class="indx">——, surveyed by the Russians, 200. Beaver (Castor fiber), its skin the standard of exchange with the Canadian Indians, 313. ——, former enormous trade in the fur of the, 317. —— of Newfoundland, 378. Beaver Indians, their hunting-grounds, 327. Bee, sand (Andrena), of Nova Zembla, 154. Beech, Antarctic (Fagus betuloides), 410. Beechey, Captain, his voyage to Bering’s Straits, 350. Beerenberg mountain, 146. Bering, Titus, never passed through the straits bearing his name, 197. ——, his second voyage, 201. ——, his second voyage of discovery, 248, 249. ——, his bad conduct, 250. ——, his death, 252. Bering Island, Bering and Steller on, 251. —— Sea, description of the, 268. ——, barren lands at, 22. ——, seals and walruses of, 63, 64. ——, its climate, 269. ——, character of the shores of the, 270. ——, animals of the, 271. Bering’s Straits, view of the Old and New worlds in the, 271. ——, Captain Beechey’s voyage to, 350. Belcher, Sir Edward, his search for Franklin, 359. Bellinghausen, his discovery of the islands Paul the First and Alexander, 401. Bellot, Lieut., his gallant search for Franklin, 359. ——, his death and monument, 362. Beluga, or white dolphin (Delphinus leucas), description of the, 61. ——, domain of the, 61. Beluga Bay, visit of Von Baer’s party to, 151. Bennet, Stephen, his visit to Bear Island, 143, 144. Berry-gathering in Nishne-Kolymsk, 238. Bilberries of the Arctic regions, 24. Billings, voyage of, on the coast of Siberia, 201. Birch, paper, value of the, in North America, 304. Birch-trees in the Arctic regions, 24. Birds, flights of wild, in summer months, in the Tundra, 19. ——, their migrations to and from high latitudes, 43, 44, 67. ——, the polar singing-bird, the snow-bunting, 43. ——, raptorial, of the Arctic regions, 43. ——, enormous numbers of, along the Arctic shores, 67. ——, Icelandic, 81. —— of the coast of Norway, 124. —— of Spitzbergen, 133, 134, 137. —— of Nova Zembla, ——, their privileges and duties in Nishne-Kolymsk, 236. Coureur des bois, the, of North America, 304. Cranberries of the Arctic regions, 24. Cree Indians, uses of the paper-birch-tree to the, 305. ——, range of the various tribes of, 319. ——, their conquests of the TinnÉ, but subsequent defeat, 319, 320. ——, their wars with the Blackfeet, 320, 321 ——, their character, 321. ——, their customs, habits, and dress, 321, 322, 323. ——, their wives and families, 323. ——, their cradles, 323. ——, their wigwams, or tents, 324. ——, their medicine-men and vapor-baths, 324. ——, their games and sports, 324, 325. ——, their wooden figures for worship, 325. ——, their malicious or capricious spirit, called Kepoochican, 325. ——, their notion of the Great Spirit and of the Deluge, 325. ——, their Tartarus and Elysium, 325. ——, prospects of Christianity amongst them, 326. Cross, the game of, of the Cree Indians, 325. Crowe, Mr., his copper mines at Alten, 128. Crozier, Captain, his last voyage, 356. ——, the last heard of him, 364. ——, his Antarctic voyages, 402. CruciferÆ, the, of the treeless zone, 20. Crustaceans, immense numbers of, on the coast of Greenland, 59. Cumberland Strait, Davis’s discovery of, 337, 338. Currents, magnificent system of, and their effects on the accumulation of ice, 56, 57. D. Dances of the Tchuktchi, 266. Darwin, Mr., his ascent of Mount Tarn, 411. Davis, John, his voyages to discover an Arctic passage to India, 337. ——, his visit to Labrador, 338. ——, his subsequent life, 338. Davis’s Straits, probable influence of the northerly winds on the depression of the temperature of, 27. ——, Sebastian Cabot’s discovery of, 335. Dead, reverence paid to the, by the SamoÏedes, 181. Dease, Peter Warren, his land Arctic expedition, 355. Death, black, its ravages in Iceland, 95. Deception Island, account of, 393. Deer, red (Cervus elaphus), its habitat and uses to man, 40. Deer of Vogelsang and Treurenberg Bay, 137. Deluge, Cree legend of the, 325. Demidoff, foundation of the family of, 219. ——, their enormous wealth, 37, 38. ——, its voracity, 38. ——, found in Taimurland, 227. ——, those of North America, 316. ——, value and uses of the fur of the, 316. Gnats, legions of, in the forests and swamps, 26. Goda-foss, the, an Icelandic cascade, 78. Gold diggings of Eastern Siberia, 208. ——, description of the gold-fields, 214. Gomez, his voyages of discovery, 335. Goose, bean (Anser segetum), of Nova Zembla, 155. Goose, Brent, its migrations to and from the north, 43. ——, its rapid flight, 43. Graah, Captain, his explorations of the coast of Greenland, 386. Graham Land, discovery of, 401. Grampus, or orc (Delphinus orca), description of the, 62. ——, his ferocity and mode of ploughing the seas, 62. —— of Nova Zembla, 155. —— of the Antarctic Ocean, 398. ——, conflict of one with a whale, 398. Grasses, tufted, of the Arctic regions, 20. —— of the treeless zone, 21. ——, paramount importance of the grasses in Iceland, 79. —— of Taimurland, 226. Greenland, vast ice-fields of, 27. ——, proofs of a former milder climate in, 29. ——, enormous dimensions of the glaciers of, 50. ——, the, whale, 60. ——, transparency of the water on the coast of, 59. ——, abundance of animal life in the seas of, 60. ——, walruses of the coasts of the north of, 64. ——, Kane’s sledge journey along the coast of, 367. ——, unknown extent of, 382. ——, ancient Scandinavian colonists of, 382. ——, the name of, given to it, 382. ——, introduction of Christianity in, 382. ——, decline and fall of the country, 383. ——, subsequent explorations of, 383. ——, Hans Egede, the pastor, his voyage to, 384. ——, foundation of Godthaab in, 384. ——, arrival of Herrenhuth missionaries in, 384. ——, explorations of the coast of, 385. ——, present Danish settlements of, 386. ——, scanty population of, 386. ——, mode of life of the people of, 386, 387, 389. ——, fisheries of, 388. ——, poorness of the land in, 388. ̵
="@public@vhost@g@html@files@61398@61398-h@61398-h-7.htm.html#Page_48" class="pginternal">48. Ice-grotto of Surts-hellir, ——, his explorations to the east of the Lena, 200. Larch, the, of Siberia, 24. ——, of the Hudson’s Bay Territory, 24. Lawrence, St., climate and vegetation of the island of, 271. Lava streams of Iceland, 69, 77. ——, streams of, thrown out by the great eruption of Skaptar JÖkul, 95–97. Laxaa, or Salmon river, abundance of fish caught in the, 87. Leif, the Norwegian jarl, his visit to Iceland, 90. ——, murdered by his Irish slaves, 91. Lemming, its habitat and food. 42. ——, exaggerations of Olaus Magnus and Pontoppidan respecting the, 42. ——, its enemies, and accidents to which it is liable, 42. ——of New Siberia, 27. ——of Nova Zembla, 154. Lena river, ascended by the Cossacks, 195. ——, importance of the, 17. ——, barren grounds near the, 22. ——, Wrangell’s journey down the, 233. Leprosy, or “likthra,” of Iceland, 110. Lichens, gray, of the “barren grounds,” 18. ——, food for the reindeer, 27. ——, the Lichen rangiferinus, the food of the reindeer, 36. ——of Nova Zembla, 153. ——of the Pribilow Islands, 271. Liddon, Lieut. M., his Arctic voyages, 345. Lindenow, Godske, his voyage to Greenland, 383. Lion, sea- (Otaria Stelleri), value of the skin of the, 276. ——, the sea-, of the Antarctic Ocean, 399. Lister, Cape, discovery of, 385. Lithuania, the elk of, 39. Loaisa, Garcia de, his voyage round the globe, 413. Lofoten Islands, the, 125. ——, cod-fishery of the, 125, 126. Looming objects in the Arctic regions, 55. Loschkin, the walrus-hunter, his voyage on the coast of Nova Zembla, 147. LÖstadius, the Lapp priest, his self-denial and poverty, 157. Loucheux. See Kutchin Indians. Louis-Philippe Terre, discovery of, 402. Lovunnen, puffins of, 125. LÖwenorn, his voyage to Greenland, 385. LÜtke, Admiral, his endeavors to penetrate along the coast of Nova Zembla, 147. Lychnis, purple, of the Arctic regions, 20. Lynx, Canada, or pishu (Lynx Canadensis), 317. ——, value of the fur of the, 212, 317. Lyon, Captain, his unsuccessful voyage, 348. M. Mackenzie, Alexander, his voyages of discovery in North America, 308. Mackenzie river, importance of the, ——, Parry’s boat and sledge journey towards the, 350. ——, Dr. Hayes’s opinion as to the practicability of reaching the, across Kennedy Channel, 374. North Pole, opinions of other scientific authorities as to the best way to reach, 374. North-west passage to India, attempts to discover the, 342, 343. ——, M’Clure’s discovery of the, 360. —— Company of Canada, formation and trade of the, 307. ——, its wars with the Hudson’s Bay Company, and final amalgamation, 308–310. Northumberland Sound, temperature of, 28. Notothenia, the, of the Antarctic seas, 400. Norway, the lemming of the Dovrefjeld, in, 42. ——, an absolute monarchy established by Harold Haarfager in, 90. ——, causes of the mild climate of the coast of, 121. ——, condition of the soil, and of the cultivators of it, 121–123. ——, constitution of, and education of the people, 121. ——, population of, 121. ——, coast scenery of, 123. ——, Drontheim and its industry, 124. ——, birds of the coast of, 124, 125. ——, the herring and cod fisheries of, 125–128. Nova Zembla, investigations of the shores of, 147. ——, circumnavigated by Pachtussow, 147, 148. ——, meteorological observations of Ziwolka, 150. ——, the climate of, 151. ——, Von Baer’s scientific journey, 151. ——, scientific results of his journey, 152, 153. ——, vegetation of, 153. ——, solitude and silence of, 154. ——, rarity of insects in, 154. ——, lemmings and foxes of, 154. ——, birds of, 154. ——, other animals of, 154, 155. ——, wintering of the Dutch under Barentz at, 340. Novgorod, the Great, subdued by the Czar Ivan I., 191. Nowodsikoff, Michael, his discoveries, 201. Nudibranchiata, enormous numbers of, in the Polar seas, 59. Nullipores on the coast of Greenland, 59. Nun, or Jilibeambaertje, the Supreme Being of the SamoÏedes, 179. O. Obdorsk, CastrÉn’s visit to, 174. ——, description of the town, 188. ——, the fair at, 189. Obi river, importance of, 17. ——, barren grounds near the, 22. ——, its importance to the Ostiaks, 185. ——, CastrÉn’s journey to the, 184. ——, their traditions of ancient heroes, 184. ——, confirmed by the Czar in their possessions, 199. ——, the companions of Von Middendorff on his journey, 221, 225. SÄmund Frode, his Icelandic works, 94. Sand-bee (Andrena) of Nova Zembla, 154. Sand-reed bread used in Iceland, 79. Sarmiento, Pedro, his voyage, 414. Sawina river, 148. Saxifragas, the, of the treeless zone, 20. Scalds, or bards, of Iceland, 94. Scandinavia, character of the coniferÆ of, 22. Schalaurow, his journeys on the coast of Siberia, 201. Scharostin, his residence at Spitzbergen, 142. Schelagskoi, Cape, rounded by Count Michael Staduchin, 197. ——, reached by Schalaurow, 201. Scoresby, Dr., his visit to Spitzbergen, 132. ——, Captain, his near approach to the North Pole, 344. ——, his voyage to Greenland, 385, 386. Scotia, Nova, discovered and colonized by Greenlanders, 335. Scurvy in Spitzbergen, 140–142. ——, preservative against, 141. ——, Lapp mode of preventing the, 166. Sea, influence of the, on the severity of the Arctic winter, 27. Sea, Antarctic, compared with the Arctic regions, 391. ——, absence of vegetation in the, 391. ——, causes of the inferiority of the Antarctic climate, 391, 392. ——, immensity of the icebergs of the, 392. ——, the Peruvian current, 394. ——, birds of the coasts, 394. ——, cetaceans, 397–399. ——, Austral fishes, 400. ——, voyages of discovery, 401. ——, storms and pack-ice, 404 et seq. Seas, Arctic, dangers peculiar to the, 45. ——, floating masses of ice, 45, 46. ——, ice-blink, 54. ——, summer fogs, 54. ——, clearness of the atmosphere and apparent nearness of objects, 55. ——, phenomena of reflection and refraction of the atmosphere, 55. ——, causes which prevent the accumulation of Polar ice, 55–57. ——, the animals of the, 40, 43, 44, 59. ——, Russian discoveries off the Siberian coast, 201 et seq. ——, Von Middendorff’s journey down the Taimur river to the Polar sea, 221. —
drift-wood of, 137, 138. ——, history of, 138. ——, attempts made to colonize it, 139–141. ——, Russian hunters’ mode of wintering at, 142. ——, walrus and seal-fishing at, 142. ——, discovery of, 340. Spout, the, of Newfoundland, 376. Springs, hot, of Iceland, 70. ——, the Geysir, 71. ——, the Strokkr, 72. Spruce fir of the Hudson’s Bay territory, 24. Squirrel, value of the fur of the, 212. Stadolski Island, visit of Pachtussow to, 148. Staduchin, Count Michael, his foundation of the town of Nishnei-Kolymsk, 196, 197. —— navigates the sea eastward of Cape Schelagskoi, 197. Stawinen river, 148. Steller, G.W., notice of him, 248. ——, his scientific journey to Kamchatka, 248. ——, ill-treated by Bering, 250. ——, his sufferings on Bering’s Island, 251. ——, death of his commander, Bering, 252. ——, his return to Kamchatka, 252. ——, persecuted by the Siberian authorities, 253. ——, his death, 253. Stockfish of Iceland, 87. Storms on the White Sea, 169. —— of the Tundras, 172, 173. —— of the Arctic zone, 225, 226. —— off Newfoundland, 381. —— in the Antarctic ocean, 404, 405. ——, the williwaws, or hurricane squalls, of the Strait of Magellan, 412. Strogonoff, foundation of the Russian family of, 192, 193. Strokkr, description of the, 72. Strongbow Indians of the Rocky Mountains, the, 327. Sukkertoppen, seen by Davis, 337. Sulphur of Iceland, 88. ——, compared with that of Sicily, 88. Summer, the perpetual daylight of, 36. ——, fogs of, 54. —— in Taimurland, 225. Sun, the midnight, effect of, on icebergs, 50–52. Sunset, magnificence of a, 32. Surgut, CastrÉn’s visit to, 175. Surts-hellir, or caves of Surtur, description of, 77. Suslik, the, of Siberia, 212. ——, value of its fur, 212. Sviatoinoss, Cape, fossil ivory at, 330; and among the Kutchin Indians, 332. Y. Yenisei river, importance of, 17. Yermak Timodajeff, the Cossack robber, 192. ——, his conquest of Siberia and death, 194. ——, his monument in Tobolsk, 194, 195. York roads, beauty of, 412. Yukon river, 278–289. ——, ice in, 283. Yukon, fort, 284. Z. Zembla, Nova, vast ice-fields of, 27. ——, mean temperature of, in summer and winter, 27. ——, the narwhal of the seas of, 60. ——, the walruses of the coasts of, 64. Zinzendorf, Count, his interest in Greenland, 384. Ziwolka, the Russian steersman, his voyages, 149, 150. ——, his meteorological observations, 150. THE END.
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