William Kirby

[1] ??a?a, ??a?a. Hist. Animal. l. i. c. 6.[2] Hist. Animal. l. i. c. 5, 6: compare 1. v. c. 3 and 33, and De Partibus Animal. l. iv. c. 1 and 11.[3] ?? de s?????? a?t?? ?? s??a?s?? a??a f?as??.[4] Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 1.[5] ??t?a p???p?da e? ?a?es? pa?ta. De Part. Animal. l. iv. c. 6.[6] Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 19.[7] The insection that distinguishes these parts, the abdomen especially, is most visible in the majority of the Hymenoptera and Diptera orders; next in some Coleoptera, as the Lamellicorn tribes, &c. and the Lepidoptera. Latreille is of opinion, that the two last segments of the thorax in some insects are represented by the first of the abdomen, and that the upper half segment of this part in Coleoptera also represents the same. Latr. De quelques Appendices, &c. Annales GÉnÉrales des Sciences Physiques. A Bruxelles, vi. livrais, xviii. 14. In fact, in the Lepidoptera, when the abdomen is separated from the trunk, this segment usually remains attached to the latter. In the Myriapods, the trunk is to be distinguished from the abdomen only by its bearing the three first pair of legs.[8] There is no general rule without exceptions, and no character is so universal as to be distinctly exhibited by every member of a class or other natural group. Thus, in the majority of the mites (Acarus L.) the body is marked by no segments, and the only articulation or incision is in the legs, palpi, &c. But as the exception does not make void the rule, so neither does the extenuation or absence of some primary character at its points of junction with others, in some individuals, annihilate the class or group.[9] Hist. Nat. l. xi. c. 1.[10] Animalcula polypoda, spiraculis lateralibus respirantia, cute ossea cataphracta; antennis mobilibus sensoriis instruuntur. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. i. 533.[11] Quoted by Mr. Wm. MacLeay in his very remarkable and learned work HorÆ EntomologicÆ, in which he inclines to the same opinion. 383.[12] Treviranus (Ueber den innern Bau der Arachniden, &c. 22.) always calls the palpi of spiders "FÜlhÖrner." In Scorpio he regards them as palpi (Palpen).[13] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 181.[14] Treviranus, ut supra, 48. For the nervous system of scorpions, see t. i. f. 13; and for that of spiders, t. v. f. 45.[15] Plate XXIX. Fig. 2. Treviranus, t. i. f. 1.[16] Cuvier Anat. Comp. iv. 407.[17] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 190.[18] The females of Dorthesia, however, a genus related to Coccus, are said to survive laying their eggs. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 553.[19] Anim. sans Vertebr. i. 381.[20] Anim. sans Vertebr. i. 457.[21] The number five, which Mr. MacLeay assumes for one basis of his system as consecrated in Nature, seems to me to yield to the number seven, which is consecrated both in Nature and Scripture. Metaphysicians reckon seven principal operations of the mind; musicians seven principal musical tones; and opticians seven primary colours. In Scripture the abstract idea of this number is—completion—fullness—perfection. I have a notion, but not yet sufficiently matured, that Mr. MacLeay's quinaries are resolvable into septenaries.[22] Anim. sans Vertebr. i. 381.[23] See on this point MacLeay, Hor. Entomolog. 209—.[24] Anim. sans Vertebr. iii. 243.[25] Ibid. iii. 245.[26] Anim. sans Vertebr. iii. 245.[27] Ibid.[28] Des Rapports gÉnÉraux, &c. des Anim. invertebr. artic., Ann. du Mus.[29] Ibid. Hor. Entomolog. 383.[30] Leach in Entomologist's Useful Compendium, by Samouelle, 75.[31] Hor. Entomolog. 348.[32] Ibid. 354.[33] Ibid. 373.[34] Ibid. 381.[35] Ibid. 389.[36] There is some reason for thinking, though the octopod and myriapod insects breathe by tracheÆ, that there is no small difference in the distribution of these organs. The Trachean Arachnida have only a pair of spiracles, from which the tracheÆ must radiate, if I may so apply the term, in order to convey the necessary supply of air to every part of the body. Scutigera, as far as I can discover, has only a single series of dorsal spiracles (see Plate XXIX. Fig. 20)—an unusual situation for them: in these also, to attain the above end, each trachea must also radiate, so as to supply each part of the segment it is in. Those of Iulus, according to the observations of Savi (Osservaz. per servire alla Storia di una Specie de Iulus, &c. 15—), consist of bundles of parallel tracheÆ. Perhaps these circumstances would warrant the considering of these Arachnida and the Myriapoda as primary classes? The genus Galeodes is said to breathe by gills similar to those of the AraneidÆ, which structure, probably, carries with it a system of circulation, and exhibits a third type in the Arachnida, with four palpi, six legs, and a distinct thorax. This genus, then, is the corresponding point in the Arachnida to the Hexapod Aptera, as the Scorpions are to the CheliferidÆ or Pseudo-Scorpions, and the AraneidÆ to the other Octopods; and these analogies furnish a strong proof, that the Tracheans belong rather to Insecta than Arachnida. Comp. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 445; and Description de six Arachnid. nouv. &c. par Leon Dufour, 16.[37] Mr. MacLeay observes with regard to the Tardigrade, described by Spallanzani and Dutrochet, that "it proves that an animal may exist without antennÆ or distinct annular segments to the body, but having two eyes and six articulate legs." (Hor. Entomolog. 350—.) Many Acari prove the same thing. De Geer, vii. t. vii. f. 14.[38] De Geer, vii. t. iii. f. 8.[39] Hor. Entomolog. 351.[40] De Geer, Ibid. 571, 583. t. xxxvi. f. 20, 21.[41] Dufour ubi supra. Hor. Entomolog. 382.[42] Male Insecta in some instances engender more than once. Mr. MacLeay sen. has observed this with regard to Chrysomela Polygoni, and I have noticed it in Bombyx Mori.[43] Hor. Entomolog. 134. 200.[44] Zoolog. Miscell. iii. t. 146. In this figure the segments are made much more distinct than they are in my specimen.[45] Hor. Entomolog. 422—.[46] See above, Vol. I. 4th Ed. p. 66. Note^[90].[47] Surely the denomination ought to have been Arachnido-Crustacea, since the learned author considers them as belonging to the Crustacea class.[48] It may not be without use to give here a short definition of the Annulosa; I mean excluding the Vermes, which Mr. W. MacLeay has included; and the Annelida, which Latreille has made the fifth of his Annulose classes. Ann. du Mus. 1821.

Annulosa. Animal invertebrate, oviparous; external integument of a firmer consistence than the internal substance, serving as a general point of attachment to the muscles; eyes immoveable; legs more than four, jointed.

Classes.

1. Crustacea. Gills external; more than eight legs.
2. Arachnida. Gills internal; spiracles; eight legs.
3. Insecta. TracheÆ; spiracles; six to eight thoracic legs.[49] What L. Dufour regards as the liver in Scorpio (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 421.) Treviranus looks upon as an Epiploon (FettkÖrper) both in Scorpio and Aranea. 6. t. i. f. 6. A A. t. ii. f. 24. dd. Hepatic ducts: t. i. f. 6. ii. t. ii. f. 24. . . . .[50] S. minutissima of Marsham is synonymous with Dermestes atomarius De Geer, Scaphidium atomarium Gyllenh., and Latridius fascicularis Herbst., but surely arranging with none of these genera, being sufficiently distinguished from them and every other insect by its singular capillary wings. In my cabinet it stands under the name of Trichopteryx K.[51] Panz. Fn. Germ. Init. lxii. 24. Comp. Hor. Entomolog. Addenda, &c. 523.[52] The Annelida have, however, sometimes jointed organs, which facilitate their progressive motion whether vermicular or undulatory; but they cannot be deemed legs, since they neither support the body nor enable it to walk, &c. Latreille Anim. invertebr. Artic. 126. Ann. du Mus. 1821.[53] De Antennis Insect. ii. 65.[54] Nouv. Obs. sur les Abeilles, ii. 376—. It appears from M. Huber's experiment, that it was only when the hair-pencil, impregnated with the oil of turpentine, was presented "prÈs de la cavitÉ, au dessus de l'insertion de la trompe," that the bee was sensible of the odour.[55] Anim. sans Vertebr. I. i. Mem. i.[56] Plate VIII. Fig. 10-14; IX. Fig. 6-8.[57] Coquebert Illust. Ic. iii. t. xxi. f. 3.[58] Hor. Entomolog. 413—.[59] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii.; compare 104 and 110.[60] See above, Vol. I. Ed. 4. p. 63—.[61] The word eta??f??, and its derivative eta??f?s??, are not extant in any Greek writer before the date of the New Testament. They are used to express any external change of form or colour, and metaphorically an inward change and progressive improvement of the mind. Comp. Matth. xvii. 2. Ælian. Var. Hist. l. i. c. 1. Rom. xiii. 2. 2 Cor. iii. 18. They are, therefore, not improperly applied, as some have supposed, to the changes of insects.[62] Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge 12-27. 105—.[63] Dr. Virey's observations under the article Embryo (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 195.) deserve here to be considered. "Il y a donc quelque chose au dessus de l'intelligence humaine dans cette formation des Êtres; en vain on veut l'approfondir, c'est un abime dans lequel on ne voit que la main de Dieu. A quoi bon s'appesantir sur le mystÈre de la formation des Êtres, sans esperance de l'expliquer? Ne vaut-il pas mieux observer les opÉrations de la nature autant qu'il est permis À l'oeil humain de les appercevoir?"[64] § xiv.[65] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 193.[66] Œuv. v. 279. "Il n'est pas exact de dire que le coeur, la tÊte, et la moelle ÉpiniÈre, sont formÉs les premiers dans les foetus des animaux À sang rouge et vertÉbrÉs," says Dr. Virey; "mais il faut dire seulement que tel est l'ordre dans lequel ces organes commencent À devenir visibles." N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 196.[67] Ibid. 193.[68] Œuvr. viii. 315.[69] Hor. Entomolog. 446.[70] See on this subject N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. article Metamorphosis.[71] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 349—.[72] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 348.[73] Bibl. Nat. Ed. Hill. ii. 138.[74] Œuvr. v. 283—.[75] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 355.[76] Leeuwenhoek discovered in the incipient foetus of a sheep, not larger than the eighth part of a pea, all the principal parts of the future animal. Arc. Nat. I. ii. 165, 173.[77] Bonnet, Œuvr. v. 284.[78] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 352.[79] Select Works by Hoole, i. 132. The fact is confirmed by M. L. Dufour, who, having opened the abdomen of a female scorpion, found in the midst of some eggs nearly mature a little scorpion a quarter of an inch long; it lay without motion, with its tail folded under the body. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 426.[80] Reaum. iv. 425—.[81] Ibid. 428—. t. xxix. f. 10, 11.[82] Busch, a German author, affirms that many CimicidÆ are subject to this law. Schneid. i. 206.[83] Quoted in Huber Fourmis, 208. Some reptiles also are at one time oviparous, and at another ovo-viviparous. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 568.[84] I say almost all insects, because the larvÆ of Hymenoptera and Diptera are supposed not to undergo this change. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 365.[85] Reaum. vi. MÉm. xiv. De Geer, vi. 280.[86] See Vol. I. Lett. xi.[87] See Vol. II. p. 36.[88] De Geer i. 494—.[89] Called by M. l'AbbÉ Preaux, who observed it near Lisieux in Normandy, Mouche Baliste. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. 442.[90] Plate XX. Fig. 20.[91] Reaum. vi. 509. t. xlv. f. 11, 12.[92] Reaum. vi. 434.[93] Ibid. vi. 494.[94] The vesicles, which Reaumur thinks may be pulmonary vesicles, as well as assisting in the extrusion of the masses of eggs, he has figured t. xliv. f. 10. u u.[95] De Geer ii. 534. t. xiii. f. 13.[96] Coquebert Illustr. Ic. t. i. f. A. B.[97] Plate XX. Fig. 25.[98] Ent. Carniol. 269. n. 705.[99] Reaum. ii. 401.[100] In Raii Hist. Ins. 264.[101] Plate XX. Fig. 24.[102] Goeze Naturf. xvii. 183—. t. iv. f. 16-19. Comp. N. Dict. d' Hist. Nat. iii. 475. and xix. 239. De Geer iii. 533.[103] Second Journey through Persia, 100—.[104] See Vol. II. p. 36.[105] Vol. I. p. 359—.[106] Latr. Hist. Nat. des Fourmis, 334. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 284.[107] Lister De Aran. Tit. 13, 14. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 284.[108] Lister Ibid. 56. Tit. 15.[109] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 447.[110] Ins. Surinam, t. i.[111] A striking instance of this may be seen in her forty-ninth plate, in which she has clapped the rostrated head of Fulgora laternaria upon the body of a Cicada Latr., affirming it to be the former fly in its previous state! This might be a trick upon her.[112] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. 489.[113] Lesser L. i. 300.[114] Annales du MusÉum, xiv. 441.[115] Lesser L. i. t. ii. f. xvi.[116] Miger Ann. du Mus. ubi supr. Comp. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. 482—.[117] De Geer i. 192.[118] Ibid. ii. 982.[119] Reaum. ii. 97. 159.[120] Ibid. 107—. t. iii. f. 15.[121] De Geer iii. 48. 51.[122] Reaum. v. 122.[123] See above, Vol. I. p. 196. 202.[124] Journ. de Phys. Philos. Mag. ix. 244.[125] Reaum. iv. Mem. i.[126] RÖsel, ix. 157. t. 265?[127] Ibid. iii. 197.[128] See above, Vol. I. p. 195.[129] Plate XX. Fig. 14.[130] Reaum. i. 95— f. 1-13.[131] Reaum. iv. 615—. t. xliv. f. 2-7.[132] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. 445. RÖs. iii. 156.[133] Epist. 1687.[134] Vol. I. p. 448—.[135] See above, Vol. I. p. 344—.[136] Reaum. iii. 8—.[137] Vol. I. 349—. 371—.[138] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. 271.[139] De Geer vii. 194.[140] Compare N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 246. with xx. 352-; but as the Amnios immediately envelops the foetus, the pellicle seems most analogous to it, and the shell to the Chorion.[141] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. ed. Hill. l. 133. a. Comp. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 246.[142] Swamm. Ibid.[143] Sepp. iv. t. iii. f. i. c. v. t. iv. f. 2.[144] See above, Vol. I. p. 208: it is there called an Aphis, but it is a distinct genus.[145] De Geer iii. 245. t. xiii. f. 20-22.[146] Sepp. iv. t. xiii. f. 2. 3.[147] The sturgeon is said to lay 1,500,000 eggs, and the cod-fish 9,000,000.[148] Reaum. iv. 392.[149] See above, Vol. I. p. 350.[150] De Geer vii. 159.[151] See above, Vol. II. p. 109.[152] Ibid. 159. 166.[153] Ibid. 36—.[154] iv. t. xviii. f. 4. 5.[155] De Geer ii. 638.[156] Bibl. Nat. i. 132. b.[157] Gould 36.[158] Reaum. v. 477.[159] Ibid. iii. 579. v. 121.[160] Fourmis, 69—.[161] RÖsel iii. 152.[162] De Geer vii. 145.[163] Ibid. 123—. See above, Vol. I. p. 393.[164] Raii Hist. Ins. 265.[165] Eggs of various shapes are given Plate XX. Fig. 3-23. See also Brunnich. Entomologia 4. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 245. Reaum. ii. t. iii. iv. xiv. xxvi. xxvii. &c.[166] Plate XX. Fig. 18.[167] Plate XX. Fig. 23. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. iii. f. 7, 8. In a specimen I opened of this insect the bristles converged so as to form a kind of tail to the egg.[168] Darwin Phytolog. 512.[169] Geoffr. Ins. Par. i. 480. t. x. f. 1. b. c.[170] See above, Vol. I. p. 261.[171] Reaum. iii. 386—. t. xxxii. f. 1. t. xxxiii. f. 5.[172] I allude to Ophion luteum F. (Ichneumon L.) Vol. i. Ed. 3. p. 269, figured Plate XX. Fig. 22; and the HydrachnÆ or Trombidia. See above, and De Geer vii. 145.[173] From this circumstance called p???p??????? s?f?a by the Apostle, Ephes. iii. 10.[174] Nat. Theol. 11th Ed. 375.[175] Plate XX. Fig. 19. a a.[176] Reaum. iv. 376—. t. xxvii. f. 9, 10.[177] Hist. Nat. gen. et partic. des Crust. et Ins. xii. 282.[178] Reaum. iv. 381. t. xxvi. f. 19, 20.[179] Roxburgh in Linn. Trans. vii. 34.[180] Some of the NoctuÆ have similar eggs, as N. Lappa. Sepp iv. t. iii. f. 1. c.[181] Reaum. ubi supr. f. 22, 23.[182] Plate XX. Fig. 6. 8.[183] Plate XX. Fig. 5.[184] Ibid. Fig. 3. 4. 7. 9. &c.[185] Ibid. Fig. 15.[186] Bonnet Œuvr. ii. 9.[187] Naturf. xiii. 229.[188] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 245.[189] Reaum. ii. 286.[190] Plate XX. Fig. 11. Sepp t. iv. f. 2.[191] Reaum. iv. 617.[192] Philos. Ent. 76.[193] See above, Vol. I. 358—.[194] See above, Vol. I. Ibid.[195] Young's France, ii. 34. This author asserts, that no art will hatch the eggs of the common silk-worms the first year, or that in which they are laid; but that there is a sort brought from Persia, which are hatched three times a year, and which will hatch in fifteen days in the proper heat. In 1765, it is said, the common sort hatched in the first year. Ibid. 226—.[196] In the N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 564. the eggs of the flesh-fly are said to hatch in two hours. This is true I believe in very warm weather.[197] Brahm. 310.[198] Rimrod Naturf. xvi. 131.[199] Fourmis. 69.[200] De Geer vii. 195.[201] Ibid. 196.[202] Reaum. ii. 167.[203] Brahm. 249. RÖsel. iv. 130. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. i. f. 2.[204] By Mr. White, jun. cordwainer at Ipswich.[205] Plate XX. Fig. 16. a.[206] De Geer vii. 197.[207] De Geer vii. 197.[208] Ibid. 85.[209] Epist. lxvii. 1694. 390.[210] Enum. Ins. Austr. 575.[211] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 74.[212] De Geer vii. 576.[213] Ibid. 584.[214] Considerat. GÉner. 21. HorÆ Entomolog. 353.[215] De Geer, Ibid. Mr. W. MacLeay observes of the Chilopoda, or Centipedes, that they moult in the manner of Crustacea. ubi supr. 352.[216] De Geer iii. 549. The figure of the forceps in De Geer (Ibid. t. xxv. f. 21) is not quite correct. The styles do not taper to a point, but are filiform and acute.[217] Compare De Geer iii. t. xviii. f. 2 and 12. q.[218] See above, Vol. II. p. 401.[219] Plate XVI. Fig. 4. c. Reaum. v. t. xix. f. 16. De Geer ubi supr. t. xxxii. f. 26. According to Reaumur, the larva as well as the pupa of Chermes Ficus has wing-cases (iii. 353).[220] These are in the female sex of some Coleoptera, as Lampyris, &c. which retain in the perfect state nearly the same form which they had when larvÆ. The larvÆ of some Staphylini are not very dissimilar in form to the perfect insect.[221] The larvÆ described in the first Section, which resemble the imago, are usually covered with a skin not materially different from that of the insect in that state.[222] Huber Fourmis. 73; N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 250.[223] Reaum. v. 40. t. vi. f. 4-15.[224] MÜller, the Danish zoologist, relates, that he once met with a papilio which, with the true wings of the genus, had a head without antennÆ or tongue, furnished with mandibles; and, in short, that of a true caterpillar. It was a female, which deposited eggs that proved barren. If this solitary instance was not a mistake, is it possible that some parasitic larva had devoured only the inclosed head of the butterfly, or so injured it that it could not reject the hard skin of the larva, and yet not be destroyed?[225] The only larvÆ which have a visible distinct neck are those of some Dytisci, Staphylini, and a few others, in which this part is quite distinct: proving the erroneousness of the opinion of those German entomologists, who consider the thorax as analogous to the neck of other animals, and hence call it Halsschild. In some lepidopterous larvÆ, however, as in that of Pieris BrassicÆ, though no visible neck presents itself, one is very perceptible when the insect stretches the head forward considerably. Reaum. i. 460.[226] Plate XVII. Fig. 13.[227] Reaum. v. t. vi. f. 7. i. c.[228] In fact, in almost all Lepidopterous larvÆ the head may be regarded as divided into two lobes or eye-shaped portions, which include in the angle formed by their recession anteriorly from each other, the nasus (clypeus F.), the labrum, and other instruments of manducation. Posteriorly these lobes generally come into contact; but I have a specimen in which there is a narrow space between them.[229] Ins. Surinam. t. xvii.[230] Ins. Surinam. t. liii.[231] Ibid. t. xxxii.[232] Ibid. t. viii.[233] Ibid. t. xxiii.[234] Ibid. t. xiv.[235] I purchased this singular caterpillar from the collection of the late Mr. Francillon, with his other exotic larvÆ; but without any indication of the fly to which it belonged.[236] De Geer vi. 352.[237] De Geer iv. 66. ii. 922.[238] De Geer v. 170.[239] De Geer says, he could not make out the number of eyes of the larva of the whirlwig (Gyrinus): probably, as in that of Dytiscus, there are six. iv. 362. 385.

[240] Pez. 188.[241] ii. 923, t. xxxvi. f. 1, b b. Fabr. Philos. Ent. 60.[242] Lyonnet 41. t. ii. f. 1. c.[243] De Geer vi. 307.[244] Ibid, ii. t. xvi. Comp. f. 2 a a with f. 14 a a.[245] In the larva of Cicindela there are six palpi, as in the perfect insect.[246] Lyonnet, t. i. f. 7. e. In the larva of Callidium violaceum, however, this part is of a singular shape, being orbicular. Kirby Linn. Trans. v. t. xii. f. 12. a.[247] It is affirmed (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 333) that the larvÆ of those Coleoptera that live in carcases have mandibles almost membranous: those, however, of that of Silpha rugosa are horny and hard.[248] Lyonnet, t. ii. f. 1. d d, and f. 2, 3, 4.[249] Kirby in Linn. Trans. v. t. xii. f. 7 b.[250] Cuvier Anat. Comp. iii. 322.[251] Reaum. vi. 340.[252] The larva of Cicindela campestris has mandibles of this description. Plate XVII. Fig. 13. c´.[253] See above, Vol. II. 275—.[254] Reaum. v. 9. t. i. f. 4. c c. l l.[255] TraitÉ Anatom. t. ii. f. 1. h h.[256] Reaum. ii. t. 40. f. 4.[257] De Geer v. 229.[258] Ibid. iv. t. xi. f. 16. p p.[259] Linn. Trans. v. t. xii. f. 10.[260] Cuvier Anat. Comp. iii. 323.[261] De Geer iv. t. xv. f. 9. b b. The exterior and interior palpi are both represented in this figure.[262] Reaum. vi. t. xxxvii. f. 5. e e.[263] Ibid. i. 125.[264] Plate XXI. Fig. 9. The organ with which the larvÆ of Hemerobius, Myrmeleon, and Hydrophilus, spin their cocoons, is situated in the anus. The spinneret of the Cossus is figured by Lyonnet Anatom. t. ii. f. 1. i. and fig. 9.[265] De Geer vi. 370. This species (Tipula Agarici seticornis De Geer) has two separate spinnerets. t. xx. f. 8. m m.[266] Lyonnet 55—.[267] Reaum. iv. 166.[268] Reaum. v. 155.[269] Ibid. vi. t. xxxvii. f. 7. b p.[270] Ibid. m e e.[271] Ibid. f. 6. p.[272] Ibid. Compare f. 4 with f. 6, 7.[273] Ibid. t. xxxvi. f. 12. s u e.[274] Ibid. n e, and xxxviii. f. 7, d c.; De Geer ii. t. xix. f. 17. d g.[275] Reaum. vi. t. xxxvii. f. 4-6. 8.[276] Ibid. t. xxxviii. First joint f. 8. b f p.; jaws f. 7. c d.; opening o, Ligula, f. 6. l.[277] De Geer ii. f. 17. Jaws g g; claw d; tooth h.[278] Ibid. 674.[279] Ibid. ii. 674.[280] Reaum. iv. 376.[281] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 64.[282] Anat. Comp. iii. 322.[283] At first in the Dytisci they appear to have five joints; but, as I before observed, the first joint must be regarded as representing the maxilla.[284] Lyonnet Anatom. 55, 58.[285] De Geer v. 203.[286] De Geer iv. 5. Legs of this kind are figured Plate XXIII. Fig. 7.[287] In the larva, however, of Sialis, or some kindred genus, in which, like those of Scolopendra, the prolegs are jointed, a pair distinguishes each abdominal segment. See Reaum. iv. t. xv. f. 1, 2. Compare De Geer ii. t. xxiii. f. 11.[288] See above, Vol. II 286—.[289] Ibid. 288.[290] Lyonnet Anatom. t. iii. f. 8. Coxa b. Trochanter c. Femur d. Tibia e. Tarsus f. Claw g.[291] De Geer iv. t. xiii. f. 20; and t. xv. f. 16.[292] Ibid. ii. t. xvi. f. 5, 6, 7. d e: and t. xix. f. 4. c f g h.[293] The larva of a scarce moth (Stauropus Fagi. See Plate XIX. Fig. 4) is an exception to this. The first pair of its legs are of the ordinary stature, but the two next are remarkably long, and so thin and weak as to be unable to bear the body. Pezold. 119. Another minute caterpillar described by Reaumur has the third pair of the legs apparently fleshy and singularly incrassated at the apex into a pyriform figure, terminated by a pair of claws. This conformation is for some particular purpose in the economy of the animal, since they are the most busily employed of all in arranging the threads of her web. Reaum. ii. 258. In the larva of a geometer (Geometra lunaria) the third pair are remarkably long. Illig. Mag. 402. In that of another moth, according to Kuhn (Naturf. xvi. 78. t. iv. f. 3), the third pair of the fore-legs is remarkably incrassated, being twice as thick and long as the other pair, though consisting of the same number of joints, the last of which has claws.[294] On the legs and prolegs see also what is said above, Vol. II. p. 286—.[295] In some few instances these legs are dorsal. Ibid. 281.[296] The claws or crotchets, though general, are not universal, in Lepidopterous larvÆ. An exception is furnished to the rule by the singular limaciform ones of Hepialus Testudo and Asellus of Fabricius, two moths forming Haworth's genus Apoda, which have no distinct prolegs, but in their stead a number of small transparent shining tubercles without claws. The larva also of one of the subcutaneous moths first discovered by De Geer in the leaves of the rose (i. 446), but whose history is fully given by Goeze, Naturf. xv. 37-48, (who has satisfactorily ascertained that it is the true larva of a Tinea of LinnÉ, but of a different habit from that of most subcutaneous ones), has no true legs, and eighteen prolegs without any claws. Another subcutaneous larva, for the history of which we are indebted to M. Godeheu de Riville, is according to him entirely deprived of legs of any kind (Bonnet ix. 196—.); as is another of the same tribe that feeds on the poplar, an account of which is given by Goeze Naturf. xiv. 105.[297] Plate XXIII. Fig. 7. See also below, p. 137.[298] Lyonnet Anatom. 84. t. iii. f. 11, 12.[299] Hist. Vermium, 130.[300] Plate XXIII. Fig. 1.[301] Plate XXIII. Fig. 18.[302] Account of Locust-tree Insects, 69.[303] Reaum. iv. 443. t. xxx. f. 6. l l. t. xxii. f. 6. l l.[304] De Geer vi. 383. and 137. t. viii. f. 8, 9.[305] See above, Vol. II. p. 278. De Geer ubi supr. 376.[306] Reaum. iv. 184. t. xv. f. 12. c c.[307] De Geer v. 203.[308] See above, p. 110, 114.[309] Some few subcutaneous larvÆ have more, as that, before mentioned, observed by De Geer in the leaves of the rose; which has eighteen prolegs, and no true ones.[310] De Geer ii. t. xl. f. 15, 16. Bergman has added to these four classes of the larvÆ of saw-flies, a fifth; the insects belonging to which, he affirms, though they have sixteen prolegs, are without the anal pair. Ibid. 931. But as neither De Geer nor Reaumur ever met with one of this description, it is probable he was mistaken. Reaumur thought he had seen one with eighteen prolegs upon Erysimum alliaria (v. 91), but he does not speak positively.[311] De Geer v. 288.[312] De Geer iv. 157.[313] Ibid. v. 36. t. ii. f. 11.[314] See above, Vol. I. p. 171.[315] De Geer v. 228.[316] Ibid. 233.[317] See above, Vol. II. p. 281.[318] De Geer vi. 388.[319] Ibid. 389.[320] Reaum. v. t. v. f. 10.[321] Ibid. 31. This larva has also a pair of pediform processes at the anus, surrounded at the end with claws (t. v. f. 4, 5, s s), which he saw the animal use in locomotion; but which he suspects to be respiratory organs (Ibid. 33), which Latreille asserts they are. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 249.[322] De Geer Ibid. t. xxiv. f. 15-17.[323] Ibid. 383.[324] Ibid. 111. t. vi. f. 14-16.[325] Merian Ins. Sur. t. xx.[326] Ibid. t. xxxiv.[327] I have a caterpillar, I believe from Georgia, in which this horn is nearly an inch long, filiform, slender, and tortuous.[328] Plate XVIII. Fig. 12. c.[329] That of Sphinx IatrophÆ L. appears to be jointed, at least it is moniliform. Merian Surinam. t. xxxviii. Compare also t. iii.[330] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 252.[331] Schellenberg Entomolog. Beytr. t. 1.[332] Smith's Abbott's Insects of Georgia, t. xiii.[333] De Geer ii. 507. t. xi. f. 16. m n. t. xiv. f. 7.[334] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 256.[335] See above, Vol. II. p. 244—.[336] Plate XIX. Fig. 1. a.[337] Reaum. i. t. xxx. f. 2. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. 490, 497—.[338] Ray says he found it feeding on common fennel, about Middleton in Yorkshire: Lett. 69. The indefatigable Mr. Dale recently found many in the neighbourhood of Whittlesea-mere, feeding on Selinum palustre. It will also eat the wild carrot.[339] This gentleman was remarkable for the admirable manner in which he prepared caterpillars, so as scarcely to differ from life.[340] Reaum. i. 92.[341] Bonnet ii. 84—. iii. 1.[342] See above, Vol. II. 251—.[343] Bonnet ii. 88.[344] De Geer ii. 507. t. xi. f. 16. c.[345] RÖs. iv. 162.[346] De Geer i. 322—. See Plate XIX. Fig. 2. a a.[347] Reaum. ii. 275. t. xxii. f. 3.[348] Ibid. 276. t. xxii. f. 4, 5.[349] Ins. Surinam. t. vii. Nymphalis Amphinome xxiii. Morpho Teucer t. xxxii. Papilio CassiÆ.[350] This is not, however, universally the case, for the caterpillar of a Geometer described by Reaumur (ii. 363. t. xxix. f. 8.) (G. amatoria) has a pair of fleshy anal horns, terminating, it should seem from his figure, in a minute hook that the animal uses as a forceps; which has at the same time the anal legs, of which indeed these horns seem to be appendages.[351] Sepp. iv. t. l. f. 6-8.[352] Plate XIX. Fig. 5. a b. Sepp. iv. t. xxi. f. 4-7.[353] RÖs. iii. 69.[354] Plate XVII. Fig. 13. c.[355] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 95.[356] De Geer v. 170— t. v. f. 19-23. Compare Reaum. iii. 235—.[357] Plate XIX. Fig. 11. a. De Geer vi. 137. Reaum. iv. 482.[358] Reaum. iv. t. xiv. f. 9, 10.[359] Reaum. v. 32. t. v. f. 3-5. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 249.[360] De Geer ii. 1031. t. xl. f. 13, 14. k k.[361] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 430.[362] De Geer ii. 697. t. xxi. f. 4, 5. b b b.[363] Reaum. v. t. vi. f. 7. n.[364] Plate XVIII. Fig. 2.[365] Reaum. ii. t. xxv. f. 20.[366] See above, Vol. II. p. 245—.[367] Reaum. iii. 384. vi. 366. t. xxxii. f. 7, 8.[368] RÖs. iii. t. lxviii. f. 1. Meinecken Naturf. vi. 120.[369] Ibid. xiii. 175.[370] In the larva of Tenthredo Cerasi L., and some others, no traces of segments are to be seen; and in many coleopterous and dipterous ones the folds of the skin prevent the segments from being distinctly perceptible.[371] Reaum. ii. 361. In the larva of a small common moth often met with in houses (Aglossa pinguinalis), every segment is divided into two parts, and underneath has two deep folds, by means of which these two parts can separate to a certain point, or approach again, according to circumstances. Thus Providence has enabled them to prevent their spiracles from being stopped by the greasy substances on which they often feed. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 208.[372] See above, p. 110.[373] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 329.[374] Hor. Entomolog. 285. 397—. 422. 462—. &c.[375] Ibid. 399-401.[376] Hor. Entomolog. 423.[377] See above, p. 23.[378] The Intestinaux cavitaires of Cuvier, and the Epizoaria of Lamarck. See Hor. Entomolog. 286—.[379] Hor. Entomolog. 422. comp. 463. Mr. MacLeay's idea of the larva of Meloe is taken from the animal which Frisch, Goedart, and De Geer imagined to be such; but upon this opinion there rest great doubts. (See Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 168, and Latreille N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 109.) At p. 464 he gives also Mordella and many Heteromera as having Thysanuriform larvÆ. He thinks, that probably that of Clerus is of the same description; to which he suspects that many of Latreille's Malacoderma likewise belong.[380] Plate XVIII. Fig. 1. as to the thoracic shield.[381] May 27, 1822. This day, T. Allen, Esq. F.L.S. brought me in a phial a vast number of the little insect which Goedart, Frisch, and De Geer took for the larva of Meloe ProscarabÆus, which he found on the leaves of Achillea Millefolium. These little animals were coursing each other with wonderful velocity over the sides of the phial. To assist them in their motions, they applied to the surface of the glass the end of their abdomen, using it, like many larvÆ of Coleoptera, as a seventh leg. This circumstance excited a suspicion in the minds of both Mr. MacLeay sen., then visiting me, and myself, that after all they might be coleopterous larvÆ. One, amongst other circumstances, however, seemed to militate strongly against this opinion; namely, that in this infinite number none appeared to differ in size.[382] Plate XVII. Fig. 13.[383] Ibid. Fig. 12.; Plate XVIII. Fig. 4, 11, 13, &c.[384] Plate XVIII. Fig. 3, 9.[385] Plate XIX. Fig. 8.[386] Ibid. Fig. 3. Reaum. v. 97. t. xii. f. 17, 18.; De Geer ii. 1004. t. xxviii. f. 12.[387] See above, p. 110, 114, 138, 142.[388] Plate XVIII. Fig. 7.[389] Plate XVIII. Fig. 5.[390] Plate XIX. Fig. 9.[391] Plate XVIII. Fig. 2.[392] Hor. Entomolog. 465.[393] De Geer iv. 66. t. ii. f. 5-8.[394] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 16-19. A very singular larva, which preys upon that of Aleyrodes proletella Latr., if Reaumur's figure be correct (ii. t. xxv. f. 18-20), is of a perfect Chilopodiform type, the abdominal legs being represented by a tubercle crowned by a bristle: yet even this, which turns to a minute beetle (Ibid. f. 21), has some tendency to the Anopluriform type.[395] "Squilla insectum a squilla pisce parum differt." Mouffet, 319.[396] A remarkable difference obtains between the larva of the wire-worm and that of Elater undulatus. In the former, the last segment is longer than the preceding one, terminating in a small acute mucro at the apex, with a deep cavity, perhaps a spiracle, on each side, at the base. In the latter, this segment is shorter than the preceding one, forming above a nearly circular plate; the margin of which is a little elevated, and armed on each side with three teeth, and at the apex with a pair of furcate recurved horns, and without any basal spiracle. De Geer iv. 156. t. v. f. 25. I have a similar larva, but not the same species.[397] Hor. Entomolog. 397.[398] Ibid. 399.[399] Ibid. 438. Note *.[400] TraitÉ Element. ii. 35. n. 577.[401] Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 66. t. vi. f. 3.[402] Compare De Geer iii. t. xi. f. 3. and t. xvii. f. 14. &c.[403] Ibid. t. i. f. 4, 9. t. ii. f. 15. t. ix. f. 4.[404] See above, p. 125—.[405] Compare Plate VI. Fig. 6. with Fig. 12 c, d, d.[406] De Geer ii. t. xxi. f. 4, 5.[407] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xiii. f. 1.[408] Hor. Entomolog. 438.[409] See above, Vol. II. p. 256.[410] De Geer ii. t. xxiii. f. 9-14. Comp. Reaum. iv. t. xv. f. 1, 2.[411] De Geer ii. t. xiv. f. 7. &c. The caterpillar of P. G. Scratiotata L. like those of PhryganeÆ, has these respiratory threads. Ibid. i. t. xxxvii. f. 2-6. De Geer has described the larva of a Phryganea L. which is without any respiratory threads, ii. 569. t. xv. f. 10.[412] Hor. Entomolog. 401. Montagu in Linn. Trans. vii. 67.[413] Ins. Surinam. t. xxviii. Compare Ibid. t. xix. right-hand figure.[414] Plate XVIII. Fig. 10.[415] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xxxix. Plate XIX. Fig. 13.[416] Lyonnet 69—.[417] Surinam, t. lvii. right-hand figure.[418] Sepp iv. t. ii. f. 3. t. xvi. f. 2, 3.[419] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 254.[420] Plate XIX. Fig. 6. One of these larvÆ was taken at Melville Island. See Parry's Voyage, Appendix No. x. 37.[421] Sepp. iv. t. viii. f. 4. Some species have three, others four, and others even five of these brushes. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 255.[422] Ibid. Merian Eruc. xxxiv. upper left hand figure.[423] Merian Ins. Surinam. t. lx.[424] Ibid. t. xl.[425] See above, Vol. I. p. 238.[426] De Geer iv. 207. t. viii. f. 4-6.[427] Ins. Sur. t. xix. right hand caterpillar.[428] Ibid. xli.[429] Plate XVIII. Fig. 13.[430] Ins. Sur. t. xxix.[431] Ibid. t. vii. liii.[432] Smith's Abbott's Ins. of Georg. Pref. vi.[433] Prodromus Entomology.[434] Ins. Sur. t. xliii. The figure represents only the two spines near the head as thus circumstanced.[435] Reaum. v. t. xii. f. 8, 14. Plate XVIII. Fig. 11.[436] See above, Vol. II. p. 238. This, with B. imperatoria, &c. in the modern system, should form a genus.[437] Ins. Sur. t. xlviii. right hand figure.[438] Ibid. t. xi.[439] Ibid. t. xxiii.[440] Ibid. t. xxix.[441] Reaum. v. 95.[442] Huber Moeurs des Fourmis, 79.[443] See above, Vol. II. p. 276—.[444] Reaum. v. 72. t. ix. f. 2-4.[445] RÖs. t. 211.[446] See above, Vol. I. p. 29, 198—.[447] De Geer iii. 111. Comp. 121. It would be as well to adopt the French word flocon, instead of locks or flocks, which strictly mean very different things.[448] vii. 604. t. xliv. f. 26.[449] Fn. Germ. Init. xxxvi. 21.[450] Syst. Rhyng. 311. 29.[451] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 554.[452] Natural History of the Slug-worm, 7.[453] Ins. Surinam. t. xv. xvii.[454] The larvÆ of Carabus L. form one, being generally black.[455] Annales de Chimie ii.[456] Wien. Verz. 219.[457] Wien. Verz. 4.[458] Reaum. v. 92.[459] Ins. Surinam. t. xi.[460] ii. 1017.[461] De Geer i. 57.[462] Ibid. 58. Reaum. i. t. xxxix. f. 13, 14.[463] De Geer ii. 400.[464] See above, Vol. I. Letters xii. xiii.[465] Bonnet (ii. 18) mentions, that the young larvÆ of a butterfly (Pieris CratÆgi), after devouring the exuviÆ of the eggs from which they were hatched, gnawed those which were not so: not, however, so as to destroy the included animal, but rather to facilitate its egress. Those also of Coccinella bipunctata which I lately bred from the egg, as soon as hatched began to devour the unhatched ones around them, which they seemed to relish highly. I am inclined to believe, however, that this unnatural procedure was to be attributed to the circumstance of the female not having had it in her power to place her eggs in the midst of Aphides, their proper food.[466] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 359.[467] In the human species, after certain fevers a simultaneous and total moult, if the term may be so applied, takes place. I experienced this myself in my boyhood; when convalescent from Scarlatina, the skin of my whole body, or nearly so, peeled off.[468] The translator, more ignorant of natural history than his author, has turned the "linguis micat ore trisulcis" of Virgil, into "darts his forky sting."[469] Vol. I. p. 70.[470] See above, p. 52—.[471] Cuvier Anat. Comp. ii. 596. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 165.[472] Cuvier Ibid. 624.[473] Reaum. i. 182.[474] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 290.[475] Those Diptera whose metamorphosis is coarctate (Vol. I. p. 67), bees, the female Cocci, &c. do not cast their skin in the larva state. Reaum. iv. 364. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 365.

[476] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 289. xx. 372. Cuvier Anat. Comp. ii. 548. M. Cuvier (Ibid. 547.) asserts, that most Papiliones and Bombyces moult seven times.[477] Œuvr. ii. 71.[478] Reaum. ii. 75.[479] Bibl. Nat. E. Trans. i. 135. col. b. t. xxvii. f. 6.[480] Œuvres, viii. 303.[481] Entwickelungsgeschichte, &c. 34, 88. Swammerdam on the contrary affirms, that "on the hinder part of the cast skin where it is twisted and complicated, whoever accurately examines the skin itself may still observe the coat that was cast by the intestinum rectum." Ubi supr. 136. col. a.[482] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 290[483] Reaum. iv. 604.[484] Ibid. 364. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 365. Huber Fourmis 78. M. Huber does not say expressly that the grubs of ants do not change their skin; but his account seems to imply that they change it only previously to their metamorphosis.[485] Lyonnet 11.[486] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 290.[487] De Bombycibus, 68.[488] Opusc. i. 27.[489] Linn. Trans. x. 399.[490] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 129.[491] As the larvÆ of EphemerÆ usually live in the submerged part of the banks of rivers, perhaps they may be regarded as following the economy of subterranean terrestrial larvÆ.[492] A caterpillar nearly answering to the description of that of Bombyx camelina, which I found upon the hazel, after a few days produced sixteen grubs of some Ichneumon. At first these grubs were green, but they became gradually paler; and after a day or two became pupÆ. But I mention this circumstance here for another reason: upon examining them after this last occurrence, I observed that they adhered to the lid of the box in which I kept the larva, arranged somewhat circularly; and at a little distance from the anus of each was a pea-green mass, consisting of about eight oval granules, which appeared like so many minute eggs. These were the excrement evacuated by each grub previously to its becoming a pupa. The appearance of this little group, with their verdant appendage, formed a curious spectacle: they are still pupÆ, July 30, 1822.[493] Except some species of Polyammatus Latr. (Thecla, Argynnis F.), P. Argiolus, Corydon, &c., and Hesperia Rubi, BetulÆ F., &c. Some of the larvÆ of the former become pupÆ within the stalk of some plant, or partly under the earth: those of the latter usually in a leaf to which the abdomen is fastened by various threads. These last are the rouleuses of the butterfly-tribe, living, like some moths, in leaves that they have rolled up. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. 499.[494] Plate XXIII. Fig. 1. a.[495] Plate XXIII. Fig. 8. a.[496] Bonnet is of opinion that this twirling process is not with any view to get rid of the exuviÆ, but is caused only by the irritation occasioned by the spines of the skin of the caterpillar when they touch that of the pupa. Œuv. ii. 109.[497] For the above account see Reaum. i. Mem. x. xi.[498] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 291—.[499] De Bombyc. 24.[500] i. 498.[501] De Bombyc. 43.[502] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 294.[503] Lesser. L. ii. 150, note 22. Boyle says an English lady found that the silk of a single cocoon would extend 300 English leagues or 900 miles. But this must be a mistake.[504] Reaum. i. 555—.[505] Plate XVII. Fig. 5. b.[506] De Geer i. t. xxxii. f. 3-6.[507] De Geer i. 463—.[508] Reaum. ii. Mem. xi. Comp. De Geer ii. 162. Reaum. ii. 424.[509] B. Catax—Pupa arcte folliculata. Fab.[510] Travels in Greece, 285.[511] See above, Vol. I. p. 476—.[512] Merian Surinam. t. xv.[513] Reaum. ii. t. xxiii. f. 5.[514] Sepp. iv. t. viii. f. 5.[515] Reaum. i. t. xliv. f. 2.[516] Plate XVII. Fig. 7.[517] I have a black one from Mr. Francillon's cabinet.[518] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 294.[519] See above, Vol. II. p. 298—.[520] Reaum. ii. 436.[521] Reaum. i. 503.[522] Peck on Locust-tree Insects, 69.[523] Bonnet ii. 260.[524] Sepp. iv. t. ii. f. 4.[525] Brahm. Ins. Kal. 289.[526] Plate XVII. Fig. 8.[527] The thick cocoons of Attacus Paphia, Polyphemus, &c. are also thus fastened between leaves.[528] Merian Europ. ii. t. ix.[529] Reaum. ii. 284.[530] Ibid. i. 524.[531] Bonnet ii. 297.[532] Ibid. ix. 181.[533] Reaum. v. 102.[534] Ibid. iv. 269.[535] De Geer ii. 1084. Comp. Ray Hist. Ins. PrÆf. xi. It is the opinion of M. P. Huber, that in this case the naked pupÆ are deprived of their cocoons by the neuters: he states, indeed, that he has often seen them pulled off by them, and also by those of F. canicularia; and he seems to think that these larvÆ are never developed. Moeurs des Fourmis, 84. note 1.[536] II. viii. 16.[537] Linn. Trans. vii. t. ii. f. 5, 6.[538] Wien. Verz. I possess a cocoon of this kind from New Holland, even now quite solid, and retaining its form. No silk appears to have been used in its composition.[539] Reaum. i. 579.[540] Ibid. vi. 368.[541] Ibid. i. 542.[542] Ibid. 543.[543] Linn. Trans. i. 196.[544] Reaum. i. 545—.[545] Pyral. 8. 3. t. iii. f. 16.[546] See above, Vol. I. p. 172—.[547] Reaum. ii. 491.[548] Reaum i. 540.[549] See above, Vol. I. 167—. II. 264.[550] See above, Vol. I. p. 67.[551] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 269—. xxii. 76.[552] Reaum. iv. 32. The author here quoted asserts that the grub of Ichneumon Larvarum L. retains its skin, which, he says, is so transparent that the form of the nymph can be seen through it. Ibid. ii. 447. De Geer, however, found that this really did cast its skin, which is so transparent as to be scarcely visible, by pushing it gradually towards the anus, where it soon dries up and cannot then be discovered. De Geer ii. 893—. According to RÖsel the same circumstance attends the transformation of Coccinella renipustulata Illig. (C. Cacti Ent. Brit.), which at first perplexed him not a little. It is probable that in this case the retention of the skin was accidental; for some of the grubs of a Mycetophila, the transformation of which I observed, became pupÆ within their last skin, while others wholly disengaged themselves from it. The cause of this variation, I conjectured, arose from the former being too weak to extricate themselves from the skin.[553] See above, Vol. I. p. 238. Byrrhus MusÆorum belongs to this genus.[554] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 161.[555] Pezold. 102.[556] De Geer i. 339—.[557] Reaum. ii. 423, and iii. 497.[558] Ibid. i. 605.[559] De Geer ii. 941.[560] Brahm Insek. 72.[561] Reaum. ubi supra.[562] In the Hemiptera the male Cocci (Reaum. iv. 32.) and Aleyrodes (Ibid. ii. 311.) belong to the second division.[563] The terms larva and pupa, applied to the insects of this subdivision, are perhaps not strictly proper.[564] The larvÆ and pupÆ of many of the homopterous section of Hemiptera differ often from the imago, not only in their fore-legs (Plate XVI. Fig. 4.), but also in other respects. I have the larva of a Centrotus from Canada, given me by Dr. Bigsby, which has a long anal process or tail.[565] See above, p. 125—.[566] iii. 135.[567] The pupÆ of Cassida, Imatidium, &c. seem to vary somewhat from this type, the upper part being neither membranous nor exhibiting distinctly the form of the inclosed imago.[568] The following arrangement of pupÆ is perhaps in some respects better than that above given. But it is scarcely possible to propose one free from objections.

1. Capable of eating and walking.
   1. Like the perfect insect, except in proportion and number of parts.
      1. Except in proportion (Lice, PodurÆ, Mites, Spiders, Scorpions, &c).
      2. Except in proportion and number (Centipedes, Millepedes).
   2. With rudiments of the organs of flight.
      1. With oral organs resembling those of the perfect insect (Hemiptera).
      2. With oral organs differing from those of the perfect insect (Libellula L., Ephemera L.).
2. Incapable of eating and walking.
   1. Incomplete pupÆ.
   2. Obtected.
   3. Coarctate.

Lamarck divides the pupÆ of insects that undergo a metamorphosis into three kinds, which he names—Chrysalis, Mumia, and Nympha.

i. Chrysalis. Under this denomination he includes all inactive pupÆ inclosed in an opaque puparium which entirely conceals them. These he further subdivides into two kinds.

1. Chrysalis signata. This term is synonymous with the Pupa obtecta of LinnÉ, or the Chrysalis of Lepidoptera and some Diptera.

2. Chrysalis dolioloides. Equivalent to the Pupa coarctata Linn. peculiar to those Diptera that assume this state in the skin of the larva.

ii. Mumia. All inactive pupÆ which are covered by a transparent skin, through which all the parts of the inclosed imago may be seen, subdivided also into two.

1. Mumia coarctata. Corresponding with the Pupa incompleta Linn., which includes the Coleoptera and most of the Hymenoptera.

2. Mumia pseudonympha, confined to the Pupa of Phryganea and some others. This might be named Pupa subincompleta.

iii. Nympha. Under this denomination are included all insects that undergo only a partial metamorphosis, and are active in their pupa state, corresponding with the Pupa semicompleta Linn. and also subsemicompleta MacLeay. See Anim. sans Vertebr. iii. 285—.

M. Latreille has started an ingenious idea on this subject with regard to these kinds of metamorphosis, which comprehends both larva and pupa under a distinct denomination: as thus—

1. Demilarve and Deminymph, synonymous with the Semicomplete Metamorphosis.
2. Larve and Nymph, answering to Incomplete Metamorphosis.
3. Caterpillar and Chrysalis, answering to Obtected Metamorphosis.
4. Vermilarve and Pupa, answering to Coarctate Metamorphosis. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 272.

[569] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 57.[570] De Geer ii. 105.[571] Reaum. ii. 428—.[572] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. Engl. Tr. ii. 32. t. xli. f. 2. Comp. Reaum. iv. t. xxv. f. 1.[573] Ibid. i. 144.[574] Reaum. i. 355.[575] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ubi sup. 59.[576] Plate XVI. Fig. 14. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 59.[577] Ins. Surinam. t. xliv.[578] De Geer v. 47. t. ii. f. 29-31.[579] In the pupa of Hydrophilus piccus (Lesser L. t. ii. f. 13, 14), the arrangement of the parts is nearly the same, but the tarsi are not reflexed.[580] Ibid. f. 9, 10. De Geer ii. t. xxxii. f. 5. Reaum. v. t. xxxvi. f. 14.[581] Reaum. Ibid. t. ii. f. 9.[582] The legs of Tipula replicata L. are placed in a similar way. De Geer vi. t. xx. f. 12. l.[583] RÖs t. 81.[584] Ibid. t. 95.[585] De Geer vi. 237. t. xiv. f. 8.[586] Reaum. v. t. ii. f. 7. The anal and ventral spines of Tipula replicata are also remarkable. De Geer vi. t. xx. f. 14.[587] De Geer Ibid. 377. t. xxiii. f. 8, 9. n. Reaum. v. 42. t. vi. f. 9. m n.[588] The caterpillar consists of twelve segments (Lyonnet t. i. f. 4, 5), excluding the head; on each of which, except the 2d, 3d, and 12th, there is a pair of spiracles. The chrysalis usually exhibits an analogy to this structure, though the first, second, and last pair of spiracles are more or less obsolete in most.[589] De Geer ii. 847. t. xxix. f. 7. a b.[590] Animaux sans Vertebres, iii. 287.[591] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 57.[592] Sepp ii. t. i. f. 4. t. ii. f. 4. t. iv. f. 5.[593] Plate XVI. Fig. 12.[594] Plate XVI. Fig. 10.[595] Ins. Surinam. t. lx. It is singular that the chrysalis of its congener, Morpho Teucer, which she figures t. xxiii., exhibits no such process. The larvÆ also widely differ.[596] Plate XVI. Fig. 11.[597] Sepp ii. t. iii. f. 5.[598] Sepp i. t. vii. f. 5.[599] De Insectis, ed. Lister. t. 1.[600] Ins. Surinam. t. liii.[601] Sepp i. t. ii. f. 6.[602] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 60.[603] Ibid. 57.[604] See above, Vol. I. p. 131.[605] Reaum. ii. 158. t. viii. f. 4, 5.[606] Lesser L. i. 160. note. t. ii. f. 19.[607] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 165. Reaum. i. 347. RÖsel says this is present only in some individuals. I. ii. 47.[608] Plate XVI. Fig. 13. a.[609] Ins. Surinam. t. iii.[610] De Geer ii. 433. t. viii. f. 4. t.[611] See above, Vol. II. p. 300.[612] This description was taken from a puparium in my own cabinet; it is similarly described by De Geer i. 490. t. vii. f. 2.[613] Plate XXIII. Fig. 8, 9.[614] Kliemann Beitrage, 304.[615] See above, Vol. I. 464.[616] Von Scheven in Naturf. stk. xx. 64. t. ii. f. 4.[617] Plate XVII. Fig. 2. Lesser L. t. ii. f. 26.[618] Plate XVII. Fig. 1. Lesser L. t. ii. f. 24, 25.[619] Whether M. Meigen has separated this fly generically from others, I am not aware: in my catalogue it stands under the name of Tyrophaga.[620] Reaum. iii. 376. t. xxxi. f. 7.[621] Ibid. iv. 318. t. xxiii. f. 1-4. xxv. f. 1.[622] Ins. Surinam. t. xxix.[623] Ins. Surinam. t. xxxii. Lister imitated the gilding of Chrysalises by putting a small piece of a black gall in a strong decoction of nettles: this produced a scum, which when left on cup-paper, he says, will exquisitely gild it.—Ray's Letters, 87. 90.[624] Beitrage, 181.[625] Sepp. pt. ii. t. ii. f. 4.[626] RÖsel. I. i. 61. ii. 5.[627] Reaum. i. 383.[628] Lister's Goedart. 122.[629] Reaum. ii. 10—.[630] Ibid. 24.[631] This is a legend of Virgil, of which an account is given in The Lay of the Last Minstrel, Note xv. 12mo ed. 1822, p. 257.[632] Haworth Lepidopt. Britann. i. 125. An instance is recorded in Scriba's Journal, in which a pupa was not disclosed until the fourth year. B. i. st. iii. 222. Pezold. 170.[633] Marsham in Linn. Trans. x. 402.[634] Meinecken found, that of several pupÆ of Saturnia pavonia, some kept all winter in a room heated daily by a stove, and others in a cold chamber, some of both parcels appeared in March (none earlier), and some of both had not appeared in July, though evidently healthy. Naturf. viii. 143.[635] The exclusion of certain moths, &c. from the pupa is probably regulated by the time their eggs require to be hatched, and the appearance of the leaves that constitute their appropriate food.[636] Mr. Marsham makes a similar observation in Linn. Trans., ubi supr.[637] See above, p. 245.[638] The appearance of them sometimes continues to near the end of the month: it began on the 19th, when Reaumur observed them. vi. 480. 488.[639] Bibl. Nat. E. Transl. i. 103—.[640] Reaum. vi. 486.[641] Brahm. 423. 421.[642] Naturf. xxi. 75.[643] Reaum. ii. 423.[644] De Geer ii. 370. It is not certain, however, that De Geer did not, in this instance, mistake the winter habitation of a larva for a cocoon intended to shelter the future chrysalis; since Lyonnet informs us that they spin a habitation to pass the winter in. TraitÉ Anatomique, &c. 9.[645] De Geer i. 490. t. vii. f. 3, 4.[646] Œuv. ii. 1.[647] De Geer v. 229.[648] Vol. II. 300—.[649] Vol. II. 298—.[650] I. iv. 101.[651] Reaum. vi. 407.[652] Haworth Lepidopt. Britann. i. 127.[653] De Geer ii. 566.[654] Reaum. iii. t. xlv. f. 12-14.[655] For this whole account, see Reaum. iv. Mem. viii.[656] Ibid. 472.[657] See above, p. 255—. and Vol. II. p. 301—.[658] Bonnet, Œuv. ii. 169.[659] Bonnet, Œuvr. ii. 207.[660] RÖs. I. iv. 209. t. lxiii. ccxii.[661] See above, p. 217.[662] Bonnet, Œuvr. ii. 229.[663] De Geer ii. 477.[664] Sepp. iv. t. xi. f. 8.[665] Plate XVII. Fig. 5. N.B. Sepp's figure represents the exterior funnel; and this, which exhibits the cocoon divided longitudinally, the interior one, or dome.[666] RÖs. I. iv. 31.[667] Naturf. viii. 133.[668] De Bombyc. 29.[669] Reaum. i. 624.[670] Trans. of the Society of Arts, vii. 131.[671] Reaum. ubi supr.[672] ii. 359.[673] Linn. Trans. vii. 35.[674] Pezold. 171.[675] Lyonnet 16.[676] Some Notice of the Insect which destroys the Locust-trees, 70. This Memoir is in some American periodical work, of which I have not the title.[677] Huber Fourmis 82.[678] Vol. I. p. 467.[679] Vol. II. p. 264.[680] De Geer ii. 519.[681] Reaum. iv. 610—.[682] Ibid. v. 30—. t. v. f. 1-10. See above, p. 153—.[683] See above, Vol. II. p. 346.[684] Reaum. i. Mem. ult. De Geer i. 73. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 184.[685] Swamm. Ibid.[686] Jurine Hymenopt. 16.[687] iv. 342. Herold also attributes the rapid expansion of the wing to the flow of an aqueous fluid, which he calls blood, into the nervures, the orifices of which open into the breast. Entwickelungs. der Schmetterl. 101. sect. 106.—M. Chabrier, in his admirable Essai sur le Vol des Insectes (MÉm. du Mus. 4ieme, ann. 325), having observed a fluid in the interior of the nervures of the wings of insects, thinks it probable that they can introduce it into them and withdraw it at their pleasure: the object of which, he conjectures, is either to strengthen them and facilitate their unfolding, or to vary the centre of gravity in flight, and increase the intensity of the centrifugal force.[688] Ibid. 340.[689] Brahm. Insek. ii. 423.[690] Reaum. vi. 505—. t. xlvi. f. 9. Comp. De Geer ii. 627—.[691] Reaum. iii. 378.[692] Ibid. 385.[693] Insects of the beetle tribe, especially such as undergo their metamorphosis under ground, in the trunks of trees, &c., are often a considerable time after quitting the puparium before their organs acquire the requisite hardness to enable them to make their way to the surface. Thus, the newly-disclosed imago of Cetonia aurata remains a fortnight under the earth, and that of Lucanus Cervus, according to RÖsel, not less than three weeks.[694] See above, Vol. I. p. 34—.[695] Jurine Hymenopt. 9. Note 1.[696] Oliv. N. i. t. i. f. 1. c. f. N. 3. t. iii. f. 22. a b c. t. v. f. 33. t. vi. f. 5. t. xiii. f. 124. a b.[697] Reaum. vi. 423.[698] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. t. xvi. f. 12, 13. t. xvii. f. 10-12.[699] Reaum. iv. 393.[700] See above, Vol. I. 473—.[701] De Geer vii. 304.[702] Reaum. iv. 30.[703] Ibid. t. iv. f. 15.[704] See above, Vol. II. 36.[705] De Geer iii. 25.[706] Linn. Trans. iv. 54—.[707] ix. 65. n. 110.[708] vi. 423.[709] Entomologische, &c. 224.[710] De Geer ii. 847. 850. Jurine Hymenopt. 100.[711] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 296. 264.[712] Ibid. ii. 142—. 144, 147, 148, &c.[713] A remarkable anomalous exception to this rule sometimes occurs in the female of D. marginalis, which has smooth elytra like the male (Gyll. Ins. Suec. i. 467-). I have this variety from the Rev. Mr. Dalton, of Copgrove, Yorkshire.[714] De Geer i. t. vii. f. 11.[715] See above, Vol. II. 125, Note ^[135].[716] Melitta ** c. Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 140.[717] Ibid. t. iv. f. 10. a. b. f. 14.[718] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 20. a.[719] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis **. d. 2. a. . f. 18 a. b. c. d.[720] Coquebert Illustr. Icon. i. t. vi. f. 6.[721] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Apis **. c. 1. a. **. c. 1. . **. c. 2. a. **. c. 2. . **. c. 2. ?. **. c. 2. d.

[722] Ibid. t. viii. f. 28. f. g.[723] Christ. Hymenopt. t. iv. f. 3. b.[724] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. iv. Melitta **. c. f. 1. a.[725] Scheven Naturfors. stk. xx. 65. t. ii. f. 4. Compare Ibid. x. 101.[726] Reaum. iii. t. xv. f. 18, 19.[727] Oliv. no. 84. Brentus, t. i. f. 1. b. c. t. ii. f. 17. a. b.[728] Oliv. no. 3. ScarabÆus, t. xviii. f. 169.[729] Oliv. ScarabÆus, t. xii. f. 114. t. xv. f. 138. a.[730] Ibid. t. v. f. 33.[731] Ibid. t. xii. f. 112.[732] Linn. Trans. vi. t. xix. f. 12. t. xx. f. 2.[733] Oliv. no. 57. Tenebrio, t. i. f. 2.[734] Oliv. ubi supr. No. 3. t. i. f. 1.[735] Oliv. no. 3. t. iii. f. 20. a.[736] Ibid. no. 55. Diaperis, t. i. f. 3.[737] Oliv. ScarabÆus, t. xx. f. 185.[738] As Dynastes ActÆon, Elephas, Typhon, &c. differ from D. Hercules, &c., not only in their general habits, horns, &c., but also in their maxillÆ and labium,—the former in D. ActÆon being simple, and in D. Hercules toothed, and the labium of the first bilobed at the apex, and in the last entire and acute,—according to the modern system they ought, therefore, to be considered as distinct genera. I would restrict the name Dynastes to D. Hercules and its affinities: D. ActÆon, &c. I would call Megasoma.[739] Oliv. ScarabÆus, t. xvii. f. 156.[740] Ibid. t. viii. f. 63.[741] This insect is beautifully figured in M. Latreille's Insectes sacres des Egyptiens, f. 11. See Luke xi. 15. Heb. ??????? Dominus stercoris.[742] Oliv. no. 83. 160. t. vi. f. 60. ?. t. v. f. 45. ??[743] Ibid. no. 36. t. ii. f. 12.[744] Ibid. no. 6. t. vii. f. 61.[745] See above, Vol. II. 224—.[746] Coquebert Illustr. Icon. iii. t. xxi. f. 2.[747] Stoll Cigales, t. xviii. f. a b c. Grillons t. iv. f. 16-18. This singular animal, which was found by Mr. Patterson at the Cape of Good Hope, is stated to be an aquatic; and affords the only known instance of an Orthopterous insect inhabiting the waters. The Gryllotalpa loves the vicinity of water.[748] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Melitta **. b. 139. t. ii. f. 4-6.[749] Ibid. **. a. f. 4, 5.[750] Ibid. Apis *. b. 190—. t. v. f. 18 b.[751] By RÖsel, by a friend of De Geer's, and by M. Marechal. De Geer iv. 331—. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xviii. 225.[752] Oliv. no. i. Lucanus, t. ii. f. 3.[753] Ibid. t. iii. f. 7.[754] Linn. Trans. xii. 410. t. xxi. f. 12.[755] Ibid. vi. 185. t. xx. f. 1.[756] Oliv. ubi supr. t. ii. f. 4.[757] Regne Animal, iii. t. xiii. f. 3.[758] See Vol. I. Plate I. Fig. 3.[759] Christ. Hymenopt. t. xviii. f. 2.[760] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Melitta *. a. t. i. f. 5. ?. 7. ?.[761] Ibid. Melitta **. a. t. ii. f. 6. ?. 7. ?. and **. b. t. iii. f. 3. ?. 4. ?.[762] Ibid. t. viii. f. 11. ?. 12. ?.[763] Ibid. i. t. viii. f. 9. ?. 10. ?.[764] Ibid. Apis **. c. 2. . t. ix. f. 6. ?. 7. ?.[765] See above, Vol. II. 125. Note^[135].[766] Mon. Ap. Angl. ubi supr. t. xiii. f. 13. ?. 14. ?.[767] MacLeay Hor. Entomolog. 4—.[768] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 488.[769] Linn. Trans. xii. 425—. t. xxii. f. 6.[770] Plate XXVI. Fig. 2.[771] Ibid. Fig. 3.[772] Oliv. no. xxv. Lymexylon, t. 1. f. 1.[773] De Geer vii. 249—. t. xiv. f. 20, 21. Treviranus Arachnid. 36—. t. ii. f. 16. a b c. t. iv. f. 35-37.[774] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Apis **. c. 2. ?. t. ix. f. 7. ?. 9. ?.[775] Ibid. Melitta **. a. t. ii. f. 8. ?. 9. ?. and **. b. t. iii. f. 6. ?. 7. ?. **. c. t. iv. f. 11. ?. 12. ?.[776] Jurine Hymenopt. t. 11. f. 2.[777] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Apis **. d. 1. t. x. f. 7.[778] Oliv. no. 80. Macrocephalus, t. i. f. 2.[779] Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 156.[780] Jurine Hymenopt. 61. t. vi. f. 8.[781] Ibid. 289.[782] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ix. Apis **. c. 2. ?. f. 9.[783] Plate XI. Fig. 19.[784] Plate V. Fig. 3.[785] Plate XI. Fig. 18.[786] Ibid. Fig. 17.[787] Plate XXV. Fig. 11. Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 4. a.[788] Ibid. f. 3.[789] Plate XXV. Fig. 22.[790] De Geer i. t. xix. f. 11, 12.[791] Jurine Hymenopt. t. vi. f. 8.[792] Plate XXV. Fig. 25, 26.[793] Ibid. Fig. 4.[794] Reaum. iv. t. xl. f. 2. a a. ?. t. xxxix. f. 3. ?. In the last the hairs are too conspicuous.[795] Plate XII. Fig. 24.[796] Jurine Hymenopt. t. vi. f. 3.[797] Plate XII. Fig. 25, 26. XXV. Fig. 17, 32.[798] Ibid. Fig. 12.[799] Plate XI. Fig. 22.[800] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. 395.[801] Plate XII. Fig. 7.[802] Plate XXV. Fig. 1.[803] Ibid. Fig. 21.[804] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 8. e. ?. f. ?.[805] Hist. Nat. des Fourmis, 195—. 270—.[806] De Geer ii. 1094.[807] Ibid. 650. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis xx. c. 1. f. 2. ?. t. xii. f. 3. ?.[808] Plate XXVI. Fig. 39. De Geer ii. 651. 659.[809] Voet Coleopt. i. t. xxxix. f. 47, 48. ?. 46. ?.[810] Oliv. no. 3. t. vi. f. 46. a. ?. b. ?.[811] Ibid. t. i. f. 1. iv. x. f. 31. xi. f. 102. xii. f. 114.[812] Ibid. t. xxvi. f. 219.[813] Ibid. t. i. f. 2.[814] Ibid. t. xxiii. f. 35.[815] Ibid. t. ii. f. 7.[816] Ibid. t. v. f. 40.[817] Ibid. xix. f. 175.[818] Ibid. t. xii. f. 115.[819] Copris floriger Kirby in Linn. Trans. xii. 396.[820] Oliv. no. 3. t. ii. f. 18.[821] Ibid. t. xxii. f. 32.[822] Ibid. t. ix. f. 85.[823] Ibid. t. iii. f. 22.[824] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 124. a.[825] Ibid. t. v. f. 38.[826] Ibid. t. xxviii. f. 242. t. xviii. f. 169.[827] Ibid. t. xvi. f. 152.[828] Ibid. t. xxviii. f. 247.[829] Ibid. t. xv. f. 138. a. t. v. f. 33.[830] Samouelle's Compend. t. i. f. 1.[831] Oliv. no. 3. t. v. f. 36. a.[832] Schon. Synon. i. t. 1.[833] Oliv. no. 3. t. xxiv. f. 208.[834] Ibid t. x. f. 88.[835] Ibid. f. 87.[836] Ibid. t. xx. f. 185.[837] Ibid. t. vi. f. 42. a.[838] Ibid. n. 83. Curculio t. xxii. f. 295.[839] Oliv. no. 81. Attelabus t. ii. f. 27. b. 28.[840] De Geer ii. t. xxxi. f. 18-22.[841] Ibid. iii. 21.[842] Lesser L. i. 185.[843] De Geer iii. 308.[844] See above, Vol. II. 394—.[845] Linn. Trans. i. 145. 135—.[846] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 1. 2. ?. 3. ?.[847] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis **, a. 2. a. . f. 18.[848] Oliv. no. 68. Saperda t. i. f. 8.[849] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. viii. f. 28. c.[850] Ibid. t. ix. Apis **. c. 2. . f. 12.[851] Clairv. Ent. Helv. ii. t. xii. f. B.[852] Oliv. Ins. no. 66. t. iii. iv. f. 12.[853] Ibid. no. 3. t. iv. f. 27.[854] Punaises, t. iii. f. 20.[855] Mr. Marsham has made two species of this from this circumstance, viz. Necydalis PodagrariÆ and simplex.[856] Oliv. n. 3. t. xxvii. f. 27. ?. and t. iv. f. 27. ?.[857] Ibid. t. vii. f. 58. ?. f. 57. ?.[858] Ibid. n. 95. Hispa t. i. f. 4. Plate XXVII. Fig. 24.[859] Plate XV. Fig. 3.[860] De Geer i. t. vii. f. 14, 15.[861] Coquebert Illust. Icon. i. t. vi. f. 6. Plate XXVII. Fig. 32.[862] Illig. Mag. iv. 214. Gyllenhal. Insect. Suec. i. 168.[863] Plate XV. Fig. 9.[864] Ibid. Fig. 8.[865] Christ. Hymenopt. 118. t. iv. f. 3.[866] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis **. e. 1. ?. f. 8. e. and t. xii. **. e. 1. neut. f. 19. c.[867] Hor. Entomolog. 144.[868] Plate XXVII. Fig. 45. a.[869] De Geer ii. t. xxviii. f. 2.[870] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. v. Apis **. a. f. 10. ?. 11. ?.[871] Ibid. t. vii. Apis **. c. 1. a. 17. ?. 18. ?.[872] Ibid. t. viii. f. 30. ?. 31. ?.[873] Ibid. t. xi. Apis **. e. 1. mas. f. 9. t. xii. Apis **. e. 1. fem. f. 9. and neut. f. 22.[874] De Geer vi. t. xviii. f. 12, 13.[875] De Geer v. 151—.[876] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 177. t. ix. Apis **. c. 2.?. f. 11. a, d.[877] Ibid. f. 13. a.[878] See above, Vol. II. 395.[879] Plate XXIX. Fig. 13. Stoll. Spectres, &c. t. xxv. f. 99.[880] Sparrman. Voyage, i. 312—.[881] Coleopt. Micropt. 16.[882] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. viii. f. 25. De Geer iii. 255. t. xiv. f. 8.[883] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. viii. f. 24.[884] Ibid. t. ix. Apis xx. c. 2. ?. f. 12.[885] Ibid. Apis **. c. 2. . f. 11.[886] Ibid. t. vii. Apis **. c. 1. a. f. 11, 12. ?. 13, 14. ?.[887] Plate XV. Fig. 12. De Geer ii. t. xxiv. f. 9, 10. ?. t. xxv. f. 2, 3. ?.[888] Reaum. vi. 494. t. xliv. f. 3-11.[889] De Geer ii. t. xvii. f. 5-7.[890] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. 443.[891] See above, Vol. II. 110, 118.[892] Vol. I. 283.[893] II. i. 6.[894] Clairville Ent. Helvet. ii. 214—. I have seen it asserted in some popular work on Natural History, (the title of which I do not recollect,) that Mantis religiosa has been known to live ten years; and a flea, when fed and taken care of, six. But this is so contrary to experience in other cases, that the statement seems quite incredible.[895] RÖsel III. 379. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 285.[896] Dumeril TraitÉ ElÉment. ii. 87. n. 683.[897] De Geer ii. 288.[898] Huber i. 106.[899] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 553.[900] Vol. II. 173—.[901] Morier's Second Journey through Persia, 100.[902] Vol. II. 175.[903] Lamarck Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans VertÈbr. i. 311, 214.[904] Ibid. 162. Compare the SystÊme des Anim. sans VertÈbr. of the same author, p. 12—.[905] The doctrine of Epicurus—that the Deity concerns not himself with the affairs of the world or its inhabitants, which, as Cicero has judiciously observed (De Nat. Deor. 1. 1. ad calcem), while it acknowledges a God in words, denies him in reality; has furnished the original stock upon which most of these bitter fruits of modern infidelity are grafted. Nature, in the eyes of a large proportion of the enemies of Revelation, occupies the place and does the work of its Great Author. Thus Hume, when he writes against miracles, appears to think that the Deity has delegated some or all of his powers to nature, and will not interfere with that trust. Essays, ii. 75—. And to name no more, Lamarck, treading in some measure in the steps of Robinet (who supposes that all the links of the animal kingdom, in which nature gradually ascends from low to high, were experiments in her progress towards her great and ultimate aim—the formation of man. Barclay On Organization, &c. 263), thus states his opinion: "La nature, dans toutes ses opÉrations, ne pouvant procÉder que graduellement, n'a pu produire tous les animaux À-la-fois: elle n'a d'abord formÉ que les plus simples; et passant de ceux-ci jusques aux plus composÉs, elle a Établi successivement en eux diffÉrens systÊmes d'organes particuliers, les a multipliÉs, en a augmentÉ de plus en plus l'Énergie, et, les cumulant dans les plus parfaits, elle a fait exister tous les animaux connus avec l'organisation et les facultÉs que nous leur observons." (Anim. sans VertÈbr. i. 123.) Thus denying to the Creator the glory of forming those works of creation, the animal and vegetable kingdom (for he assigns to both the same origin, Ibid. 83), in which his glorious attributes are most conspicuously manifested; and ascribing them to nature, or a certain order of things, as he defines it (214)—a blind power, that operates necessarily (311); which he admits, however, to be the product of the will of the Supreme Being (216). It is remarkable, that in his earlier works, in which he broaches a similar opinion, we find no mention of a Supreme Being. (See his SystÊme des Animaux sans VertÈbres, Discours d'Ouverture.) Thus we may say that, like his forerunner Epicurus, Re tollit, dum oratione relinquit Deum. But though he ascribes all to nature; yet as the immediate cause of all the animal forms, he refers to the local circumstances, wants, and habits of individual animals themselves; these he regards as the modifiers of their organization and structure (162). To show the absurd nonplus to which this his favourite theory has reduced him, it will only be necessary to mention the individual instances which in different works he adduces to exemplify it. In his SystÊme, he supposes that the web-footed birds (Anseres) acquired their natatory feet by frequently separating their toes as far as possible from each other in their efforts to swim. Thus the skin that unites these toes at their base contracted a habit of stretching itself; and thus in time the web-foot of the duck and the goose were produced. The waders (GrallÆ), which, in order to procure their food, must stand in the water, but do not love to swim, from their constant efforts to keep their bodies from submersion, were in the habit of always stretching their legs with this view, till they grew long enough to save them the trouble!!! (13—). How the poor birds escaped drowning before they had got their web feet and long legs, the author does not inform us. In another work, which I have not now by me, I recollect he attributes the long neck of the camelopard to its efforts to reach the boughs of the mimosa, which, after the lapse of a few thousand years, it at length accomplished!!! In his last work, he selects as an example one of the MolluscÆ, which, as it moved along, felt an inclination to explore by means of touch the bodies in its path: for this purpose it caused the nervous and other fluids to move in masses successively to certain points of its head, and thus in process of time it acquired its horns or tentacula!! Anim. sans VertÈbr. i. 188. It is grievous that this eminent zoologist, who in other respects stands at the head of his science, should patronize notions so confessedly absurd and childish.[906] Lyonnet TraitÉ, &c. Pref. xxii. Want of due encouragement, it is to be feared, caused the abortion of these valuable treatises. The MSS. are, I believe, still in existence. It would probably answer now to publish them.[907] See above, p. 52—.[908] See above, p. 43—.[909] There are certain processes which are a continuation of the internal surface of the crust; and serve, as well as the rest of it, for points of attachment to the muscles: these, though completely internal, must be considered as parts of the external skeleton.[910] See above, p. 28—.[911] The crust which covers the body of insects is lined internally with a kind of fibrous cuticle. Query, Whether in any degree analogous to the Periosteum of Vertebrate animals?[912] We employ this term instead of Instrumenta Cibaria F., to avoid circumlocution.[913] Plates VI. VII. &c. a´, and XXVI. Fig. 30-33.[914] Ibid. Fig. 30. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 139. Melitta **. b. t. ii. f. 4, 5.[915] Plates VI. VII. &c. and XXVI. Fig. 23-29. b´.[916] Plates VI. and VII. a´´, and XXVI. Fig. 34, 35.

The part in this work regarded as the mentum, does not in all cases accord with what MM. Latreille, Savigny, &c. have regarded as entitled to that denomination. Thus in Hymenoptera, their Mentum is what we term the Labium, while our Mentum is the small piece upon which that part sits (Plate VII. Fig. 3. a´´). This is called the Fulcrum in Mon. Ap. Angl. (See i. Explan. of the Plates.) Our Mentum may generally be known by its situation between the hinges and base of the MaxillÆ.[917] Plates VI., VII., and XXVI. b´´.[918] Ibid.[919] Plate XIII. Fig. 7. c´´.[920] Marcel de Serres Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des OrthoptÈres. 7. Ann. du Mus. 11.[921] Plate VI. Fig. 6. c´, a´´´. and XIII. Fig. 5. a´´´.[922] Plate VI. Fig. 12. b´´´. and XIII. Fig. 5. b´´´.[923] Plate XXVI. Fig. 16. c´´´.[924] Ibid. Fig. 20. d´´´.[925] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iii. 322—.[926] Plates VI. VII. d´. and XXVI. Fig. 9-15.[927] Ibid. c´´.[928] Ibid. f´´.[929] Ibid. and XXVI. Fig. 13-15.[930] Plate VI. Fig. 3. d´´´.[931] Plate XXVI. Fig. 11. d´´´.[932] Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. d´´´.[933] Ibid. Fig. 3, 6, 12. and XXVI. Fig. 9, 10. e´´´.[934] Ibid. VI. Fig. 3, 12. f´´´.[935] Plates VI. VII. h´´. XIII. Fig. 1-4, 8. h´´. and XXVI. Fig. 1-8.[936] Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. e´.[937] Plate XXVI. Fig. 26, 29. e´.[938] Plate VII. Fig. 2, 3, e´.—What is here called the Lingua in Hymenoptera has been usually regarded as the Labium; but surely that organ which collects, and as it were laps the honey, and passes it down to the Pharynx, is properly to be considered as the tongue. The Labium itself appears to be represented by what has been called the Mentum, and the true Mentum, as was lately observed, is at the base of the part last mentioned, in the usual situation of that piece. This, though long since noticed (Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 103—), has not been much attended to by modern entomologists.[939] Huber Fourmis, 4—.[940] Plate VII. Fig. 2, 3. and XXVI. Fig. 28. i´´.[941] Plate VII. Fig. 14. f´.[942] Ibid. Fig. 2. k´´. This is M. Savigny's name for this part. It has also been called Epiglossa. Latreille Organisation ExtÉrieure des Insectes, 185.[943] Vide Savigny MÉm. sur les Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 12—.[944] The majority of Hymenopterous insects, though they have the ordinary Trophi, are not masticators, using their mandibulÆ only for purposes connected with their economy.

[945] See his MÉmoires sur les Animaux sans VertÈbres, I. i.[946] I have used this word here and on a former occasion (see above, p. 29), perhaps not with strict propriety, in the sense of the French word remplacer, for which we seem to have no single corresponding word in our language.[947] Plate VI. Fig. 7-9.[948] Plate VI. Fig. 7, 9. b´.[949] Ibid. c´.[950] Ibid. d´.[951] Ibid. VII. Fig. 5, 6.[952] Ibid. b´.[953] Ibid. Fig. 6. b´.[954] Ibid. a. The Labella have been usually thought confined, or nearly so, to the genus Musca L.; but they may be traced in all genuine Diptera, i. e. excluding Hippobosca L.[955] Plate VII. Fig. 5. a´, c´, d´.[956] Plate VII. Fig. 5, 6. a´.[957] Ibid. c´.[958] Ibid. d´. It has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained, whether all the ordinary Trophi are represented in every Dipterous mouth, the number of the lancets seeming in some cases to vary.[959] Plate VI. Fig. 13.[960] Ibid. a.[961] Ibid. b.[962] Ibid. Labrum a´; MandibulÆ c´; Maxillary Palpus h´´.[963] Plate VII. Fig. 8.[964] Ibid. c´.[965] Ibid. d´. Maxillary Palpi h´´.[966] Ibid. e´.[967] Plate VII. Fig. 11, 13. f´.[968] Ibid. Fig. 11. d´.[969] See above, p. 18, &c.[970] Plate VI. Fig. 10. c´.[971] Plate VI. Fig. 1, 4, 10. Â.[972] Ibid. a.[973] Ibid. g´.[974] Plate VI. c.[975] Ibid. d.[976] Ibid. e.[977] Ibid. f.[978] Ibid. g.[979] Plates VI. VII. and XXVI. h.[980] Plate VI. Fig. 1. and VII. Fig. 2. h´.[981] Plate VI. Fig. 4, 10. VII. Fig. 1, 2, 4. and XXVI. Fig. 39-41. i.[982] Plates XI. XII. and XXV.[983] Plate VI. Fig. 1, 2. and VII. Fig. 1. i´.[984] Ibid. XII. Fig. 6. 9. k´.[985] Ibid. l´´.[986] Ibid. l.[987] Ibid. Fig. 6. m´.[988] Ibid. Fig. 6, 8-10. m´´.[989] Plate VI. Fig. 2, 8. Ê.[990] Plate VII. Fig. 2. l. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 1. a, e.[991] Plate VI. Fig. 2. m.[992] Ibid. Î.[993] Ibid. n.[994] Plate XXVII. Fig. 1, 3, 4. n.[995] Plate VI. Fig. 2. o.[996] Plate IX. Fig. 7, 10, 11, &c. and XVI. Fig. 4, 8. B.[997] M. Chabrier, in his admirable MÉmoires sur le Vol des Insectes. uses the term Tronc AlifÈre, which suggested the terms here employed.[998] Plate IX. Fig. 3, 12, 16, &c.[999] Ibid. Fig. 1, 2, 10, 11, &c.[1000] Ibid. Fig. 2. a´.[1001] Ibid. IX. Fig. 4.[1002] Ibid. VIII. Fig. 3, 11.[1003] Plate XXIX. Fig. 12. c´.[1004] Plate VIII. Fig. 2, 11. d´.[1005] Plate XXII. Fig. 7. e´.[1006] M. Latreille, in his Organisation ExtÉrieure des Insectes (Mem. du Mus. viii. 198.) proposes calling the fore-legs of Hexapods Propedes; but having long ago applied this term to the false legs of caterpillars (see above, Vol. II. p. 288. &c.), we shall not adopt it.[1007] Plate XXVII. Fig. 36. a´.[1008] Plate XV. Fig. 6-9.[1009] Plate XXVII. Fig. 59. a.[1010] Plate VIII. Fig. 3, 4, 12-14, 16, 17. IX. Fig. 1, 3, 7, 8, 10-12, 15.[1011] Ibid. c.[1012] Plate IX. Fig. 7, 11, 12, 15, 19. g´. The Collare of Hymenoptera and Diptera has usually been regarded as representing the Prothorax of Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c. But this difference obtains between them—the latter evidently belongs to the Manitrunk, and its muscles do not appertain at all to the Alitrunk; whereas the Collare as evidently is a part of the latter, its muscles belong to it, and its functions in assisting in flight are important. These reasons, and others we shall state hereafter, induced us long ago to consider this part as not representing the Prothorax; and they seem to have induced M. Chabrier almost to adopt a similar opinion. Sur le Vol des Insectes. Ann. du Mus. 3eme Ann. 414. et 4eme Ann. 54—.[1013] Plate XXII. Fig. 8, 11. h´.[1014] Ibid. Fig. 8. Plate VIII. Fig. 3, 12, 14, 16. IX. Fig. 1, 7, 8, 10-12, 15, 19, 21. i´.[1015] Plate VIII. Fig. 14, 20. IX. Fig. 11, 12. and XXII. Fig. 8. b´´.[1016] Plate X. Fig. 1.; and XXVIII. Fig. 1-8, 10.[1017] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 3-5. b´´´.[1018] Plate X. Fig. 1. c´´´.[1019] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 6-8. d´´´.[1020] Plate XXIII. Fig. 6. e´´´.[1021] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 2. a´´´.[1022] Ibid. Fig. 19. and Plate X. Fig. 2.[1023] The upper organs of flight of many of the homopterous section of the Hemiptera seem altogether membranous, and may almost be included under the term AlÆ Superiores.[1024] Plate X. Fig. 3.[1025] Ibid. f´´´.[1026] Plate X. Fig. 3. g´´´.[1027] Ibid. Fig. 5-9, 11-15. and Plate XXVIII. Fig. 18.[1028] Ibid. h´´´.[1029] N.B. In the Plate the Costal Area is red, the Intermediate white, and the Anal yellow. When the Hemelytra are considered as divided into Areas, the Membrana might be denominated the Apical Area.[1030] Plate X. Fig. 2, 3, b^..[1031] Ibid. c^..[1032] Plate X. Fig. 2, 3. d^..[1033] Ibid. Fig. 7-15. e^..[1034] Ibid. f^..[1035] Ibid. g^..[1036] Ibid. h^..[1037] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Insectes, Ann. du Mus. 3eme ann. 428, 4eme ann. 325—. 3d Cahier 78.[1038] Linn. Trans. i. t. xiii. f. 2. 3. d.[1039] Plate X. Fig. 5-15. i^..[1040] Ibid. a*.[1041] Ibid. Fig. 6. k^..[1042] Ibid. l^..[1043] Ibid. Fig. 5, 6, 13. b*.[1044] Ibid. Fig. 5-15. m^..[1045] Ibid. Fig. 5, 6, 13. c*.[1046] Plate X. Fig. 5-15. n^..[1047] Ibid. o^..[1048] Ibid. Fig. 14. p^..[1049] Ibid. Fig. 11. m´´´.[1050] Ibid. Fig. 14, 15. n´´´.[1051] Plate IX. Fig. 5, 11. g´´.[1052] Plates VIII. IX. XXVIII. k´.[1053] Ibid. l´.[1054] Plate IX. Fig. 7. m´.[1055] Plate VIII. Fig. 4, 13, 17.; and IX. Fig. 3, 8, 12. d.[1056] Ibid. n´.[1057] Plates VIII. IX. o´.[1058] Plate VIII. Fig. 4, 8, 13, 17. p´.[1059] Plate XXII. Fig. 6. q´.[1060] Plate XVI. Fig. 4-6. r´.[1061] Plate VIII. Fig. 3, 12.; and IX. Fig. 1, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15. c.[1062] Plate XXII. Fig. 9, 11. s´.[1063] Plate VIII. Fig. 3, 12, 20. and IX. Fig. 7, 10-12, 15, 20. t´.[1064] Ibid. u.[1065] Plates VIII. IX. XXVIII. v´.[1066] Plates VIII. and IX. w´.[1067] Plate X. Fig. 4, 10.[1068] Plate X. Fig. 4. o´´´.[1069] Linn. Trans. i. t. xiii. f. 1. b. 3. a.[1070] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 19.[1071] De Geer ii. t. ix. f. 9. d.[1072] Ibid. vi. t. ii. f. 23. a a.[1073] Plate IX. Fig. 19. p´´´.[1074] Ibid. Fig. 7. and Plate XXII. Fig. 14. k´´.[1075] Plate XXII. Fig. 10, 11. x´.[1076] Ibid. Fig. 9-11. l´´.[1077] Plates VIII. and IX. f.[1078] Ibid. y´.[1079] Ibid. z´.[1080] Plate XXIX. Fig. 15. m´´.[1081] Plates VIII. IX. a†.[1082] Plate XXVII. Fig. 50.[1083] Plate XXII. Fig. 3. b†.[1084] Plate VIII. Fig. 18; and XXII. Fig. 13. c†.[1085] Plate XIV. Fig. 5-8.[1086] Plate VIII. Fig. 2, 4, 11, 13, &c. o´´.[1087] Ibid. Fig. 18. q´´´.[1088] Plate XIV. Fig. 6-8; and XXVII. Fig. 12. p´´.[1089] Ibid. q´´.[1090] Plate XIV. Fig. 5-8; and XXVII. Fig. 6-8. r´´.[1091] Plate XXVII. Fig. 7, 8, 15. r´´´.[1092] Plate XIV. Fig. 5-8. s´´.[1093] Plate XXVII. Fig. 21. s´´´.[1094] Ibid. Fig. 9, 10, 16, 17. t´´´.[1095] Ibid. Fig. 34-36. u´´´.[1096] Plate XIV. Fig. 6; and XXVII. Fig. 29-36. v´´´.[1097] Plate XIV. Fig. 5-8; and XXVII. Fig. 44, 45, 62, 63. t´´.[1098] Plate XXVII. Fig. 25, 26, 41. w´´´.[1099] Plate XXVII. Fig. 25, 26. x´´´.[1100] Plate XXVI. Fig. 47, 48; and XXVII. Fig. 43. r^..[1101] Ibid. s^..[1102] Plate XXVI. Fig. 47, 48. d*.[1103] Plate XXVII. Fig. 37-57. e*.[1104] Ibid. Fig. 56, 57. f*.[1105] Ibid. Fig. 56. a ?.[1106] Ibid. Fig. 59. y´´´.[1107] Plate XV. Fig. 9; and XXVII. Fig. 35, 59-61. t^..[1108] Plate VIII. Fig. 5, 6, 9, 15, 18, 19.[1109] Ibid. Fig. 5, 15. A.[1110] Ibid. A´.[1111] Ibid. Fig. 5, 9. B´.[1112] Ibid. Fig. 5, 9, 15. A´´.[1113] Plate VIII. Fig. 6, 9, 15. B.[1114] The scientific reader must recollect that these terms are employed, not because these parts are thought to be true representatives of the Epigastrium and Hypochondria of vertebrate animals, but merely on account of some analogy between them.[1115] Plate VIII. Fig. 6. C´.[1116] Ibid. D´.[1117] Ibid. B´´.[1118] Ibid. Fig. 18, 19. C´´.[1119] Ibid. Fig. 6, 9, 15. E´.[1120] Plate VIII. Fig. 9. D´.[1121] Plate IX. Fig. 17, 18. C.[1122] Ibid. Fig. 13. F´.[1123] Ibid. G´.[1124] Ibid. Fig. 17. H´.[1125] Ibid. Fig. 18. I´.[1126] Plate XV. Fig. 12. D.[1127] Plate VIII. Fig. 5, 15. K´.[1128] Ibid. Fig. 6, 15, 18. L´.[1129] Plate XV. Fig. 18-22; and XVI. Fig. 1-3.[1130] Plate XV. Fig. 18. E´.[1131] Plate XV. Fig. 22; and XVI. Fig. 2, 3.

[1132] Ibid. Fig. 20, 21; and XVI. Fig. 1. F´´.[1133] Plate XV. Fig. 20. G´´.[1134] Ibid. Fig. 20, 21; and XVI. Fig. 1. II´´.[1135] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. Apis **. e. 1. neut. f. 23-25; and t. xiii. f. 27, 28.[1136] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 30, 31.[1137] Ibid. a.[1138] Plate XV. Fig. 12. L´´.[1139] Plate XV. Fig. 14. M´´.[1140] Ibid. Fig. 17. N´´.[1141] Ibid. Fig. 15. O´´.[1142] Ibid. Fig. 13. P´´.[1143] Ibid. Fig. 23. Q´´.[1144] De Geer iii. t. xxii. f. 10. a a.[1145] Ibid. t. xxiv. f. 2. c; and f. 11.[1146] Plate XV. Fig. 16. R´´.[1147] Ibid. S´´.[1148] Ibid. Fig. 10; and Plate XXIII. Fig. 16, 17. T^*´´.[1149] Ibid. Fig. 12. B´´´. 15.[1150] De Geer ubi supr. t. iii. f. 5, 20, 21. c.[1151] See above, p. 86, 110, 243—.[1152] Many species of Hister, Curculio L., Doryphora Illig. are extremely hard, while Cantharis Geoffr., Meloe F., and Telephorus Geoffr., are very soft.[1153] Thenard TraitÉ de Chimie ElÉmentaire, iii. 637. n. 2005. The other products he mentions are—a green oil, a yellow substance, a black ditto, acetic acid, uric acid, phosphate of magnesia. The vesicant matter consists of little micaceous laminÆ soluble in boiling alcohol and oil, but insoluble in water.[1154] Coquebert Illustr. Icon. ii. t. xviii. f. 14, 15.[1155] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 16.[1156] This name I would give to Locusta F., reserving, with Dr. Leach, the latter name to the true locust (Gryllus F.). The name Conocephalus, by which Locusta F. has been distinguished, is better restricted to those with a conical head.[1157] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 1, 2.[1158] Huber Nouv. Obs. ii. 317.[1159] Vol. I. p. 502—.[1160] Hair, in the Holy Scriptures, is used as the symbol of strength or power. Judges xvi. 17—. 1 Cor. xi. 10.[1161] Anat. Compar. ii. 624.[1162] Anat. Compar. i. 119.[1163] Ibid. ii. 540.[1164] Ibid. 547.[1165] Ibid. 553.[1166] Anat. Compar. ii. 553.[1167] Ibid. 557.[1168] Ibid. 560.[1169] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 2. a´´´.[1170] Anat. Compar. ii. 557.[1171] A harmonic suture is when the margins of two flat bones simply touch each other, without any intermediate substance; and a squamose, when the thin margin of one covers that of the other. Anat. Compar. i. 124. With regard to the flat portions of the integument of insects, they have some motion; whereas a suture is an articulation without movement. Ibid.[1172] Their connexion by means of a ligament classes them under Synneurosis (Monro On the Bones, Dr. Kirby's edit. 29), but even this not strictly, since a common ligament connects them all. Those of the trunk, as admitting a slight degree of motion, belong to Amphiarthrosis (Anat. Compar. i. 126), and those of the abdomen, which are capable of larger movements, to Diarthrosis (Ibid. 127).[1173] See above, p. 309—.[1174] In the hornet and other wasps, this line on the inside of the head furnishes a foundation for a septum, which in the sides of the nose is very high, and connects also with the hind part of the head.[1175] Anat. Compar. i. 445—.[1176] Ibid. 447.[1177] MÉm. sur les Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i, 11—. Comp. Anat. Compar. iii. 314—.[1178] It is probable that M. Cuvier took his idea of this first kind of articulation, by contact of solid parts, from this individual insect; since, besides its very prominent throat, there is on each side of the lower part of the occiput a small elevation, or approach to a tubercle.[1179] Gen. des Crustac. et Ins. ii. 246. Regne Anim. iii. 325.[1180] This was written directly after the experiment recommended in the text had been tried, with the result there stated.[1181] Reaum. iv. 40. Latreille Fourmis, 328—.[1182] Plate VII. Fig. 2. k´´.[1183] Clairville (Ent. Helvet. i. 44) appears to have been the first who classed insects according to their mode of taking their food.[1184] Plate VI. VII. XXVI. a´.[1185] In Lucanus, Lamprina, &c. the labrum seems to form the under-side of the nose, and to be connate with it.[1186] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. v. Apis *. b. f. 18. b.[1187] Ibid. t. ii. Melitta **. b. f. 4, 5. Plate XXVI. Fig. 30.[1188] Plate XXVI. Fig. 31. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. x. Apis **. c. 2. d. f. 13. c.[1189] Plates VI. VII. and XXVI. b.[1190] De Geer iv. 124. t. iv. f. 12. iii. 415. t. xxi. f. 4.[1191] Ibid. iv. 281—. t. xi. f. 7.[1192] Ibid. 329. t. xii. f. 3.[1193] Ibid. ii. 775—. t. xxvi. f. 10. b c, b c.[1194] Philos. Entom. 18.[1195] Syst. Eleuth. i. PrÆf. iv.[1196] Gen. Crustac. et Ins. i. 180.[1197] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 246.[1198] Plate VI. Fig. 6. b´. a´´.[1199] Plate VII. Fig. 3. b´. a´´.[1200] Kirby Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 8. f.[1201] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 10. d. MacLeay Hor. Entomol. i. t. iii. f. 26, 27.[1202] Plate XXVI. Fig. 35.[1203] Ibid. Fig. 34.[1204] Plate VII. Fig. 3. b´.[1205] Plate XXVI. Fig. 24. b´.[1206] Plate VII. Fig. 3. a´´.[1207] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. 171.[1208] Plate VI. Fig. 6. e´.[1209] Plate VII. Fig. 3. i´´.[1210] Plate VI. Fig. 12. e´.[1211] Plate VI. Fig. 6. b´.[1212] Ibid. Fig. 12. b´.[1213] Plates VI. VII. XXVI. b´´.[1214] Plate VI. Fig. 6. b´´.[1215] Hor. Entomolog. i. t. i. f. 1. g.[1216] Ibid. t. ii. f. 18. g.[1217] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. neut. f. 1. g. c.[1218] Ibid. 93. 103—. t. vi. Apis **. b. f. 3. b. c.[1219] Ibid. t. i. *. a. f. 3. b.[1220] Ibid. t. ix. Apis **. c. 2. ?. f. 3. b.[1221] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. t. xxiv. f. 1. c.[1222] Plate XXVI. Fig. 24, 28. b´´.[1223] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ii. Melitta **. b. f. 2. c.[1224] Plate XIII. Fig. 2. Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 6. b.[1225] This is the case with Oxyporus F. Plate XIII. Fig. 4.[1226] Plate VI. Fig. 12. b´´. Latreille, N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 545, seems not to regard these as palpi; but from their tubular form, and insertion in the socket of the labium, it is clear that they ought to be so considered.[1227] Plates VI. VII. XXVI. c´.[1228] A corresponding articulation takes place between the tibia and thigh of some of the ScarabÆidÆ, which will be hereafter described. See Plate XXVII. Fig. 8-11.[1229] Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des OrthoptÈres, 2.[1230] Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des OrthoptÈres, 2.[1231] See above, p. 407. note¹¹⁷⁴.[1232] Ubi supra, 4.[1233] Ibid.[1234] Ibid. 5.[1235] Oliv. Ins. no. 66. Prionus. t. xiii. f. 54.[1236] Ibid. no. 83. Curculio. t. iv. f. 37.[1237] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 12.[1238] For Mandibles of Locusta see Plate VI. Fig. 6. c´. of Lampyris Oliv. Ins. no. 28. t. i. f. 1. of Buprestis, Ibid. no. 32. t. iii. f. 17. of Lucanus, Ibid. no. 1. t. i-v. and of Prionus, Ibid. no. 66. t. ii. f. 8.[1239] Gomphosis is, when one bone is immoveably fixed in another as a nail in a board.[1240] Marcel de Serres ubi supra. 7.[1241] See Plate XIII. Fig. 7. Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 13. and t. xii. neut. f. 10.[1242] Plate XXVI. Fig. 19.[1243] Oliv. Ins. no. 42. t. i. f. 1. and no. 2. t. i. f. 1. b.[1244] Plate XXVI. Fig. 16, 18.[1245] Ibid. Fig. 21.[1246] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. iv. Melitta. f. 5-8.[1247] Drury Ins. ii. t. xlviii. f. 3. See above, p. 315.[1248] Oliv. no. 1. t. v. f. 16. &c. t. iii. f. 7.[1249] Comparaison des Organes, &c. 7—.[1250] Plate VI. Fig. 6. and XIII. Fig. 5. a´´´.[1251] Plate VI. Fig. 12. and XIII. Fig. 5. b´´´.[1252] Plate XXVI. Fig. 16.[1253] I was not aware that Knoch had observed this part, till some time after the publication of my paper On Mr. William MacLeay's Doctrine of Affinity and Analogy (see Linn. Trans. xiv. 105—), when I happened to meet with it in a letter from a friend, received more than thirteen years ago; but without any reference to the work of Knoch, in which it was stated. It was doubtless taken from his BeitrÄge zur Insektengeschichte.[1254] Anat. Comp. iii. 321—.[1255] One of those mandibles is represented in Plate XXVI. Fig. 20. a´´´. incisive teeth d´´´. molary plate. Comp. Linn. Trans. ubi supr. t. iii. f. 4. c a b.[1256] Vol. II. p. 275—.[1257] In the Myrmeleon, or ant-lion, the suction is promoted by the action of a piston, that pumps up the juices. Reaum. vi. 369.[1258] De Geer iv. 386—. t. xv. f. 10. See above, p. 121.[1259] Plate XIII. Fig. 7. c´´.[1260] Oliv. Ins. no. 42. Staphylinus. t. i. f. 1. b.[1261] Plates VI. VII. XXVI. d´.[1262] Plate VI. Fig. 3, 6, 12. VII. Fig. 3. c´´.[1263] Plate VII. Fig. 3. a´´. e´´. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 1. e.[1264] Ibid. f. 3. a.[1265] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. 146. t. xxiii. f. super. b.[1266] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 243.[1267] In Anoplognathus, however, though it has neither teeth nor spines, it is as hard as the mandibles.[1268] See above, p. 317.[1269] Plate XXVI. Fig. 10, 11. d´´´. e´´´.[1270] Ibid. Fig. 9. d´´´. e´´´.[1271] Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. d´´´. e´´´. Oliv. Ins. no. 45. Meloe. t. i. f. 1. c. These are what Fabricius calls galeate maxillÆ, on which he founded his class Ulonata.[1272] Plate XXVI. Fig. 11. d´´´. e´´´.[1273] Plate VI. Fig. 3. d´´´.[1274] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. t. i. t. xviii. f. super. b.[1275] Ibid. t. xix. b. This genus may be the analogue of some heteromerous one yet undiscovered, as Calosoma is of Adelium (Kirby Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 2.)[1276] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. t. xxiv. f. super. b.[1277] Plate XXVI. Fig. 11.[1278] Oliv. Ins. no. 19. Trogosita. t. 1. f. d. no. 41 bis. Dryops. t. i. f. 1. c.[1279] See above, Vol. I. p. 238.[1280] Oliv. Ins. no. 17. Ptinus. t. i. f. 1. c.[1281] Ibid. no. 60. Blaps t. i. f. 2. c.[1282] Ibid. no. 88. Languria. t. i. f. 2. c.[1283] Ibid. no. 89. Erotylus. t. ii. f. 12. c.[1284] Oliv. Ins. no. 41. Gyrinus. t. i. f. 1. e.[1285] Plate XXVI. Fig. 13. Hor. Entomolog. i. t. iii. f. 29, 30. E.[1286] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ii. Melitta. **. a. f. 2. t. v. Apis. *. b. f. 4. &c.[1287] Oliv. Ins. no. 48. Cerocoma. t. i. f. 1. c.[1288] Plate XXVI. Fig. 10-12.[1289] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. Cicindela. t. xxiv. f. super. b. for CarabidÆ, DytiscidÆ, his other plates.[1290] Hor. Entomolog. i. t. ii. f. 13. E.[1291] Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. f´´´.[1292] Hor. Entomolog. t. i. f. 3. E.[1293] Ibid. f. 4. E.[1294] Oliv. Ins. no. 7. Hexodon. t. i. f. 1. e.[1295] Ibid. no. 3. ScarabÆus. t. l. f. 1. f.[1296] Kirby in Linn. Trans. xiv. 102. t. iii. f. 4. d.[1297] De Geer v. 417. t. iv. f. 12.[1298] Plates VI. VII. h´´.[1299] See above, p. 443.[1300] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ix. 2. c. 2. . f. 2. d. g. 4. t. xii. neut. f. 6. d. t. xiii. f. 3. b.[1301] Clairv. Ent. Helv. ii. t. xxiii. f. 1.[1302] Plate VII. Fig. 3. b´´. h´´.[1303] Plate VI. Fig. 12. b´´. f´´´.[1304] Ibid. Fig. 13. h´´. Savigny Anim. sans VertÈbr. l. i. 29—. t. i.-iii. ?.[1305] De Geer vi. t. xix. f. 4. d.[1306] Ibid. t. ix. f. 8. b b. t. xii. f. 20. b. t. xiv. f. 15. i i.[1307] Plate XXVI. Fig. 6.[1308] Ibid. Fig. 5.[1309] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. x. Apis. **. c. 2. d. f. 3. a. and **. d. 1. f. 1. d.[1310] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. t. xxxi. f. super. b. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiv. f. 1. h. f. 3, 5. c.[1311] See above, p. 317.[1312] Plate XXVI. Fig. 1. As the very remarkable maxillary palpi of that extraordinary Coleopterous genus Atractocerus seem not to have been so fully described as they deserve, I shall give here a minute detail of their composition. They consist of four joints: the first is wide and short, and somewhat platter-shaped; the second is much smaller and shorter: the third is concavo-convex, or shaped like a shallow bowl: towards the breast this joint is elevated, and on the elevated edge sits the last joint, which is longer than all the rest taken together. In my specimen it points towards the breast; its under side is entire and slightly curved, but in the upper side are two rows of lamellÆ (b), placed alternately nine on each side, with an odd one at the end: these lamellÆ are full of minute papillÆ, and furrowed on the side next the mouth. From between the first pair a slender exarticulate hairy branch or appendage emerges (a), which forms nearly a right angle with the main stem. The labial palpi appear to consist of three joints; the two first very short, and the last large, ovate, and acute. This description is not taken from A. necydaloides, but from a Brazilian species more than five times its size, which I have named A. grandis.[1313] Plate VI. VII. XXVI. e´.[1314] Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. e´. Cuvier Anat. Compar. iii. 347.[1315] Cuvier Ibid.[1316] Huber Fourmis, 4—.[1317] Anim. sans VertÈbr. iii. 304.[1318] See above, p. 440.[1319] Reaum. v. 309—.[1320] Plate XXVI. Fig. 23.[1321] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. Pref. xxii.[1322] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiv. (1) 2. b.[1323] Plate XXVI. Fig. 24. e´.[1324] Clairv. ubi supr. t. xx. c.[1325] Plate XXVI. Fig. 28. e´.[1326] Kirby ubi supr. fig. (8) 1. c c. The lateral pieces in the tongue in Vespa (Ibid. c c.) have been regarded as lobes of it, but they are rather ParaglossÆ.[1327] Plate XXVI. Fig. 29. e´.[1328] Clairv. ubi supr. t. xxx. c.[1329] Kirby ubi supr. no. 2. f. 1, 3.[1330] Plate XXVI. Fig. 24. b.[1331] Kirby ubi supr. t. x. Apis. c. 2. d. f. 5. t. xii. neut. f. 2, 3. t. xiii. f. 1. h.[1332] Plate XXVI. Fig. 26, 29.[1333] Plate XXVI. Fig. 28. i´´.[1334] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. neut. f. 1. h h. t. xiii. f. 1. f f.[1335] Ibid. t. x. **. d, 1. f. 2. b b.[1336] See above, p. 425.[1337] Plate VII. Fig. 14. f´.[1338] Reaum. v. 317.[1339] Organisation exterieur des Ins. 184.[1340] Ubi supra.[1341] Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 12.[1342] De Geer ii. 778—. t. xxvi. f. 11. m. Plate VII. Fig. 2. k´´.[1343] Ubi supra.[1344] See above, p. 455.[1345] Organisation &c. 182.[1346] Under this name M. Savigny includes the Myriapoda, Arachnida, and Crustacea. Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 40.

[1347] Ibid. 43.[1348] Vol. II. p. 275—. Also see above, p. 121—.[1349] Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. t. ii. f. 2. a. a´.[1350] Plate VII. Fig. 13. c´.[1351] Ibid. d´.[1352] Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 106. Plate VII. Fig. 13. b´.[1353] Ubi supr. 45—.[1354] Plate VII. Fig. 11. f´, a´´.[1355] Ubi supra, 45.[1356] Ibid. 44—.[1357] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 275—. Plate VII. Fig. 10. c´.[1358] De Geer t. xl. f. 4. t. x. f. 7, 8.[1359] See above, p. 18, 30.[1360] Savigny Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 62.[1361] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 277.[1362] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 276.[1363] Ibid.[1364] Ubi supr. 58.[1365] Plate XV. Fig. 7.[1366] Plate VI. Fig. 7-9. a´, b´, c´, d´.[1367] Magaz. 1806.[1368] Plate VI. Fig. 7. a´.[1369] Ibid. Labium b´. MandibulÆ c´. MaxillÆ d´.[1370] Savigny Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 37.[1371] De Geer iii. 137—. t. ix. f. 4.[1372] Reaum. iii. 335. t. xxviii. f. 8-14.[1373] De Geer iii. 117. t. viii. f. 22. b.[1374] Plate VII. Fig. 5, 6. a´, b´, c´, d´.[1375] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 253.[1376] Plate VII. Fig. 5, 6. a´.[1377] Ibid.[1378] Reaum. iv. t. xvi. Fig. 13. z.[1379] Authors are not agreed as to the precise number of lancets contained in a gnat's proboscis. Swammerdam affirms there are six, including the labrum. i. 156. b. t. xxxii. f. 3. Reaumur could find only five. iv. 597—. t. xlii. f. 10. And Leeuwenhoeck only four.[1380] Plate VII. Fig. 5.[1381] Plate VII. Fig. 5. This figure is copied from Reaumur, and was engraved before this discovery was made.[1382] M. Savigny is of opinion that the central lancet or lancets represent the Epipharynx and Hypopharynx; for which he does not state his reasons: but as these are properly covers of the pharynx, the idea seems incorrect. Ubi supr. 15.[1383] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 489. and iv. 253—.[1384] Ubi supr. 36.[1385] Ibid. t. iv. f. 1. o. o.[1386] Vol. I. p. 48, 110—.[1387] Plate VI. Fig. 13. a´, b´, c´, d´.[1388] Vol. I. p. 394—.[1389] Plate VI. Fig. 13. a´. Savigny Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 3—. t. i.-iii. a.[1390] Ibid. i. Plate VI. Fig. 13. c´.[1391] Ibid. Fig. 13. h´´. Savigny ubi supr. o.[1392] Plate VI. Fig. 13. d´. Savigny ubi supr. t. 1-3. o.[1393] Ibid. Ö. Plate VI. Fig. 13. b´.[1394] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 467.[1395] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 253.[1396] Plate VII. Fig. 8. c´, d´, e´, h´´.[1397] Ibid, c´.[1398] Ibid, d´.[1399] Ibid, h´´.[1400] Ibid. e´.[1401] RÖsel. ii. t. iii. f. 15. Latreille Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 365.[1402] Swammerdam Bibl. Nat. t. ii. f. 4.[1403] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. 266.[1404] Ibid. xvi. 432. De Geer vii. t. vi. f. 4. Not quite accurate.[1405] Plates VI. VII. XXVII. a.[1406] Organisat. ExtÉr. des Ins. 196.[1407] In the Transactions of the Royal Society, this part in Anobium tessellatum is so called. xxxiii. 159—.[1408] Plate XXVII. Fig. 4. a.[1409] Plate VII. Fig. 2. a.[1410] Observ. Nouv. sur les HymÉnoptÈres (Ann. du Mus.) 5.[1411] Those beetles whose posterior pair of tarsi have only four joints, and the two anterior five, are so called.[1412] Kirby in Linn. Trans. xii. 464. t. xxiii. f. 6.[1413] Ibid. xiii. t. i. f. 1. b.[1414] Plate VI. Fig. 10. g´.[1415] Ibid. Fig. 7. a.[1416] Ibid. g´.[1417] Plate VI. Fig. 4. g´.[1418] Plates VI. VII. b.[1419] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. i. Melitta. *. b. f. 3.[1420] Plate VI. Fig. 4. b.[1421] Plates VI. VII. c.[1422] Vol. II. p. 317—.[1423] Plate XXVI. Fig. 41. i.[1424] Stoll Punaises, t. xxxix. f. 279, 280.[1425] Plates VI. VII. XXVI. d.[1426] Plates VI. VII. e.[1427] Plates VI. VII. f.[1428] Plate XXVII. Fig. 4. f.[1429] Cuv. Regne Animal. iii. t. xiii. f. 4.[1430] This insect was taken both at Matlock and Exmouth. The body and thighs are of a light-brown, wings testaceous, legs pale; antennÆ between setaceous and filiform, two-thirds the length of the body; first joint not much thicker than the rest.[1431] Plate VI. VII. g.[1432] De Geer iii. 561. t. xxvii. f. 1.[1433] Plates VI. VII. XXVI. h.[1434] Plate VII. Fig. 8, 9. XXVI. Fig. 43. h.[1435] Viz. one on each side above, and one below.[1436] Walckenaer AranÉÏdes, t. v. f. 50, 52. t. viii. f. 82.[1437] Treviranus (Arachnid. 4.) says that Scorpio EuropÆus has only two eyes. He appears to have overlooked the two on the anterior side of a tubercle at each angle of the head, where they are large, but not conspicuous, at least in my specimen.[1438] De Geer vii. t. iii. f. 8, 9, 12.[1439] Plate XXVI. Fig. 43., h.[1440] Walck. Aran. t. i. f. 3.[1441] Ibid. t. v. f. 42-48.[1442] Ibid. t. iv. f. 41.[1443] Walck. Aran. t. i. f. 2.[1444] Ibid. t. i. f. 7.[1445] Ibid. t. ii. f. 18, 20.[1446] Vol. I. p. 323.[1447] De Geer vii. 138. t. viii. f. 15. y y.[1448] Ibid. t. xl. f. 3. o o, y y.[1449] Plate XXVI. Fig. 43. h.[1450] Segestria perfida, Walck. Aran. t. v. f. 52. &c.[1451] Tetragnatha and Latrodectes, Ibid. t. vii. f. 64. and t. ix. f.. 84.[1452] Nyssus coloripes, Ibid. t. vi. f. 58.[1453] Dolomeda, Ibid. t. ii. f. 18, 20.[1454] Sphasus, Ibid. t. iii. f. 24.[1455] Mygale avicularia, Ibid. t. i. f. 3.[1456] Sparasus, Ibid. t. iv. f. 41. Plate XXVI. Fig. 37.[1457] Eresus, Ibid. t. iii. f. 26.[1458] Storena, Ibid. t. ix. f. 86.[1459] Argyroneta, Ibid. f. 88.[1460] Pholeus, Ibid. t. viii. f. 80.[1461] Plate XIII. Fig. 11.[1462] Plate XXIX. Fig. 11. h.[1463] Ibid. a.[1464] Plate XIII. Fig. 10.[1465] See above, p. 117—.[1466] Reaum. iv. 245.[1467] Microgr. 176.[1468] Epist. Mar. 6. 1717.[1469] Amoen. Academ. vii. 141.[1470] I possess a specimen in which the eye is partly black and partly white: the lenses are invisible in the black part, but very visible in the white.[1471] Philos. Entomolog. 19.[1472] Plate XXVI. Fig. 38.[1473] Hooke Microgr. schem. xxiv.[1474] Plate XXIII. Fig. 3.[1475] Cuvier Anat. Compar. ii. 442—. Compare Swammerdam Bibl. Nat. i. 211. t. xx. f. 45.[1476] Vol. II. p. 4, 364, &c.[1477] Plate XXVI. Fig. 36. h. Fabricius, and after him Olivier, though both quote Forster, regard one of these eyes in Lamia Tornator as a spot; but they could not have examined it attentively. Saperda prÆusta F. has also four eyes.[1478] Plate XXVI. Fig. 39. h.[1479] Latreille Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 73.[1480] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 479.[1481] Vol. II. 320.[1482] De Geer vii. 562.[1483] Vol. II. p. 228.[1484] Ent. Helvet. i. t. xii.[1485] Plate VI. Fig. 10.[1486] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis. **. e. 1. f. 2.[1487] De Geer iii. t. xxxiv. f. 17, 18, 24. o o.[1488] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiv. no. 11. f. 1. f. Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix. f. 10. d.[1489] Plate XIII. Fig. 9. Fuessly Archiv. t. vi.[1490] Schellenberg Cimices t. xiii. ix. f. 1. a. De Geer ii. t. xviii. f. 10.[1491] Stoll Spectres, &c. t. iv. f. 14. t. x. f. 38, &c.[1492] Vol. I. p. 261—.[1493] Linn. Trans. ubi supr.[1494] Schellenberg Mouches, t. xxvii. f. 1, 2. a, d.[1495] Ibid. t. ix. f. 3. a.[1496] Ibid. t. ii. f. 2. a.[1497] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 148.[1498] Plate XXVII. Fig. 4. h´.[1499] This circumstance proves that Mr. W. S. MacLeay is correct in considering this as a subgenus; but it militates against its being connected with Lamprima.[1500] Plate VI. Fig. 4, 10. VII. Fig. 1, 2, 4. XXVI. Fig. 39-42. i.[1501] Bibl. Nat. i. 214.[1502] Reaum. iv. 245.[1503] Ibid. v. 287—.[1504] Magas. der Entomolog. iv. 410.[1505] Latreille speaks of Phasma as having no stemmata; but it should seem that he examined only the apterous ones, all the winged individuals, at least so far as I have examined them, having three very visible ones. It may, I think, be laid down as a rule, that the larvÆ and pupÆ of Orthoptera have not these organs. Probably their use is principally in flying?[1506] Flata phalÆnoides F. and affinities have no stemmata, while Flata reticulata and affinities have them: a proof that these tribes are distinct genera.[1507] Plate VI. Fig. 10. i.[1508] Reaum. iv. 243. He refers for this insect to plate xiv. without adding any number for the figure; but no such is in that plate.[1509] Plate XXVI. Fig. 40. i.[1510] Cercopis, Ibid. Fig. 42; and Fulgora, Fig. 41. i.[1511] Plate VI. Fig. 4. i.[1512] Plate XXVI. Fig. 40. i.[1513] Ibid. Fig. 42. i.[1514] Plate XXVI. Fig. 41. i.[1515] De Geer iii. t. xxvii. f. 1. Reaum. iii. t. xxxii. f. 3, 9.[1516] Plate XXVI. Fig. 40. i.[1517] See above, p. 318—.[1518] Linn. Trans. xiii.[1519] Mag. der Entomolog. iv. 5.[1520] Palpi quatuor, subÆquales, cylindrici, ad basin clypei. Germ.[1521] See above, p. 18, &c.[1522] Plate VI. Fig. 1, 4. i´.[1523] See above, p. 321. Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 3.[1524] Ibid. f. 7.[1525] Plate VI. Fig. 4. c. i´.[1526] Plate XII. Fig. 9. l´´. This circumstance was very recently discovered; which will account for this plate not being quite correct in this respect, the bulb being represented as a distinct joint in Fig. 6, 10, 26.[1527] See above, p. 498.[1528] Vol. I. p. 231, 238.[1529] Oliv. Ins. no. 80. Macrocephalus t. i. f. 1-4.; Anthribus f. 5-12; and no. 83. Curculio t. ii. Calandra f. 16.[1530] Schellenberg Cimices t. xiv. f. 1. b.[1531] De Geer vii. t. iv. f. 7. a a.[1532] Vol. II. p. 421.[1533] Plates XII. Fig. 28; and XXV. Fig. 9, 24.[1534] Plate XXV. Fig. 4.[1535] Plates XII. Fig. 29; and XXV. Fig. 28. a.[1536] Plates XI. XII. XXV. k´´.[1537] Plates XI. XII. XXV. l´.[1538] Ibid. m´.[1539] Plates XII. Fig. 28; and XXV. Fig. 13. m´´.[1540] Plate XXV. Fig. 2, 5, 21. m´´.[1541] Plate XII. Fig. 10. m´´.[1542] Ibid. Fig. 4. m´´.[1543] Plate XXV. Fig. 1. m´´.[1544] Plate XI. Fig. 23.[1545] Plate XXV. Fig. 24.[1546] Ibid. Fig. 30.[1547] Jurine Hymenopt. t. vii. f. 3.[1548] Plate XXV. Fig. 28.[1549] Ibid. Fig. 13.[1550] Ibid. Fig. 5.[1551] Ibid. Fig. 1.[1552] Plate XI. Fig. 12.[1553] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 3.[1554] Latreille says six, but only five are discernible; the three last form a kind of bristle.[1555] Latr. Fourmis, 323.[1556] Jurine Hymenopt. t. vi. f. 3.[1557] Ibid. f. 2.[1558] Ibid. f. 1. Plate XXV. Fig. 7.[1559] Plate XXV. Fig. 25, 26.[1560] Plate XII. Fig. 16-22.[1561] Ibid. Fig. 19. a.[1562] Linn. Trans. xxii. t. xxi. f. 3, 4. Plate XXV. Fig. 11.[1563] Plate XI. Fig. 17.[1564] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 184. t. x. **. d. 1. f. 8.[1565] Plate XXV. Fig. 27.[1566] Plate XII. Fig. 26.[1567] Plate XXV. Fig. 32.