  1 The annotations in brac s are by the Editor. 2 Between the words “if” and “what” insert “we can credit.” 3 A figurative expression, denoting the territory claimed by them, and occupied at the time. 4 Alluding to the white people settling those countries. 5 [The book referred to here and elsewhere frequently in the course of his narrative by the author, was written by the Rev. George Henry Loskiel, a clergyman of the Continental Province of the Moravian Church, and was published at Barby, Saxony, in 1789. It is entitled “Geschichte der Mission der Evangelischen BrÜder unter den Indianern in Nordamerika,” and is a faithful record of the Christian work in which the Moravians engaged chiefly among the Lenape and Iroquois stocks of the aborigines, in the interval between 1735 and 1787. The material on which the author wrought in the preparation of his history was furnished mainly from the archives of his church at Herrnhut, to which duplicates of the missionaries’ journals were statedly forwarded. In this way he was enabled to produce a narrative which is marvellously accurate, even touching minor points of topography, despite the fact that the shifting scenes of his drama were laid in another hemisphere. The preface was written at Strickenhof, in Livonia, in May of 1788. In it Mr. Loskiel acknowledges his indebtedness for valuable assistance to the venerable Bishop Augustus G. Spangenberg, who had superintended the Moravian Mission in the New World in the interval between 1744 and 1762; and to the veteran missionary David Zeisberger, at that time still in its service. It was the latter who supplied the larger portion of the material relating to the history, traditions, manners, and customs of the North American Indians, found in the ten chapters introductory to the history of the Mission. This valuable work was translated into English by the Rev. Christian Ignatius Latrobe, of London, in 1793, and published there, in 1794, by “The Brethren’s Society for the Furtherance of the Gospel.” It is now a rare book. Having been consecrated a Bishop for the American Province of his Church in 1802, Mr. Loskiel came to this country, settled at Bethlehem, Pa., where he died in 1814.] 7 For “declaring at the same time” read “and declared afterwards.” 8 [John Christopher PyrlÆus was sent by the heads of the Moravian Church at Herrnhut, Saxony, to Bethlehem, Pa., in the autumn of 1741, to do service in the Indian Mission. Having assisted Count Zinzendorf, during his sojourn in the Province in 1742, in the work of the ministry among a portion of the German population of Philadelphia, we find him, in January of 1743, prosecuting the study of the Mohawk under the direction of Conrad Weiser, the provincial interpreter, at Tulpehocken, (near Womelsdorf, Berks County, Pa.) This was in view of fitting himself for the office of corresponding secretary of the Mission Board at Bethlehem, and for the duties of an evangelist among the Iroquois stock of Indians, to whom it was purposed by the Moravians to bring the Gospel. At the expiration of three months he returned to Bethlehem, and in the following June, accompanied by his wife, who was a daughter of John Stephen Benezet, a well-known merchant of Philadelphia, set out for the Mohawk country, his destination being the Mohawk castle of Canajoharie. Here he remained upwards of two months, in which interval of time he visited the remaining Mohawk castles, and by constant intercourse with the Indians strove assiduously to perfect himself in their language. Such was his progress then and subsequently, that in 1744 he felt himself competent to impart instruction in that important dialect of the Iroquois to several of his brethren at Bethlehem, who were training for missionaries. In 1748, while settled at GnadenhÜtten, on the Mahoning, (Lehighton, Carbon County, Pa.,) he rendered similar service. Meanwhile he had acquired a knowledge of the Mohican, and in 1745 there appeared his first translations of German hymns into that tongue—the beginnings of a collection for use in Divine worship in the Mission churches. Eight of the eleven years of his stay in this country were mainly spent in labors of the kind just enumerated. Having been liberally educated, Mr. PyrlÆus was well qualified for the work in which he engaged. Several of his contributions to this novel department of philology, in manuscript, are deposited in the library of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. Among these are essays on the grammatical structure of the Iroquois dialects, and a collection of notes on Indian traditions. The former Mr. Heckewelder names on a subsequent page, and from the latter he makes frequent extracts. In 1751 Mr. PyrlÆus sailed for England, where he was active in the ministry of his Church until his recall to Germany in 1770. He died at Herrnhut in 1785.] 9 [The passage referred to by Mr. Heckewelder is quoted in full by way of annotation on a subsequent page.] 10 [Norman’s Kill, named after Albert Andriese Bratt De Norman, an early settler of Beverwyck, rises in Schenectady County, has a south-east course of about twenty-eight miles, and empties into the Hudson, two miles south of Albany, in the town of Bethlehem. In records of 1677 it is called Bethlehem’s Kil. The Indian name of the stream was Tawalsantha. In the spring of 1617 the United New Netherlands Company erected a fort near the banks of Norman’s Kill, and in 1621 the Dutch made a solemn alliance and treaty of peace with the Five Nations, near its mouth.—Munsell’s Collections of the History of Albany. Albany, 1870.] 11 For “Mohicans” read “Lenape.” 12 [”The History of the Five Indian Nations depending on the Province of New York in America, by Cadwallader Colden.” The first edition of this rare book was dedicated by the author to his Excellency, William Burnet, Esq., and was printed and sold by William Bradford in New York, 1727. Colden emigrated from Scotland in 1708, and first settled in Pennsylvania, engaging in the practice of medicine. Removing to New York in 1718, he was some time surveyor-general, subsequently a member of the King’s Council, and in 1761 commissioned Lieutenant-Governor of the Province. This commission he held at the time of his death at his seat on Long Island, in September of 1776.] 13 [The proceedings of these conferences and treaties with the Indians are spread upon the minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, which were authorized to be printed by the Act of Legislature of April 4th, 1837, and published subsequently in seven volumes. They are known as “The Colonial Records.”] 14 At a Treaty, at Easton, in July and November, 1756. 15 [Should be Thomson.] 16 Loskiel’s History, Part I., ch. 10. 17 The Iroquois were at that time a confederacy of only Five Nations; they became Six afterwards when they were joined by the Tuscaroras. 18 Meaning, that the Five Nations would assist the white people in getting the country of their enemies, the Delawares, &c., to themselves. 19 Loskiel, Part I., ch. 10. 20 [The Indian converts attached to the Moravian Mission, whom Mr. Heckewelder invariably designates “Christian Indians” throughout his history. The Moravian Indians at this date were settled with their missionaries in three towns on the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum (now the Tuscarawas River), all within the limits of the present Tuscarawas County, Ohio.] 21 Loskiel, Part III., ch. 9. 22 The proper name is WtÁwas, the W is whistled. 23 [In the summer of 1794, Gen. Wayne moved an army into the Ohio country, and on the 20th of August defeated the confederated Indians near the rapids of the Maumee, or Miami of the Lake. The result of this campaign was a treaty of peace, which was ratified at Greenville, the present county seat of Darke County, Ohio, in August of 1795, between the United States Government, represented by Wayne, and the Shawanese, Delawares, Wyandots, Ottawas, Potawattomies, Miamis and smaller tribes, at which treaty about two-thirds of the present state of Ohio was ceded to the United States.] 24 [The missionary David Zeisberger, in a collection of Delaware vocables incorporated in “An Essay of a Delaware and English Spelling Book for the use of the Schools of the Christian Indians on the Muskingum River,” printed at Philadelphia, by Henry Miller, in 1776, defines Lennilenape, “Indians of the same nation.”] 25 Colden. 26 La Hontan. 27 The Dutch called them Mahikanders; the French Mourigans, and Mahingans; the English, Mohiccons, Mohuccans, Mohegans, Muhheekanew, Schatikooks, River Indians. 28 “Night’s encampment” is a halt of one year at a place. 29 The Mississippi, or River of Fish; NamÆs, a Fish; Sipu, a River. 30 The Iroquois, or Five Nations. 31 [Col. John Gibson, to whom Mr. Heckewelder frequently alludes, was born at Lancaster, Pa., in 1740. At the age of eighteen, he made his first campaign under Gen. Forbes, in the expedition which resulted in the acquisition of Fort Du Quesne from the French. At the peace of 1763 he settled at that post (Fort Pitt) as a trader. Some time after this, on the resumption of hostilities with the savages, he was captured by some Indians, among whom he lived several years, and thus became familiar with their language, manners, customs, and traditions. In the expedition against the Shawanese under Lord Dunmore, the last royal governor of Virginia, in 1774, Gibson played a conspicuous part. On the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, he was appointed to the command of one of the Continental regiments raised in Virginia, and served with the army at New York and in the retreat through New Jersey. He was next employed in the Western department, serving under Gen. McIntosh in 1778, and under Gen. Irvine in 1782. At one time he was in command at Pittsburgh. In 1800 Col. Gibson was appointed Secretary and acting Governor of the territory of Indiana, a position which he filled for a second time between 1811 and 1813. Subsequently he was Associate Judge of Allegheny County, Pa. He died near Pittsburgh in 1822. He was an uncle of the late John B. Gibson, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania between 1827 and 1851.] 32 Loskiel’s History of the Mission of the United Brethren, Part I., ch. I. 33 [In 1789 Mr. Heckewelder, accompanied by Abraham Steiner, (subsequently a missionary to the Cherokees of Georgia,) visited the mission at New Salem, on the Petquotting, (now the Huron,) in Erie County, Ohio, on business relating to the survey of a tract of land on the Tuscarawas, which Congress had conveyed to the Moravians in trust for their Indians. This was to indemnify them for losses incurred at their settlements during the border-war of the Revolution.] 34 The Glades, that is to say that they crossed the mountains. 35 Meaning the river Susquehannah, which they call “the great Bay River,” from where the west branch falls into the main stream. 36 The word “Hittuck,” in the language of the Delawares, means a rapid stream; “Sipo,” or “Sipu,” is the proper name for a river. 37 [The Indians of this town proved troublesome neighbors to a small company of Moravians, who, in the spring of 1740, were employed by Whitefield to erect a large dwelling near its site, which he designed for a school for negroes. The town lay near the centre of a tract of 5,000 acres (now Upper Nazareth township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania), which Whitefield bought of William Allen, which he named Nazareth, and which, in 1741, he conveyed to the Moravians. Captain John and his clan of Delawares vacated their plantation in the autumn of 1742, and in the following year, the Moravians commenced their first settlement, and named it Nazareth. Whitefield’s house is still standing.] 38 Loskiel, part I., ch. 10. 39 The Reverend C. PyrlÆus, a pupil of Conrad Weiser, of whom he learned the Mohawk language, and who was afterwards stationed on the Mohawk River, as a Missionary, has, in a manuscript book, written between the years 1742 and 1748, page 235, the following note which he received from a principal chief of that nation, viz.: “The Five Nations formerly did eat human flesh; they at one time ate up a whole body of the French King’s soldiers; they say, Eto niocht ochquari; which is: Human flesh tastes like bear’s meat. They also say, that the hands are not good eating, they are yozgarat, bitter.” Aged French Canadians have told me, many years since, while I was at Detroit, that they had frequently seen the Iroquois eat the flesh of those who had been slain in battle, and that this was the case in the war between the French and English, commonly called the war of 1756. At a treaty held at the Proprietors house in Philadelphia, July 5th, 1742, with the Six Nations, none of the Senecas attended; the reason of their absence being asked, it was given for answer, “that there was a famine in their country, and that a father had been obliged to kill two of his children, to preserve the lives of the remainder of the family.” See Colden’s History of the Five Nations, part II., page 52. See also the minutes of that treaty, printed at Philadelphia, by B. Franklin, in 1743, p. 7, in the Collection of Indian Treaties in the library of the American Philosophical Society. 40 Loskiel, part I., ch. 1. 41 The Rev. C. PyrlÆus, in his manuscript book, page 234, says: “The alliance or confederacy of the Five Nations was established, as near as can be conjectured, one age (or the length of a man’s life) before the white people (the Dutch) came into the country. Thannawage was the name of the aged Indian, a Mohawk, who first proposed such an alliance.” He then gives the names of the chiefs of the Five Nations, which at that time met and formed the alliance, viz.: “Toganawita, of the Mohawks; OtatschÉchta, of the Oneidas; Tatotarho, of the Onondagos; TogahÁyon, of the Cayugas; GaniatariÒ and SatagarÙyes, from two towns of the Senecas, &c.,” and concludes with saying: “All these names are forever to be kept in remembrance, by naming a person in each nation after them,” &c., &c. 42 Loskiel, part I., ch. 10. 43 Loskiel, part I., ch. 10. 44 Ibid. 45 [The following is the passage from Loskiel, which that historian copied from David Zeisberger’s “Collection of Notes on the Indians,” compiled by the missionary during his residence in the valley of the Tuscarawas, about 1778. “According to the account of the Delawares, they were always too powerful for the Iroquois, so that the latter were at length convinced that if they continued the war, their total extirpation would be inevitable. They therefore sent the following message to the Delawares: ‘It is not profitable that all the nations should be at war with each other, for this will at length be the ruin of the whole Indian race. We have therefore considered a remedy by which this evil may be prevented. One nation shall be the woman. We will place her in the midst, and the other nations who make war shall be the man, and live around the woman. No one shall touch or hurt the woman, and if any one does it, we will immediately say to him, “Why do you beat the woman?” Then all the men shall fall upon him who has beaten her. The woman shall not go to war, but endeavor to keep peace with all. Therefore, if the men that surround her beat each other, and the war be carried on with violence, the woman shall have the right of addressing them, “Ye men, what are ye about? why do you beat each other? We are almost afraid. Consider that your wives and children must perish, unless you desist. Do you mean to destroy yourselves from the face of the earth?” The men shall then hear and obey the woman.’ The Delawares add, that, not immediately perceiving the intention of the Iroquois, they submitted to be the woman. The Iroquois then appointed a great feast, and invited the Delaware nation to it; when, in consequence of the authority given them, they made a solemn speech containing three capital points. The first was, that they declared the Delaware nation to be the woman in the following words: 'We dress you in a woman’s long habit, reafilled ching down to your feet, and adorn you with ear-rings;’ meaning that they should no more take up arms. The second point was thus expressed: ‘We hang a calabash with oil and medicine upon your arm. With the oil you shall cleanse the ears of the other nations, that they may attend to good and not to bad words, and with the medicine you shall heal those who are walking in foolish ways, that they may return to their senses and incline their hearts to peace.’ The third point, by which the Delawares were exhorted to make agriculture their future employ and means of subsistence, was thus worded: 'We deliver into your hands a plant of Indian corn and a hoe.’ Each of these points was confirmed by delivering a belt of wampum, and these belts have been carefully laid up, and their meaning frequently repeated. “The Iroquois, on the contrary, assert that they conquered the Delawares, and that the latter were forced to adopt the defenceless state and appellation of a woman to avoid total ruin. “Whether these different accounts be true or false, certain it is that the Delaware nation has ever since been looked to for preservation of peace, and entrusted with the charge of the great belt of peace and chain of friendship, which they must take care to preserve inviolate. According to the figurative explanation of the Indians, the middle of the chain of friendship is placed upon the shoulder of the Delaware, the rest of the Indian nations holding one end and the Europeans the other.”] 46 [The Life and Times of David Zeisberger, the Western Pioneer and Apostle to the Indians, by Edmund de Schweinitz, Phila., 1870, reviews the Moravian mission among the North American Indians from its beginnings to recent times, besides very fully portraying the career of the veteran missionary, who spent upwards of sixty years of his life as an evangelist to the Indians, thirty-six of which were passed within the limits of the present State of Ohio. He died on the 17th of November, 1808, at Goshen, on the Tuscarawas, in the 88th year of his age. Zeisberger, in the course of his long life in the Indian country, mastered the Delaware and the Onondaga of the Iroquois, into the former of which he made translations of a number of devotional books, while he studied both critically, as his literary efforts in that direction, partly published and partly in MS., amply testify.] 47 Mr. Proud, in his History of Pennsylvania, relates that, some time after the establishment of William Penn’s government, the Indians used to supply the family of one John Chapman, whose descendants still reside in Bucks County, with all kinds of provisions, and mentions an affecting instance of their kindness to that family. Abraham and John Chapman, twin children about nine or ten years old, going out one evening to seek their cattle, met an Indian in the woods, who told them to go back, else they would be lost. They took his advice and went back, but it was night before they got home, where they found the Indian, who had repaired thither out of anxiety for them. And their parents, about that time, going to the yearly meeting at Philadelphia, and leaving a young family at home, the Indians came every day to see whether anything was amiss among them. Such (says Proud) in many instances was the kind treatment of the Aborigines of this country to the English in their first and early settlement. Proud’s Hist., Vol. I., pp. 223, 224. 48 [For “Easton in Pennsylvania,” read Philadelphia. Easton, the county-seat of Northampton County, was laid out in the spring of 1752.] 49 For “1742,” read “and November, 1756.” [The latter was held at Easton.] 50 [The so-called French and Indian war, the fourth and last of the inter-colonial wars, which originated in disputes between the French and English concerning territorial claims, and which, after a seven years’ contest, resulted in establishing the supremacy of the latter over the civilized portions of North America.] 51 [The Conestogas remained on their ancestral seats, near the mouth of the Conestoga, in Manor township, Lancaster County, Penna., long after the other Indians on the Susquehanna had been crowded by the advance of civilization beyond Shamokin. Here the remnant of this tribe was fallen upon by Scotch-Irish partizans of Paxton township (now within the limits of Dauphin County) in December of 1763, all that were at the settlement killed, and their cabins burnt to the ground. Ten days later, the remainder of this inoffensive people, who had been lodged in the jail at Lancaster, were inhumanly butchered by the same band of lawless frontiersmen. In Heckewelder’s “Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians,” there is a statement by an eye-witness, touching the last scene in this bloody tragedy.] 52 [White Eyes, alias Koquethagachton, a celebrated captain and counsellor of the Delawares of the Ohio country, was first met by Heckewelder at his home, near the mouth of the Beaver (above Pittsburg), when the latter was on his way to the Tuscarawas, in the spring of 1762. When Zeisberger entered the valley of that river, in 1772, and built SchÖnbrunn, the chieftain was residing six miles below Gekelemukpechunk, the then capital of his nation, in the present Oxford township, Coshocton County. In Dunmore’s war, as well as in the war of the Revolution, White Eyes strove strenuously to keep the Delawares neutral. Failing in this in the latter contest, and seeing himself necessitated to take sides, he declared for the Americans, joined Gen. McIntosh’s command, but died at Fort Laurens, on the Tuscarawas, in November of 1778, before the projected expedition, which was aimed at the Sandusky towns, moved. White Eyes was a warm friend of the Moravian mission, and was deeply interested in the progress of his people in the arts of civilized life.] 53 Indian chiefs, in their public speeches, always speak on behalf of their nation in the singular number and in the first person, considering themselves, in a manner, as its representatives. 54 [In August of 1779, Col. Daniel Brodhead, then commandant of Fort Pitt, moved with some troops up the Allegheny, and in the forks of that river destroyed several settlements, inhabited by Monsey and Seneca Indians. “The Delawares,” he writes in his report to the War Department, “are ready to follow me wherever I go.”] 55 Loskiel, part II., ch. 8. 56 Henry Hudson, a British navigator and discoverer in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, sailed from Amsterdam in command of the Half Moon, in April of 1609, in search of a north-eastern passage. Foiled by the ice in the higher latitudes, he turned southwards, and in September anchored in New York bay. 57 Dele “in which.” 58 Hackhack is properly a gourd; but since they have seen glass bottles and decanters, they call them by the same name. 59 These Dutchmen were probably acquainted with what is related of Queen Dido in ancient history, and thus turned their classical knowledge to a good account. 60 The Hollanders. 61 Manhattan, or New York Island. 62 For “Delawares” read “Mohicans.” 63 An Indian corruption of the word English, whence probably the nickname Yankees. 64 This word means “a cluster of islands with channels every way, so that it is in no place shut up or impassable for craft.” The Indians think that the white people have corrupted this word into Massachusetts. It deserves to be remarked as an example of the comprehensiveness of the Indian languages. 65 The Delaware river. I have said above, p. 51, that Hittuck means a rapid stream. I should have added that it means so only when placed at the end of another word, and used as a compound. Singly, it signifies a tree. 66 The Swedes and Dutch. 67 William Penn. 68 Land traders and speculators. 69 Easton, Northampton County, Pa. 70 This actually took place at a treaty held at Easton in July and November, 1756. 71 Council house here means “Connexion District.” 72 Pulling the council house down. Destroying, dispersing the community, preventing their further intercourse with each other, by settling between them on their land. 73 Putting the fire out. Murdering them or their people, where they assemble for pacific purposes, where treaties are held, &c. 74 Our own blood. The blood flowing from the veins of some of our community. 75 Alluding to the murder of the Conestogo Indians, who, though of another tribe, yet had joined them in welcoming the white people to their shores. In a narrative of this lamentable event, supposed to have been written by the late Dr. Franklin, it is said: “On the first arrival of the English in Pennsylvania, messengers from this tribe came to welcome them with presents of venison, corn, and skins, and the whole tribe entered into a treaty of friendship with the first proprietor, William Penn, which was to last as long as the sun should shine, or the waters run in the rivers.” 76 The fire was entirely extinguished by the blood of the murdered running into it; not a spark was left to kindle a new fire. This alludes to the last fire that was kindled by the Pennsylvania government and themselves at Lancaster, where the last treaty was held with them in 1762, the year preceding this murder, which put an end to all business of the kind in the province of Pennsylvania. 77 The great Swamp. The Glades on the Allegheny mountains. 78 Delamattenos. The Hurons or Wyandots, whom they call their uncle. These, though speaking a dialect of the Iroquois language, are in connexion with the Lenape. 79 For “1787” read “1781.” 80 [These were the words of a war-chief of the Delawares, Pachgantschihilas by name, in the course of an address to the Moravian Indians at GnadenhÜtten, in which he sought to persuade them to remove from their exposed position on the Tuscarawas to a place of safety among the Wyandots of the Maumee.] 81 For “us” read “them.” 82 [The massacre of Moravian Indians at GnadenhÜtten was perpetrated on the 8th of March, 1782, by militia led by Col. David Williamson, of Washington County, Pa. The details of this atrocious affair are very minutely given by De Schweinitz in The Life and Times of David Zeisberger. While such of the borderers as had suffered from Indian forays sought to extenuate the deplorable transaction, it was at the same time made the subject of an investigation at the head-quarters of the department. With what result, however, is inferable from the following extract from a letter written by Gen. Irvine to His Excellency William Moore, President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, and dated Fort Pitt, May 9, 1782:—“Since my letter of the 3d inst. to your excellency, Mr. Pentecost and Mr. Cannon have been with me. They, and every intelligent person whom I have consulted with on the subject, are of opinion that it will be almost impossible ever to obtain a just account of the conduct of the militia at Muskingum. No man can give any account, except some of the party themselves; if, therefore, an inquiry should appear serious, they are not obliged, nor will they give evidence. For this and other reasons, I am of opinion farther inquiry into the matter will not only be fruitless, but in the end may be attended with dangerous consequences. A volunteer expedition is talked of against Sandusky, which, if well conducted, may be of great service to this country, if they behave well on this occasion. It may also in some measure atone for the barbarity they are charged with at Muskingum. They have consulted me, and shall have every countenance in my power, if their numbers, arrangements, &c., promise a prospect of success.” MS. in the Irvine Collection.] [The following is a letter from Col. John Gibson, to the Right Rev. Nathaniel Seidel, senior Bishop of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, dated Fort Pitt, May 9, 1782. “Sir:—Your letter by Mr. Shebosh of the 11th ult., came safe to hand. I am happy to find that the few small services I rendered to the gentlemen of your society in this quarter, meet with the approbation of you and every other worthy character. “Mr. Shebosh will be able to give you a particular account of the late horrid massacre perpetrated at the towns on Muskingum, by a set of men the most savage miscreants that ever degraded human nature. Had I have known of their intention before it was too late, I should have prevented it by informing the poor sufferers of it. “I am in hopes in a few days to be able to send you a more particular account than any that has yet transpired, as I hope to obtain the deposition of a person who was an eye-witness of the whole transaction, and disapproved of it. Should any accounts come to hand from Mr. Zeisberger, or the other gentlemen of your society, you may depend on my transmitting them to you. Please present my compliments to Mr. William Henry, Jr., &c. 83 [For a full account of this exodus, the reader is referred to a paper entitled “Wyalusing and the Moravian Mission at FriedenshÜtten,” by W. C. Reichel, in Part 5 (1871) of the Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society.] 84 For “Mouseys” read “Monseys.” 85 For “1768, about six,” read “1772, a few.” 86 Loskiel, part III., ch. 12. 87 [Pilgerruh on the Cuyahoga, within the limits of what is now Independence township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, was the seat of the mission during the time of the dispersion in the interval between May of 1786, and April of 1787.] 88 General John Gibson thinks that Sawano is their proper name; they are so called by the other Indian nations, from their being a southern people. Shawaneu, in the Lenape language, means the south; Shawanachau,89 the south wind, &c. We commonly call them the Shawanese. 89 For “Shawanachau” read “Shawanachan.” 90 The Shawanos call the Mohicans their elder brother. 91 Loskiel, part II., ch. 10. 92 While these people lived at Wyoming and in its vicinity, they were frequently visited by missionaries of the Society of the United Brethren, who, knowing them to be the most depraved and ferocious tribe of all the Indian nations they had heard of, sought to establish a friendship with them, so as not to be interrupted in their journies from one Indian Mission to another. Count Zinzendorf being at that time in the country, went in 1742 with some other missionaries to visit them at Wyoming, stayed with them 20 days, and endeavoured to impress the gospel truths upon their minds; but these hardened people, suspecting his views, and believing that he wanted to purchase their land, on which it was reported there were mines of silver, conspired to murder him, and would have effected their purpose, but that Conrad Weiser, the Indian interpreter, arrived fortunately in time to prevent it. (Loskiel, part II., ch. 1.) Notwithstanding this, the Brethren frequently visited them, and Shehellemus, a chief of great influence, having become their friend (Loskiel, ibid., ch. 8), they could now travel with greater safety. He died at Shamokin in 1749; the Brethren were, however, fortunate enough to obtain the friendship of Paxnos or Paxsinos, another chief of the Shawanos, who gave them full proof of it by sending his sons to escort one of them to Bethlehem from Shamokin, where he was in the most perilous situation, the war having just broke out. (Loskiel, ibid., ch. 12.) 93 Loskiel, part I., ch. 10. 94 [After the peace of 1763 there was comparative quiet on the Western frontiers, until the inauguration of the “Dunmore War,” in the spring of 1774—a contest which the last royal governor of Virginia is said to have excited, in order to divert the attention of the colonists from the oppressive acts of England towards them. The initial military movement in this war was Col. Angus McDonald’s expedition against the Shawanese town of Waketameki, just below the mouth of the Waketameki Creek, within the limits of the present county of Muskingum, Ohio. The battle fought on the 10th of October, 1774, at the junction of the Great Kanawha and the Ohio, between the garrison of Point Pleasant, under General Andrew Lewis, and the flower of the Shawanese, Delawares, Mingoes, and Wyandots, led by the Cornstalk, the Shawano king, in which the confederate Indians were routed, was speedily followed by a peace.] 95 See, in Loskiel’s History, part II., ch. 10, his account of the visit of this chief to the Christian Indian Congregation at Bethlehem. 96 For “Shawanos” read “Nanticokes.” 97 [In 1726, John Harris, a Yorkshireman, settled at the mouth of the Paxton Creek, traded largely with the neighboring Indians, cleared a farm, and kept a ferry. John Harris, Jr., his son, born on the Paxton in the above-mentioned year, inherited from his father 700 acres of land, on a part of which Harrisburg was laid out in 1785.] 98 Zeningi, according to Loskiel. 99 For “Schschequon” read “Shechschequon.” 100 [For “Christian” read “Christopher.”] 101 Loskiel, part I., ch. 9. 102 For “TawachguÁno” read “TayachguÁno.” 103 [Now the Clinton, on whose banks New GnadenhÜtten was built by David Zeisberger in the summer of 1782.] 104 [The first mission established by the Moravians among the northern tribes of Indians, was among a clan of Mohegans, in the town of Pine Plains, Dutchess County, New York, where Christian Henry Rauch, of Bethlehem, began his labors as an evangelist in July of 1740.] 105 Collections Massach. Histor. Soc., vol. I., p. 195; vol. IV., p. 67; vol. IX., p. 92. 106 Collections Massach. Histor. Soc., vol. IX., p. 76. 107 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc., vol. IX., p. 77. Trumbull’s History of Connecticut, vol. I., p. 28. 108 The Atlantic Ocean. 109 P. 235.—This MS. is in the library of the Society of the United Brethren at Bethlehem. 110 Loskiel, part II., ch. 9. 111 Mr. Zeisberger wrote a complete dictionary of the Iroquois language, in three quarto volumes, the first of which, from A to the middle of H, is unfortunately lost. The remainder, which is preserved, contains upwards of 800 pages, which shews that, at least, the Indian languages are not so poor as is generally imagined. It is German and Indian, beginning with the German.112] 112 [This work, entitled “Deutch und Onondagaishes WÖrterbuch,” i. e., Lexicon of the German and Onondaga Languages, complete in 7 vols., MS., is deposited in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, at Philadelphia. Also a complete grammar of the Onondaga by the same author.] 113 This word should be pronounced according to the powers of the German Alphabet. 114 Being, or Spirit. 115 An old Indian told me about fifty years ago, that when he was young, he still followed the custom of his father and ancestors, in climbing upon a high mountain or pinnacle, to thank the Great Spirit for all the benefits before bestowed, and to pray for a continuance of his favour; that they were sure their prayers were heard, and acceptable to the Great Spirit, although he did not himself appear to them. 116 When, between the years 1760 and 1768, the noted war-chief Pontiac had concerted a plan of surprising and cutting off the garrison and town of Detroit, while in the act of delivering an impressive peace oration, to the then commandant Major Gladwyn, the turning of the belt was to have been the signal of the attack by his forces, who all had their guns, which previously had been cut off to large pistol length, hidden under their blankets. So I have been informed by some of the most respectable inhabitants of Detroit, and by the Indians themselves. 117 For “once” read “sometimes.” 118 For “should” read “deserved to.” 119 For “to” read “out at.” 120 Dele “outside of the door and.” 121 Grammatica Groenlandico-Danico-Latina, edita À P. Egede, HafniÆ, 1760, 8vo. Dictionarium Groenlandico-Danico-Latinum, adornatum À P. Egede, HafniÆ, 1750, 8vo. 122 For “Thornhallesen” read “Thorhallesen.” 123 [The Moravians have been conducting a successful mission in Greenland since 1733. In 1761, David Crantz, one of their clergymen, sailed for that distant country to collect material for a history, touching its physical aspect and resources, the manners and customs of the native tribes. Crantz’s work was published at Barby, Saxony, in 1765, under the title of “Historie von GrÖnland, enthaltend die Beschreibung des Landes und der Einwohner insbeomdere, die Geschichte der dortigen Mission der evangelischen BrÜder zu Neu-Herrnhut und Lichtenfels.” An English Translation appeared in London, in 1766.] 124 The Hurons, a great while, perhaps centuries ago, became disunited from the Iroquois; many wars took place between them, and the former withdrew at last to remote places, where they settled, and were discovered by French Missionaries and traders: of this last I was repeatedly assured during my residence at Detroit, between 1781 and 1786. 125 Carver says that there are in North America, four different languages, the Iroquois to the east, the Chippeway or Algonkin to the northwest, the Naudowessie to the west, and the Cherokee, &c. to the south. Travels, ch. 17, Capt. Carver, though he appears to have been in general an accurate observer, resided too short a time among the Indians to have a correct knowledge of their languages. [Mr. Heckewelder quotes here and elsewhere from “Three Years’ Travels through the Interior Parts of North America for more than Five Thousand Miles, &c.,” by Capt. Jonathan Carver of the Provincial Troops in America, Phila., 1796. Those tribes of the Naudowessies among whom Carver resided for five months, dwelt about the River St. Pierre, 200 miles above its junction with the Mississippi. This was the extreme westerly point reached by the adventurous traveller. The entire nation of the Naudowessies, according to Carver, mustered upwards of 2000 fighting men.] 126 Le grand Voyage du pays des Hurons, par Samuel Sagard, Paris, 1632. To which is added, a Dictionary of the Huron language, with a preface. 127 Philos. Trans. Abr., vol. lxiii., p. 142. 128 Hist. of the Five Nations, p. 14. 129 Barton’s New Views, Ed. 1798. Prelim. Disc., p. 32. 130 The late Dr. Barton, in the work above quoted, append., p. 3,132 seems to doubt this fact, and relies on a series of numerals which I once communicated to him, and was found among the papers of the late Rev. Mr. PyrlÆus. But it is by no means certain that those numerals were taken from the language of the Nanticokes, and the vocabularies above mentioned leave no doubt as to the origin of that dialect. 131 Letter v. 132 For “page 3” read “page 5.” 133 Letter xxv. 134 He says that it is not copious, and is only adapted to the necessities and conveniences of life. These are the ideas which strangers and philosophers, reasoning À priori, entertain of Indian languages; but those who are well acquainted with them think very differently. And yet the Baron says that the Algonquin is “the finest and the most universal language on the Continent.” 135 Letter xi., p. 276. 136 It should be properly Tortoise; but this word seems in a fair way to be entirely superseded by Turtle, as well in England as in this country. 137 ChippewÄisch-Delawarischer, oder Algonkisch-Moheganischer, Stamm. Mithrid., part III., vol. iii., p. 337. 138 Vater in Mithrid., part III., vol. 3, p. 283, quotes De Laet, Novus Orbis, pp. 98, 103, Du Pratz, vol. 2, pp. 208, 9, Rochefort, Histoire Natur. des Antilles, pp. 351, 394, and Hervas, Catologo delle Lingue, p. 90; none of which works I have it in my power to consult. 139 Mithrid., ibid. 140 Loskiel, part I., ch. 1. 141 Duvallon, Vue de la Colonie Espagnole du Mississippi, quoted by Vater, in Mithrid., ibid., p. 297. 142 The Bibliotheca Americana records 45 grammars and 25 dictionaries of the languages spoken in Mexico only, and 85 works of different authors on religious and moral subjects written or translated into some of those languages. 143 For “or” read “nor.” 144 For “met” read “saw.” 145 For “days” read “hours.” 146 Loskiel, part III., ch. 9. 147 For “December” read “November.” 148 [Pipe, a leader of the Wolf tribe of the Monseys, was residing in the Ohio country at the time of Bouquet’s expedition against the Delawares and Shawanon of the Muskingum and Scioto, in 1764. When the Moravians entered the valley of the former river, he was at home on the Walhonding, about 15 miles above the present Coshocton. In the border wars of the Revolution, he at first declared against the Americans, withdrawing with the disaffected Delawares to the Tymochtee creek, a branch of the Sandusky, within the limits of the present Crawford County. While here, he was a serviceable tool in the hands of the British at Detroit. To the Moravian mission among his countrymen he was for many years unjustifiedly hostile. Eventually, however, he regarded the work apparently with favor. It was the Pipe who doomed Col. William Crawford to torture, after the failure of the latter’s expedition against Sandusky in the summer of 1782. After the treaty of Fort Harmar in January of 1789, Pipe threw all his influence on the side of those of his people who now resolved at all hazards to uphold peace with the United States. He died a few days before the defeat of the confederated Indians by Wayne, near the rapids of the Maumee.] 149 See Loskiel, part III., ch. 9, p. 704, German text, and p. 165, Eng. Trans. 150 It will be understood that he speaks here throughout for himself and his nation or tribe, though always in the first person of the singular, according to the Indian mode. 151 Meaning his nation, and speaking, as usual, in the first person. 152 Meaning women and children. 153 Prisoners. 154 To make his language agree with the expression live flesh. 155 For “with” read “of.” 156 According to the powers of the English alphabet, it should be written Koo-ek-wen-aw-koo. 157 Rogers’s Key into the Language of the Indians of New England, ch. vi. 158 For “they” read “the Chippeways and some other nations.” 159 [In Green township, in what is now Ashland County.] 160 For “your” read “yon.” 161 After the word “nation” insert “which they do not approve of.” 162 [Alexander McKee, Matthew Elliott, and Simon Girty,—the first some time a British agent among the Indians, the second with a captain’s commission from the commandant at Detroit, the third as brutal, depraved, and wicked a wretch as ever lived,—deserted with a squad of soldiers from Fort Pitt, in March of 1778. This trio of renegade desperadoes, henceforth, in the capacity of emissaries of the British at Detroit (with their savage allies), wrought untold misery on the frontiers, even till the peace of 1795.] 163 For “they sure” read “they are sure.” 164 For “reply” read “answer.” 165 The pronouns in the Indian language have no feminine gender. 166 For “decide” read “say.” 167 For “man” read “men.” 168 Between “is” and “even” insert “sometimes.” 169 For “an old Indian” read “several old men.” 170 [The fort, built by Franklin in the early winter of 1756, stood on the site of Weissport, on the left bank of the Lehigh, in Carbon County, Penna. The well of the fort alone remains to mark its site.] 171 For “road” read “course.” 172 [The road from Easton, via Ross Common and the Pocono, to Wilkes-BarrÉ, formerly called the Wilkes-BarrÉ turnpike.] 173 [Mr. Heckewelder had been despatched by the Mission Board at Bethlehem to Fairfield, on the Retrenche, (Thames,) in Upper Canada, where the Moravian Indians settled in 1792, to advise with them and their teachers, concerning a return to the valley of the Tuscarawas, in which the survey of a grant of 12,000 acres of land, made by Congress, had recently been completed. Pursuant to his instructions, he proceeded from Fairfield to the Tuscarawas, to make the necessary preparations for a colony that was to follow in the ensuing autumn, and re-founded GnadenhÜtten. The village of Goshen, seven miles higher up the river, was built in October, on the arrival of David Zeisberger and the expected colony from the Retrenche.] 174 [The Wyandot village of Upper Sandusky was three miles in a south-easterly direction from the site of the present town of Upper Sandusky, the county-seat of Wyandot County, Ohio. Lower Sandusky, a trading-post and Wyandot town, was situated at the head of navigation on the Sandusky. Fremont, the county-seat of Sandusky County, marks its site. Here the Moravian missionaries and their families were most hospitably entertained by Arundel and Robbins for upwards of three weeks, while awaiting the arrival of boats from Detroit, on which they were to be taken as prisoners of war to that post. It was through British influence that the Mission on the Muskingum had been overthrown in the early autumn of 1781, and that its seat was transferred to the Sandusky. Fort McIntosh stood on the present town of Beaver, Beaver County, Pennsylvania. It was erected in October of 1778 by General McIntosh, then in command of the Western Department.] 175 For “where” read “whence.” 176 [On the 18th October, 1755, a party of Indians fell upon the settlers on the Big Mahanoy, (now Penn’s Creek, in Union County, Penna.,) killed and carried off twenty-five persons, and burned and destroyed all the buildings and improvements.—Colonial Records, vol. 6, p. 766.] 177 For “Duke Holland” read “Luke Holland;” the same where the name again occurs. 178 Indian stockings. 179 [The three Commissioners set out from Fort Washington (Cincinnati) for the Indian country in June of 1792, but never returned. Despite the failure of this mission, General Rufus Putnam was without delay despatched on a similar errand, and at Post Vincennes, on the Wabash, in September of the above mentioned year, concluded a treaty of peace with a number of the Western tribes. Mr. Heckewelder was associated by the War Department with Putnam in this perilous undertaking.] 180 [Cornstalk, the well-known Shawano king, while held by the Americans in the fort at Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Kanhawa, was murdered by some soldiers of the garrison, in revenge for the loss of one of their companions, who had met his death while hunting, at the hands of a British Indian.] 181 The Bible. 182 The Indians gave this name to General Wayne, because they say that he had all the cunning of this animal, who is superior to all other snakes in the manner of procuring his food. He hides himself in the grass with his head only above it, watching all around to see where the birds are building their nests, that he may know where to find the young ones when they are hatched. 183 This is not applicable to the Iroquois of the present time. 184 [A Monsey of Wyalusing, at whose persuasion the Moravian Indians settled on that stream in 1765, who became one of their number, following them to the Big Beaver and the Tuscarawas, where he died in May of 1775. Papunhank’s name occurs frequently in the annals of Provincial history between 1762 and 1765.] 185 [The Chinglacamoose, now the Moose, empties into the Susquehannah in Clearfield County, Penna.] 186 Dele again. 187 Bethlehem. 188 [“The serenity of Michael’s countenance,” writes Loskiel, “when he was laid in his coffin, contrasted strangely with the figures scarified upon his face when a warrior. These were as follows: upon the right cheek and temple, a large snake; from the under lip a pole passed over the nose, and between the eyes and the top of the forehead, ornamented at every quarter of an inch with round marks, representing scalps; upon the upper cheek, two lances crossing each other; and upon the lower jaw, the head of a wild boar.”] 189 See Loskiel, part I., ch. 3. 190 See Loskiel, part I., ch. 11. 191 For “very often” read “sometimes.” 192 For “inches” read “feet.” 193 For “of” read “on.” 194 Podophyllum peltatum. 195 [Mr. Heckewelder was in this year residing at New GnadenhÜtten on the Huron (now the Clinton), Michigan, where the Moravian Missionaries ministered to their converts for upwards of three years, subsequent to their compulsory evacuation of the Tuscarawas valley.] 196 They call them Doctols; because the Indians cannot pronounce the letter R. The Minsi or Monseys call them “MedÉu,” which signifies “conjuror.” 197 [Gelelemend, i. e., a leader, (whose soubriquet among the whites was Kill-buck,) a grandson of the well-known Netawatwes, was sometime chief counsellor of the Turkey tribe of the Delaware nation, and after the death of Captain White Eyes, installed temporarily as principal chief. He was a strenuous advocate of peace among his people in the times of the Revolutionary war; and being a man of influence, drew upon himself, in consequence, the implacable animosity of those of his countrymen who took up arms against the Americans. Even after the general peace concluded between the United States and the Indians of the West in 1795, his life was on several occasions imperilled by his former opponents. Gelelemend united with the Moravian Indians, at Salem, on the Petquotting in the summer of 1788, where, in baptism, he was named William Henry, after Judge William Henry, of Lancaster. He died at Goshen, in the early winter of 1811, in the eightieth year of his age. He is said to have been born in 1737, in the neighborhood of the Lehigh Water Gap, Carbon County, Pa. William Henry Gelelemend was one of the last converts of distinction attached to the Moravian Mission among the Indians.] 198 [Goschachking, sometime the capital of the Delaware nation, stood on the Muskingum, immediately below the junction of the Tuscarawas and the Walhonding. On its site stands Coshocton. The town was destroyed by Gen. Brodhead in 1781.] 199 For “Americans” read “white men.” 200 The following extract from the Detroit Gazette, shews that this superstitious belief of the Indians in the powers of witchcraft, still continues in full force, even among those who live in the vicinity of the whites, and are in the habit of constant intercourse with them. From the Detroit Gazette of the 17th of August, 1818. On the evening of the 22d ult. an Indian of the Wyandot tribe was murdered by some of his relatives, near the mouth of the river Huron, on lake Erie. The circumstances, in brief, are as follows: “It appears that two Wyandots, residing at Malden, and relatives to the deceased, had been informed by Captain Johnny, an Indian living on the Huron river, and also a relative, that a Shawanee Indian had come to his death by the witchcraft of an old Indian woman and her son Mike, and that in order to avert the vengeance of the Shawanee tribe, it would be necessary to kill them—and furthermore, that the death of Walk-in-the-water, who died last June, was caused by the same old woman’s witchcraft. It was determined to kill the old woman and her son—and for that purpose they crossed over on the 22d ult. and succeeded in the course of the evening in killing the latter in his cabin. The old woman was not at home. The next day, while endeavouring to persuade her to accompany them into the woods, as they said, to drink whiskey, they were discovered by Dr. William Brown and Mr. Oliver Williams, who had received that morning intimations of their intentions, and owing to the exertions of these gentlemen, the old woman’s life was preserved and one of the Indians taken, who is now confined in the jail of this city—the others escaped by swiftness of foot. “On the examination of the Indian taken, it appeared that the old woman, shortly after the death of the Shawanee, had entered his cabin, and in a voice of exultation, called upon him, saying—’Shawanee man! where are you?—You that mocked me; you thought you would live forever—you are gone and I am here—come—Why do you not come?’ &c.—She is said to have made use of nearly the same words in the cabin of Walk-in-the-water, shortly after his death.” 201 War-hatchet: from which we have made tomahawk. 202 The Indians call the American continent an island; believing it to be (as in fact, probably, it is) entirely surrounded with water. 203 For “killed” read “eaten.” 204 Mr. PyrlÆus lived long among the Iroquois, and was well acquainted with their language. He was instructed in the Mohawk dialect by the celebrated interpreter Conrad Weiser. He has left behind him some manuscript grammatical works on that idiom, one of them is entitled: Affixa nominum et verborum LinguÆ MacquaicÆ, and another, Adjectiva, nomina et pronomina LinguÆ MacquaicÆ. These MSS. are in the library of the Society of the United Brethren at Bethlehem. 205 For “Pauksit” read “P’duk-sit.” 206 See page 101. 207 Probably alluding to a tradition which the Indians have of a very ferocious kind of bear, called the naked bear, which they say once existed, but was totally destroyed by their ancestors. The last was killed in the New York state, at a place they called Hoosink, which means the Basin, or more properly the Kettle. 208 The same whom Mr. de Volney speaks of in his excellent “View of the Soil and Climate of the United States.” Supplement, No. VI., page 356, Philadelphia Edition, 1804. 209 See ch. 29, p. 225. 210 See ch. 28, p. 221. 211 See ch. 2. 212 Dele “lands or.” 213 This word means liquor, and is also used in the sense of a medicinal draught, or other compound potion. 214 [Shingask, which signifies boggy or marshy ground overgrown with grass, a brother of Tamaqua, or King Beaver, ranked first among Indian warriors in the times of the so-called French and Indian war. The frontiers of Pennsylvania suffering severely from the forays of this Delaware and his braves, Governor Denny, in 1756, set a price of £200 upon his head or scalp. Mr. Heckewelder, in a “Collection of the Names of Chieftains and Eminent Men of the Delaware Nation” states that Shingask, although an implacable foe in battle, was never known to treat a prisoner with cruelty. “One day,” he goes on to say, “in the summer of 1762, while passing with him near by where two prisoners of his—boys of about twelve years of age—were amusing themselves with his own boys, as the chief observed that my attention was arrested by them, he asked me at what I was looking. Telling him in reply that I was looking at his prisoners, he said, ‘When I first took them, they were such; but now they and my children eat their food from the same bowl or dish;’ which was equivalent to saying that they were in all respects on an equal footing with his own children, or alike dear to him.”] 215 A kind of round buckle with a tongue, which the Indians fasten to their shirts. The traders call them broaches. They are placed in rows, at the distance of about the breadth of a finger one from the other. 216 The same whom I have spoken of above, page 184, No. 4. 217 For “Albany” read “Pittsburg.” 218 See ch. 15, p. 151. 219 The Indian name of Capt. White Eyes. 220 Page 188. 221 For “Sandusky” read “Muskingum.” 222 See above, pages 81, 184. 223 [Williamson did not lead the expedition against Sandusky, nor was it organized for the destruction of the Moravian Indians, then in the Sandusky country. It was led by Colonel William Crawford. Sanctioned by General Irvine, then in command of the Western Department, the undertaking was intended to be effectual in ending the troubles upon the western frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, by punishing the Wyandots, Shawanese, Delawares, and Mingoes, whose war-parties were wont to come from their settlements in Sandusky, to kill and devastate along the borders. See Butterfield’s Crawford’s Campaign against Sandusky, for full details touching the fitting out of this expedition, its disastrous termination, and the awful death by torture of its commanding officer. In a letter written by Washington to General Irvine, and dated Headquarters, 6th August, 1782, he expresses himself in the following words: “I lament the failure of the expedition, and am particularly affected with the disastrous fate of Colonel Crawford. No other than the extremest torture which could be inflicted by the savages, could, I think, have been expected by those who were unhappy enough to fall into their hands, especially under the present exasperation of their minds from the treatment given their Moravian friends. For this reason, no person should at this time suffer himself to fall alive into the hands of the Indians.”—MS. in the Irvine Collection.] 224 This name, according to the English orthography, should be written Winganoond or Wingaynoond, the second syllable accented and long, and the last syllable short. 225 The people were at that moment advancing, with shouts and yells, to torture and put him to death. 226 Ruth, i. 16. 227 Of the value of one dollar. 228 For “bought” read “brought.” 229 [A Monsey settlement near the mouth of the Tionesta, within the limits of the present Venango County. It was visited by Mr. Zeisberger for the first time in the autumn of 1767; in the following year it became the seat of a mission. In 1770, the Allegheny was exchanged by the missionary and his converts for the Beaver. Zeisberger’s labors at Goschgoschink furnished the subject for SchÜssele’s historical painting, “The Power of the Gospel.”] 230 See Nile’s Weekly Register, vol. i., p. 141, vol. v., p. 174, and vol. vi., p. 111. 231 This appears to be a mistake; Leather-lips, as has been stated above, was a chief of the Wyandots or Hurons, and is so styled in the treaty of Greenville, otherwise called Wayne’s Treaty, where he was one of the representatives of that nation. 232 The Indian name of this chief was Tar-he; he was also a Wyandot or Huron, and one of the signers of the Greenville treaty. How great must have been the power of Tecumseh, who trusted the execution of Leather-lips to a chief of the same nation! 233 [The earliest record of Tamanen is the affix of his mark to a deed, dated 23d day of the 4th month, 1683, by which he and Metamequan conveyed to old Proprietor Penn a tract of land, lying between the Pennypack and Neshaminy creeks, in Bucks County.—Pennsylvania Archives, vol. i., p. 64. Heckewelder gives the signification of the Delaware word “tamanen” as affable.] 234 [Tadeuskund was baptized at the GnadenhÜtten Mission, (Lehighton, Carbon County, Pa.,) by the Moravian Bishop Cammerhoff, of Bethlehem, in March of 1750. For additional notices of this prominent actor in the French and Indian war, extracted from manuscripts in the Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, the reader is referred to Memorials of the Moravian Church, vol. i., edited by W. C. Reichel, Philadelphia, 1870.] 235 [Moses Tatemy was a convert of, and sometime an interpreter for, David Brainerd, during that evangelist’s career among the Delawares of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, who were settled on both sides of their great river, between its forks and the Minisinks. A grant of upwards of 200 acres of land, lying on the east branch of Lehietan or Bushkill, within the limits of the present Northampton County, Pa., was confirmed to the chief about the year 1737, by the Proprietaries’ agents, for valuable services rendered. On this reservation, Tatemy was residing as late as 1753, and probably later. He was there a near neighbour of the Moravians at Nazareth. In the interval between 1756 and 1760, he participated in most of the numerous treaties and conferences between the Governors of the Province and his countrymen, frequently in the capacity of an interpreter. Subsequent to the last-mentioned year, his name ceases to appear on the Minutes of the Provincial Council. He probably died in 1761. Such being the facts in the case, Mr. Heckewelder is in error when he states that Tatemy lost his life at the hands of a white man prior to 1754. That a son of the old chieftain, Bill Tatemy by name, was mortally wounded in July of 1757, by a young man in the Ulster-Scot settlement, (within the limits of Allen township, Northampton County,) while straying from a body of Indians, who were on their way from Fort Allen to Easton, to a treaty, is on record in the official papers of that day. This unprovoked assault upon one of their countrymen, as was to be expected, incensed the disaffected Indians to such a degree, that Governor Denny was fain to assure them, at the opening of the treaty, that the offender should be speedily brought to justice; at the same time, he condoled with the afflicted father. Bill Tatemy died near Bethlehem, from the effects of the gun-shot wound, within five weeks. He had been sometime under John Brainerd’s teaching, at Cranberry, N. J., and was a professing Christian.] 236 See above page 67, and see the Errata with reference to that page. 237 Ch. 34, pp. 255, 256. 238 [These chiefs were representatives of the seven nations with whom Gen. Putnam concluded a treaty in September of the above-mentioned year, and were on their way to Philadelphia. Note.—The following is a copy of the letter written by the Secretary of War to Mr. Heckewelder, advising him of Putnam’s request that he might be associated with him in his mission to the western Indians: “Sir.—I have the honour to inform you that the United States have for some time past been making pacific overtures to the hostile Indians north-west of the Ohio. It is to be expected that these overtures will soon be brought to an issue under the direction of Brigadier-General Putnam, of Marietta, who is specially charged with this business. “He is now in this city, and will be in readiness to set out on Monday next, and being acquainted with you, he is extremely desirous that you should accompany him in the prosecution of this good work. “Being myself most cordially impressed with a respect for your character and love of the Indians, on the purest principles of justice and humanity, I have cheerfully acquiesced in the desire of Gen. Putnam. “I hope sincerely it may be convenient for you to accompany or follow him soon, in order to execute a business which is not unpromising, and which, if accomplished, will redound to the credit of the individuals who perform it. “As to pecuniary considerations, I shall arrange them satisfactorily with you. 239 [Col. Ebenezer Sproat was one of the colony which, under the auspices of the recently formed Ohio Company, and led by Gen. Putnam, emigrated to the Ohio country in the spring of 1788, and founded Marietta.] 240 Ch. 6, p. 104. 241 For “them” read “us.” 242 Sun-fish. 243 Vocabularium Barbaro-Virgineorum, bound with an Indian translation from the Swedish of Luther’s Catechism. Stockholm, 1696, duod. 244 Carver’s Travels, Introduction, p. 72. Boston Edit., 1797. 245 Carver was only 14 months in the Indian country, during which time he says he travelled near 4000 miles and visited twelve different nations of Indians. 246 For “Indians” read “traders.” 247 [They were sent to Goschschoking (Coshocton), the then capital of the Delaware nation, to condole with that people on the death of White Eyes.] 248 Ch. 7, p. 111. 249 See above, ch. 18, p. 172. 250 Dr. Boudinot was long a member, and once President, of the Continental Congress, and his talents were very useful to the cause which he had embraced. At a very advanced age, he now enjoys literary ease in a dignified retirement. 251 A Star in the West, or a humble attempt to discover the long lost ten tribes of Israel, preparatory to their return to their beloved city, Jerusalem. Trenton (New Jersey), 1816. 252 See page 140, and following. 253 Star in the West, p. 138. 254 This relation is authentic. I have received it from the mouth of the chief of the injured party, and his statement was confirmed by communications made at the time by two respectable magistrates of the county. 255 [This outrage was committed at the public house of John Stenton, which stood on the road leading from Bethlehem to Fort Allen, a short mile north of the present Howertown, Allen township, Northampton County. Stenton belonged to the Scotch-Irish, who settled in that region as early as 1728.] 256 [Nescopeck was an Indian settlement on the highway of Indian travel between Fort Allen and the Wyoming Valley.] 257 Justice Geiger’s letter to Justice Horsefield proves this fact 258 [These unprovoked barbarities were perpetrated by a squad of soldiers who, in command of Captain Jacob Wetterholt, of the Provincial service, were in quarters at the Lehigh Water Gap, Carbon County, Pa.] 259 [In this paragraph, Mr. Heckewelder briefly alludes to the last foray made by Indians into old Northampton County, south of the Blue Mountain. It occurred on the 8th of October, 1763. An account of the affair at Stenton’s, on the morning of that day, in which Stenton was shot dead, and Captain Jacob Wetterholt and several of his men seriously or mortally wounded, was published in Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, of October 18th, 1763. Leaving Stenton’s, after the loss of one of their number, the Indians crossed the Lehigh, and on their way to a store and tavern on the Copley creek, (where they also had been wronged by the whites,) they murdered several families residing within the limits of the present Whitehall township, Lehigh County. Laden with plunder, they then struck for the wilderness north of the Blue Mountain. Upwards of twenty settlers were killed or captured on that memorable day, and the buildings on several farms were laid in ashes.] 260 [The 5,000 acres at Nazareth, which Whitefield sold to the Moravians in 1741, were first held by LÆtitia Aubrey, to whom it had been granted by her father, William Penn, in 1682. The right of erecting this tract, or any portion thereof, into a manor, of holding court-baron thereon, and of holding views of frankpledge for the conservation of the peace, were special privileges accorded to the grantee by the grantor. It was one of few of the original grants similarly invested. The royalty, however, in all cases remained a dead letter.] 261 Alluding to what was at that time known by the name of the long day’s walk. 262 See above, p. 302. 263 The same of whom I have spoken above, p. 171. 264 See above, pp. 135, 136. 265 Above, p. 279. 266 Carver’s Travels, ch. 9, p. 196. Edit. above cited. 267 [Glikhican, one of the converts of distinction attached to the Moravian mission, was a man of note among his people, both in the council chamber and on the war-path. When the Moravians first met him he resided at Kaskaskunk, on the Beaver, and at Friedenstadt, on that river, he was baptized by David Zeisberger in December of 1770. Subsequently he became a “national assistant” in the work of the Gospel, lived consistently with his profession, and met his death at the hands of Williamson’s men at GnadenhÜtten in March of 1782.] 268 See above, p. 338. 269 Loskiel, p. 3, ch. 3. 270 [The valley of the Conecocheague, which stream drains Franklin County, Pennsylvania, was explored and settled about 1730 by Scotch-Irish pioneers, among whom were three brothers of the name of Chambers. The site of Chambersburg was built on by Joseph Chambers. The Conecocheague settlement suffered much from the Indians after Braddock’s defeat in 1755.] 271 Letter V. 272 For “Zeisberger” read “Heckewelder.” 273 These papers have been communicated. 274 For “from” read “for.” 275 For “schawanÁki” read “schwanameki.” 276 For “chwani” read “chwami.” 277 An Enquiry into the Question, whether America was peopled from the Old Continent? 278 The Chippeways have hardly any grammatical forms. 279 See Philos. Trans. abridged; vol. lxiii., 142. 280 Colden’s Hist. of the Five Nations. Octavo ed., 1747, p. 14. 281 One of them empties itself into the north side of Lake St. Clair, another at the west end of Lake Erie, and a third on the south side of the said lake, about twenty-five miles east of Sandusky river or bay. 282 For “K’lehelleya” read “K’lehellecheya.” 283 From the verb Pommauchsin. 284 In the original it is N’mizi; the German z being pronounced like tz, which mode of spelling has been adopted in this publication. 285 For “Wulatopnachgat” read “Wulaptonachgat.” 286 For “Wulatonamin” read “Wulatenamin.” 287 For “manner” read “matter.” 288 For “achpansi” read “achpanschi.” 289 Wenitschanit, the parent or owner of a child naturally begotten; wetallemansit, the owner of the beast. 290 [A Collection of Hymns, for the use of the Christian Indians of the Missions of the United Brethren, in North America. Philadelphia: Printed by Henry Sweitzer, at the corner of Race and Fourth Streets, 1803. A second edition of this work abridged, and edited by the Rev. Abraham Luckenbach, was published at Bethlehem in 1847.] 291 For “Indian corn” read “a particular species of Indian corn.” 292 All words ending in ican, hican, kschican, denote a sharp instrument for cutting. Pachkschican, a knife; pkuschican, a gimlet, an instrument which cuts into holes; tangamican, or tangandican, a spear, a sharp-pointed instrument; poyachkican, a gun, or an instrument that cuts with force. 293 For “Ktahoatell” read “Ktahoalell.” 294 For “gunich” read “gunih.” 295 Quin et emissurus Fucinum lacum, naumachiam ante commisit. Sed cum proclamantibus naumachiariis “Ave, Imperator! morituri te salutant,” respondisset “Avete vos!” neque post hanc vocem, quasi veni datÂ, quisquam dimicare vellet, diÙ cunctatus an omnes igni ferroque absumeret, tandem È sede sua prosiluit, ac per ambitum lacÛs, non sine foed vacillatione discurrens, partim minando, partim adhortando, ad pugnam compulit. Sueton. in Claud. 21. 296 Goethe, in Wilhelm Meister. 297 For “Eliwulek” read “Eluwilek.” 298 For “Allowilen” read “Allowilek.” 299 For the English translation of these two words substitute “the most extraordinary, the most wonderful.” 300 For “Eluwantowit” read “Eluwannitlowit.” 301 For “Elewassit” read “Elewussit.” 302 For “the supremely good” read “the most holy one.” 303 Bey vielen Amerikanischen Sprachen finden wir theils einen so kÜnstlichen und zusammengesetzten bau, und einem so grossen reichthum an grammatischen formen, wie ihn selbst bey dem verbum wenige sprachen der Welt haben: theils scheinen sie so arm an aller grammatischen ausbildung, wie die sprachen der rohesten VÖlker in Nord-Ost-Asia und in Afrika seyn mÖgen. Untersuchungen Über Amerikas bevÖlkerung, S. 152. 304 Among the Mbayas, a nation of Paraguay, it is said that young men and girls, before their marriage, speak a language differing in many respects from that of married men and women. Azara, c. 10. 305 For “schingieschin” read “schingiechin.” 306 The k which is prefixed to this and the following substantives, conveys the idea of the pronoun thy; it is a repetition (as it were) of the beginning of the phrase “for thine” &c., and enforces its meaning. Ksakimowagan, may be thus dissected: k, thy, sakima, king or chief, wagan, substantive termination, added to king, makes kingdom. 307 See Letters 8 and 10. 308 M. Raynouard, in his excellent Researches on the Origin and Formation of the corrupted Roman Language, spoken before the year 1000, has sufficiently proved that the French articles le, the Spanish el, and the Italian il, are derived from the Latin demonstrative pronoun ille, which began about the sixth century to be prefixed to the substantive. Thus they said: Illi Saxones, “the Saxons;” Illi negociatores de Longobardia, “THE Lombard merchants,” &c. So natural is the use of the pronominal form to give clearness and precision to language. Recherches, &c., p. 39. 309 For “Mamschalgussiwagan” read “Mamschalgussowagan.” 310 For “Mamintochimgussowagan” read “Mamintschimgussowagan.” 311 For “M’chonschicanes” read “M’chonschican.” Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original. |
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