i. 348 et seq. The German Crusaders defeated near Nice, i. 351, i. 382. The French Crusaders march through Phrygia, and are defeated by the Turks, i. 355, i. 356. Their distress and sufferings, i. 357, i. 359 et seq. Besiege Damascus, and are defeated, i. 365 et seq. Insufficient means of defence, i. 372. General characteristics of, i. 373. Other Crusaders pursue their operations in Spain and Portugal, i. 374, i. 375. Reproaches against St. Bernard for the misfortunes of the Crusaders of the East, i. 376, i. 377. —— The Third Crusade, a.d. 1148-1188.—Causes of, i. 382 et seq. The Christian army marches against Egypt, and commences vigorous hostilities, i. 389 et seq. The Sicilian Crusaders lay siege to Alexandria, i. 400. The calamitous war of the Crusaders with Saladin, i. 402, i. 417 et seq. Discord amongst them, i. 409 et seq. They send deputies to the kings of France and England to solicit aid, i. 411. They are defeated by Saladin with immense slaughter, and the king of Jerusalem made prisoner, i. 418-423. The holy city delivered up to Saladin, after being eighty years in possession of the Christians, i. 429. William, archbishop of Tyre, incites the courts of France and England to renew the holy war, i. 436 et seq. Richard I. of England, Philip of France, Frederick Barbarossa, and other illustrious potentates and knights, engage in the holy war, i. 441 et seq. The victorious career and death of Barbarossa, i. 448, i. 449. The Crusaders invade PtolemaÏs under Guy de Lusignan, and are opposed by Saladin in numerous conflicts, i. 454 et seq. Arrival of Richard I. of England, Philip of France, and other illustrious personages, i. 476. Discord in the camp, and quarrels between the two potentates, i. 476, i. 477. Anecdotes of heroic bravery before the walls of PtolemaÏs, i. 478-480. PtolemaÏs taken by the Christians, and numbers slain, i. 481. Manners and characteristics of, i. 483, i. 484. Richard I. defeats Saladin at the battle of Arsur, i. 487, i. 488; and takes possession of Jaffa, i. 489. The Crusaders march upon Jerusalem, i. 492. Civil dissensions among, i. 493, i. 498. They ratify a treaty of peace with Saladin, i. 500, i. 501. Immense losses sustained, i. 501. General reflections, i. 502. Advantages to Europe and civilization, i. 506 et seq. —— The Fourth Crusade, a.d. 1195-1198.—Retrospective view, ii. 1 et seq. Civil commotions of Palestine among the successors of Saladin at the time of, ii. 4-7. Instigated by the exhortations of Pope Celestine III. and Henry IV. of Germany, ii. 11 et seq. The illustrious men who engage in it, ii. 14, ii. 15. The archbishop of Mayence and Valeran de Valeran take the command, and arrive in Palestine, ii. 15. Engage in hostilities with the Mussulmans, ii. 16 et seq. Signal defeat of the Saracens before Berytus, and its important consequences, ii. 19. Progress of the German Crusaders under Henry IV., ii. 20, ii. 21. Dissensions among the leaders, ii. 28-30. Their departure from Palestine, ii. 31. A truce concluded between the duke de Montfort and the Saracens, ii. 32. Causes of the failure of this crusade, and its mischievous consequences, ii. 33-35. —— The Fifth Crusade, a.d. 1198-1204.—General remarks, ii. 36. Causes which led to it, ii. 38, ii. 39. Instigated by Pope Innocent III., Preaching of Foulkes in its favour, ii. 42, ii. 43. The illustrious leaders engaged in it, ii. 45-47, ii. 58. Aided by Venice, ii. 50, ii. 53 n. Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, elected the commander, ii. 55. Quarrels between the Venetians and the French, ii. 64 et seq. Besiege and capture Constantinople, ii. 82-93. Defeated by the Saracens, ii. 112. Contests between the Greeks and the Crusaders at Constantinople, ii. 114 et seq. The Crusaders capture and plunder the city, ii. 131 et seq. Their veneration for relics and images, ii. 141. Baldwin, count of Flanders, elected emperor of Constantinople, ii. 148. The conquered lands of the Greek empire distributed among the leaders, ii. 149, ii. 150. The Greeks, Bulgarians, &c. take arms against and almost annihilate them, ii. 165-173. Reflections on the consequences of the fifth crusade, ii. 179 et seq. —— The Sixth Crusade, a.d. 1200-1215.—Innocent III. stimulates the Western world to the deliverance of the Holy Land, ii. 191 et seq. Hostilities with the Saracens renewed, ii. 195. 50,000 children engage in the crusade, and perish, ii. 202. The pope assembles the council of Lateran, and issues decrees for supporting the holy war, ii. 210, ii. 211. His death, ii. 214. His successor, Honorius III., urges the crusade, ii. 216. Indifference of the kings of France and England, Enthusiasm of the German states in its favour, ii. 217. Andrew II., king of Hungary, engages in the holy war, ii. 217, ii. 224. The Crusaders arrive in Palestine, ii. 225, ii. 231. March into Egypt, and capture the city of Damietta, ii. 232-235. Numbers return to Europe, ii. 237. Names of illustrious warriors engaged, ii. 238. Skirmishes on the banks of the Nile, ii. 243. Capture of Damietta, ii. 249. Fresh Crusaders arrive from Germany, Milan, Genoa &c., ii. 253. March against the capital of Egypt, ii. 256. Their fleet burnt on the Nile, ii. 258. Capitulate with the Saracens, ii. 260. Distresses of the Christian army, ii. 261. Surrender of Damietta, ii. 260. Preparations of Frederick II., emperor of Germany, to aid the Crusaders, ii. 264, ii. 267, ii. 269. He arrives at PtolemaÏs, ii. 275; and concludes a treaty with the sultan of Cairo, by which he is confirmed in the sovereignty of Jerusalem, ii. 278. Gregory IX. determines to renew the holy war, ii. 283. Council of Tours for promoting the cause of, ii. 287. Thibault V., king of Navarre, engages in the crusade, ii. 290. The pope prohibits his departure, ii. 291. Agitated state of Palestine, and weakness of the Christian power in, ii. 293, ii. 294. Richard, duke of Cornwall, joins the Crusaders at PtolemaÏs, ii. 295; but soon returns to Italy, and leaves the Christians of Palestine to themselves, ii. 296. Reflections on the ill success of this crusade, and the causes which led to it, ii. 297 et seq. —— The Seventh Crusade, a.d. 1242-1245.—The Tartars of the middle ages, ii. 312 et seq. State of Palestine, ii. 326. Jerusalem captured by the Carismian hordes, and the Christians slaughtered, ib. The united Mussulman and Christian forces defeated by the Carismians, ii. 330. Distress of the Christians, ii. 334. Innocent IV., at the council of Lyons, determines on a new crusade, ii. 338. Louis IX. engages to assist, ii. 345-347. The distinguished individuals of France who enter into it, ii. 347, ii. 348. Preparations of Louis IX., ii. 358 et seq. He arrives at Cyprus, ii. 369. Lands at Damietta, and defeats the Mohammedan forces, ii. 385. Advances on Cairo, ii. 399. Defeats the Egyptians, ii. 403. His sanguinary contests with the Mamelukes, ii. 405. Slaughter of the Christians at Mansourah, ii. 408. Sanguinary contests with the Mussulmans, and their severe losses, ii. 413-416. Exposed to disease, pestilence, and famine, ii.et seq. Louis IX. captured, and his army destroyed, ii. 428 et seq. 30,000 Crusaders massacred, ii. 430; and numbers taken into slavery, ii. 435. Louis enters into an abject treaty with the sultan of Cairo, ii. 438, ii. 447. The Christian forces evacuate Damietta, ii. 448. Heavy ransom paid for the liberation of Louis IX., who quits Egypt for Syria, ii. 450. A fresh crusade preached in Europe, ii. 464. Numbers of Christians in Syria and Egypt embrace the Mohammedan religion, ii. 469. Hostilities resumed in Palestine, ii. 474. Louis quits Palestine, and arrives at Paris in 1254, ii. 478, ii. 480. General reflections on the crusade, and its unhappy termination, ii. 481 et seq. Desolating crusades against the idolaters of Lithuania, Prussia, &c., ii. 493. —— The Eighth Crusade, a.d. 1255-1270.—Dangerous position of the Christians of Palestine, iii. 7. War declared against, iii. 8. Coolness of Pope Alexander IV. and Clement IV., iii. 8, iii. 20. The crusade supported only by a few French knights under Eudes, son of the duke of Burgundy, iii. 9. The Latin Crusaders lose Constantinople, iii. 10. Misfortunes of the Christians in Palestine, iii. 11 et seq. Louis IX. of France undertakes another crusade to the Holy Land, and after extensive preparations he sails with a powerful armament, and lands at Tunis, iii. 23-37. England, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, &c. engage to assist, iii. 29. Great mortality at Tunis, iii. 41. Death of Louis IX., iii. 46. The Crusaders conclude a ten years’ truce with the king of Tunis, iii. 49. Their fleet is nearly destroyed by a tempest, iii. 51. The ancient spirit of the Crusaders suspended, iii. 57. Prince Edward of England arrives in Palestine, ib.; but soon returns, iii. 58. Causes of the failure of this crusade, iii. 58 et seq. Gregory X. convokes the council of Lyons, and endeavours, but in vain, to revive a new crusade, iii. 59. Severe losses and sanguinary contests of the Christians of Palestine with the Saracens, iii. 69, iii. 80 et seq. The slaughter of, at the capture of PtolemaÏs, iii. 85 et seq. Abandoned by their leaders, iii. 87. Capture and destruction of all the Christian cities along the coast of Syria, iii. 89. Indifference of the Western world to the melancholy fate of the Christian inhabitants, iii. 90. —— Attempted Crusades against the Turks, a.d. 1291-1396.—Pope Nicholas IV. directs his attention to the preaching of another crusade, iii. 93. The hopes of the West revived by the successes of the Tartars against the Mussulmans, iii. 94 et seq. Proclaimed by Clement V. at the council of Vienna, iii. 97. Philip, king of France, Edward III. of England, and other illustrious personages, prepare for a formidable crusade, which is checked by the death of Pope John XXI., iii. 107, iii. 108. Persecutions of the Christians of the East in consequence of these attempts, iii. 109. Benedict XI. endeavours to stir up a crusade, iii. 110, iii. 111. Assembly of sovereigns and nobles at Avignon, iii. 113, iii. 114. They capture and burn Alexandria, iii. 116. Invade the coast of Barbary, iii. 117. Miraculous interpositions related, iii. 118. Treaty with the sultan of Egypt, iii. 119. A crusade against the Turks determined on, iii. 125. Its illustrious leaders, iii. 126. Their fatal contests with Bajazet, iii. 127, iii. 128. Pope Eugenius exhorts to a fresh crusade, iii. 135; and large armies are collected, iii. 137. The Christians enter into a treaty with Amurath, which they violate, iii. 138; and undertaking another crusade are defeated and annihilated, iii. 142. The Crusaders full of bravery but deficient in qualities, iii. 143. European crusades terminate with the capture of Constantinople, and the destruction of the Greek empire by the Ottoman forces, in 1453, iii. 156. —— Defensive Crusades against the Turks, a.d. 1453-1481, iii. 159. Meeting of Philip of Burgundy, John Capistran, Æneas Sylvius, Frederick III. of Germany, Pope Nicholas V., Calixtus III., and others, to endeavour to stir up a crusade against the Turks, iii. 159-166. The crusade preached in France, England, Germany, Spain, and Portugal, iii. 168. General assembly at Mantua, convoked by Pius II., iii. 172. His holiness endeavours to arouse the Christian states against the victorious career of the Turks, iii. 174 et seq. Accompanies the crusade, and dies at Ancona, iii. 178, iii. 179. Paul II. and Sextus V. preach the crusade, iii. 179, iii. 182. Partial successes of the Crusaders, and the discord attending them, iii. 183. The Christians lose all their previous conquests, except Cyprus and Rhodes, iii. 184. Charles VIII. of Naples engages in a pretended crusade against the Turks, iii. 192, iii. 193. Pope Alexander VI. endeavours in vain to stir up the crusade, iii. 197. The crusading spirit becomes enfeebled, iii. 197, iii. 201. Exertions of Leo X. for its revival, iii. 202 et seq. Great preparations for, iii. 206. Curious historical documents respecting, iii. 207. Clement VII. renounces all further hopes, iii. 218. Career of the Turks checked by their signal defeat in the Gulf of Lepanto, iii. 227; and before the walls of Vienna, iii. 235. General review of the holy wars, iii. 228. Their influence on the various classes of society in Europe, as regards the progress of the arts and of general knowledge, iii. 251 et seq. Concluding remarks, iii. 345-348. —— Appendix.—Bull of Pope Eugenius in favour of the second crusade, iii. 370. Bull of Gregory VIII., iii. 380. Ralph of Coggershall’s account of the crusade under Richard I., iii. 395. Treaty among the Crusaders for dividing the city and empire of Constantinople, iii. 431. Jourdain’s letter on the crusade of children in 1212, iii. 441. Letter of Innocent III. exhorting the Christians to a fresh crusade, iii. 447. List of the great officers who followed St. Louis in his crusade to Tunis, iii. 465. Receipts of the troncs in France for the expenses of the crusades, iii. 473; and their expenditure, iii. 474 et seq. Cydnus, the river, i. 449 n. Cyprus, captured by Richard I. of England, i. 475. Disputes respecting the sovereignty of, ii. 177. Arrival of Louis IX. at, ii. 369. Intemperance of the Crusaders at, ii. 370, ii. 371. Political distractions of, iii. 184. Subjected to the Mussulmans, iii. 185. Taken possession of by the Venetians, Captured by the Turks, iii. 225. ——, king of, flies from PtolemaÏs, iii. 79. ——, Peter de Lusignan, king of, engages in a fresh crusade, iii. 313 et seq. D. Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, appointed patriarch of Jerusalem, i. 269. His disputes with Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 285, i. 286. Letters from him and others detailing their victories over the Saracens, i. 362-364 (App.). DaÏs, a class of IshmaËlians, iii. 421. Damascus, principality of, i. 127. The sultan of, attacks the principality of Tancred, and is defeated by Godfrey, i. 273. He defeats the Christians, i. 290, i. 291. Description and history of, i. 364, i. 365. Besieged by the Crusaders, who are defeated through treachery, i. 366 et seq. Captured by the Carismians, ii. 332. Sultan of, carries on war against the Egyptians, ii.468, ii. 473. Treaty of peace between, ii. 474. Damietta, city of, described, ii. 231, ii. 232. Tower of, taken by the Crusaders, ii. 232-235. Sanguinary conflicts before the walls of, ii. 243. Captured by the Christians, the inhabitants having perished by famine, ii. 249, ii. 250. Great wealth of, Surrendered to the Saracens, ii. 260. Besieged and captured by the Crusaders under Louis IX., ii. 380-385. Delivered up to the Mussulmans by treaty, ii. 448. Mussulman rejoicings at, and Arab poem on, ii. 451. Destroyed by the Mussulmans, ii. 485. Letter from the count of Artois on the taking of, iii. 456 (App.). Letter from St. Louis respecting, iii. 461 (App.). Dandolo, the doge of Venice, ii. 49 and n. Engages to assist the Crusaders, ii. 50, ii. 51. His address to the Venetians in favour of the Crusaders, ii. 61. Virtues of, ii. 146. Death of, ii. 172. His treaty with the Crusaders for dividing Constantinople and the empire, iii. 431 (App.). Daphnusia, expedition against, iii. 9. Darcum, castle of, i. 495. Dardanelles, castle of, built by Selim II., iii. 226. Dargan, vizier of Egypt, defeated and slain, i. 387. Despotism, the most fragile of human institutions, iii. 120. Dicet, Ralph, extract from his history, iii. 394. Dipsada, serpents so called, i. 199 n. Dogs, a river in “burning Phrygia” discovered by the sagacity of, i. 114. Dol, archbishop of, i. 56 n. Dolabella, his dispute with Cassius, i. 117 n. DorylÆum, plain of, i. 106. Ducas, Michael, excites the Christians to take arms against the infidels, i. 38, i. 39. Duelling, origin of, in the middle ages, iii. 313. Durazzo, siege of, i. 284. E. Earthquake visits Palestine, and destroys several cities, i. 291, i. 292. In Egypt, ii. 188. East, anarchy of the, i. 4, i. 5. Subject to the invasions of the wild hordes of Tartary, i. 31. Subdued by the Turks, i. 32. Empire of, approaching to its fall, i. 36, i. 37. State of, at the time of the third crusade, i. 382. Ecalthai, the Tartar prince, sends an embassy to Louis IX. at Cyprus, ii. 373. Eccelino de Romano, papal crusade against, ii. 422. His death, ii. 493. Eclipses, alarm caused by, i. 201, i. 351. Edessa, occupied by the Crusaders, i. 121. Governed by Baldwin, i. 124. The principal bulwark of the Christians, i. 125. Flourishing state of, i. 306. Captured and destroyed by the infidels, and the Christians slaughtered, i. 321-327. ——, Matthew of, i. 101. Edma, daughter of Baldwin, i. 302. Edward I. of England, his expedition to the Holy Land, and defeat of the Saracens, iii. 472 (App.). Edward, Prince, of England, engages in the crusade to the Holy Land, iii. 29, iii. 32. Arrives in Syria, and captures Nazareth, iii. 57. Returns to England, iii. 58. Their offers rejected, i. 139. Mussulman forces from, under Afdhal, i. 237-242. The armies of, defeated by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 278, i. 286, i. 287, i. 293. Several of her cities captured, i. 303. Distracted state of, i. 386 et seq. Warlike preparations against, i. 389 et seq. Deposition and death of the caliph, i. 396. Possessed by Malek-Adel, i. 509. Famine and plague in, ii. 186, ii. 187. Terrible earthquake in, ii. 188. The sultan of, joined by the warriors of Carismia, ii. 326. Malek-Saleh Negmeddin, the sultan of, ii. 376. Military and political state of, when invaded by Louis IX., ii. 377, ii. 378, ii. 379. The Saracens defeated by Louis, ii. 403. The Christian forces, in their turn, defeated with great slaughter, ii. 408, ii. 428. Almoadam raised to the throne of, ii. 417. Louis IX. taken prisoner in, ii. 428. Civil commotions in, ii. 459. Sultan of, negotiates a treaty of alliance with Venice, iii. 199. Undertakes an expedition against the Portuguese, Memoir of Leibnitz, addressed to Louis XIV., on the conquest of, iii. 478-493 (App.). Accomplishments of, i. 360. Her irregular conduct, i. 361, i. 362. Repudiated by her husband, i. 362. Results of her divorce, i. 378, i. 472. Eleuctra, river, venomous serpents of, i. 198. Elevein, province of, in Wales, iii. 409. Elidore, miraculous adventure of, iii. 411. Eloi, St., at the court of Dagobert, i. 10. Emad-eddin, his conspiracy for dethroning the sultan of Cairo, ii. 242. EmaÜs, captured by Saladin, i. 427. Emicio, Count, instigates the Crusaders to the greatest cruelties, i. 70. Emirs of Egypt, power of, ii. 444. EmmaÜs, the Crusaders arrive at, i. 201. England, her resistance to the pretensions of the popes, ii. 303, ii. 341. Increase of liberty in, iii. 285. State of, and changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 256 et seq. Erard de Severy, his heroic death, ii. 410. Eude, duke of Burgundy, i. 249. Killed in battle, i. 254 and n. —— III., death of, ii. 55. Eugenius III., Pope, warmly urges on the second crusade, i. 331. His bull in its favour, iii. 370 (App.). —— IV. receives the submission of the Greek Church, iii. 135. Exhorts the Christian states to a fresh crusade, iii. 135, iii. 136. Euphrosyne, wife of the Emperor Alexius, ii. 94. Europe, aspect of, changed by advancing civilization, i. xxi. Political and religious distractions of, ii. 195, ii. 196; iii. 131, iii. 217, iii. 220. General state of, ii. 304, ii. 305. Great preparations for undertaking a crusade against the Turks, iii. 206. Curious historical documents respecting, iii. 207. Divisions among the powers of, iii. 214. Policy of the sovereigns of, iii. 219. General emulation in, for the cultivation of the arts, iii. 229. Eutychians, sect of the, i. 4. Everard de Puysaie, bravery of, at Jerusalem, i. 224. Evrard des Barres, grand master of the Templars, i. 356. Ezeroum, kingdom of, i. 97. Ezz-Eddin Aybek, surnamed Turcoman, made governor of Egypt under Chegger-Eddour, ii. 445. Marries Chegger-Eddour, and becomes sultan, ii. 459. Is assassinated by his wife, iii. 3. F. Fair held on Mount Calvary, i. 11. Fakr-eddin, Imaum, anecdote of, iii. 426. Fak-reddin, the leader of the Egyptian army, ii. 381. Defeated by Louis IX., ii. 385. Takes the command of Egypt, ii. 397. His letter to the Mussulmans, ii. 398. Is slain in battle, ii. 403. Falcandus, the Sicilian historian, ii. 20 and n. Famine in Europe, ii. 56 and n. Its frightful effects, ii. 186, ii. 187. Fanaticism, spirit of, weakened by civilization, i. xxi. Fatimite caliphs recapture Jerusalem, i. 16. Fatimites, dynasty of the, extinguished, i. 396. Fayel, lady de, i. 503. FedaÏs, a sect of assassins in Syria, iii. 421. Curious anecdote of one, iii. 426. Fergant, the Breton, i. 183. Feristha, the historian, i. 31. Feudalism established at Jerusalem, i. 271-273. Its yoke first shaken off in Lombardy and Italy, iii. 284. Evils of, iii. 275 et seq. Flanders, nobility of, engage in the fifth crusade, ii. 47, ii. 83. Bravery of the soldiers of, ii. 415. ——, count of, his speech to the Christian army at Jerusalem, i. 230. Florence rejoices at the defeat of the French Crusaders, ii. 453. Florine, daughter of Eude I., slain, i. 134 and n. Foulke, a French knight, and his beautiful wife, fate of, i. 181. ——, count of Anjou, and son of Foulque le Rechin, engages in the holy wars, i. 310. Marries the daughter of Baldwin du Bourg, Crowned king of Jerusalem, i. 311. His death, i. 316. Foulque-Nerra, count of Anjou, penitential pilgrimages of, i. 25, i. 26. Death of, i. 26. Miraculous incident relative to, iii. 355 (App.). Foulkes, curÉ of Neuilly, preaches in favour of the fifth crusade, ii. 42-45. Death of, ii. 57. Tomb of, “Fountain of the Clerks,” London, iii. 384. The Crusaders of, and their most distinguished leaders, i. 87, i. 88. Louis IX. engages in the second crusade, i. 337 et seq. Ruled by the minister Suger, i. 376. Lamentations of, for the fate of the Crusaders, i. 376, i. 377. ——, placed under the papal interdict, ii. 42. Political contentions in, ii. 195, ii. 208. Engages in the sixth crusade, ii. 207. Louis IX. and several distinguished personages engage in the seventh crusade, ii. 347, ii. 348. The nobles of, form a league to resist the exactions of the pope, ii. 358. Enthusiasm of, for the seventh crusade, ii. 362, ii. 363, ii. 365. Improved state of society in, ii. 364. Innocent IV. takes charge of the kingdom during the absence of Louis IX., ii. 368. State of her navy, ii. 369. Consternation of, on receiving the news of the defeat and capture of Louis IX. by the Egyptians, ii. 452. France undertakes a second crusade under Louis IX., assisted by various powers, iii. 24 et seq. Invades the coast of Barbary, where Louis dies, iii. 117. Her troops take possession of Rome, iii. 194. Political troubles of, iii. 112, iii. 113. The Crusaders of, defeated and slaughtered by Bajazet, iii. 128. Consternation of the French, Important changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 254 et seq. Extension of liberty in, iii. 285, iii. 291, iii. 292. Receipts of the troncs for the expenses of the crusades, iii. 473; and their expenditure, iii. 474 (App.). Her treaties with the Ottoman Port, iii. 488 (App.). Francis I. of France, his letters respecting the crusade against the Turks, iii. 207. His injunctions, iii. 209. Made prisoner at the battle of Pavia, iii. 214. Policy of, iii. 219. Francis of Assise, or St. Francis, piety of, ii. 244. His address to Melik-Kamel, ii. 245. Founds the religious order of Cordeliers, ii. 246. Franks, military valour of the, i. 37; ii. 87. Carry on their hostilities against the infidels, i. 282 et seq. Attack Constantinople, ii. 87. Character of the, ii. 174. See Frederick II., emperor of Germany, enters into vows to fight against the infidels of Palestine, ii. 263. His extensive preparations, ii. 265. Sets sail, and returns to Otranto, ii. 270. His marriage at Rome with the heiress of the king of Jerusalem, ii. 266. Acknowledged to be the sovereign of the holy city, ii. 267. His quarrel with the pope, ii. 270 et seq. Opposed by the clergy, ii. 280. Quits Palestine for Europe, ii. 281. His victories in Lombardy, ii. 281. Excommunicated by Gregory IX., Treaty with his holiness, ii. 282. Renewed rupture with the pope, ii. 292. Excommunicated, ii. 292, ii. 341. His indignation, ii. 344. Is deposed by the pope, ii. 353. His protracted contests with, ii. 354 et seq. Enters into negotiations with Melik-Kamel, ii. 273, ii. 276. Arrives at PtolemaÏs, ii. 275. Concludes a treaty, ii. 278. Death of, ii. 461. His character, ii. 490. —— III. of Germany endeavours to stir up a crusade against the Turks, iii. 164. ——, duke of Swabia, joins the Crusaders, i. 468. Death of, i. 470. ——, king of the Romans, ii. 209, ii. 217. G. Galata, fortress of, captured by the Latins, ii. 87. Gargan, Mount, i. 21. Garnier, count de Grai, i. 78. Gaston de BÉarn, i. 88, i. 212. Dies in Spain, i. 247. Ordinances of, i. 262 n. Gaucher de Chatillon, his heroic death, ii. 427. Gauthier de Brienne lays claim to the kingdom of Sicily, ii. 53, ii. 178. Engages in the holy wars, ii. 78. Captured and put to death by the Carismians, ii. 331, ii. 332. Gaza, capture of, by Saladin, i. 426. The Crusaders surprised and cut to pieces at, ii. 295. Gecko, the serpent of Egypt, i. 199 n. Gelaleddin, sultan of Carismia, death of, ii. 326. Gemaleddin, the historian, i. 175 n. Gengiskhan, the Tartar chief, historical notices and conquests of, ii. 317 et seq. Death of, ii. 321. Genoese, their fleets and victories, i. 40. They relieve and assist the Crusaders at Antioch, i. 145; at Jaffa, i. 211; and at Arsur, i. 277. Their contests with the Venetians, iii. 2. They lose the colony of Caffa, iii. 184. Geoffrey de la Tour, anecdote of, i. 180. —— de Lusignan, i. 413. Defeated and made prisoner by Saladin, i. 422. —— de RanÇon, i. 354. Commits a fatal blunder, i. 355. Geography, progress of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 333-335. Georgians, a warlike people, ii. 265. Gerard of Avesnes, heroic death of, i. 268. GÉraud, St., Baron d’Aurillac, i. 19 n. Gerbert, Archbishop, excites resistance to the Saracens, i. 17. Germany, state of, at the time of the second crusade, i. 337. Enthusiasm of, in its favour, i. 339. The Crusaders of, defeated by the Turks, i. 353. The fourth crusade preached and undertaken by, ii. 14-16. The Crusaders return from Palestine, ii. 31. Political and religious contentions in, ii. 209, ii. 353. Changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 258-260. Extension of liberty in, iii. 284. Gertrude, wife of Andrew II. of Hungary, ii. 217. Gervais, count of Tiberias, taken prisoner and put to death, i. 290. Ghibellines, faction of the, ii. 269. Gibel, besieged by the Crusaders, i. 189 and n. Gilbert, a leader of the crusades, i. 356. Giraffe, its first introduction into Europe, iii. 330. Giselbert, prophetic vision of, i. 234. Gisors, assembly convoked at, by the kings of France and England, i. 436. Glaber the monk, chronicle of, i. 19, i. 20, i. 23. Glass, manufacture of, during the middle ages, iii. 329. Gnostics, sect of the, iii. 495 et seq. Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lorraine, the distinguished leader of the first crusade, i. xx., xxi., i. 76 and n., i. 77-79. Wages war against the Greeks, i. 90. His alliance with Alexis of Constantinople, i. 92. Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 110, i. 111. Dangerously wounded by a bear, i. 115. His quarrel with Bohemond, i. 146, i. 147. His heroic bravery, i. 172. Forms an alliance with the emir of Hezas, and defeats the sultan of Aleppo, i. 182. Takes Jerusalem by storm, i. 221. Elected king, i. 234. Defeats the Egyptian forces on the plain of Ascalon, i. 240-242. His quarrel with Raymond, i. 244. Political measures and conquests of, i. 267. Besieges Arsur, i. 268. Extraordinary prowess of, i. 269. He concedes political power to the patriarch of Jerusalem, Divides the conquered lands among the companions of his victories, i. 270. His legislative code, i. 271-273. His death and character, i. 274. —— abbot of Clairvaux, i. 329 n. Godfrey, bishop of Langres, i. 331. Gorgoni, valley of, in Phrygia, i. 106 and n. Battle of, i. 107-111. Goths, monarchy of the, overturned, i. 5. Gotschalk, a priest, elected general of the Crusaders, i. 68. His progress, i. 69 et seq. Greece, invaded by Boniface, king of Thessalonica, ii. 162, ii. 163. By the Turks, iii. 122. Humiliated condition of, iii. 134. Conquered by Mahomet II., iii. 171. Her want of energy to resist the Turkish domination, iii. 243. Her probable emancipation, iii. 245. Greek, knowledge of, diffused and cultivated in the West, ii. 181 and n., iii. 204. Brought from Constantinople, iii. 338. Greek Church submits to papal authority, iii. 135. Greek empire, its weakened condition, i. 4, i. 5. The conquered lands of, distributed among the Crusaders, ii. 149, ii. 150. Its approaching fall, iii. 144. Capture of its capital by Mahomet II., iii. 156. Destruction of the, iii. 156-158. Greek fire, i. 5. Destructive properties and terrific appearance of, ii. 14, ii. 401. Use of, iii. 29. Note upon, by Renaudot, iii. 387 (App.). Greeks, on the rising energies of the, i. 13. The cool indifference of their prelates, They are defeated by the Saracens, i. 14. Zimisces, their emperor, gains a signal victory, i. 15. Opposed to the formidable tyranny of the Turks, i. 34, i. 35. Their moral condition and character, i. 35-37; ii. 100 et seq., ii. 174. Their contests with the Crusaders, and hostility to the Latins, i. 90, i. 91, i. 93, i. 446, i. 447. Their perfidious policy to the Crusaders, i. 348 et seq., i. 356. Are defeated by Barbarossa, i. 448. Their contentions with the Latins, ii. 103, ii. 113-115. Their reverence for relics and images, ii. 141. Rebel against the Latins, ii. 165. Defeat and massacre them, ii. 168, ii. 169. Their different historians, ii. 175. Dispossess the Latins of Constantinople, iii. 10. See “Green Knight,” distinguished bravery of the, i. 452. Gregory VII., Pope, his character, i. 39. —— VIII., bull of, in favour of a crusade against Saladin, iii. 380 (App.). —— IX., Pope, character of, ii. 269. His rage against Frederick II. of Germany, ii. 270, ii. 271. Hostilities with, ii. 272, ii. 281. Treaty with, ii. 282. Determines to renew the holy war, ii. 283. Quarrels with and excommunicates Frederick, ii. 292. His death, ii. 296. —— X. convokes a council at Lyons for reviving a new crusade, iii. 59. His death, iii. 66. ——, Cardinal, iii. 52. —— St., of Nyssen, i. 2. Grenier, Eustache, regent of Jerusalem, i. 297. Guelphs, faction of the, ii. 269. Guibert, AbbÉ, i. 56 n. Guichenon, the historian of the house of Savoy, i. 250 n. Guicher, a French knight, i. 180. Guienne. See Guillebard, St., pilgrimage of, i. 24 n. Guis de Trusselle, i. 83. Guiscard, Robert, the Norman, i. 84. Gundechilde, wife of Pancratius, i. 120. Gunther, the monk, his history of the Greeks, ii. 175, 176. Guy, abbot of Vaux de Cernay, ii. 64. —— His rebellion against Baldwin IV., i. 407. Selected by Sibylla, his wife, as the sovereign of Jerusalem, i. 413. His contentions with Saladin, i. 417 et seq. Defeated and made prisoner, i. 422. Released from captivity, i. 453. Besieges PtolemaÏs, i. 454. His conflicts with Saladin, i. 458. Obtains the sovereignty of Cyprus, i. 501. —— de Malvoisin, bravery of, ii. 408, ii. 415. —— du ChÂtel, slain, ii. 426. —— de Chatillon, slain, ii. 481. —— of Tremouille, death of, iii. 129. Guymer, the corsair chief, i. 118. H. Haco, king of Norway, engages in the seventh crusade, ii. 361. His political motives, Hafiz, the Persian poet, his description of Jerusalem, i. 202. Hakim, Caliph, fanatical excesses of, i. 16, i. 17. Inconstancy of, i. 20. Halys, defeat of the Crusaders on the banks of the, i. 252. Haman Eddin, secretary of Saladin, i. 397. Hammer, M. Raynouard’s notes on his “Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum”, iii. 494-500. Hapsburg, family of, their origin, iii. 260. Harem, city of, taken by the Crusaders, i. 140. Haroun al Raschid, glorious reign of, i. 8. His amicable relations with Charlemagne, i. 9. Hassan, founder of the IsmaËlians, his origin and history, iii. 415 et seq. (App.). Hegira, first age of the, i. 5. Helen, statue of, at Constantinople, ii. 140. Helena, St., her piety, i. 2. Pious pilgrimage of, i. 27. Helian, his speech against the Venetians, iii. 200. Hemingford, Walter, the chronicler, iii. 472. Henry II., king of England, urged to join the Crusaders, i. 411. Determines on renewing the holy war, i. 438. His quarrels with the king of France, i. 440. His convocation at the Fountain of the Clerks, London, iii. 394 (App.). —— III., ascends the throne of England, ii. 216. Refuses to assist the Crusaders, ii. 352. His opposition to the pope and his barons, ii. 394. —— VI. of Germany engages in the fourth crusade, ii. 13 et seq. Conquers Naples and Sicily, ii. 20. Progress of his armies in Palestine, ii. 22 et seq. Death of, ii. 31; and character, ii. 34 and n. —— VIII. of England, policy of, iii. 219. —— count of Champagne, Palestine ceded to, i. 501. Accidental death of, ii. 17. ——, landgrave of Thuringia, crowned emperor of Germany, ii. 353 —— of Hainault, his bravery, ii. 169, ii. 170. Heracle, count de Polignac, i. 88. Heraclius captures Jerusalem, i. 4. His interview with Henry II., king of England, i. 411. Hercules, statue of, at Constantinople, ii. 130. Heresies of the thirteenth century, ii. 198. Papal crusade against, ii. 199. Hezas, emir of, i. 181. Allies himself with the Crusaders, and defeats the sultan of Aleppo, i. 182. Hezelon de Kintzveiler, prophetic vision of, i. 234. Hildebrand, Pope, pretensions of, i. 39. History, writers of, i. xxii. Difficulties of reconciling, i. xxiii. Progress of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 341. Holy Land, pilgrimages to the, i. 1-3; iii. 248, iii. 249, iii. 349 et seq. Letter of Innocent III. exhorting Christians to the aid of, iii. 447 (App.). See —— See, political contentions with the, ii. 208, ii. 209. Its quarrels with Frederick, emperor of Germany, ii. 270, ii. 281, ii. 292. See —— Melancholy spectacle of its ruins, i. 20. Pilgrimages to the, i. 21. Knights of the, i. 308. Honorius III., Pope, ii. 215. Urges the sixth crusade, ii. 216. Death of, ii. 269. Horses, four, of bronze, carried to Venice, ii. 182. Hospitals for pilgrims of the Latin Church, i. 10, i. 16, i. 22, i. 23. Hospitallers, possessions and power of, ii. 9. Their quarrels with the Templars, ii. 9, ii. 10; iii. 2. Their exploits, iii. 98. Anecdote of the, iii. 299. Hugh of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, iii. 111, iii. 112. ——, count of Jaffa, i. 313. Death of, i. 315. Humbert II., count of Savoy, departs for the Holy Land, i. 249. Historical notices of, i. 250. —— II., dauphin of Viennois, takes the cross for the holy war, iii. 111. —— de Romanis, curious document issued by, iii. 60, iii. 61. Humphrey de Thoron, i. 413. His pretensions to the throne of Jerusalem, i. 470. Hungarians, their origin, i. 62. Oppose the progress of the Crusaders, i. 65 et seq., i. 68, i. 71. Conquered by the Tartars, ii. 323. Hungary, political state of, ii. 230. The Crusaders of, defeated by Bajazet, iii. 128. Invaded by the Turks, iii. 166, iii. 187. The Turks defeated, iii. 187. Invaded by Soliman, iii. 214; and the Hungarians defeated, iii. 215. Weakened condition of, iii. 218. Enters into a treaty of peace with the Turks, Hunniades, the Hungarian, a leader of the Crusaders, iii. 137. Is defeated by Amurath, iii. 142. Valour of, iii. 166, iii. 167. His death, iii. 167. I. Ibu-Ferat, the Arabian historian, iii. 63, 64 n. Iconium, city of, i. 116. Taken by Barbarossa, i. 448. Ida, countess of Hainault, heroic devotion of, i. 246. ——, margravine of Austria, i. 249. Iftikhar-Eddanlah, governor of Jerusalem, his hostilities against the Crusaders, i. 204. Imamat, rights of the, iii. 414. Imbert de Beaujeu, constable of France, ii. 402. Indulgences, sale of, iii. 210. Industry, progress of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 251, iii. 328 et seq. Infidels. See Ingulfus, the monk, his account of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, i. 30 and n. Innocent III., the great instigator of the fifth crusade, ii. 38 et seq. His quarrel with Philip of France, ii. 42. His reproaches against the Crusaders at Zara, ii. 73. His letter, ii. 153. His efforts to stimulate the Crusaders, ii. 191, ii. 203, ii. 213. His crusade against the Albigeois, ii. 199 and n. His political domination, ii. 208, ii. 209. Assembles the council of Lateran, ii. 210. His sermon on the occasion, ii. 211. His death and character, ii. 214, ii. 215. Letter from, exhorting Christians to the aid of the Holy Laud, iii. 447 (App.). —— IV., disturbances under his reign, ii. 296. Convokes the council of Lyons, ii. 335. Determines on the seventh crusade, ii. 338.. Excommunicates Frederick, emperor of Germany, ii. 341. Deposes him, ii. 353. Protracted contests between them, ii. 354 et seq. Levies excessive contributions on Europe, ii. 358. Encourages the preaching of a fresh crusade, ii. 464. His character, ii. 490, ii. 491. Inquisition established in Spain, iii. 267. Its power, iii. 271. Isaac Angelus, the emperor of Constantinople, i. 445. Forms an alliance with Saladin, i. 446. Deposed by Alexius Angelus, ii. 63-65. Reinstated by the Crusaders, ii. 93. His imbecility and bigotry, ii. 108. His death, ii. 119. —— Comnenus, dispossessed of Cyprus, i. 475. Isabella of Constantinople, death of, ii. 192. Isidorus, Cardinal, bravery of, iii. 154. Islamism. See Mohammedanism. Account of their origin and history, iii. 414-431 (App.). Their possessions, iii. 424. Various sects and classes of, iii. 420, iii. 421, iii. 428. Their religious dogmas, iii. 429. Italy, zeal of, awakened in favour of the crusades, i. 84. War of factions in, ii. 269; iii. 190. Invaded by Frederick, emperor of Germany, and devastated by civil war, ii. 293, ii. 296. State of, and changes during the age of the crusades, iii. 261. Republics of, iii. 263. The clergy and nobility lose their influence in the cities, iii. 284. Her extensive commerce during the middle ages, iii. 327. Progress of architecture in, iii. 332. Literature of Greece introduced into, iii. 338. “Itinerary” of the early pilgrims from Bordeaux to Jerusalem, composed A.D. 333, iii. 351 et seq. J. Jacob of Hungary instigates the Crusaders, ii. 462. Is killed, ii. 463. Jacques d’Avesnes slain, i. 487. —— de MaillÉ, his bravery and death, i. 415, i. 416. Jaffa, entrance of the Genoese fleet into the port of, i. 211. Captured by Richard I., i. 489. Taken by the Mussulmans, ii. 17. The garrison surprised and massacred by the Saracens, ii. 31 and n. Captured by the sultan of Cairo, iii. 16. Great expense of fortifying by Louis IX., Battle of, iii. 396 (App.). Jago, the patron saint of Galicia, i. 21. James, king of Arragon, engages in the holy war, iii. 29, iii. 30. —— of Vitri preaches the sixth crusade, ii. 207. Jane, queen of Sicily, i. 475. Jebusees, Jerusalem the ancient capital of the, i. 203. Jehoshaphat, valley of, i. 21. Jem-jem. See Jericho, palms of, i. 21. Jerusalem, taken by the Crusaders, i. xx. Retaken by the infidels, Reverence for, by the early Christians, i. 2. A peaceful asylum for them, i. 3. Captured and profaned by the Fire Worshippers, Recaptured by Heraclius, i. 4. Conquered by the Saracens, i. 6. Christian cemetery at, i. 10, i. 11. Retaken by the Fatimite caliphs, i. 16. Christians driven from, i. 19. Pious pilgrimages to, i. 21, i. 24, i. 29, i. 30. Hospitals at, i. 23. Possessed by the Turks, i. 32. The Christians commence their march towards, i. 196. Antiquity and early history of, i. 203. Description of, i. 204. The enthusiasm of the Crusaders on the first view of, i. 102. Besieged, i. 205 et seq. Indignities heaped upon the Christian inhabitants of, i. 207. Obstinate defence of, i. 218 et seq. The Crusaders take it by storm, i. 221-225. Great slaughter, i. 224, i. 225. Pious fervour of the Christian army at, i. 226, i. 227. Wealth found in, i. 229. Godfrey de Bouillon elected king, i. 234. Rejoicings of the Christians of the East, and despair of the Mussulmans at the conquest of, i. 236, i. 237. State of the kingdom of, at the time of the Crusaders, i. 266. The various authorities for compiling the history of, i. 267 n. Visited by numerous pilgrims, i. 269. Legislative code for governing the kingdom of, i. 271-273. Death of its king, Godfrey, and election of his brother Baldwin, i. 274. Quarrels between Baldwin and the patriarch, i. 285. Death of Baldwin, i. 294. Baldwin du Bourg elected his successor, i. 296. Death of Baldwin du Bourg, i. 310. Foulque of Anjou crowned king, i. 311. His death, i. 316. Baldwin III. ascends the throne of, i. 316. Threatened by Noureddin, i. 328. Sinister prognostics respecting, Christendom aroused to a second crusade by the impending danger of, i. 329. Visited by numerous pilgrims, i. 269. Death of Baldwin III., i. 384. Amaury, his brother, elected king, i. 386. His death, i. 399. Distracted state of, i. 407 et seq. Deaths of Baldwin IV. and V., i. 412. Guy de Lusignan elected king, i. 413. Civil contests and tottering state of, i. 414 et seq. The king made prisoner, i. 422. Besieged by Saladin, i. 426. Prognostics of its fall, i. 435. Disputes respecting the sovereignty of, i. 470, i. 476, i. 477. Treaty between Richard I. and Saladin, i. 500. —— governed by the successors of Saladin, ii. 3 and n. Political state of, ii. 192, ii. 193. Frederick, emperor of Germany, acknowledged to be king of, ii. 267, ii. 278. Agitations of, ii. 279, ii. 282. Quarrels with the patriarch, ii. 279. Religious worship suspended, ii. 280. Captured by the Carismian hordes, and the Christians slaughtered, ii. 326, ii. 327. Possessed by the Egyptians, ii. 331. Jerusalem, three pretenders to the throne of, iii. 63. Pilgrimages to, and various treaties for protecting the Christians of, iii. 249. A spirit of resignation takes the place of the enthusiasm of the Crusaders, iii. 250 and n. “Itinerary” to, from Bordeaux, iii. 351 (App.). Massacres on the taking of, by the Christians, iii. 359. Acts of the council of Naplouse for reforming the Christians of, iii. 367. Letter from Saladin, detailing his conquest of, iii. 372. Sermon made at, by Mohammed Ben Zeky, iii. 376. ——, “Assizes of,” i. 271-273. “Jerusalem delivered” of Tasso, more wonderful than that of the “Iliad”, i. 258. Jesus Christ, pretended visions respecting, i. 191. Alleged miraculous communication to the Crusaders, i. 164, i. 165. The “true cross” of, found at Jerusalem, i. 230. Jews, massacred and persecuted by the Crusaders, i. 19, i. 70, i. 341. Destruction of, at Jerusalem, i. 228. Joannice, the Tartar leader, ii. 166. Defeats the Latins, ii. 167, ii. 169. John, king of England, engages in the sixth crusade, ii. 209. ——, king of France, taken captive at the battle of Poictiers, iii. 112. Engages in a fresh crusade, iii. 113, iii. 114. —— of Austria defeats the Turks at the naval battle of Lepanto, iii. 226. —— of Brienne, ii. 193. Accepts the young queen of Jerusalem in marriage, ii. 194, ii. 195. Joinville, seneschal de, the historian of the seventh crusade, ii. 371, et passim. Bravery of, ii. 410. Taken prisoner, ii. 429. Excellence and style of his narration, ii. 481. Anecdote of, ii. 483. Declines to join the second crusade undertaken by Louis IX., iii. 25. Jordan, waters of the, i. 21. Defeated and taken prisoner, i. 283. His release, i. 285. As count of Edessa he supports the election of Baldwin du Bourg to the kingdom of Jerusalem, Made prisoner by the Turks, i. 296. His escape, i. 297. Death of, i. 320. ——, son of the preceding, succeeds to the county of Edessa, i. 321. Loses Edessa, i. 324. Dies a prisoner at Aleppo, i. 379. —— de Montmorency slain, i. 481. Josseraut de BranÇon, bravery of, ii. 416. His death, ib. Jourdain, M., his letter on the “Assassins” of Syria, iii. 413. On the crusade of children in 1212, iii. 441. JudÆa, the promised land, i. 1. See Judicial combat in the middle ages, iii. 313. Julian, emperor, undertakes to rebuild the temple, i. 2. ——, cardinal, preaches in favour of a fresh crusade, iii. 137, iii. 139. Is slain, iii. 143. Julius II., his speech at the council of Lateran, iii. 201. Jurieu, the Reformer, considers the Turks as auxiliaries to the Protestants, iii. 246. Justice, administration of, in Europe during the middle ages, iii. 311 et seq. K. Karacoush, minister of Saladin, i. 456 n. Karaites, khan of the, ii. 318. Kelaoun, the sultan of Cairo, iii. 65. Concludes a truce with the Christians of PtolemaÏs, iii. 66. Enters into treaties with European princes, iii. 67 and n. Captures and destroys Tripoli, iii. 69. His death, iii. 76. His haughty reply to the deputies of the Crusaders, i. 168. His magnificent encampment, i. 175. Defeats the Crusaders, i. 252, i. 253. Ketboga, the Mogul chief, iii. 6. Slain, iii. 7. Khedhrewis, a class of IsmaËlians, iii. 428. Khothbeh, a sermon made at Jerusalem after its capture by Saladin, iii. 376. Kilidj-Arslan, the Turkish chief, i. 97, i. 100, i. 106. His bravery before Antioch, i. 173. Defeats the Crusaders, i. 252, i. 253. Knighthood of learning conferred during the middle ages, iii. 339. Knights in the army of Peter the Hermit, i. 64 n. —— of chivalry engage in the crusades, i. 55. Called “The Champions of God and of Beauty,” Spirit and devotedness of the, iii. 295, 296. Their deference to the fair sex, iii. 297. Knowledge, state of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 337 et seq. Koran, doctrines of the, iii. 346. Koutouz elected sultan of Egypt, iii. 5. Assassinated by Bibars, iii. 7. L. Ladislas, duke of Bohemia, i. 338. Ladislaus, king of Poland and Hungary, engages in a fresh crusade, iii. 137. Is defeated and slain by Amurath, iii. 142. Lance, sacred, which pierced the side of the Redeemer, pretended discovery of the, i. 165, i. 166 and n. Borne to battle by Raymond d’Agiles, i. 169, i. 170. Doubts entertained of its miraculous influence, i. 176. Offerings made to the, i. 192. Langres, bishop of, his speech against the treachery of the Greeks, i. 349. Lascaris chosen emperor of Constantinople, ii. 130. His address to the Greeks, Abandons the city, ii. 131. Proclaimed emperor at Nice, ii. 156. Lateran, council of, convoked by Julius II., iii. 201. By Leo X., iii. 202. By Pope Innocent III., iii. 210. Latins of the West, their hostility to the Greeks, and their hatred of the emperor Alexius, i. 89-92, i. 194. Their violent disputes, ii. 113-115. They capture Constantinople, ii. 131. The Greeks rebel against their domination, ii. 165, ii. 166. Decline of their empire in Greece, ii. 288. Dispossessed of Constantinople, iii. 10. See Constantinople and Crusaders. Laws, the administration of, during the middle ages, iii. 311 et seq. Lazar-houses, establishment of, iii. 336. Lazarus, St., order of, historical notices of, iii. 298 and n. Lebrun, Hugh, count of AngoulÊme, engages in the crusades, ii. 393. Leibnitz, his ideas in favour of the crusades, iii. 247. Memoir of, addressed to Louis XIV. on the conquest of Egypt, iii. 478-493 (App.). Leo X., his exertions for reviving a crusade against the Turks, iii. 202 et seq. Allows the sale of indulgences, iii. 210. After the preaching of Luther, the crusades cease to engage his attention, iii. 213. The distinguished age of, iii. 229. —— Sguerre, conquests of, ii. 156. Leopold, duke of Austria, his treatment by Richard I., i. 484. His caustic reply to Richard, i. 490. Detains him a prisoner in Austria, i. 507. Lepanto, naval battle of, in which the Turks are signally defeated, iii. 225. Great rejoicings throughout Christendom, iii. 226, iii. 227. Leprosy in the West, ii. 308. Lethal, pilgrimage and fanaticism of, i. 28, 29 and n. Lewenstein, virgin of, miraculous vision of the, i. 444. Liberty, progress of, in England, iii. 256-258. Increasing spirit of, in Europe, during the crusades, iii. 284-292. Lion, curious anecdote of its docility, i. 180. Lisbon taken from the Moors, i. 375. L’Isle-Adam, grand master of the knights of St. John, iii. 213. Litbert, bishop of Cambray, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, i. 29. Literature, state of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 333 et seq. Litz, Martin, preaching of, ii. 44, ii. 45 and n. His possession of relics and images, ii. 141, ii. 142. Livre Tournois, explanation of, ii. 389. Lombardy, confederacy in, ii. 269. Louis II. of Hungary, slain by the Turks, iii. 215. —— VII. of France, resists the encroachments of the pope, i. 330. Destroys Vitri, Repents, and determines on a crusade against the infidels, i. 331. His measures for raising money to defray the expenses of the war, i. 345. His devotion, i. 346. Leaves France at the head of the Crusaders, Arrives at Constantinople, i. 349. Marches through Phrygia, i. 353; and defeats the Turks, Is surprised and defeated, i. 355. Report of his death, His piety and determination, i. 357, i. 358. Arrives at Antioch, with a part of his army, i. 360. Repudiates his queen, Eleanor of Guienne, i. 362. Leaves Antioch, and proceeds to Jerusalem, i. 363. His unsuccessful military operations, i. 366 et seq. Leaves Palestine, and returns to Europe, i. 378. The unfortunate results of his crusade, i. 378 et seq. He revokes his promise of revisiting the Holy Land, i. 379. —— IX. (or St. Louis), his recovery from a dangerous malady, ii. 345 and n. He determines on prosecuting a seventh crusade against the infidels of the Holy Land, ii. 346 et seq. Makes extensive preparations, ii. 358 et seq. Quits France, ii. 368; and arrives at Cyprus, ii. 369. Conciliates the Christian litigants, ii. 371, ii. 372. Receives an embassy from the Tartar prince Ecalthai, ii. 373. Arrives before Damietta, ii. 379. His address, ii. 380. His speech to the Crusaders, ii. 381. Defeats the Mohammedan forces, ii. 382. Captures Damietta, ii. 385. His severe loss at the battle of Monsurah, ii. 408. His continued contests with the Egyptians, ii. 413 et seq. The sufferings of his army, ii. 413-422. He attempts to regain Damietta, but is defeated, and surrenders as a prisoner, ii. 428. Religious resignation of, ii. 433. Enters into a treaty with Almoadan for his ransom, ii. 438, ii. 447. Departs from Egypt, ii. 450. Consternation throughout France at his capture, ii. 452. His arrival at PtolemaÏs, ii. 453. Deliberations and speeches of his knights respecting their future operations, ii. 455, ii. 456. His negotiations with the Mohammedans of Egypt and Damascus, ii. 459. Singular message to, from the “Old Man of the Mountain”, ii. 467. He fortifies the cities of Palestine, ii. 470, ii. 474, ii. 476. Negotiates a treaty with the emirs of Egypt, ii. 472. Treaty violated, and hostilities resumed against him, ii. 474. Anecdotes of his pious devotedness, ii. 476, ii. 479. Quits Palestine, and arrives at Paris, ii. 478, ii. 480. Reflections on his character and misfortunes, ii. 484 et seq. He determines upon another crusade to the Holy Land, iii. 23, iii. 24. The illustrious names who take the cross in his support, iii. 25. His extensive preparations, iii. 27 et seq. His expedition to the coast of Tunis, iii. 38. His illness and fervent devotion, iii. 42-45. His death, iii. 46. His virtues and piety, iii. 54-56. Letter of, on his captivity and deliverance, iii. 458 (App.). List of the great officers who followed him to Tunis, iii. 465. His death-bed instructions, iii. 467. Louis XIV. joins a Christian confederation against the Turks, iii. 233, iii. 234. Memoir of Leibnitz, addressed to, on the conquest of Egypt, iii. 478-493 (App.). ——, count of Chartres, engages in the fifth crusade, ii. 45. Loyola, Ignatius, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 248. Lulli, Raymond, preaches a fresh crusade, iii. 103-106. Lusignan. See Luther, his preaching against indulgences and the crusades, iii. 211. Its important consequences, iii. 212. He preaches against the Turks, 220; but denounces a Christian crusade, iii. 221-223. Lyons, council of, ii. 335. Determines on the seventh crusade, and excommunicates Frederick II. of Germany, ii. 338, ii. 341. Council at, convoked by Gregory X., for reviving a new crusade, iii. 59. M. Maarah, siege and capture of, i. 183-186. Machines used at the siege of Jerusalem, i. 217-219. Magi, worship of the, i. 4. Annihilated by Mohammedanism, i. 5. Magicians among the Saracens, i. 220 and n. Magistracy in France during the middle ages, iii. 319. Mahomet, frenzy of his followers, i. xx. Spread of his religion, i. 4, i. 5. The empire of, i. 12. New sectaries of, Principles of the religion of, i. 382. See —— II., his accession to the Ottoman throne, iii. 143, iii. 144. His powerful empire, iii. 144. Besieges Constantinople, iii. 148 et seq. His fleet defeated, iii. 149. His extraordinary land fleet, iii. 150. Captures the city, iii. 156. Defeated at Belgrade, iii. 167. His extended conquests, iii. 171, iii. 174, iii. 180, iii. 184. His negotiations with Pius II., iii. 174. He swears to annihilate Christianity, iii. 180, iii. 181. Invades Hungary and different parts of Europe simultaneously, iii. 187-189. Defeated by the Hungarians, Death of, iii. 191. Divisions in his family, Mainfroy, of the house of Swabia, slain, iii. 21. Malek-Adel, brother of Saladin, i. 491. Takes possession of Egypt, &c., i. 509. His ambitious policy, ii. 5, ii. 71 n. Opposes the Crusaders, ii. 16. Defeated by the Christians before Berytus, ii. 18, ii. 19. Renews hostilities, ii. 195. The throne of Syria abdicated by, ii. 226. His death and character, ii. 236. Malek Saleh Negmeddin, sultan of Egypt, extent of his conquests, ii. 376, ii. 377. His preparations for resisting the Crusaders under Louis IX., ii. 377. Malek-Scha, conquests of, i. 32. Court of, i. 34. Malleville, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 64. Malta, knights of St. John transferred to, iii. 214. Heroic defence of, against the Turks, iii. 224. Mamelukes, first established by Saladin, i. 402. Their bravery, i. 459. Their treachery, ii. 398. Defeat the Crusaders, ii. 405. Revolt against Almoadan, ii. 439, ii. 440. The Syrians refuse to acknowledge their authority, ii. 459. Their rise and fall, ii. 486. They defeat and expel the Tartars from Palestine, iii. 8. Their victories against the Christians, iii. 11 et seq. Capture Tripoli, iii. 69; PtolemaÏs, iii. 85; and several other Christian cities, iii. 89. Mamouh, sultan of Persia, uncalculating policy of, in encouraging the Turks, i. 31. Mansourah, sanguinary battle at, ii. 404 and n. And death of many illustrious Crusaders, ii. 408. Mantua, general assembly at, to incite resistance to the Turks, iii. 172. Manuel, emperor of Constantinople, visits France, iii. 130. Manufactures, progress of, during the middle ages, iii. 328 et seq. Marcel, treachery of, ii. 428. Margarit, Admiral, sent to the defence of Tripoli, i. 453. Margat, fort of, captured by the Mussulmans, iii. 48. Marguerite of Flanders, wife of Baldwin, death of, ii. 155. —— of Provence, wife of Louis IX., ii. 369. Her agonizing situation during the misfortunes of Louis, ii. 432. “Market of the Franks” at Jerusalem, i. 11. Markets of the Franks established, i. 16. Maronites, sect of, i. 4. Martel, Charles, victories of, i. 6. Matthew of Edessa, the historian, i. 14 n., i. 147 n. et passim. Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, iii. 187. Maudoud, prince of Mossoul, assassinated, i. 292. Maximilian, emperor of Germany, letters of, iii. 202. Mecca, temple of, destroyed and rebuilt, iii. 226. Medicine, state of, and progress during the period of the crusades, iii. 335, iii. 336. Mehallah, canal of, fatal to the Crusaders, ii. 420, ii. 425. Melik-Kamel, the sultan of Cairo, ii. 226. Conspiracy against, ii. 242. His speech respecting the Crusaders, ii. 260. Signs a treaty of peace, ib. Enters into negotiations with Frederick II., emperor of Germany, ii. 273, ii. 276. Concludes a treaty, ii. 278. Death of, ii. 294. Political contests thence arising, Melisende, queen of Jerusalem, i. 313, i. 315. Memphis, solitude of, i. 21. Mercoeur, duke of, defeats the Turks, iii. 231, iii. 232. Mersbourg, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 70, i. 71. Described, i. 70 n. Merwan II., cruelty of, i. 8. Mesopotamia, entered by the Crusaders, i. 121. Mezerai, the historian, ii. 484. Michaud, M. Jourdain’s letters to, iii. 413, iii. 441. Middle Age, reflections on the state of society from 1571 to 1685, iii. 251 et seq. Military orders of Christendom, i. 307-309. Minerva, statue of, at Constantinople, destroyed, ii. 108. Minieh, town of, ii. 427. Miracles, pretended, i. 164, i. 165. Modhaffer Abyverdy, his elegy on the taking of Jerusalem, i. 236. Moguls, sovereign of the, his conquests, ii. 317 et seq. Historical notices of, ii. 487. They capture Bagdad, iii. 4. Their warlike operations against the Mussulmans, iii. 5. Take the principal cities of Syria, General terror of the, iii. 6. History and conquests of, under Tamerlane, iii. 132, iii. 133. See Mohammedanism, victorious career of, i. 33 et seq. Not a religion of the sword, iii. 15 n. Triumph of, under Mahomet II., iii. 158. Its inferiority to Christianity, iii. 346. The two leading sects of, iii. 413. Evil principles of, iii. 241. Contests with the Crusaders before Antioch, i. 158 et seq. Manners and characteristics of the, i. 183. The cities of Palestine abandoned by the, i. 209. Number slain at Jerusalem, i. 228. Their despair on the conquest of Jerusalem by the Christians, i. 236, i. 237. Sustain various defeats by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 277. Their continued hostilities with the Christians in Palestine, Egypt, &c., i. 278-328. Their prayers and exhortations against the Crusaders, i. 474. Arouse themselves against the Crusaders, ii. 240. Panic amongst the, ii. 242. Propose conditions of peace, ii. 247, ii. 257. Their alarm, ii. 251, ii. 252. They burn the fleet of the Crusaders on the Nile, ii. 258; and compel them to capitulate, ii. 260. Defeated by the Carismians, ii. 330. Political quarrel among the, ii. 376. See —— of Tunis encounter the Crusaders, iii. 40. Mohyeddin Almoury, the imaum, iii. 63, iii. 64. Molahed, epithet of, explained, iii. 419. Monasteries founded during the middle ages, i. 22, iii. 303, iii. 304. Montes Jovis, monastery of, i. 22. Montferrat, marquis of, i. 338. Visits the Holy Land, i. 452. Montfort, Philip de, pays the ransom for Louis IX., iii. 450. Moors, expelled from Lisbon, i. 375. Their contests and defeats in Spain, ii. 201, ii. 268. Their expulsion, iii. 243, iii. 266, iii. 375. Morosini, Thomas, elected patriarch of Constantinople, ii. 151. Moslems. See Mossoul, sultan of, attacks and defeats the Christians, i. 290, i. 291. See Mourzoufle, of Constantinople, stirs up insurrection against the Latins, ii. 111, ii. 112. Insidious policy of, ii. 118. Destroys Alexius, and ascends the throne, ib. Treachery of, ii. 119. His contests with the Latins, ii. 119-128. Dethroned, ii. 129. Captured and executed, ii. 157. Music, rise of, in Italy, iii. 333. Mussulmans. See “Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum,” Raynouard’s notes upon, iii. 494-500. Mythology during the period of the crusades, iii. 342. N. Naccaire, the name of a kettledrum, ii. 381. Naples, conquered by Henry VI., ii. 20. Invaded by the Turks, ii. 189. Agitations of, ii. 192, ii. 193. State of, during the age of the crusades, iii. 263. Naplouse, city of, pillaged, i. 291. Decrees of the council of, i. 311 and n. Acts of the council for reforming the Christians of Palestine, iii. 367. Nasr-allah, vizier of the sultan Afdhal, ii. 4 and n. Natural history, knowledge of, increased during the crusades, iii. 330. Navigation, progress of, during and after the period of the crusades, iii. 251, iii. 321 et seq. Codes of maritime rights established, iii. 324. Nazareth, bishop of, miracle imputed to, i. 319. Captured by the Crusaders, iii. 57. Negmeddin, his negotiations with Louis IX., ii. 388. Death of, ii. 397. Nestorians, sect of, i. 4. Neufmontier, abbey of, founded by Peter the Hermit, i. 247 n. Nevers, count de, i. 341, i. 342. Nezzarians, a sect of IsmaËlians, iii. 420. Nice, the capital of Bithynia, besieged, i. 99-105. Sultan of, desolates the country, i. 112. Nicea, possessed by the Mussulmans, i. 33. The sultan of, defeats the Crusaders, i. 75. Nicephoras Phocas heads the Greeks, and captures Antioch, i. 13. His assassination, i. 14, i. 36. Nicetas, his account of the sacking of Constantinople by the Latins, ii. 133-137. His history of the contests between the Greeks and the Latins, ii. 174, ii. 175. Fragment from, iii. 435. Nicholas IV., Pope, attempts to revive a fresh crusade against the East, iii. 93. Nicopolis, the modern name of EmmaÜs, i. 201. Nile, battles on the banks of the, ii. 243. Mouth of, filled with heaps of stones, ii. 485. Nissa assailed by the Crusaders, i. 65, i. 66. Nobility, historical notices of, iii. 278 et seq. Normans join in the crusades, i. 82. Northampton, a council held at, for aiding the second crusade of Louis IX., iii. 29. NosaÏris, sect of the, iii. 428. Noureddin, son of Zenguis, and sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, defeats and slaughters the Christians of Edessa, i. 326, i. 327. Threatens Jerusalem, i. 328. Extensive power of, i. 361, i. 396. His conquests, i. 379. Heroic character and benevolent sentiments of, i. 383-385. His warlike preparations against Egypt, i. 389. Conquers Egypt, and deposes the caliph, i. 396. His death, i. 399. Novagero, his eulogies on Leo X., iii. 204. O. OctaÏ, khan of the Tartars, ii. 321. His extensive conquests, ii. 322. ——, chief of the Mamelukes, anecdote of, ii. 442. Oderic Vital, the chronicler, i. 41 n., i. 82, i. 250 n. et passim. Odo, bishop of Bayeux, i. 83. Odoacer, marquis of Syria, i. 338. “Old Man of the Mountain,” i. 304-306. His singular message to Louis IX., ii. 467. Visit to the court of, ii. 468. Origin and history of his party, iii. 413 et seq. (App.). Curious letter of, iii. 434. Oleron, rolls of, established, iii. 324. Olives, Mount of, i. 21, i. 214. Olivia, bishop of Paderborn, ii. 233 and n. Omar, Caliph, captures Jerusalem, i. 6. Mosque of, wealth found in the, i. 224, i. 229. Ommiades, dynasty of the, i. 8; iii. 414. Ordeal by fire, i. 193. Ordeals during the middle ages, iii. 312. Ores, explanation of, ii. 404. Oriflamme, or royal standard, i. 354. Orpin, count of Bourges, i. 249. Ortock, the Turkish general, conquests of, i. 33. Otho of Savoy, excommunicated, ii. 209. Makes war against the pope, ii. 209. Otranto, captured by the Turks, iii. 189. Abandoned, iii. 191. Otto of Frisingen, i. 352. Ottoman Port, her treaties with France, iii. 488. Ottoman empire, its origin and history, iii. 120 et seq. Ottomans, defeated by Tamerlane the Tartar, iii. 132, iii. 133. Reconquer the provinces overrun by Tamerlane, iii. 133, iii. 134. Their power under Mahomet II., iii. 144. Capture Constantinople, and overturn the Greek empire, iii. 156. See Oulagon, commander of the Moguls, iii. 4, 6. Outtreman, the Jesuit, i. 41 n. Ozellis, valley of, in Phrygia, i. 106 and n. Battle of, i. 107-111. P. Paganism annihilated by Mohammedanism, i. 5. State of in the thirteenth century, i. 219; ii. 218-223. Paladins, the order of, iii. 294. PalÆologus, Michael, his troops recapture Constantinople, iii. 10. ——, John, emperor of Constantinople, his vacillating policy, iii. 123. ——, Constantine, character of, iii. 144, iii. 156 n. Prepares for the defence of Constantinople, and appeals in vain to western Europe for aid, iii. 145. His great efforts, iii. 151, iii. 154. His death, iii. 156. ——, Andrew, sells his claims to the empire of the East, iii. 194. The Crusaders march through the country of, i. 196 et seq. State of, at the period of the crusades, i. 265, i. 266. Ravaged by the infidels, devastated by locusts, and visited by an earthquake, i. 291. Continued hostilities in, i. 292-328. Victories of Saladin in, i. 425. Its capital, Jerusalem, taken from the Christians, i. 429. Ceded to Henry, count of Champagne, i. 501. ——, governed by the successors of Saladin, ii. 3 n. Civil contests in, previous to the fourth crusade, ii. 4-7. Agitated and discordant state of, ii. 4-7, ii. 189, ii. 192, ii. 194, ii. 293, ii. 294. Earthquake and famine in, 189. State of, at the time of the sixth crusade, ii. 225. Oppressions of the Christians of, ii. 265. No longer considered a place of blessedness, but of exile, ii. 300, ii. 301. Subdued by the Carismians and Egyptians, ii. 330. Distress of the Christians of, ii. 334. Cities of, fortified by Louis IX., ii. 470, ii. 474. ——, on the Christian cities fortified by Louis IX., iii. 1. Quarrels among the Christians of, iii. 2, iii. 3. Among the Saracens, iii. 3. Alarm of the Christians at the power of the Moguls, iii. 6. Increasing difficulties of, iii. 11 et seq. The Christians defeated, and the country laid waste, Divisions among the Christians, and conquests of the Mamelukes, iii. 69, iii. 85, iii. 89. Destruction of all the Christian cities along the coast of, iii. 89. Renewed persecutions of the Christians, iii. 109. Subjected to the absolute domination of the Turks, iii. 202. Acts of the council of Naplouse, for reforming the Christians in, iii. 367 (App.). Pancratius, an Armenian prince, joins the Crusaders, i. 120. Paphlagouin, the Crusaders pass through, i. 251. Papyrus Masson, i. 250. Paris, council of, held in 1188; decree of the, for providing Saladin tenths, iii. 384 (App.). “Pastors,” the name given to certain Crusaders, ii. 462. Paul II., Pope, instigates the crusade against the Turks, iii. 179. Death of, iii. 182. Paultre, M., memoir of, on the Forest of Saron, iii. 388 (App.). Pelagius, Cardinal, instigates the prosecution of the sixth crusade, and proceeds to Egypt, ii. 239. His obstinacy in carrying on the war in Egypt, ii. 256, ii. 257. Negotiates for peace, ii. 259. Persia, empire of, torn by intestine wars, i. 4. Sends an immense army against the Crusaders, i. 157, i. 158; which marches against the Turks, iii. 182; and is destroyed, iii. 183. Sends an embassy to the princes of the West, iii. 231. Peter the Hermit, character of, i. 40. His pilgrimage to Jerusalem, i. 41, i. 42. His different appellations, i. 41 n. His visit to Pope Urban II., i. 42. His interview with the patriarch of Jerusalem, and his enthusiasm, Traverses all Europe to arouse the Christians against the infidels, i. 43. Attends the council of Clermont, i. 48. His inciting speech, Chosen general of the crusade, i. 61. Introduced to Alexis Comnenus, at Constantinople, i. 68. Loses his authority, i. 75. Wretched situation of the remains of Peter’s army, i. 96. Deserts the camp of the Crusaders, and is retaken, i. 135. Sent to treat with the Saracen leaders, i. 165. His speech, Arouses the enthusiasm of the Christian army by his address, i. 215. Returns to his own country after the conquest of Jerusalem, i. 247. Death of, —— of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, proposes a fresh crusade, iii. 113 et seq. —— of Blois preaches the crusade, i. 442 and n. —— de Salviac, notices of, i. 246. Petrarch, an apostle of the holy war, iii. 110. Pharamia, captured by Baldwin, i. 293. Pharescour, insurrection of the Mamelukes at, ii. 440. Philip I., king of France, excommunicated, i. 47. State of his kingdom, i. 79, i. 80. —— Augustus, king of France, determines on renewing the holy war, i. 438. His quarrels with the king of England, i. 440. Arrives at Palestine, i. 473. Quits Palestine, and returns to France, i. 485. His quarrel with Pope Innocent III., ii. 42. Largely contributes to the sixth crusade, ii. 207. Death of, ii. 264. —— III., son of Louis IX., iii. 42, iii. 47. Returns to France, with the dead bodies of his father, wife, and brother, iii. 53. —— le Bel of France, takes the cross, iii. 100. His death, —— le Long of France, iii. 100. His death, iii. 102. ——, duke of Burgundy, assembles his nobility at Lille, iii. 169. Curious festival held, and the enthusiasm of his nobility in favour of a fresh crusade, iii. 160, iii. 161. —— of Swabia, his address to the French barons, ii. 68. ——, count of Flanders, i. 402. Slain, i. 481. —— of Valois convokes an assembly at Paris for reviving a fresh crusade, iii. 107. Compelled to renounce his intentions, iii. 110. Death of, iii. 112. Philosophy of the ancients brought from Constantinople, iii. 338. Phirous betrays the city of Antioch to the Crusaders, i. 147-157. Murders his brother, i. 153. Phoenicia, the Crusaders pass through, i. 196. Richness of, Phrygia, the country desolated by the sultan of Nice, i. 112. Physicians, ignorance of, during the middle ages, iii. 336. Pierre de Dreux engages in the holy war, ii. 216. Pigeons, letters conveyed by, i. 182 and n. Pilgrimages, ardour for, to the Holy Land, i. 1, 2. Interrupted by the Goths, &c., i. 3. Undertaken by St. Arculphus, St. Antoninus, and Peter the Hermit, i. 7. By St. Bernard, i. 10. During the eleventh century, i. 20 et seq. They assume the character of an armed crusade, i. 54. Number of, on the termination of the crusades, iii. 248, iii. 349 et seq. (App.). Pilgrimages of penance by distinguished personages to the Holy Land, &c., i. 24-31. Pilgrims, hospitals built for the reception of, i. 22, 23. Kind treatment of, i. 23. Arrival of, at Jerusalem, i. 269. Buy off their vows, ii. 298. Pisans, conquests of the, i. 40. Aid the Crusaders by their fleets, i. 145, i. 286. Convokes an assembly at Mantua, His negotiations with Mahomet II., iii. 173, iii. 174. His zealous endeavours to resist the advance of the Turks, iii. 174 et seq. Engages in the crusade, iii. 178; and dies at Ancona, iii. 179. Plague in Egypt, ii. 187. Plaisance, papal council at, i. 44. Poictiers, count of, his capture and release, ii. 415, ii. 416. Poitevins, their severe conflicts with the Saracens, ii. 415, ii. 416. Pons, abbot of VÉzelai, preaches in favour of the second crusade, i. 335. —— de Balasu, death and character of, i. 190. Popedom, contests for the, i. 84; iii. 125. Popelicains, religious principles of the, ii. 197. Their political pretensions and quarrels, ii. 302, ii. 303, ii. 306, ii. 342, ii. 353; iii. 20, iii. 268. Their domination during the age of the crusades, iii. 268 et seq. See Portugal submits to Alphonso, i. 375. The sultan of Egypt’s expedition against, iii. 199. Pourcelet, Wm., his heroic self-sacrifice, i. 489. Prester John, notices of, ii. 318. Printing, instrumental in preserving the literary treasures of the East, iii. 338. Prodigies, miraculous, seen at Antioch, i. 173, i. 183. ProvenÇalex, origin of the name, i. 94 n. Provisions, scarcity and dearness of, i. 134 and n. Prudhommes, maritime code drawn up by the, iii. 324. Prussia, paganism of, in the thirteenth century, ii. 218. Manners and customs of the inhabitants, ii. 219, ii. 220. Their religious belief, and festivals, ii. 221, ii. 222. Subdued and converted by the Holy See, ii. 223. Reflections on the papal crusade against, ii. 309. Funeral ceremonies of, iii. 455 (App.). PtolemaÏs, the Crusaders march through the country of, i. 199. Deceit of the emir of, i. 200. Besieged and captured by Baldwin, i. 286. Captured by Saladin, i. 425. Description of, i. 454; iii. 70, iii. 71. Besieged by Guy de Lusignan, who is opposed by Saladin, i. 454 et seq. Retaken by the Christians, i. 481. Hostilities at, commenced by the Christians, ii. 16. Possessed by John of Brienne, ii. 196. Arrival of the sixth crusade at, ii. 224; of Frederick of Germany, ii. 275. The commercial capital of Palestine, iii. 1. Discords between the Venetian and Genoese residents of, iii. 2. Quarrels between the Mussulmans and the Christians of, iii. 73, iii. 74. Besieged by the sultan of Cairo, iii. 76 et seq. Dissensions among the citizens, iii. 80. After many sanguinary contests the city is captured and destroyed, iii. 85 et seq. Puy, bishop of, named as the apostolic legate, i. 53. Death of, i. 179. Puyset, castle of, i. 313 n. Q. Quinze-Vingts, hospital of, ii. 487. R. Radnor, the lord of, anecdote of, iii. 408 (App.). Ralph of Coggershall, his “Chronicon Anglicanum,” iii. 395. Ramla, city of, besieged and captured by the Saracens, i. 280. Raoul de Caen, the historian, i. 86 n., i. 163, i. 192, et passim. —— de Coucy, slain, ii. 408. Ravendel, capture of, i. 121. Raymond, count of Thoulouse, engages in the first crusade, i. 52. Marches at the head of 100,000 Crusaders, i. 88. Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 111. Miraculous recovery from illness, i. 115. Enters Jerusalem by storm, i. 223. Returns to Constantinople, and receives from the emperor the city of Laodicea, i. 246. Revisits Jerusalem as a pilgrim, i. 269. Appointed regent of Jerusalem, i. 407. His speech against Saladin, i. 417, i. 418. Suspected of treachery, i. 419, i. 422 n. Death of, i. 423. ——, the last count of Thoulouse, character and death, ii. 394, ii. 395. ——, count de St. Gilles, one of the leaders of the crusades, i. 87, i. 251, i. 252. His quarrel with Godfrey, i. 244. —— of Poictiers, appointed governor of Antioch, i. 312. His interest in the crusades, i. 361. Is slain, i. 379. —— d’Agiles, the historian, i. 88 n., i. 190, et passim. Raynouard, M., his notes on Hammer’s “Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum”, iii. 494-500. Redemption, mystery of the, celebrated at Jerusalem, i. 24. Reformation, first dawnings of the, in Europe, ii. 196, ii. 197. The Turkish hostilities favourable to its principles, iii. 246. Relics, veneration for, among the Crusaders, ii. 141, ii. 142. Religion, sanguinary wars in the name of, ii. 310. Despotic principles of, noticed, ii. 111, ii. 241 and n. Mingled with the institutions of the middle age, ii. 111, ii. 295, ii. 299. Renaud de Chatillon, biographical notices of, i. 403. Raised by marriage to the throne of Antioch, Makes war on the emperor of Constantinople, i. 404. Defeats the Saracens, His various military adventures, i. 404-415. Taken prisoner by Saladin, i. 422. Put to death, i. 424. Renaudot, M., his description of the Greek fire, iii. 387 (App.). Rephraim, valley of, i. 213. Reslans, family of the, iii. 428. Resurrection, church of the, i. 1. Rhamnus, the shrub, i. 212. Rhodes, defended by the knights of St. John, iii. 185. Besieged by the Turks, iii. 188, iii. 189. Captured, iii. 213. Richard I., king of England, his quarrels with the king of France, i. 440, i. 441. Prepares for the holy war, i. 441 et seq. Captures Cyprus, i. 475. Married to Berengaria of Navarre, i. 476. His arrival before the walls of PtolemaÏs, and his quarrels with Philip of France, i. 476, i. 477. Defeats Saladin at Arsur, i. 487, i. 488. Surprised by the Mussulmans, i. 489. Rebuilds Ascalon, and negotiates with Saladin, i. 491, i. 499. Marches on Jerusalem, i. 492. Retreats, i. 497. His personal exploits, i. 498. His interview with Aboubeker, i. 498 n. Enters into a treaty of peace with Saladin, i. 500, i. 501. Character of, 504; iii. 257. Detained as a prisoner in Austria and Germany, i. 507. Returns to England, i. 508. Death of, ii. 42. Anecdote of, ii. 43 n. His adventures in the Holy Land, and his contests with Saladin, iii. 395 et seq. (App.). Account of his imprisonment in Germany, iii. 405 et seq. Richard, duke of Cornwall, joins the Crusaders at PtolemaÏs, ii. 295. Returns to Italy, ii. 296. ——, prince of Salerno, i. 86. Rinaldo, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 74 and n. Rion de Loheac, notices of, i. 245 n. Robert, king of Scotland, pilgrimage of, i. 21. ——, duke of Normandy, father of William the Conqueror, undertakes a penitential pilgrimage, i. 27. Dies, i. 28. ——, son of William the Conqueror, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 82. Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 111. Returns home, and dies in prison, i. 248. Historical notices of, iii. 357 (App.). ——, count of Flanders, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 83. Surnamed “The Lance and the Sword,” Returns to his own country, and is killed by a fall from his horse, i. 247 and n. ——, count of Paris, i. 83. His reception by Alexius of Constantinople, i. 94. Mortally wounded, i. 108. —— de Vair, slain, ii. 408. —— de Trils, death of, ii. 165. —— le Frison, count of Flanders, penitential pilgrimage of, i. 27. Anecdote of his son, i. 56 n. Robert the Monk, the chronicler, i. 49 n. Rodolphe, chancellor of Jerusalem, i. 328. —— de Rhenfield, duke of Swabia, i. 76. Romances during the period of the middle ages, iii. 342-344. Romanus-Diogenes, death of, i. 36. A second time the capital of the world, i. 39. Besieged by Frederick II., emperor of Germany, ii. 293. Agitated state and desolation of, ii. 296. Its alarm at the threatened invasions of the Turks, iii. 189. Possessed by the French, iii. 194. See Rosnay, prior of, ii. 409. Rossi, his speech to the Crusaders, ii. 84. Rousseau, J. J., his remarks on the Crusaders, ii. 36. S. Saadi, the Persian poet, ii. 189 and n. Sabeans, sect of, i. 4. Sadoletus, his eloquent exhortation in favour of a crusade against the Turks, iii. 206. St. Ambrose, pretended revelation of, i. 164. Miracles imputed to, i. 339 and n. His great influence, i. 343. Reproaches against, for the misfortunes of the Crusaders, i. 376, i. 377. His death and character, i. 380, i. 381. ——, monastery of, i. 22 n. St. Clair, virgins of, self-mutilated and slaughtered, iii. 86 n. St. Dominic, order of, its origin, iii. 304. St. Eusebius, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 350. St. Francis, order of, its origin, iii. 304. St. George, his miraculous appearance to the Christian army, i. 221. St. Jerome, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 350. St. John, knights of, i. 281, i. 307. Heroic devotion of the, i. 308. Their noble reply to Mahomet II., iii. 186. Their bravery in the defence of Rhodes, iii. 188, iii. 189. Driven from Rhodes, 213. Transferred to Malta, iii. 214. Their brave defence of Malta, iii. 224. St. Kenelmus, miracles attributed to, iii. 409. St. Martin, the patron saint of Germany, ii. 31, ii. 32 and n. St. Paulina, her pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 350. St. Simeon, port of, i. 140. Saladin, genius and fortunes of, i. xx. Account of, i. 397 and n. Appointed vizier of Egypt, His character, i. 398. His wars with the Christians of Syria, i. 401, i. 402 et seq., i. 417 et seq. Defeats the Christians at Tiberias, i. 418-423. His barbarous executions of the Christian knights, i. 424. His further victories, and capture of numerous cities in Palestine, i. 425 et seq. Besieges and captures Jerusalem, i. 426, i. 429, i. 432. His victorious career, i. 451 et seq. Defeats the Crusaders at PtolemaÏs, i. 460, i. 466. His conflicts with Richard I. and Philip of France, i. 478. Is defeated by Richard at Arsur, i. 487, i. 488. Destroys Ascalon by fire, i. 490. Negotiates with Richard, i. 491, i. 499. Enters into a treaty of peace, i. 500, i. 501. Character of, i. 504, i. 505 and n. His death, i. 508. Dissolution of his empire, i. 509. His dominions divided among his successors, ii. 2, ii. 3 and n. The civil wars thence arising, ii. 4 et seq. ——, letter of, detailing his conquest of Jerusalem, iii. 372 (App.). Sermon made on the occasion, iii. 376. His contests with Richard I., iii. 395 et seq., iii. 405. —— tenths, decree of the council of Paris for raising the, iii. 384 (App.). Salisbury, earl of, engages in the seventh crusade, ii. 360. Slain, ii. 408. ——, William of, joins Louis IX., ii. 379. Samosata, city of, i. 123. Capture Jerusalem, i. 6. Defeated by Zimisces, i. 15. Hostile spirit against the, i. 17. Their contests with the Crusaders before Antioch, i. 158 et seq. Reply of their general to the deputies of the Crusaders, i. 168. Their order of battle before Antioch, i. 170. Defeated by the Crusaders, i. 173, i. 174. Insults to the Christian army before Jerusalem, i. 214. Their preparations for resistance, i. 215, i. 216. Advance from Cairo, i. 237; and are defeated with great slaughter on the plain of Ascalon, i. 240-242. Defeat the Christians, i. 291. Their dynasty almost annihilated, i. 382. Defeat the Christians at Tiberias with immense slaughter, i. 418-423. Saracens, defeated by the Crusaders, ii. 18, 29. Attacked by Louis IX., ii. 383; and defeated, ii. 403. Their severe conflicts with Louis, ii. 413 et seq. Everywhere victorious, ii. 424 et seq. Capture the king, ii. 428; and annihilate his army, ii. 429 et seq. ——, divisions among the, iii. 3. Letter from Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, and others, detailing their victories over them, iii. 362-364 (App.). Letter from St. Louis respecting them, iii. 461. Defeated by Edward I. of England, iii. 472. See —— of Africa, invaded by the Christian forces, iii. 117. Sarepta, taken by the Crusaders, i. 288. Saron, forest of, memoir on the, iii. 388 (App.). Satalia, pillaged by the Christian forces, iii. 183. Sauria, in Phrygia, miseries of the Crusaders in, i. 113. Scanderberg of Albania defeats the Turks, iii. 178. Death of, iii. 180. Scharmesah, in Egypt, captured by the Crusaders, ii. 397. Sclaves, notices of the, i. 374. Scete, solitude of, i. 21. Scurvy, disease of, among the Crusaders, ii. 418 n. Sefed, besieged and captured by the Mamelukes, iii. 13, iii. 14. The inhabitants slaughtered, iii. 15. Seldjouc, Turkish dynasty of the, i. 31, i. 32. Tribes of, i. 34. Their military ardour, i. 34, i. 35. Dynasty of, almost annihilated, i. 382. Selim ascends the Ottoman throne, iii. 201. His warlike disposition, iii. 202. Conquers the king of Persia and the sultan of Egypt, Succeeded by Soliman, iii. 213. Selim II. ascends the Ottoman throne, iii. 225. Semlin, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 64. Senna, brought from Asia, iii. 336. Sepulchre. See Serfage, under the feudal system, iii. 283, iii. 284, iii. 289 et seq. Sergines, bravery of, ii. 426. Serpents of the river Eleuctra, i. 198. Various names of, i. 199 n. Sextus IV. implores the aid of Christian Europe against the Turks, iii. 189. Sibila, city of, captured and burnt, i. 40 and n. Sibylla, daughter of King Amaury, and wife of Guy de Lusignan, ambition of, i. 413. Death of, i. 470. Sicilian vespers, iii. 66. Sicily, conquered by Henry VI., ii. 20. Crown of, granted by the pope to Charles, count of Anjou, iii. 21. Discontents and revolts in, iii. 66. Sidon surrenders to the Christians, i. 289. Captured by the Mohammedans, ii. 392. Surprised by the Turcomans, who slaughter the Christians, ii. 474. Fortified by Louis IX., ii. 476. Captured and destroyed by the Saracens, iii. 66. Sigismund of Hungary, defeated by Bajazet, iii. 128. Sigur, prince of Norway arrives at Jerusalem, with large forces to assist Baldwin, i. 289. Silk of the East, i. 11. Manufacture of, during the middle ages, iii. 328, iii. 329. SiloË, fountain of, i. 10, i. 209. Simeon, patriarch of Jerusalem, i. 42. Sins to be expiated by visiting the Holy Land, ii. 191. Sirvente, a poem of the Troubadours, iii. 19, iii. 20 n. Smyrna, pillaged by the Christian forces, iii. 103. Captured and destroyed by Bajazet, iii. 133. Sobieski, king of Poland, defeats the Turks at Vienna, iii. 235. Soliman, the Turkish chief, extensive conquests of, i. 33. ——, the Ottoman sultan, takes possession of Belgrade and Rhodes, iii. 213. Invades Hungary, and defeats the Hungarians, iii. 214, iii. 215. Besieges Vienna, iii. 217. Death of, iii. 224. Soneidanis, a class of IsmaËlians, iii. 428. Sophronius, patriarch, death of, i. 6. Sophia, victory of, iii. 137, iii. 139. Souliers, family of the, i. 41 n. Spain, crusades in, i. 375. War with the Saracens and Moors, ii. 201, ii. 268. Emancipated from Moorish domination, iii. 243. State of, and changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 264 et seq. Expels the Moors, iii. 266; and establishes the Inquisition, iii. 267. Increase of liberty in, iii. 285. Spies, Turkish, barbarous treatment of, i. 137. Statuary destroyed at Constantinople by the Latins, iii. 438-440. Stellion, serpent so named, i. 199. Stephen, duke of Burgundy, slain at Ramla, i. 282. ——, count of Blois, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 83. Letter of, i. 95. ——, count of Chartres, slain at Ramla, i. 282. —— de Salviac, notices of, i. 246. Sugar, introduced into Europe during the middle ages, iii. 330. Suger, prime minister of France, styled the “father of his country”, i. 376. Death of, and character, i. 380, i. 381. ——, Abbot, i. 330. His advice to Louis VII., i. 341. Sunnites, Mohammedan sect of the, iii. 413. Surnames, on the origin of, ii. 282. Swabia, royal family of, nearly extinct, iii. 21. Sweno, king of Denmark, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 133. Slain, i. 154 and n. Syria, the cities and territories of, i. 126. The Crusaders enter, i. 127. Conquests in, by the Crusaders, i. 183 et seq. Invade Egypt, i. 390 et seq. Political state of, at the sixth crusade, ii. 226. Possessed by the Egyptians and Carismians, ii. 331. By the sultan of Egypt, ii. 377. Principal cities captured by the Moguls, iii. 5. Towns of, destroyed by the Crusaders, iii. 119. Overrun by Tamerlane, iii. 132. Geographical details respecting, iii. 485 (App.). See T. Tabor, Mount, churches built on, i. 1. Described, ii. 227. Attacked by the Crusaders, Tamerlane, history and extensive conquests of, iii. 132, iii. 133. Defeats Bajazet at Ancyra, iii. 133. Tancred “the Brave,” character of, i. 86, i. 87. His inflexible virtue, i. 96. Hostile encounter with Baldwin, i. 118, i. 119. “Tower of”, i. 217 and n. Enters Jerusalem by storm, i. 222. Takes possession of Tiberias and various other cities, i. 267. Attacked by the sultan of Damascus, who is defeated by Godfrey, i. 273. His quarrel with Baldwin, i. 276, i. 277. His death and character, i. 290. Tarenta, remedy for the bite of a, i. 199 n. Tarentum, principality of, i. 85. Tarsus, city of, i. 116. Disputes among the leaders of the Crusaders at, i. 117. Taken possession of by Baldwin, i. 118. Defeat the Latins, ii. 166, ii. 167. Their manners and customs, ii. 313. History and conquests of, ii. 316 et seq., ii. 322, ii. 487; iii. 8, iii. 95, iii. 132. Government of the, ii. 321. Capture Bagdad, iii. 4. Their conquests in Syria, iii. 6. Beaten and expelled by the Mamelukes, iii. 7. The pope sends missionaries to them, iii. 94. Their contests with the Mussulmans revive the hopes of the Christians, They send ambassadors to the pope, iii. 95. Conquests of Tamerlane, their great leader, iii. 132, iii. 133. Tasso, his “Jerusalem delivered”, i. 202 n., i. 205. His account of the battle of Ascalon, i. 243 n. His heroes more wonderful than those of Homer, i. 258. Memoir of his enchanted forest, iii. 388 (App.). Tatius quits the camp of the Crusaders, i. 135. Taurus, Mount, sufferings of the Crusaders in passing, i. 126. Taxation, created on the fall of feudalism, iii. 293. Temelicus, defeated by the Saracens, i. 14. Temory, Paul, Archbishop of Colotza, is appointed commander against the Turks, and defeated, iii. 214, iii. 215. Templars, the, i. 307. Their devoted bravery, i. 308; ii. 414; iii. 88. Defeat and slaughter of, i. 415, i. 416. Their grand master taken prisoner by Saladin, i. 422. Their conquests and possessions, ii. 9; iii. 98. Their quarrels with the Hospitallers, ii. 9, ii. 10; iii. 2. Accusations against, iii. 99. Hammer’s notes on their apostasy, iii. 494-500 (App.). Temugin, the Tartar chief, notices of, ii. 317 et seq. Death of, ii. 321. Thaher, governor of Aleppo, ii. 3. Themal, bravery of, i. 13 n. Theodore, governor of Edessa, i. 121 and n. Theodosius, column of, at Constantinople, ii. 157 and n. Theopolis, the ancient name of Antioch, i. 128. Theriaca, a medicine brought from Antioch, iii. 336. Thessalonica, possessed by Boniface, ii. 150; by Baldwin, iii. 160. Thevet, AndrÉ, i. 41 n. Thibault III., count of Champagne, engages in the second crusade, i. 330. —— IV., count of Champagne, engages in the fifth crusade, ii. 45. His death and character, ii. 54. —— V., king of Navarre, engages in the holy war, ii. 286, ii. 290. Thierri, count of Flanders, i. 359. Thimariots of Turkey, iii. 240. Thoron, castle of, besieged, ii. 23-28. Thrace entered by the Crusaders, i. 67. Tiberias, taken possession of by Tancred, i. 267. Captured by Saladin, i. 407. Battle of, disastrous to the Christians, i. 418-423. Letter from Saladin, detailing the battle of, iii. 372 (App.). Togrul-Beg, elected king of the Turks, i. 31. His victorious career, i. 31, i. 32. Tolosa, victory of, over the Moors, ii. 201. Tortosa, successful attack on by the Crusaders, i. 189. Capture of, i. 254. Retaken by the Mussulmans, i. 453. Toucy, Chevalier de, ii. 466. Tournaments of the middle age, iii. 296. Tours, council of, for promoting the cause of the Crusaders, ii. 287. Toutousch, the Turkish general, conquests of, i. 33. Traconite, the country of, i. 318. Tripoli, emir of, defeated by the Crusaders, i. 196. The city of, captured by them, i. 287. Riches of, i. 288. Flourishing state of, i. 306. Besieged by Saladin, i. 453. Taken by storm, and the Christians slaughtered, iii. 69. The city destroyed, iii. 70. Recaptured and burnt by the Crusaders, iii. 119. Tristan, duke of Nevers, death of, iii. 42. Troncs, receipts of, in France, for the expenses of the crusades, iii. 473; and their expenditure, iii. 474 et seq. Troubadours, songs of, during the middle ages, ii. 306, ii. 307; iii. 342. Their poetry for the crusades, iii. 452 (App.). TrouvÈres during the middle ages, iii. 342. “True cross,” a piece of, placed in the church of Drontheim, i. 289. Captured by Saladin, i. 422. Fragment of it taken from Constantinople, ii. 142 and n. Tunis, the Crusaders under Louis IX. arrive at, iii. 37. Historical notices of, iii. 37, iii. 38. Captured, iii. 39. Great mortality among the Crusaders at., iii. 41. Death of Louis IX. at, iii. 46. A truce concluded, iii. 50. Turbessel, capture of, i. 121. Turcoman, the surname of Ezz-Eddin Aybek, governor of Egypt, ii. 445. Embrace the Mussulman faith, i. 31. Their social barbarism, i. 37. Their power at the time of the first crusade, i. 97; and the contests with them, i. 100 et seq. Cruel treatment of, by the Crusaders, i. 137. Their defeat before Antioch, i. 140, i. 141. Defeat the Crusaders, i. 252, i. 253. Cause of their victories, i. 255 n. Their incursions in Palestine, i. 303. Defeat the Germans, i. 351; and are beaten by the French, i. 353. Dynasties of, almost annihilated, i. 382. Capture Sidon, and slaughter the inhabitants, ii. 474. ——, renewal of the crusades against, attempted, iii. 93. Their conquest of Asia Minor, iii. 113. The seat of their empire at Adrianople, Their origin from the Tartars, iii. 120. Their history and conquests, iii. 121 et seq. Their invasion of Greece, iii. 122. A crusade against, determined on, iii. 125, iii. 126. Contests with, iii. 127. Defeated by Tamerlane, iii. 132, iii. 133. Their barbarities to the Christians, iii. 135. Besiege Constantinople under Mahomet II., iii. 148 et seq. Capture it, and annihilate the Greek empire, iii. 156. Crusades against, undertaken, A. D. 1438-1481, iii. 159. They penetrate into Hungary, iii. 166. And are defeated at Belgrade, iii. 167. Their extensive conquests, iii. 171, iii. 174, iii. 180, iii. 225. Invade Hungary and different parts of Europe simultaneously, iii. 187-189. Defeated by the Hungarians, iii. 187. Besiege Rhodes, iii. 188, iii. 189. Capture Otranto, ib. Complete the overthrow of all the rival powers of the East, iii. 203. Defeat the Hungarians, iii. 215. Capture Cyprus, iii. 225. Defeated at the naval battle of Lepanto, iii. 226. Succours against implored by Pope Alexander VII., and a Christian confederation formed, iii. 233, iii. 234. Their military power begins to decline, iii. 230, iii. 231, iii. 236. General review of their conquests, iii. 231 et seq. Conclude a peace with the Christian forces in Hungary, iii. 234. Defeated by Sobieski at Vienna, iii. 235. Causes and history of their decline, iii. 236 et seq. Their present political position, iii. 244 et seq. Turks, letter of Bohemond and others, detailing the defeat of the Turks, iii. 360 (App.). Letter to Pope Urban, detailing the victories of the Crusaders over them, iii. 365. Tyre, commercial greatness of, i. 300. Siege and capture of, i. 300, i. 301. Besieged by Saladin, i. 451. Its heroic defence, i. 452. Captured and destroyed by the Saracens, iii. 89. U. Universities of Europe during the middle ages, iii. 337, iii. 339. Urban II., Pope, his interview with Peter the Hermit, i. 42. Receives the ambassadors of Alexis Comnenus, i. 44. Convokes a council at Plaisance, i. 45. At Clermont, i. 46 et seq. His inciting speech in favour of the crusades, i. 48-50. —— V. adopts the project of a new crusade, iii. 113. And convokes a meeting at Avignon, iii. 113-114. V. Valeran, bishop of Berytus, ii. 334. Varangians, account of the, ii. 83 n. Vaudois, religious principles of the, ii. 197. Papal crusade against, ii. 199 and n. Venetians embark for the Holy Land, and destroy the fleet of the Saracens, i. 298. Enter Jerusalem, i. 299. Conquer Tyre, i. 301. Return to Italy, i. 302. Refinement of the, ii. 182. Their contests with the Genoese, iii. 2. Venice forbids intercourse with the Mussulmans, i. 15. Commercial greatness of, ii. 48. Dandolo, the doge, ii. 49. Engages to assist the Crusaders, ii. 50, ii. 51. Sums advanced by, ii. 53. Pecuniary exactions of, ii. 59. Her wealth and greatness, ii. 183, ii. 184. Her possessions captured by the Turks, iii. 184. Bajazet II. declares war against, iii. 197. Her active preparations for defence, iii. 198. Her commercial ambition, iii. 200. HÉlian’s diatribe against, Rejoicings at, after the victory of Lepanto, iii. 226. State of, during the age of the crusades, iii. 263. Vermandois, Crusaders of the, i. 81. Vermandois, count de, i. 83. Led a prisoner to Constantinople, i. 89. His treatment avenged, i. 90. His bravery before Antioch, i. 170, i. 174. Returns to Europe, i. 177. Dies of his wounds, i. 254. Vertot, abbÉ de, the historian, iii. 188. Victor III., Pope, incites the Christians to take arms against the infidels, i. 39, i. 40. Vida, the Italian poet, his enthusiasm for the crusades, iii. 203. Vienna, council of, convoked by Clement V. to promote a crusade, iii. 97. Besieged by the Turks, iii. 217, iii. 218, iii. 235. Relieved by Sobieski, king of Poland, Villehardouin, Geoffrey, marshal of Champagne, ii. 46 and n. His address to the Venetians, ii. 50, ii. 51 and n. His history of the contests between the Greeks and Latins, ii. 175. ——, William of, prince of Achaia, engages in the seventh crusade, ii. 379. Visions and prodigies, reliance of the Crusaders on, i. 192. Vitri destroyed by Louis VII. of France, i. 330. Volkmar, a priest, instigates the Crusaders to the greatest cruelties, i. 70. W. Walcknaer’s “Itinerary,” i. 3 n., i. 199 n. Wales, journey through, relating the manners of the inhabitants in the twelfth century, iii. 408 (App.). Walter the Penniless, general of the Crusaders, i. 62. ——, count of CÆsarea, his accusations against the count of Jaffa, i. 313. Warna, battle of, iii. 143. West, Christians of the, aroused against the East, i. xix.; i. 3, i. 20, i. 21. Institutions of the, in their infancy, i. 36, i. 37. Enthusiasm in favour of the crusades, i. 54. Agitated state of the, ii. 195. Alarm among the Christian nations, at the fall of Constantinople, iii. 159 et seq. William, king of Sicily, engages in the holy war, i. 453. —— IX., count of Poictiers, sets out for the East, i. 249 and n. —— Rufus, duke of Normandy, i. 82. ——, count de Nevers, i. 249. Defeated by the Turks, i. 253. ——, archbishop of Tyre, preaches in support of the holy war, i. 436, i. 444. ——, viscount de Melun, deserts the camp of the Crusaders, and is retaken, i. 135. —— de Clermont, bravery of, iii. 80. —— of Malmesbury, the chronicler, iii. 356. —— of Tyre, the historian, i. 17, i. 41, i. 54, i. 62, i. 65, i. 147 n. et passim. Wine of Gaza, celebrated, i. 11. Wolf IX., duke of Bavaria, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 249. Defeated, i. 253. Worms, diet at, convoked by Henry VI. of Germany, ii. 13, ii. 14. Y. Yemen, a province of Arabia, ii. 3 n. Yve, son of Hugh de Grandmenil, i. 83. Z. Zara, city of, revolts against the domination of Venice, ii. 60. Siege of, ii. 63. Zengui, prince of Mossoul, conquests of, i. 306, i. 320. Attacks the Christian fortresses, i. 315. Besieges and captures Edessa, i. 321-325. Assassinated, i. 326. Zimisces, emperor of the Greeks, i. 14. Conquests of, i. 15. His violent death, i. 36. Joins the Christian crusade against the Turks, iii. 195. His death,
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