0-h-7.htm.html#Page_218" class="pginternal">218.

— knowledge of European metal-fields in, 99.

— religious ideas of, in Britain, 154.

Baptism, milk and honey used in, 152.

Barley, cultivation of, 5.

— the Egyptian, reaches Britain, 84, 85.

Basket-making, relation of, to pottery and knitting, 6.

Beads, as "adder stones" and "Druid's gems", 163.

— Egyptian blue beads in England, 104, 105 (ill.), 106.

— Egyptian, in Britain, 211.

Bede, on jet symbolism, 164.

Bee, connection of, with Artemis and fig tree, 193.

— as soul form in legends, 193.

Bees, connection of, with maggot soul form, 102.

— "Telling the bees" custom, 103, 193.

Belatucadros, a Gaulish Mars, 207.

BelgÆ, The, in Britain, 128.

Belisama, goddess of Mersey, 206.

Beltain festival, fires at, 191.

Berries, fire in, 181.

— life substance in, 206.

— "the luck", 180.

— salmon and red, 183.

Berry charms, 47.

Birds, butterfly as "bird of god", 191.

— Celtic deities as, 195.

Birds, language of, Druids and wren, 145.

— language of, in India, 151.

— language of, St. Columba and, 146.

— oyster catcher and wood linnet as birds of goddess Bride, 187.

— swan form of soul, 190.

— taboo in Ancient Britain, 201.

— taboo in Highlands, 201.

— tom-tit, robin, wren, and apple cults, 204.

— wren as king of, 186.

Black Annis, Irish Anu (Danu) and, 198.

—Leicestershire hag-deity, 195, 196.

Black Demeter, 196.

Black goddesses, Greek and Scottish, 164.

Black Kali, Indian goddess, 196.

Black Pig, Devil as, 200.

Black Sow, Devil as, 200.

Blood Covenant, 152.

Boadicea, 162, 227.

— (Boudicca), Queen, 114.

— Iceni tribe of, 128.

Boann, the goddess, 202.

Boar, Adonis and Diarmid slain by, 197.

— in Orkney, 129.

— salmon and porpoise as, 182.

Boar god on British and Gaulish coins, 162.

— — connection of, with amber, 161.

— — the Gaulish, 197.Caledonians, The, 129.

— Celtic tribal name of, 112.

— personal names of, 112.

— clothing of, 119.

— the Picts and, 130.

— Romans and, 224.

— Tacitus's theory regarding, 137.

Calendar, the Gaelic, 198.

Calgacus, 112.

Callernish stone circle, 94.

Calton (hazel grove), 150.

Camulos, god of Colchester, 207.

Canoes. See Boats.

Canterbury Pagan temple, St. Augustine used, 177.

Cantion, the, Kent tribe, 128.

Cardinal Points, doctrine of, 145, 168.

— — south as road to heaven, 145, and also note 114.

— — Gaelic colours of, 168.

— — goddesses and gods come from their own, 173.

— — giants of north and fairies of west, 173.

— — in modern burial customs, 171.

— — "sunwise" and "withershins", 172, and also note 159.

CarnonacÆ Carini, the, 129.

Carthage, Britain and, 229.

— British and Spanish connection with, 107.

— megalithic monuments and, 149.

Carthage, trade of, with Britain, 114.

Cassiterides, The, 98.

— Carthagenians' trade with, 114.

— Pytheas and, 115.

— Crassus visits, 116.

— exports and imports of, 104.

— Œstrymnides of Himilco and, 116.

— the Hebrides and, 117.

Cat, the Big, 196.

— as goddess, 154.

— pear tree and, 196.

Cat-Anna, Leicestershire hag-goddess, 195.

Cat goddess of Egypt, 196.

Cat stone, 196.

Cats, the, peoples of Shetland, Caithness, and Sutherland as, 129, 130.

— witches as, 196.

Caturix, the Gaulish god, 207.

Catuvellauni, The, in England, 128.

Cauldron. See Pot.

Cauldron, the Celtic, 90, 91.

— — Welsh goddess of, 204.

— of Dagda, 202.

— Holy Grail and, 205.

— myth of, 205.

Celts, AchÆans and, 111.

— as carriers of La TÈne culture, 112.

— confederacies formed by, 112.

— as conquerors of earlier settlers in Britain and Ireland, 107.

— as military aristocrats in Britain, 64.

Dolmen, The. See Megalithic monuments.

Domnu, tribal goddess of Damnonians, 90.

Don, the Children of, 203.

Doves, Celtic deities as, 195.

Dragon, Bride's Scottish serpent charm and Chinese charm, 188.

— Hebridean, 190.

— Irish, and the salmon, 182.

— otter and, 189.

— on sculptured stone, 155 (ill.).

— luck pearls of, 184.

— stones as eggs of, 173.

Dragon-mouth Lake, The Irish, 183.

Dragon Slayers, the, Druids and, 145.

Druid Circle, the Inverness, 220.

Druidism, 140.

— belief in British origin of, 142.

— doctrines absorbed by, 222.

— eastern origin of, 149.

— in ancient Spain, 149.

— Pliny on Persian religion and, 143, and also note 111.

— oak cult, 145.

— tree cults and, 141.

Druids, in Anglesea, 103.

— human sacrifices of, 103.

— "Christ is my Druid", 146.

— the collar of truth, 146.

— connection of, with megalithic monuments, 103, 154.

— and oak, 141.

— classical references to, 141.

— "Druid's gem", 163.

— evidence of, regarding races in Gaul, 100.

— Tacitus on Anglesea Druids, 147.

— temples of, 177.

— "True Thomas" (the Rhymer) as "Druid Thomas", 146.

— sacred salmon and, 182.

Druids, salmon and dragon myth, 182.

— star lore of, 175.

— Kentigern of Glasgow as Christian Druid, 185.

— wren connection, 145.

— soothsayers, 145, 146.

Dug-out canoes, origin of, 72. See Boats.

Dumnogeni, The, in Yarrow inscription, 89.

Dumnonii, 128. See Damnonians.

— Fomorians as gods of, 198.

— Silures and, 129.

Dunatis, Gaulish Mars, 207.

Durotriges, in Britain and Ireland, 128.

Dwyn, St., formerly a goddess, 204.

Dwynwen, British Venus, 204.

Eagle, the Sacred, 155 (ill.).

— wren and, in myth, 186.

Ear-rings, as solar symbols, 165.

East, The, "Evil never came from", 168. See Cardinal Points.

Easterners, colonies of, in Spain and Portugal, 95, 100, 51.

Flints, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, 45.

— as offerings to deity, 50.

Flint deposits, English, 81.

— — early peoples settled beside, 81.

— — river-drift man in England near, 81.

Flint industry, Tardenoisian microliths used by Maglemosians, 57.

— working, ancient English flint factories, 82.

— — Aurignacian, 13, 14. See PalÆolithic.

— — Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian implements 21 (ill.).

— — Chellean coup de poing 14 (ill.).

— — "Combe-Capelle" man's, 25.

— — early English trade in worked flints, 81.

— — eastern influence in Neolithic industry, 214.

— — Egyptian origin of Spanish Neolithic industry, 97.

— — the evolution theory, 99.

— — Hugh Miller's and Andrew Lang's theories regarding, 11.

— — Neanderthal and pre-Neanderthal, 12.

— — Neolithic saws or sickles, 4.

— — PalÆolithic and Neolithic, 212.

— — Tardenoisian microliths or "pygmy flints", 54, 55 (ill.).

— — proto-Solutrean and "true" Solutrean, 49.

Flint-god, the Solutrean, 51.

— Zeus and Thor as, 51.

Foam, as milk, 151.

Fomorians, duels of, in Scotland, 199.

— as gods of Dumnonii, 198.

— Neit as war god, 202.

— Nemon as goddess of, 202.

— war of, with fairies, 198, 199.

Fowl taboo in ancient Britain, 201.

Freyja, Scandinavian Venus, 161.

— pearls, amber, &c., as tears of, 161.

Furfooz man, 56.

Gaelic Calendar, 198.

Galatia, Celts in, 112.

Galley Hill man, 26.

Gaul, Celts of, in Roman army, 127.

— early inhabitants of, 100.

— refugees from sea-invaded areas in, 70.

Gaulish gods, 207.

Gems, "Druid's gem", 163.

— night-shining, 160.

— as soul-bodies, 44.

Geological Ages, breaking of North Sea and English Channel land-bridges, 69.

— — confusion regarding, in modern art, 1.

— — date of last land movement, 100.

— — megalithic monuments submerged, 100.

— — early boats and, 72.

— — England in Magdalenian times, 54.

— — sixth glaciation and race movements, 54.

— — England sinking when Scotland was rising, 71.

— — last land movement, 154, 187.

— cure from mouse's, 187.

Lizard as soul-form, 189.

Lleu, the god, 204.

Llyr, sea god, 202. See Lir.

— the sea god, "Shony" and, 194.

London, god's name in, 203.

Love-enticing plants, 168.

Luck, belief in, 157.

— berries and, 180.

— fire as bringer of, 191.

— lucky and unlucky days, 168.

— pearls and, 166, 167.

Lud, god of London, 203.

— form of, 203.

Lugh, Celtic god, associated with north-east, 173.

— Gaelic Apollo, 202.

Lugi, The, 129.

MÆatÆ, The, Picts and Caledonians and, 130.

Magdalenian culture, 13.

— — Azilian and, 62.

— — Eskimo art and, 53.

— — in Britain, 53.

— — origin of, 52.

— — new implements, 52.

— — traces of influence of, in Scotland, 60.

— — Victoria cave reindeer harpoon, 58.

— cave art revival and progress, 53.

— implements, 21 (ill.).

— pre-Agricultural, 213.

Maggot god, early Christian myth of, 103.

— — bees and, 103.

— — Gaelic, 102.

Magic wands, 146, 191.

— — Etruscan, French, and Scottish, 100.

Maglemosian culture, 54, 56.

— — art and, 57.

— — Magdalenian influence on, 57.

— — Siberian origin of, 57.

— — artifacts and, 13.

— — in Britain, 125.

— — Northerners as carriers of, 217.

— — pre-Agricultural, 213.

Maglemosians, boats of, 76.

— animals hunted, 57.

— land-bridges crossed by, 57.

— in France and Britain, 58.

— in Britain, 70.

— Celts and, 138.

— Dogger Bank land-bridge crossed by, 57, 67.

— dogs domesticated by, 63.

— Tardenoisian microliths used by, 58.

Malachite charms, 80.

Mammoth, bones of, from Dogger Bank, 39 (ill.).

— Egyptian blue beads in British "Bronze Age" necklace, 104, 105 (ill.), 106.

— as gods, 44.

— in graves, 158.

— shell, in Welsh Aurignacian cave-tomb, 20.

— why worn, 37.

Need fires, 181.

— — butterfly and, 191.

Neit, god of battle, 202.

Nem, the root in neamh (heaven), neamhnuid (pearl), nemeton (shrine in a grove), nemed (chapel), neimhidh (church-land), nemus (a grove), Nemon (goddess), and N?m?t?na (goddess), 159, 160.

N?m?t?na, British goddess, 159.

Nemon, the goddess, a Fomorian, 202.

— Irish goddess, and pearl, heaven, &c., 159.

Neolithic, chronological problem, 212.

— Egyptian diadem of gold found in Spanish Neolithic tomb, 98.

— Egyptian origin of Spanish Neolithic industry, 97, 214.

— metal workers as flint users, 98.

— Scottish copper axe problem, 219.

— why ornaments were worn, 37, 38.

— Age, transition period longer than, 61.

— Culture, Iberians as carriers of, 126.

— Industry, carriers of, attracted to Britain, 78.

— — distribution of population and, 81-4.

— — "Edge" theory, 61.

— — Campigny find, 62.

— — in Ireland, 85.

— — in Scotland, 85.

— — Scottish pitch-stone artifacts, 85.

— — carriers of, not wanderers, 86.

— — a lost art, 86.

Nereids, the, fairies and, 173.

Ness, the River, 206.

Night-shining gems, 160.

Norsemen, 126.

— modern Scots and, 137.

Northern fair race, 125.

Northerners, Armenoids and, 127.

NovantÆ, The, 129.

Nudd, the god, 203.

Nut, as "soul case", 173.

Nut-milk, 150.

— — honey and, as elixir, 150, and also note 120.

Nuts, life substance in, 206.

— of longevity, 150.

Oak, 221.

— acorn as fruit of longevity, 144.

— Druids and, 141, 145.

— Black Annis and, 196.

— Galatian oak grove and shrine, 159.

— on Glasgow s internal">120.

— Celtic boats superior to boats of, 224.

— as exploiters of conquered countries, 79.

— how loan-rate of interest was reduced, 79.

— goddess, groups of, 207.

— Gauls in army of, 127.

— mean and tragical conquest of Britain by, 226, 227.

— myths of, regarding savages in ancient Britain, 224.

— references of, to Picts and Caledonians, 130.

— religious beliefs of, no higher than those of Gaels, 208.

— Tacitus on rewards of, in Britain, 79.

— wars for trade, 229.

Rome, connection of, with milk goddess cult, 149, 150.

— sacked by Celts, 112.

Ro-smerta, the Gaulish goddess, 174.

Rowan, 221.

— berry of, as fruit of longevity, 144.

— the sacred, 179, 180. See Tree Cults.

Rye, cultivation of, 5.

Sacred stones and sacred trees, 103. See Megalithic Monuments and Tree Cults.

Sacrifices, annual pig sacrifices,201.

— oxen sacrificed to demons in England, 178.

— at "wassailing", 204, 205.

Sahara, 27.

— grass-lands of the, 14.

St. Swithin's Day, 168.

Salmon on city of Glasgow seal, 185.

— as form of dragon, 182.

— fire and, 183.

— Gaelic names of, 182.

— Irish saint finds gold in stomach of, 184.

— in St. Mungo legend, 184.

— the ring myth, 183.

— the sacred "salmon of wisdom", 182.

Sargon of Akkad, his knowledge of Western European metal-yielding areas, 99 et seq., 218.

Saxons, 126.

— Celts and, 227.

— the, Picts as allies of, 131.

Scape-dog, the, 65.

Scots, The, CrÔ-Magnons and, 137.

— Picts and, 130.

— first settlement of, in Scotland, 130.

Scott, Michael, in serpent myth, 188.

Seafaring. See Boats.

Sea god, the Hebridean Seonaidh (Shony), 193.

Seasons, Gaelic colours of, 169.

SelgovÆ, The, 139.

— in Galloway, 129.

Serpent, Bride's serpent and dragon, 188.

— as "daughter of Ivor", the "damsel", &c., 187.

— dragon as, 182.

— goddess Bride and, 187.

— jet drives away, 164.

— sacred white, 106.

— Temple theory, 177.

Stones, in graves, 33, 34.

— wind raised by, in Hebrides, 172.

— as "god body", 173.

— as dragon's eggs, 173.

Sumeria. See Babylonia.

Sun, ancient British solar symbol, 162.

— circulating chapels, &c., 148.

— ear-rings and, 165.

— fire and, 181.

— rays of, as tears, 181, and also note 167.

— Gaelic worship of, 170.

— Gaels swore by, 148.

— goddess and, 163.

— modern and ancient sunwise customs, 171.

Sun-worship in Britain, King Canute and, 147.

Surgery, ancient man's skill in, 2.

— folk-lore evidence regarding, 3, 4.

Surrogate of life blood, 28.

Sussex dug-out, 76, 77.

Swallows, Celtic deities as, 195.

Swans, as souls, 190.

— as oracles, 190.

— Celtic deities as, 195.

Swine. See Pork Taboo.

— Celts rearers of, 114.

— Devil and, 200.

Swine, Maglemosian hunters of, 57.

— Orkney a boar name, 129.

— in Roman religious ceremony, 51.

— Scottish taboo of, 199.

Sword of god Lugh, 206.

Symbols, swashtika, &c., 165, 166. See Colour Symbolism.

TÆxali, The,

Talismans, Irish and Japanese, 206.

Taran?cus (Thunderer), Gaulish god, 207.

Tardenoisian, 54, 62.

— artifacts, 13.

— Iberian carriers of, 216.

— pre-Agricultural, 213.

— pygmy flints, 54, 55 (ill.).

Tardenoisians, The, in Britain, 125.

— English Channel land-bridge crossed by, 69.

— Industry, traces of, in Africa, Asia, and Europe, 71.

— Maglemosians and, 57.

Temples, pagan, used as Christian churches, 177.

— the Gaulish, 177.

— Apollo's temple in England, 177.

— Stonehenge, 177.

— Pytheas refers to, 178.

— reroofing custom, 178.

Ten Tribes, The Lost, 118.

Teutons, British Celts' relations with, 137.

— Celts and, 125.

Thomas the Rhymer, "True Thomas" as "Druid Thomas",

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