1 “Recent Results of the Investigation into Local [Rochdale] Erratic Blocks,” by S. S. Platt.
2 H. Colley March, F.S.A., “The Early Neolithic Floor of East Lancashire,” p. 7.
3 Engraved, with other flints, in “History of Rochdale,” p. 4.
4 A complete list, up to date, will be found in Rev. William Harrison’s “ArchÆological Survey of Lancashire,” which will appear in the next volume of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society.
12 Xiphiline’s abridgment of Dion Cassius. It may be well here to state my general indebtedness to the late W. Thompson Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire”; Liverpool, 1883.
19 Whitaker as an authority is good where he is describing things which he saw himself, but otherwise many of his theories border upon romance. (Vol. i., p. 49, 1773 edition.)
20 The late Mr. Thompson Watkin maintains that the N at end of the first line should be AV.
43 After the death of Cnut, in 1035, the kingdom was again divided, and Mercia and Northumbria fell to Harold. Harthacnut was (in 1039), however, King of all England.
53 Saxon Chronicle and the Chronicle of Simon of Durham.
54Arch. Journal, vi. 74; and “History of Garstang,” Chetham Soc., civ. 5.
55 Fishwick’s “History of St. Michael’s–on–Wyre,” Chetham Soc., xxv. (new series), p. 2.
56 In the original document the names are often very different to the ones now in use, but they have all been identified as referring to the localities above given.
57 “There is a priest there having half a carucate of land in frank amoign.”
59 Other forests are named at Latham, Aughton, Milling, Lydiate, and other places.
60 The hora was not a coin, but an equivalent for about 1s. 6d. or 1s. 8d.
61 In South Lancashire it is believed that six carucates made a hide. A carucate was about 100 acres, but was a variable term.
62 This will serve as a proof that foresta (= a wood or forest) was not necessarily a dense mass of trees, but rather a place where game of every kind abounded.
63 Their individual holdings are 3 hides and half a carucate, 2 carucates, 1½ carucates, 1 carucate and 2 carucates = 3 hides and 7 carucates. Their united holding is put down as 22 carucates, so that a hide in this case equals 5 carucates.
64 Bentham (in Yorkshire), Wennington, Tatham, and Tunstall are described as four manors, where there were three churches.
66 Authorities differ on the exact area, but probably the above is not far from the figure.
67 Fishwick’s “History of St. Michael’s–on–Wyre,” Chetham Soc., xxv. 3 (new series).
68 Honour of Lancaster granted to him June 30, 1267, and letters patent issued to the tenants of the honour to do their homage and be obedient to him as their lord, February 16, 1268. In 1269 a similar letter was sent to William le Boteler, and in 1270 to Henry de Lacy, Robert de Stockfort, and the Abbot of Furness.
69 Charters of duchy. See 31st Report of the Deputy–Keeper of the Public Records, p. 6.
81 The original rolls are in the Record Office. They have been printed by the Chetham Society, vol. cxii.
82 All the extracts refer to the Lancashire part of the honour, and to the years between 1295 and 1305.
83 Authorities differ on this point, but all agree that money in the thirteenth century was worth many times its present equivalent coin. At the very least, it requires to be multiplied by ten.
85 In 1338 the Abbot of Whalley charged certain persons armed “with swords and bows and arrows” with having taken away his goods, and, inter alia, 300 pieces of iron, and from the evidence adduced it appears that near Whitworth (in Rochdale parish), which is adjoining Rossendale, the Abbot and others were accustomed to dig up the ironstone and smelt it. (See Fishwick’s “History of Rochdale,” p. 84.)
86Merchats = fines paid to the lord for marriage of a daughter. The above sum was the sum returned to the tenant because it was found that the women were not daughters of villeins.
87 Treasury Receipts, 21a/3 Record Office; also English Hist. Review, 1890.
88 Lancashire is said to have enjoyed the privilege of a palatinate in the time of Roger de Poictou, but the evidence is not convincing.
90 Baines’ “History of Lancashire,” i. 45 (second edition).
91 The records of this court are preserved in the Record Office.
92 In 1850 the revenue account of the duchy shows a very long list of estates in many counties. One half of the whole yearly income was, however, derived from Salford, the largest rent being £285 for land in Pendleton. The Corporation of Salford still pay in lieu of tolls a fixed rent of £5 a year. In 1850 the payments from the duchy to the Queen amounted to £12,000, which in 1893 had increased to £48,000.
93 See Baines’ “History of Lancashire,” i. 57 (second edition).
99 Baines’ “History of Lancashire,” ii. 359 (second edition).
100 Report of Deputy–Keeper of Public Records, xxxii. 354.
101 See detailed account of the plan of this castle in Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc., vol. vi., new series.
102 Record Office, Roll of Fines, etc., chap. xxv., A 7, No. 14; also Coucher Book of Furness.
103 Turton Tower, near Bolton, claims to be a very ancient foundation, but as its name never occurs in the ancient charters heretofore discovered, it appears doubtful if it dates back beyond the fifteenth century.
106 Harl. MSS., Cod. 3526. See Harland’s “Ballads and Songs of Lancashire.”
107 “Cottons” is probably a corruption of “coatings.”
108 Market stede Lane, Deansgate, Mylne Gate, Wething Greve, Hanging Ditch, Fenell Street, Smythy Door, and St. Mary’s Gate, are all named in the Court Leet Records 1552–54.
109 From 1522 to 1686, and from 1731 to 1846. The whole have been printed by order of the Corporation, and edited by J. P. Earwaker, Esq., F.S.A.
110 Act passed in 1570 requiring persons to wear woollen caps, made in England, on Sundays.
120 Richard Entwysle of Foxholes. (See “History of Rochdale,” p. 408.)
121 Local coal of very inferior quality appears to also have been used. Such entries occur as “four loodes of cole at Hilton delve, 4s.,” but this was probably only the cost of the carriage, as the coal would belong to the Shuttleworths, and be got in the quarry.
124 The author read a paper on “The Lancashire Demoniacs” before the Hist. Soc. of Lanc. and Ches. (vol. xxxv.), in which this subject is more fully gone into.
125 This case does not belong to the seventeenth century, but it is inserted here as bearing upon the subject, and only occurred four years before the century began.
126 “The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the County of Lancaster, with the arraignment and trial of nineteene notorious Witches, etc., etc.; London, 1613.” Reprinted by the Chetham Soc., vol. vi., old series.
133 The Chetham Society, vols. ii., xlii., and lxvi., contained full details of the Civil War in Lancashire. From this source many of the following particulars are taken.
134 In a tract dated July 5, 1642, entitled “The Beginning of the Civil Warres in England, or Terrible News from the North,” Lord Strange is reported to have approached Manchester with a considerable armed force on July 5, and drawing up at a little distance from the town, demanded that the inhabitants should deliver up their magazines. On their refusal to give them up, he marched against the town, outside of which he was met by “ten small companies set in a faire battalion,” and a skirmish took place, which lasted several hours, and resulted in the withdrawal of the Royalist forces with the loss of twenty–seven men. The tract then states “that this is the beginning of the Civill Warre, being the first stroke that hath been struck, and the first bullet that hath been shot.” There is much reason to doubt the correctness of this reported fight, as no mention of it is made by contemporary authorities.
135 These fortifications consisted of posts and chains, and barricades of mud. They were erected under the superintendence of Lieutenant–Colonel Rosworm, a German engineer, at a cost of £30.
136 A slightly different version of this is given in “Lancashire’s Valley of Achor.”
137 Major Edward Robinson, “A Discourse of the Warr in Lancashire,” Chetham Soc., lxii.
144 This castle was afterwards ordered to be dismantled. Its position rendered it difficult to attack, as it stood on an eminence from which the ground sloped rapidly in every direction. It was entered by the large windows on the east side, and the entrance thus gained, the victory was assured.
145 This castle was first taken by Colonel Ashton, in June, 1643, but Sir John Girlington, having got hold of it, reoccupied it.
146 For full details of these two sieges see “Civil War Tracts,” Chetham Soc., ii.
148 In Salford Chapel, “for poor distressed Bolton,” the very large sum of £140 was collected (“Vicar’s Chronicle”).
149 By way of Blackburn and Colne; at the latter place a slight skirmish took place on June 25. At Kirkham, between May and September, 1644, no accounts of the vestry were kept, because “Prince Rupert’s army” had command of the county, and many of the parishioners had fled. In 1642 the soldiers “pulled asunder the organ pipes in the church.”
155 For full details of this historic incident see “Stanley Papers,” “Civil Warr in Lancashire” (Chetham Society), Seacome’s “Memoirs,” Hughes’ “Boscobel Tracts,” etc.
162 The cotton trade had not yet arisen. These goods were coatings, and made of wool.
163 One solitary book, “A Guide to Heaven from the Word,” is said on doubtful authority to have been printed at Smithy Door, Manchester, in 1664.
164 Kingston’s “True History of the Several Designs and Conspiracies against his Majesty’s Person and Government, as they were carried on from 1688 to 1697.”
165 For full details of this “plot” see the late Mr. Beamont’s introduction to “The Jacobite Trials in Manchester, 1694” (Chetham Soc., xxviii.), and also Dr. Abbadie’s “True History of the Late Conspiracy,” etc.; London, 1696.
166 All well–known Lancashire men, except Sir Rowland Stanley, who lived in Cheshire.
169 Bright’s “Early English Church History,” p. 111.
170 Lancashire was subsequently included in the Diocese of Lichfield and Coventry until the establishment of the See of Chester, in 1541, the northern portion being in the Archdeaconry of Richmond, in the Diocese of York.
171 Lancaster parish is partly in Lonsdale and partly in Amounderness.
172 Symeon of Durham’s “Life of St. Cuthbert,” Surtees Soc., li. 141.
174 Aldcliffe Hall is on the south of the river. Of Newton all trace is lost. See “Materials for History of the Church of Lancaster,” Chetham Soc., xxvi., new series.
175 Calendar of Papal Reg., A.D. 1193–1304, and chartulary of the priory.
176 Calendar of French Rolls; 48th Report of Deputy–Keeper of Records.
194 Created in 1848, and includes all Lancashire, except parts of West Derby which are in Chester Diocese, and the Furness and Cartmel districts, which were added to Carlisle.
195 Near the door of the dining–room is a small hole in the flag floor, somewhat like the impress of a human foot, which tradition says marks the place where George Marsh stamped his foot as he protested to the truth of his faith.
217 S. Hibbert Ware, M.D. See Chetham Society, v. (old series), from which many of the facts concerning this rebellion are taken.
218 Works consulted: Patten’s “History of the Rebellion,” Rae’s “History of the Rebellion,” “Lancashire Memorials of 1715” (Chetham Soc., v.), “Manchester Collectanea” (Chetham Soc., lxviii.), “History of Garstang,” etc.
223 “Through England on a Side–saddle,” by Celia Fiennes; London, 1888. The date ascribed to this journey is the time of William and Mary. This, strictly speaking, is in the last decade of the seventeenth century, but it is near enough to the eighteenth century to serve as an illustration.
224 See article by Mr. W. Harrison in the Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc., vol. iv.
225 These roads were not cart–roads, but intended for horse and foot passengers, and in Lancashire were paved with narrow blocks of millstone grit, which are still in places to be seen, the centre deeply worn by the tread of the horses.
227 See Mr. Harrison’s List of Turnpike Roads (Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc., x.).
228 This invention is by some attributed to John Wyatt, of Birmingham, but recent research gives the credit to Lewis Paul. (See Espinasse’s “Lancashire Worthies.”)
229 Some authorities assert that Arkwright’s mill in Nottingham was built prior to Hargreaves’.
230 He did not, as has been frequently stated, die in poverty. He left property worth £4,000.
231 See Guest’s “Compendious History”; Baines’s “History of Cotton Manufacture”; Espinasse’s “Lancashire Worthies,” etc.
233 Kennedy’s “Brief Memoir of Crompton”; see also French’s “The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton,” and Espinasse’s “Lancashire Worthies.”
234 Article by Mr. W. E. A. Axon, Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc., vol. iv.
235 See Roby’s “Traditions of Lancashire”; Harland and Wilkinson, “Legends and Traditions of Lancashire,” etc.
236 A somewhat similar tradition obtains of Wardley Hall, where the skull of Roger Downes, who was slain in London in 1676, was preserved for centuries.
237 A curious instance of the alteration in the meaning of words. Of course, by “indifferently” is meant alike to all.
238 See “History of St. Michael’s–on–Wyre,” p. 64.
