[1] Meliora, No. viii., p. 317.

[2] The City, its Sins and its Sorrows, p. 8.

[3] Any person wishing for further information respecting these Societies, may obtain it from a work published by Messrs. Low and Son, entitled “London Charities.”

[4] The following circumstance may be regarded as an illustration of this assertion:—

A girl is reported to have applied for admission into one of the older Institutions in London for the rescue of the fallen. On examination, however, it was ascertained that she had not fallen low enough to merit the assistance she craved, and she was accordingly rejected because her moral character was not sufficiently depraved. Here, at least, the greater the sinner, the greater the compassion!

[5] The Homes are situated in Nutford Place, Edgware Road; Hatton Garden, Holborn; Blackfriars Road; and Woodland Terrace, Greenwich. The Society is very inadequately supported, and is greatly in need of funds to maintain its efficiency.

[6] Any one desiring further information respecting this truly admirable movement, will do well to procure a little pamphlet, entitled, “A Brief Sketch of the Origin, Aim, and Mode of Conducting the Young Women’s Christian Association, and West London Home for Young Women engaged in Houses of Business, 49, Great Marlborough-street, Regent-street, London; in a Letter to the Earl of Roden, President of the Association.”

[7] “The Magdalen’s Friend and Female Homes’ Intelligencer, No. 12, vol. ii.”

[8] Those who wish for further information respecting these Institutions are referred to a handbook containing authentic accounts of the various Metropolitan Reformatories, Refuges, and Industrial Schools, published by the Reformatory and Refuge Union. A magazine, edited by a clergyman, price 3d. monthly, designed to awaken and sustain public sympathy on behalf of the fallen, and to draw attention to the most prolific causes, contributing to the extension of the social evil.

[9] “Magdalen’s Friend,” vol. ii. p. 131.

[10] Mr. Mill’s mistake in ranking the Employers and Distributors among the Enrichers, or those who increase the exchangeable commodities of the country, arose from a desire to place the dealers and capitalists among the productive labourers, than which nothing could be more idle, for surely they do not add, directly, one brass farthing, as the saying is, to the national stock of wealth. A little reflection would have shown that gentleman that the true function of employers and dealers was that of the indirect aiders of production rather than the direct producers. The economical scale of production appears to be as follows:—(1) The Employer, providing the materials, tools, and shelter necessary for the due performance of the work, together with the food for the subsistence of the artificer during the work. (2) The Labourer, fitting or preparing the materials for the artificer. (3) The Artificer or workman, positively doing the work and creating a new product. (4) The Superlative Artizan, engaged in adding to the beauty or utility of such product. (5) The Distributor or Dealer, engaged in carrying and disposing of the product in the best market. The functions of Nos. 1 and 2 generally precede production, those of Nos. 4 and 5 usually succeed it; while No. 3 is the absolute producer. The labours of No. 4, however, are so intimately associated with the produce—sometimes designing the work, and sometimes “finishing” it—that it seems but right that the superlative artizan should be ranked with the artificer; the mere labourer, however, who turns the wheel for the turner, or carries the bricks to the bricklayer and the like, cannot strictly be ranked as a producer any more than a porter or dock labourer.

[11] At one time, however, murder became a trade in this country, namely, when the dead bodies of human beings grew to be of such value that the burking of the living was resorted to by the “resurrectionists,” as a means of keeping up the supply.

[12] The word Shoful is derived from the Danish skuffe, to shove, to deceive, cheat; the Saxon form of the same verb is Scufan, whence the English Shove.

[13] A Charley Pitcher seems to be one who pitches to the Ceorla, or countryman, and hence is equivalent to the term Yokel-hunter.

[14] The titles of the classes as here given do not form part of the original table.

[15] Those marked thus [15] are of a non-migratory character.

[16] The marriage institution is mentioned early in Genesis vi. 1, 2, “And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them,

“That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.”

[17] The passage here alluded to is as follows:—

“Then said Judah to Tamar his daughter in law, Remain a widow at thy father’s house, till Shelah my son be grown: for he said, Lest peradventure he die also, as his brethren did. And Tamar went and dwelt in her father’s house.

“And in process of time the daughter of Shuah Judah’s wife died; and Judah was comforted, and went up unto his sheepshearers to Timnath, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite.

“And it was told Tamar, saying, Behold thy father in law goeth up to Timnath to shear his sheep.

“And she put her widow’s garments off from her, and covered her with a vail, and wrapped herself, and sat in an open place, which is by the way to Timnath; for she saw that Shelah was grown, and she was not given unto him to wife.

“When Judah saw her, he thought her to be an harlot; because she had covered her face.

“And he turned unto her by the way, and said, Go to, I pray thee, let me come in unto thee; (for he knew not that she was his daughter in law.) And she said, What wilt thou give me, that thou mayest come in unto me?

“And he said, I will send thee a kid from the flock. And she said, Wilt thou give me a pledge, till thou send it?

“And he said, What pledge shall I give thee? And she said, Thy signet, and thy bracelets, and thy staff that is thine hand. And he gave it her and came in unto her, and she conceived by him.

“And she arose, and went away, and laid by her vail from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood.

“And Judah sent the kid by the hand of his friend the Adullamite, to receive his pledge from the woman’s hand: but he found her not.

“Then he asked the men of that place, saying, Where is the harlot, that was openly by the way side? And they said, There was no harlot in this place.

“And he returned to Judah, and said, I cannot find her; and also the men of the place said, that there was no harlot in this place.

“And Judah said, Let her take it to her, lest we be shamed: behold, I sent this kid, and thou hast not found her.

“And it came to pass about three months after, that it was told Judah, saying, Tamar thy daughter in law hath played the harlot; and also, behold, she is with child by whoredom. And Judah said, Bring her forth, and let her be burnt.

“When she was brought forth, she sent to her father in law, saying, By the man, whose these are, am I with child: and she said, Discern, I pray thee, whose are these, the signet, and bracelets, and staff.

“And Judah acknowledged them, and said, She hath been more righteous than I; because that I gave her not to Shelah my son. And he knew her again no more.”—Gen. xxxviii. 11-26.

[18] All this is based on the authority of the Bible. Elucidations also have been afforded by “The Book of the Religion &c., of the Jews,” from the Hebrew, by Gamaliel ben Peldahzur; “The Laws and Polity of the Jews,” Sigonius, “Republica HebrÆorum;” and the various commentators.

[19] Mary Magdalene, of Magdala, was not the sinner, the woman of the city, who washed the feet of Jesus. She appears to have been a reputable person, while the other had been a prostitute. What a lesson is read to us by Christ’s behaviour to her!

[20] See Goguet, “Origine des Loix,” with Herodotus, Strabo, and Quintus Curtius.

[21] Dr. Beloe also takes this view.

[22] Diodorus Siculus, i. 59. See also the Euterpe of Herodotus, and Sir G. Wilkinson’s Ancient Egypt.

[23] Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, by J. A. St. John.

[24] Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, by J. A. St. John.

[25] Mackinnon’s History of Civilization.

[26] This view is chiefly drawn from information collected in Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, by J. A. St. John.

[27] Potter’s Antiquities of Greece.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Hase On the Ancient Greeks.

[30] Boeck’s Public Economy of Athens.

[31] Potter’s Antiquities of Greece.

[32] Hase On the Ancient Greeks.

[33] Boeck. Potter. Mitford’s notions of the HetairÆ appear to have been somewhat fanciful.

[34] Occasional exceptions occurred. At one time there was no connubium between the plebeian and the patrician; but the Lex Canuleia allowed it.

[35] The sacerdotal functionary, termed flamen dialis, like the high-priest of the Jews, could only wed a virgin of unblemished honour, and when she died, could not marry again, but was forced to resign his office.

[36] See Julian Law, Ulpian, Gaius, Tacitus, Suetonius, and Dion Cassius, from whom, with various others, Smith’s Dictionary is compiled.

[37] Dion. Halicar.; Apuleius; Festus; Lactarra Columna; Tertullian’s Apolog.; Ambrose’s Hexam.; Lucian, De Syri DeÂ.

[38] See Satire vi. 121-2.

[39] Taylor’s Elements of the Civil Law; Becker’s Private Life of the Greeks and Romans; Suetonius, with Burmann’s Notes; the Codes of Justinian and Constantine; Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities; Adams’s Antiquities; Fergusson’s Roman Republic; Niebuhr’s History; Gibbon’s Decline and Fall, supply facts for the above; while the writings of Horace, Juvenal, Lactantius, Dion Cassius, the Augustine History, and numerous other authors, afford scattered notices, not easy to collect or digest.

[40] To show that a prostitute class existed, among women without means of support, we might mention instances of wills in which mothers left property to their daughters, on condition that they should marry or keep themselves chaste, and not earn money by prostitution.

[41] Consult Sharon Turner; the various old chroniclers; the Leges Anglo-SaxonicÆ, ed. Wilkins; Brand’s Popular Antiquities, &c.

[42] Napier’s Excursions in Southern Africa.

[43] Harriet Ward’s Five Years in Kaffir Land; Barrow’s Travels; Methuen’s Life in the Wilderness.

[44] Cowries are valued at fifteen pence to the thousand.

[45] Bowdich’s Essay; Thompson and Allen’s Expedition to the Niger; Laird’s Voyage.

[46] A letter, published in the Times in August last, announces the disastrous defeat of the celebrated body of fighting women in the pay of the King of Dahomey. The Amazons had advanced to the attack of Abbeokuta, a town in the Bight of Benin, with the object of surprising and carrying off the inhabitants, to supply the demand for slaves; but the latter, being apprised of the approach of the female warriors, turned out in force, repulsed them from the town, and in the course of pursuit effected great slaughter amongst their ranks. More than 1000 are reported to have been left dead on the field.

[47] Dahomey and the Dahomans, by J. E. Forbes; Dalzel’s History of Dahomey; M?Leod’s Account; John Duncan’s Travels; Adams’s Remarks on the West Coast; Adams’s Sketches; Meredith’s Account of the Gold Coast.

[48] Dupuis’ Observations.

[49] Thompson and Allen’s Expedition up the Niger.

[50] Isaacs’ Travels on the East Coast; Captain Owen’s Voyage.

[51] Richardson’s Travels in the Sahara.

[52] Account of Africa, by Jameson, Wilson, and Hugh Murray.

[53] Count St. Marie’s Visit to Algeria.

[54] These views of Abyssinian society are afforded by Bruce, and lately by Gogat, and have been contradicted by Mr. Salt. They are fully corroborated, however, by the more recent and valuable authority of Sir Cornwallis Harris.

[55] Ignatius Palme’s Travels in Kordofan.

[56] Expedition to Dongola and Sennaar.

[57] Werne’s Expedition up the White Nile.

[58] See Sturt’s Two Expeditions, and Sturt’s Expedition to Central Australia; Westgarth’s Australia Felix; Leichardt’s Expeditions; Hodgson’s Australian Settlements; Haydon’s Australia Felix; Stoke’s Discoveries; Angas’ Savage Life and Scenes; Sir George Grey’s Journals; Eyre’s Expedition; Pridden’s History; Earl, Mackenzie, Mitchell, Howitt, Mudie, Macconochie, Oxley, Henderson, Cunningham, with the other travellers and residents, almost innumerable, who have described the aborigines of Australia.

[59] Tyrone Power’s Pen and Pencil Sketches; Angas’s Savage Life and Scenes; Handbook of New Zealand, by a Magistrate of the Colony; Dieffenbach’s Travels; Brown on the Aborigines; Jerningham Wakefield; Earl’s Travels, &c., &c.

[60] Rovings in the Pacific, by a Merchant long Resident in Tahiti, 1851.

[61] See Stuart’s Voyage to the South Seas; Walpole’s Four Years in the Pacific; Ellis’s Tour through Hawaii; Ellis’s Polynesian Researches; Herman Melville’s Omoo and Typee; Progress of the Gospel in Polynesia; Montgomery’s Narrative of Bennett and Tyerman’s Voyage; Williams’s Missionary Enterprise; Mariner’s Tonga Islands; Wilkes’s United States Exploring Expedition; Three Years in the Pacific, by Ruschenberger; Rovings in the Pacific, by a Merchant; Sir George Simpson’s Voyage round the World; Coulter’s Travels in South America; and Coulter’s Voyage in the Pacific.

[62] See Bancroft’s History of the United States; Catlin’s Eight Years’ Travels; Carver’s Travels in North America; Wilkes’s United States’ Exploring Expedition; Mackenzie’s Memoirs, Official and Personal; West’s Residence in the Red River Colony; West’s Mission to the Indians of New Brunswick; Hunter’s Memoirs of his Captivity; Drake’s Book of the Indians; Halkett’s Historical Notes; Buchanan’s Sketches of History; Sir James Alexander’s Acadie; Maclean’s Twenty-Five Years’ Service in Hudson’s Bay; Sir George Simpson’s Voyage round the World; Robertson’s History of America; Robertson’s History of Missions to the Indians; Cleveland’s Voyages and Enterprises.

[63] Short and general as this sketch is, the facts it contains, or is based upon, are drawn from Dunlop’s Travels in Central America; Captain Basil Hall’s Journal; King’s Twenty-Four Years in the Argentine Republic; Robertson’s Letters on Paraguay; Robertson’s Letters on South America; Stephenson’s Incident of Travel in Central America; Norman’s Rambles in Yucatan; Waterton’s Wanderings in South America; Southey’s History of Brazil; Young’s Residence on the Mosquito Shore; Gardiner’s Travels in Brazil; Hawkshaw’s Reminiscences; Stephenson’s Historical and Descriptive Narrative; Humboldt’s Personal Narrative; Prince Adalbert’s Travels; Macgregor’s Progress of America.

[64] Macgregor’s Progress of America; Kidder’s Residence in Brazil; Walpole’s Four Years in the Pacific; Ruschenberger’s Three Years in the Pacific; Rovings in the Pacific, by a Merchant; Mayer’s Mexico as it is; Matheson’s Travels in Brazil; Wilkes’s Exploring Expedition; Caldcleugh’s Travels in South America; Robertson’s Letters on South America.

[65] Capadose’s Sixteen Years in the West Indies; Antigua and the Antiguans; Breen’s Historical Account of St. Lucia; Gurney’s Winter in the West Indies; Bidwell’s West Indies as they Are; Stewart’s State of Jamaica; Lloyd’s Letters from the West Indies; Bayley’s Four Years’ Residence; Southey’s History of the West Indies; Washington Irving’s Life and Voyages of Columbus; Baird’s Impressions of the West Indies, &c.

[66] Raffles’s History of Java; Crawfurd’s Indian Archipelago; Stavorinus’s Voyages; Earl’s Eastern Seas, &c.

[67] Marsden’s Sumatra; Anderson’s Mission to the East Coast; Crawfurd’s Indian Archipelago; Journal of the Indian Archipelago.

[68] Brooke, Keppel, Mundy, Belcher, Low, &c.

[69] Brooke’s Journals; Mundy; Keppel’s Voyage of the Dido; Crawford’s Archipelago.

[70] Malcolm’s History of Persia; Javler’s Three Years in Persia; Kotzebue’s Embassy to Persia; Brydges’ Narrative of the Embassy; Morier’s Second Journey in Persia; Ker Porter’s Travels; Stocqueler’s Pilgrimage.

[71] See Elphinstone’s Kabul; Vignes’ Visit to Ghuzni; Burnes’ Kabul.

[72] Vigne’s Travels in Kashmir; Hugel’s Travels in Kashmir; Moorcroft’s Travels in the Himalayan Provinces; Forster’s Travels from Bengal to England; Hamilton’s East India Gazetteer; Bernier’s Travels in the Empire of the Mogul.

[73] Hamilton’s East India Gazetteer; Buchanan’s Journey in the Mysore, &c.; Bishop Heber’s Journal; Hamilton’s Description of Hindustan; British Friend of India Magazine; Asiatic Researches; Hugh Murray’s Account of India; ConformitÉ des Coutumes des Indes Orienteaux avec celles des Juifs; Tod’s Travels in Western India; Tod’s Annals of Rajasthan; Launcelot Wilkinson’s Second Marriage of Widows in India; Papers presented to Parliament in 1803, on Infanticide; Grant’s Observations on Society and Morals among our Asiatic Subjects; Davidson’s Travels in Upper India; Mayne’s Continental India; Campbell’s British India; Hough’s Christianity in India; AbbÉ Dubois’ Letters on the Hindus; Malcolm’s Memoir on Central India; Bevan’s Thirty Years in India; Crawfurd’s Researches concerning India; Hoffmeister’s Travels in India; Ward’s Account of the Hindus; Mill’s History of British India, Notes by Wilson; Ferishta’s Mohammedan History; Thornton’s History; Penhoen’s Empire Anglais; Xavier; Raymond; Jaseigny; L’Inde.

[74] Sirr’s Ceylon and the Singhalese; Pridham’s History of Ceylon; Forbes’s Eleven Years in Ceylon; Davy’s Interior of Ceylon; Campbell’s Excursions in Ceylon; Knox’s Captivity in Ceylon; Knighton’s History of Ceylon; Tennent’s Christianity in Ceylon.

[75] Staunton, Tee Tsing Leu Lee, Code of Criminal Law; Davis, the Chinese; Guttzlaff’s China Opened; Fortune’s Wanderings in the North of China; Smith’s Visits to the Consular Cities of China; Montgomery Martin’s China; Forbes’s Five Years in China; Williams’s Survey of the Chinese Empire; Tradescant Lay’s Chinese as they Are; Morrison’s View of China; Meadow’s Desultory Notes on China; The Chinese Repository; Hugh Murray’s Description of China; Thornton’s History of China; Abeel’s Residence in China; Cunynghame’s Recollections of Service; Abel’s Embassy to China; Medhurst’s State of China; Auguste Harpman, Revue des Deux Mondes; Langdon’s China; De Guignes, Voyage À Peking.

[76] Craufurd’s Embassy to Siam; Craufurd’s Embassy to Avar; Tomkin’s Journals and Letters; Finlayson’s Mission; White’s Journey; Latham’s Natural History of the Varieties of Man.

[77] Lane’s Modern Egyptians; Poole’s Englishwoman in Egypt; Yates’s Egypt; St. John’s Egypt and Mohammed Ali; St. John’s Egypt and Nubia; St. John’s Oriental Album; Cadalvene and Breuvery, l’Égypte; Mugin’s Histoire de l’Égypte; Burckhardt’s Arabic Proverbs; ExpÉdition FranÇaise À l’Égypte; Niebuhr’s Travels in Egypt, &c.; Thackeray’s From Cornhill to Cairo; Warburton’s Crescent and the Cross; Bayle St. John’s Levantine Family; Henniker’s Travels; Minutoli’s Recollections of Egypt; Boaz’s Modern Egypt; Clot Bey’s AperÇu GÉnÉral sur l’Égypte; Pueckler Muskau’s Egypt and Mehemet Ali.

[78] See Kennedy’s Algeria and Tunis in 1845; Russel’s Barbary States; Jackson’s Account; St. Marie’s Visit to Algeria; Pananti’s Narrative; Beechey, BlaquiÈre, &c.

[79] The most valuable body of information on the Turkish Empire ever published was collected by the Rev. Robert Walpole, whose acquirements as a scholar are equalled by his accomplishments as a writer and a preacher.

[80] Niebuhr’s Description de l’Arabie; Burckhardt’s Travels in Arabia; Burckhardt’s Notes on the Bedouins, &c.; Chesney’s Euphrates Expedition; Farren’s Letters to Lord Lindsay; Perrier’s Syrie sous Mehemet Ali; Skinner’s Overland Journey; Kinnear’s Cairo, Petra, and Damascus; Kelly’s Syria and the Holy Land; Walpole’s Memoirs; Poujolat’s Voyage en Orient; Ainsworth’s Travels in Asia Minor; Blondel’s Deux Ans en Syrie.

[81] Walpole’s Memoirs of Turkey; Deux AnnÉes À Constantinople; Walpole’s Travels; Sketches of Turkey by an American; Castellan’s Moeurs des Ottomanes; Macfarlane’s Constantinople in 1828; Porter’s Philosophical Transactions; Lady M. W. Montague’s Letters; St. John’s Notes; Thornton; Walsh; Slade’s Travels; Marshall; Marmont’s Turkey; Arvieux’s Voyages; Russel’s Aleppo, &c.

[82] Spenser’s Western Caucasus; Klaproth’s Voyages dans le Caucase; Spenser’s Travels in Circassia; Wilbraham’s Travels; Marigny’s Three Voyages.

[83] Levchine’s Les Kirghiz Kazaks; Spencer’s Travels; Klaproth’s Travels, &c., &c.

[84] Kohl’s Russia and the Russians; La Russie en 1844—par un Homme d’État; Russia under Nicolas I.; Clarke’s Travels; Lyall’s Character of the Russians; Voyages des Deux FranÇais; Granville’s Travels; Golovine’s Russia under the Autocrat; Venables’ Domestic Manners of the Russians; Bourke’s St. Petersburgh and Moscow; Thompson’s Life in Russia; Jesse’s Notes by a Half-Pay; Erman’s Travels.

[85] Wrangell’s Nord de la Siberie; Cottrell’s Recollections of Siberia; Dobell’s Travels; Hollman’s Travels; Erman’s Travels; Parry’s Three Voyages; Bache’s Narrative; Bache’s Land Expedition; King’s Journey to the Arctic Ocean; Fisher’s Voyage of Discovery; Barrow’s Voyage; Shillinglau’s Arctic Discoveries; Snow’s Arctic Regions; Scoresby’s Arctic Countries, &c., &c.

[86] Henderson’s Residence in Iceland; Trail’s Letters on Iceland; Kames’ Sketches of Man; Gaimard’s Voyages en Islande; Hooker’s Tour in Iceland; Crantz’s History of Greenland; Account of Greenland, Iceland, &c.; Dillon’s Winter in Greenland; Barrow’s Visit to Iceland; Egede’s Descriptions of Greenland; Graah’s Voyage to Greenland.

[87] Angelot’s Legislation des États du Nord; Capel Brookes’s Winter in Lapland and Sweden; ReiÇhard’s Guide des Voyageurs; Bramsen’s Letters of a Prussian Traveller; Laing’s Tour in Sweden; Tryzell’s History of Sweden; Frankland’s Visits to Courts of Russia and Sweden.

[88] Laing’s Residences in Norway; Wittich’s Western Coast of Norway; Two Summers in Norway; Latham’s Norway and the Norwegians; Elliot’s Letters from the North; Mathew Jones’s Travels; Clarke’s Travels; Count Bjornstyere’s Moral State of Norway; Buch’s Travels in Norway; Price’s Wild Scenes in Norway; Ross’s Yacht Voyage to Norway; Kraft’s Topographisk, Statistisk, Bestrifelse-iber Kongeriget Norge, Christiania, 1820, 5 vols. 8vo.

[89] Angelot’s Legislations des États du Nord; Bremner’s Excursions in Denmark; Feldborg’s Denmark Delineated, &c., &c.

[90] Rabuteaux, ex Lascher, La Chaus, Layard, Knight, Dulaure, Chaussard, Jacob, Saint Hilaire, Hugues, Faumin, Sabatier, Beraud, &c., &c.

[91] We rely for certain facts, statistics, &c., upon Reports of the Society for the Suppression of Vice; information furnished by the Metropolitan Police; Reports of the Society for the Prevention of Juvenile Prostitution; Returns of the Registrar-General; Ryan, Duchatelet, M. les Docteurs G. Richelot, LÉon Faucher, Talbot, Acton, &c., &c.; and figures, information, facts, &c., supplied from various quarters: and lastly, on our own researches and investigations.

[92] Life and Adventures of Col. George Hanger, 1704.

[93] Acton.

[94] Imprisoned for three months.