Celli, Angelo. The Campaign Against Malaria in Italy. Transl. by J.J. Eyre. Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg., XI, Apr. 1, 1908, pp. 101–108. Includes a good discussion of the effectiveness of destroying the mosquitoes in controlling malaria.

Felt, E.P. Mosquito Control. In Report of the N.Y. State Entomologist for 1905, pp. 109–116. Notes on importance and methods of control of various species.

Goldberger, Jos. Prevention and Destruction of Mosquitoes. Public Health Reports, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., July 17, 1908. Life-histories and methods of fighting larvÆ, pupÆ and adults.

Le Prince, J.A. Mosquito Destruction in the Tropics. Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., LI, p. 26, Dec. 26, 1908. Occurrence and habits of Anopheles, methods of destruction. Results of anti-malarial work on the isthmus. Discussion by various doctors.

Quayle, H.J. Mosquito Control Work in California. Bull. No. 178, Calif. Agric. Ex. Sta., pp. 1–55, 1906. Habits and life-history of California species, with an account of experiments to control the salt-marsh species.

Rosenan, M.J. Disinfection Against Mosquitoes with Formaldehyde and Sulphur Dioxid. Hyg. Lab. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., Bull. 6, 1901.

Ross, Ronald. Mosquito Brigades and How to Organize Them. New York, 1902.

Ross, Ronald. Logical Basis of the Sanitary Policy of Mosquito Reduction. Science, N.S., Vol. 22, No. 750, Dec. 1, 1905, pp. 689–699. Important article dealing with the methods of control.

Smith, J.B. Salt-marsh Mosquitoes. New Jersey Agric. Exper. Stn. Special Bulletin T, 1902. Breeding-places and methods of control of this species.

Smith, J.B. Mosquitocides. Bull. 40, New Series U.S. Dept. Agric., Div. of Ento., pp. 96–108, 1903. Results of experiments with a number of substances, several of which were found to be effective and some cheap enough to permit of their use to a limited extent.

Smith, J.B. The New Jersey Salt-marsh and Its Improvement. Bull. No. 207, Nov. 14, 1907, New Jersey Agric. Exper. Stn. Results of draining the marshes to get rid of mosquitoes.

Smith, J.B. The House Mosquito: a City, Town and Village Problem. N.J. Agric. Ex. Stn. Bull. 216, 1908. Work done on salt-marshes since 1904 practically eliminated the migratory species, so that C. pipens, the house mosquito, is now the problem. Life-history and methods of combating.

Underwood, W.L. Mosquitoes and Suggestions for Their Extermination. Pop. Sci. Mo., Vol. 63, 1903, pp. 453–466. Life-history, habits and methods of control.

Underwood, W.L. The Mosquito Nuisance and How to Deal with It. Boston, 1903.

First Antimosquito Convention, 1903. Pub., Brooklyn, 1904. Contains articles on what railroads, government and laws should do toward mosquito extermination; mosquito work in Havana; how state appropriations should be used, etc.

National Mosquito Extermination Society. Bulletin No. 1, 1904. Object of Society; brief sketches of Ross, Reed, and others. Reprints of a few articles on mosquito extermination.

American Mosquito Extermination Society. Year Book for 1904–05. N.Y., 1906. Containing reports of meetings and discussions of various problems. Several interesting papers, among them "Criminal Indictment of the Mosquito," F.W. Moss. "Mosquito Work at Panama Canal," W.C. Sorgas. "Diversities Among New York Mosquitoes," E.P. Felt. "Mosquito Extermination in New Jersey," J.B. Smith. "The Mosquito Question," Quitman Kohnke.

Antimalarial Work in the Panama Canal Zone. Editorial in Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg., XI, Aug. 15, 1908, p. 251. Notes on the success of the measures adopted there.

Doty, A.H. The Mosquito, Its Relation to Disease and Its Extermination. New York State Journal of Medicine, May, 1908.

Finlay, Chas. Mosquitoes Considered as Transmitters of Yellow Fever and Malaria. Med. Record, May 27, 1899, pp. 737–739. Review of his theory in regard to mosquitoes and disease and the probable necessary changes in view of recent discoveries.

Howard, L.O. Mosquitoes as Transmitters of Disease. Review of Reviews, XXIV, 1901, pp. 192–195. A review of the work of various investigators.

Smith, J.B. Sanitary Aspect of the Mosquito Question. Medical News, Mar. 7, 1903. Note on mosquitoes and their relation to disease.

Taylor, J.B. Observations on the Mosquitoes of Havana, Cuba. Reprint from La Revista de Medicina, June, 1903, p. 27.

Banks, C.S. Experiments in Malarial Transmission by Means of Myzomyia ludlowii. Phil. Jour. Sci., B. 2, 1907, pp. 513–535. Breeding-places of mosquitoes, life-histories of the species; mosquitoes and malaria.

Craig, C.F. Malarial Fevers. Osler's Mod. Med., Vol. I, p. 392, 1907. Historical; distribution; malarial parasites; classification; development; malarial mosquitoes; pathology; treatment, etc.

Craig, C.F. Studies in the Morphology of Malarial Plasmodia after the Administration of Quinine and in Intracorpuscular Conjugation. Jour. Infec. Diseases, VII, No. 2, 1910. See also same, IV, 1907, pp. 108–140. Gives the evidence upon which he bases his theory of the meaning of intracorpuscular conjunction.

Craig, C.F. The Malarial Fevers, Hemoglobinuric Fever and the Blood Protozoa of Man. N.Y., 1909. A thorough consideration of the subject of malaria and good discussion of the other subjects noted in title. Bibliography.

Deaderick, W.H. Malaria. Philad., 1909. The chapter on Ætiology treats of the transmission by mosquitoes.

Harris, S. Prevention of Malaria. Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., 53, Oct. 9, 1909, pp. 1162–67. Effects of malaria, transmission by mosquitoes, etc. In the discussion of the paper J.H. White summarizes the fight against yellow fever in New Orleans.

Herrick, G.W. Relation of Malaria to Agriculture and Other Industries of the South. Economic losses occasioned by malaria; malaria responsible for more sickness among the white population than any other disease; relation to mosquitoes. Pop. Sci. Mo., Vol. 62, Apr., 1903, pp. 521–525.

Jones, Ross, Ellett. Malaria. London, 1907. Small book, introduction by Ross. Malaria in Greece and Italy; shows how this disease contributed to the downfall of great nations.

Mannaberg, Julius. Malaria. In Nothnagel's Encyclopedia of Practical Med., Amer. Ed., 1905, pp. 17–494. A very comprehensive discussion of the disease and the relation of mosquitoes to the malarial parasite.

Manson, Patrick. The Mosquito and the Malaria Parasite. Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. II for 1898, pp. 849–853. History of the parasite in the human and insect host; observations of Ross and others and their meaning.

Manson, Patrick. Experimental Demonstration of the Mosquito-malarial Theory. Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 2 for 1900, pp. 949–951, also Lancet, II, 1900, pp. 923–925. Infected mosquitoes sent from Rome allowed to bite men in England who had not been in malarial regions. Malarial fever followed.

Manson, Patrick. Malarial Fever. Appendix to Vol. IX of T.C. Albutt's System of Med., 1900. Relation of the malarial parasite to the disease and to mosquitoes.

Robertson, E.W. Renaming of Malaria—Anophelesis. Va. Medical Semi-monthly, Sept. 10, 1909. Considers malaria a misnomer and gives reasons for suggesting new name.

Ross, Ronald. On Some Peculiar Pigmented Cells Found in Two Mosquitoes Fed on Malarial Blood. Brit. Med. Jour., 1897, Dec. 18, p. 1786. Records in his experiments in feeding mosquitoes on blood of malarial patients. Records finding the parasites in some of them. Important article.

Ross, Ronald. Pigmented Cells in Mosquitoes. Brit. Med. Jour., 1898, Feb. 26, p. 550. Further notes on them.

Ross, Ronald. The Mosquito Theory of Malaria. Report dated Calcutta, Feb. 16, 1899. Reprinted in Pop. Sci. Monthly, Vol. 56, Nov., 1899, pp. 42–46. Tells of his investigations in India and their results.

Ross, Ronald. The Relationship of Malaria and the Mosquito. Lancet, II, 1900, July 7, p. 4880. Observation on the transmission of malaria.

Ross, Ronald. Malaria Fever, Its Cause, Prevention and Treatment. London, 1902. Chapters on malaria, mosquitoes, prevention and treatment.

Ross, Ronald. Parasites of Mosquitoes. Jour. of Hyg., VI, No. 2, Apr., 1906. Brief review of several of his earlier papers on this subject with additional notes.

Simpson, W.J.R. Recent Discoveries Which Have Rendered Antimalarial Sanitation More Precise and Less Costly. Brit. Med. Jour., 1907, II, pp. 1044–46. Discussion of the various factors in mosquito control.

Stephens, J.W.W., and Christophers, S.R. The Practical Study of Malaria and Other Blood Parasites. London, 1908. Chapters on mosquitoes, flies and ticks and their relation to diseases.

Sternberg, G.M. The Malarial Parasite and Other Pathogenic Protozoa. Pop. Sci. Mo., Vol. 50, 1897, pp. 628–641. Account of the discovery of the malarial parasite and more recent studies on it.

Sternberg, G.M. Malaria. Smith. Rept., 1900, pp. 645–656. Review of the experimental evidence in support of the mosquito-malaria theory.

Malarial Fever. Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg., II, Mar. 16, 1908, pp. 96–98. A list of literature mostly for the years 1906 and 1907.

Adams, S.H. Yellow Fever, a Problem Solved. The battle of New Orleans against the mosquito. McClure's Magazine, Vol. 27, June, 1906, p. 178. An interesting popular article.

Carroll, James. Yellow Fever. Osler's Mod. Med., Vol. II, 1907, p. 736. History, Ætiology, treatment. A good review of the work of the Yellow Fever Com. and the results of their work.

Carroll, James. The Transmission of Yellow Fever. Amer. Med. Assn., 40, 1905, pp. 1429–33. Shows the relation of the mosquito to the disease.

Carroll, James. Yellow Fever. Lessons to be learned from the present outbreak of yellow fever. Jour. of Amer. Med. Assn., Vol. 45, 1905, pp. 1079–81. Among other things recommends that mosquitoes be kept from patients.

Chaille, S.E. The Stegomyia and Fomites. Amer. Med. Assn., 40, 1903, pp. 1433–40. Concludes that the mosquito is the only proven disseminator of yellow fever. Extended discussion by various physicians.

Dastre, A. The Fight Against Yellow Fever. Smith. Rept., 1905, pp. 339–350. History of the yellow fever epidemics, its geographical distribution, and the work that is being done to control it.

Doty, A.H. On the Mode of Transmission of the Infectious Agent in Yellow Fever and Its Bearing upon the Quarantine Regulations. Med. Record, Oct. 26, 1901, pp. 649–653. Review of older theories in regard to the spread of yellow fever. Believes that the quarantines are now unnecessary.

Finley, Chas. The Mosquito Theory of the Transmission of Yellow Fever and Its New Development. Med. Record, Jan. 19, 1901. Refers to his early observations on the subject, giving extracts from some of his earlier papers to show that he had long held the mosquito responsible for the dissemination of yellow fever.

Goldberger, Jos. Yellow Fever, Ætiology, Symptoms and Diagnosis. Yellow Fever Inst. Bull. 16, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., 1907. Includes discussion of the relation of mosquitoes to the disease.

Guiteras, John. Experimental Yellow Fever at the Inoculation Station of the Sanitary Department of Havana. Amer. Med., Vol. II, No. 21, 1901, pp. 809–817. Experiments show that all types of the yellow fever from mild to severe may be produced by the bite of the mosquito.

McFarland, Joseph. Life and Work of James Carroll. Memoir read at the fifth annual meeting of the Soc. of Tropical Med., 1908. Early life of Carroll and his work with the Yellow Fever Com.

Parker, H.B., Beyer, G.E., and Pothier, O.L. Rept. of Working Party No. 1, Yellow Fever Institute. Bull. 13, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., 1903. As a result of their studies they believe that the disease is caused by a protozoan parasite which they name and describe. Discuss the relation of mosquitoes to the disease.

Reed, Walter; Carroll, James; and Agramonte, A. Experimental Yellow Fever. Amer. Med., July 6, 1901, pp. 15–23. Records of certain experiments and their results.

Reed, Walter; Carroll, James; and Agramonte, C.A. The Ætiology of Yellow Fever. A preliminary note presented at the Amer. Pub. Health Assn. Philad. Med. Jour., Oct. 27, 1900, pp. 790–796. Also an additional note in Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., 36, pp. 431–440, 1901. Records of their experiments and a summing up of the data in regard to yellow fever and the mosquito.

Reed, Walter, and Carroll, James. The Prevention of Yellow Fever. Med. Record, Oct. 26, 1901, pp. 441–449. History of the disease, especially in U.S., results of the work of Yellow Fever Com. description, life-history and habits of the mosquito, its relation to yellow fever, methods of control. Important paper.

Reed, Walter. Recent Researches Concerning the Ætiology, Propagation and Prevention of Yellow Fever by U.S. Army Com. Jour. Hyg., 2, 1902, pp. 101–119. Review of work of the Yellow Fever Com. and the importance of the results. Bibliography.

Rosenan, M.J., Parker, H.B., Francis, E., and Beyer, G.E. Rept. of Working Party No. 2, Yellow Fever Institute. Experimental studies in yellow fever and malaria at Vera Cruz, Mex. U.S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., May, 1904. Includes experiments and observations on mosquitoes.

Rosenan, M.J., and Goldberger, Jos. Report of Working Party No. 3, Yellow Fever Institute. Yellow Fever Inst. Bull. 15, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., 1906. Unsuccessful attempts to grow the yellow fever parasite. Negative results in the experimental study of the hereditary transmission of the yellow fever in the mosquito. Appendix A gives a translation of Marchoux and Simonds' report in which they report positive results in their experiments along the same line.

Sternberg, G.M. Transmission of Yellow Fever by Mosquitoes. Smith. Rept., 1900, pp. 657–673. Review of the early theories in regard to yellow fever and the work and findings of the yellow fever commission.

White, J.H. Yellow Fever and the Mosquito. Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., LI, No. 26, Dec. 26, 1908. Considers both S. calopus and C. pungens. Results of early mistakes. Necessity of destroying mosquito. Methods of destroying mosquito. Habits of mosquito.

Abstract of the Report of the French Yellow Fever Com. at Rio de Janeiro, 1903. Pub. Health Report, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., Vol. 19, Pt. I, p. 1019. A summary of their findings and conclusions to the date of report.

de Ybarra, A.M.F. Yellow Fever Again in Cuba. Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg., XI, Mar. 2, 1908, pp. 73–78. Cites a number of cases of yellow fever within the last few years and uses them as evidence to show that the disease may be transmitted in other ways than by the mosquito. A strong summing up of the arguments against the mosquito theory. Reprint of editorial in Tex. Med. Jour., Oct., 1907, also follows this article.

The Extinction of Yellow Fever at Rio de Janeiro. Lancet, II, 1909, p. 404. A review of a French publication giving the results of the work from 1903 to present time. In 1903 before work was begun there were 584 deaths from yellow fever. In 1908 only 4, and none so far in 1909. Success accredited to mosquito work and general sanitation.

A Pioneer in Research on Yellow Fever. Editorial in Brit. Med. Jour., May 30, 1908, p. 1306. Refers to the work of L.D. Beauperthuy, who, in 1853, set forth the theory that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes.

Ashburn, P.M., and Craig, C.F. Experimental Investigations Regarding the Ætiology of Dengue Fever. Jour. Infec. Diseases, Vol. V, 1907, pp. 440–475. Conclude that the disease is spread only by mosquitoes.

Coleman, Thomas D. Dengue. Osler's Mod. Med., Vol. II, 1907, p. 489. Ætiology, pathology, etc.; possibility of Culex fatigans disseminating the disease.

Graham, H. "The Dengue"; a Study of Its Pathology and Mode of Propagation. Jour. of Trop. Med. & Hyg., July 1, 1903, p. 209. Experiments which seem to show that dengue is transmitted by Culex fatigans.

Leichtenstern, O. Dengue. In Nothnagel's Encyclopedia of Practical Med., Amer. Ed., 1905, pp. 720–743. Consideration of the disease and its transmission.

Ross, E.H. The Prevention of Dengue Fever. Amer. Trop. Med. & Parasit., Vol. II, No. 3, July 1, 1908, pp. 193–195. A successful campaign against the mosquitoes in Port Said in 1906 stopped the outbreaks of malaria and dengue.

Dengue and Sand-flies. Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg., 12, 1909, pp. 172–173. A note on these pages refers to the work of Dr. R. Doerr, who suspects that dengue may be carried by sand-flies, Phlobotomus, as well as by mosquitoes.

Christophers, S.R. What Is Really Known of the Cause of Elephantiasis. Ind. Med. Gaz., Nov., 1907, p. 404. Questions Manson's theory in regard to the disease being caused by filaria.

Manson, Patrick. Tropical Diseases. London, 1908, pp. 594–648. A most comprehensive chapter on filariasis and elephantiasis.

Phalen, J.M., and Nichols, H.J. Filariasis and Elephantiasis in Southern Luzon. Phil. Jour. Sci., Sept., 1908. Culex microannulatus regarded as the carrier of the filaria.

Prout, W.T. On the RÔle of Filaria in the Production of Disease. Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg., Apr. 1, 1908, p. 109. Discussion of same in same journal, June 1, 1908.

White, Duncan. Filarial Periodicity and Its Association with Eosinophilia. Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg., 12, July 15, 1909, pp. 175–183. Among other things he discusses the relation of mosquitoes to filarial diseases.

Brinckerhoff, W.R. A Note upon the Possibility of the Mosquito Acting in the Transmission of Leprosy. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser. (general publications), 1908. Suggests the possibilities of such transmission, but concludes that the probabilities are against it.

Goodhue, E.S. The Bacillus LeprÆ in the Gnat and Bedbug. Ind. Med. Gaz., Vol. XLI, Aug., 1906, p. 342. Has found this bacillus in mosquitoes and bedbugs, but believes the latter is more concerned in transmitting the disease.

Goodhue, E.S. Mosquitoes and Their Relation to Leprosy in Hawaii. Amer. Med., N.S., 2, 1907, p. 593. Suggests that mosquitoes may carry the disease, also warns against danger from flies and bedbugs.

Hutchinson, J. Mosquitoes and Leprosy. Brit. Med. Jour., Dec. 22, 1906, Vol. II, p. 1841. Evidence against the insect theory of transmission of leprosy.

Mugliston, T.C. On a Possible Mode of Communication of Leprosy. Jour. Trop. Med., Vol. VIII, July 15, 1905, p. 209. Suggests that the itch-mite may be the carrier of leprosy. Studies on 77 lepers led him to this conclusion.

Smyth, W.R. Leprosy. Brit. Med. Jour., Dec. 8, 1906, Vol. II, p. 1670. Believes that bedbugs or some similar wingless parasite conveys the disease.

Brannerman, W.B. Spread of Plague in India. Jour. of Hyg., Vol. 6, No. 2, Apr., 1906, pp. 179–211. A digest of experiments made in India. Discusses various ways in which the disease may be spread. Review of the evidence that insects may be concerned. Bibliography.

Calvert, W.J. Plague. Osler's Mod. Med., Vol. II, 1907, p. 760. History; bacteriology; pathology; plague among animals; transmission, etc.

Ham, B. Burnett. Report on Plague in Queensland, 1900–1907. P. 153 discusses the rat-flea theory of dissemination of bubonic plague, summing up the evidence of various observers, including the Indian Advisory Com. and others. Considers the evidence conclusive that P. cheopis and possibly C. fasciatus transmit plague. Other pages discuss various rat fleas and their relation to plague in rats.

Hankin, E.H. On the Epidemiology of Plague. Jour. Hyg., 5, 1905, pp. 48–83. A comprehensive discussion of the disease and its spread, several pages devoted to rats and fleas; evidence for and against the theory that rats and fleas are the principal carriers of the disease.

Herzog, Max. The Plague, Bacteriology, Morbid Anatomy & Histopathology, Including the Consideration of Insects as Plague Carriers. Biological Laboratory Bureau of Govt. Laboratories, Manila, Oct., 1904. Reviews the evidence regarding the possibility of fleas carrying plague; describes a new rat flea (Pulex philippinensis); records experiments with fleas and cites a case of bubonic plague in a child in which the infection was possibly carried by Pediculi.

McCoy, G.W. Plague Bacilli in Ectoparasites of Squirrels. Pub. Health Reports, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., Vol. XXIV, No. 16, Apr. 16, 1909. Experiments with fleas and lice from infected squirrels demonstrating presence of plague bacilli.

McCoy, G.W. The Susceptibility of Gophers, Field-mice and Ground-squirrels to Plague Infection. Jour. of Infec. Diseases, Vol. 6, 1909, No. 3, pp. 283–288. Gophers highly resistant, field-mice moderately susceptible and ground-squirrels very susceptible to plague.

Mitzmain, M.B. Insect Transmission of Bubonic Plague: a Study of the San Francisco Epidemic. Ento. News, 19, No. 8, 1908, pp. 353–359. Fleas obtained in examination of 1,800 rats. Attempt to locate source of rat and flea introduction.

Morton, F.M. Eradicating Plague from San Francisco. Report of the Citizens' Health Com. and an account of its work. San Francisco, 1909. Discusses the epidemics, methods of transmission, methods of fighting, etc.

Rucker, W.C. Plague Among Ground-squirrels in Contra Costa Co., Cal. Pub. Health Reports, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., Aug. 27, 1909. Reports of human cases supposed to be connected with plague among ground-squirrels. Plague among squirrels; habits, methods of fighting, etc.

Rucker, W.C. Fighting an Unseen Foe. Sunset Mag., XXII, No. 2, Feb., 1909. Story of the fight against plague in San Francisco.

Shipley, A.E. Rats and Their Animal Parasites. Jour. Eco. Biology, Vol. III, No. 3, Oct. 28, 1908. List of species of ecto- and endoparasites.

Simpson, W.J. A Treatise on Plague. Cambridge Univ. Press, London, 1906. Deals with historical, epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and preventive aspect of the disease.

Thompson, J.A. The Mode of Spread and Prevention of Plague in Australia. Lancet, Oct. 19, 1907, p. 1104. Rat fleas the essential factor in transmitting plague, and preventive methods should be directed against the rats.

Thompson, J.A. On the Epidemiology of Plague. Jour. Hyg., Vol. VI, No. 5, Oct., 1906. Methods of infection, spread, relation of rats to the disease and a review of the rat-flea theory. Bibliography.

Verjbitski, D.T. The Part Played by Insects in the Epidemiology of Plague. Jour. Hyg., 8, 1908, No. 2, pp. 162–208. Record of extensive experiments with fleas. Fleas communicated plague for three days, bedbugs for five days. Interrelation of fleas, rats, dogs, cats, and man. An important article translated from Russian.

Wherry, W.B. Further Notes on the Rat Leprosy and on the Fate of the Human and Rat Leper Bacillus in Flies. Jour. Infec. Diseases, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1908. Discussion and references, experiments with flies, summary, etc. More than 1,115 lepra-like bacilli were counted in a single fly-speck.

Wherry, W.B. Plague Among the Ground-squirrels of California. Jour. Infec. Diseases, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1908, pp. 485–533. How the plague was first discovered among rats, records of cases and a discussion of the possible relation of this to human plague cases.

Eradicating Plague in San Francisco; Report of the Citizens' Health Committee, 1909. An account of the recent outbreaks and the methods of fighting them.

Report of the Indian Plague Commission, Vol. V, pp. 75–77, 1901. In these pages the Commission considers the question of the transference of plague by suctorial insects. It considers Simonds' claims and others and believes that "suctorial insects do not come under consideration with the spread of plague."

Reports on Plague Investigations in India Issued by the Advisory Committee Appointed by the Sec. of State for India, the Royal Society and the Lister Institute. The reports include the reports of the Working Commission appointed by the Advisory Committee and reports on various contributory investigations. They are published in the Jour. of Hygiene as "Extra Plague Numbers." All these reports deal very largely with the relation of the rat and flea to plague, and are commonly referred to as "Reports of Indian Plague Commission." The first number, Vol. VI, Sept., 1906, contains articles on "Experiments upon the Transmission of Plague by Fleas." "Note on the Species of Fleas Found on Rats, Mus rattus and Mus decumanus in Different Parts of the World." "The Physiological Anatomy of the Mouth-parts and Alimentary Canal of the Indian Rat Flea, Pulex cheopis," and other papers on the relation of rats to plague. The second number, Vol. VII, July, 1907, contains articles on "On the Significance of the Locality of the Primary Bubo in Animals Infected with Plague in Nature," "Further Observations on the Transmission of Plague by Fleas with Special Reference to the Fate of Plague Bacillus in the Body of the Rat Flea," "Experimental Production of Plague Epidemics Among Animals," "Experiments in Plague Houses in Bombay," "On the External Anatomy of the Indian Rat Flea and Its Differentiation from Some Other Common Fleas," "A Note on Man as a Host of the Indian Rat Flea," and others on the relation of rats to plague. The third number, Vol. VII, Dec., 1907, contains articles on "Digest of Recent Observations on the Epidemiology of Plague" (Bibliography), "Epidemiological Observations in Bombay City," "Epidemiological Observations in the Villages of Wadhala, Parel, Worli in the Neighborhood of Bombay Village," "General Considerations Regarding the Spread of Infection, Infectivity of Houses, etc., in Bombay City and Island," "Epidemiological Observations in the villages of Dhand and Kasel (Punjab)." The fourth number, Vol. VIII, May, 1908, contains articles on "The Part Played by Insects in the Epidemiology of Plague" (see also ref. under D.T. Verjbitski), "Observations on the Bionomics of Fleas with Special Reference to P. cheopis," "The Mechanism by Means of Which the Flea Cleans Itself of Plague Bacilli," "On the Seasonal Prevalence of Plague in India."

See also under Fleas.

Baker, C.F. Fleas and Disease. Science, N.S., Vol. 22, No. 559, Sept. 15, 1905, p. 340. Discusses the possibility of fleas transmitting leprosy.

Doane, R.W. Notes on Fleas, Collected on Rat and Human Hosts in San Francisco and Elsewhere. Can. Ento., 40, 1908, pp. 303–304. Shows that Ceratophyllus fasciatus and Pulex irritans are common on both man and rats.

Fox, Carroll. The Flea in Its Relation to Plague, with a Synopsis of the Rat Fleas. The Military Surgeon, 24, June, 1909, pp. 528–537. Review of the work of the Indian Plague Commission and others. Key for identification of rat fleas.

Galli-Valerio. The Part Played by Fleas of Rats and Mice in the Transmission of Bubonic Plague. Jour. Trop. Med., Feb., 1902. Attacks the theory that plague can be conveyed from rats to men by fleas because rat fleas do not bite men.

McCoy, G.W. Siphonaptera Observed in the Plague Campaign in California with a Note upon Host Transference. Pub. Health Report, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., Vol. XXIV, No. 29, July 16, 1909. Lists of species from various hosts. Report on experiments in transferring rat fleas to squirrels and squirrel fleas to rats.

McCoy, G.W., and Mitzmain, M.B. An Experimental Investigation of the Biting of Man by Fleas Taken from Rats and Squirrels. Public Health Report, XXIV, No. 8, Feb. 19, 1909, pp. 189–194. Rat and squirrel fleas will bite man.

Mitzmain, M.B. Insect Transmission of Bubonic Plague. A Study of the San Francisco Epidemic. Entomological News, Oct., 1908. Source and distribution of species of fleas and brief notes on work of Indian Plague Commission.

Mitzmain, M.B. How a Hungry Flea Feeds. Entomological News, Dec., 1908.

Mitzmain, M.B. Some New Facts on the Bionomics of the California Rodent Fleas. Annals Ento. Soc. Amer., III, pp. 61–82, 1910.

Shipley, A.E. Rats and Their Animal Parasites. Jour. of Economic Biology, Vol. 3, No. 3, Oct. 28, 1908. List of species ecto- and endoparasites.

See also reports of Advisory Commission under Plague.

Anderson, J.F. The Differentiation of Outbreaks of Typhoid Fever Due to Water, Milk, Flies and Contact. Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 19, pp. 251–259. Discusses flies and typhoid.

McCrae, Thomas. Typhoid Fever. Osler's Mod. Med., Vol. II, p. 70, 1907. A full discussion of this disease.

Reed, Walter; Vaughan, V.C., and Shakespeare, E.O. Abstract of Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in the U.S. Military Camps During the Spanish War of 1898. Washington, Govt. Printing Office, 1900. Shows among other things that "flies undoubtedly served as carriers of infection."

Roseman, M.J., Lumsden, L.L., and Kastle, J.H. Report on Origin and Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in D.C. Including reports by Stiles, Goldberger and Stimson. Bull. 35 of Hygienic Laboratory of U.S. Public Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., 1907. (Second report in Bull. 44, 1907, includes nothing about insects.)

Veeder, M.A. Typhoid Fever from Sources Other Than Water Supply. Med. Record, 62, pp. 121–124, July 26, 1902. Cites several instances where flies might act as the carriers of the disease.

Whipple, Geo. C. Typhoid Fever, Its Causation, Transmission and Prevention. N.Y., 1908. Considers that house-flies and probably fruit-flies carry typhoid bacilli.

Felt, E.P. Observations on the House-fly. Jour. Eco. Ento., III, No. 1, Feb., 1910, pp. 24–26. Shows that it does not breed freely in darkness.

Griffith, A. The Life-history of House-flies. Public Health (London), 21, No. 3, 1908, pp. 122–127. Study of life-history. Flies require water frequently, eggs hatch in twenty-four hours, larval stage four days. Each female may lay four batches of eggs. Destroy manure and rubbish.

Hamer, W.H. The Breeding of Flies Summarized. Am. Med., 3, 1908, p. 431. Habits of flies and experiments to show that they may carry the germs of various diseases.

Hepworth, John. On the Structure of the Foot of the Fly. Quar. Jour. Micro. Sci., II, 1859, pp. 158–563. One plate showing feet of different flies. A review of the older theories of how a fly was able to walk on smooth surfaces.

Herms, W.B. The Essentials of House-fly Control. Bull. of Berkeley Board of Health, Berkeley, Cal., 1909. Recommends removing manure as soon as possible and keeping it in tight bins until removed. No very satisfactory insecticides have been found for use in treating manure piles.

Herms, W.B. The Berkeley House-fly Campaign. Cal. Jour. of Technology, Vol. XIV, No. 2, 1909. Discusses the methods that have been used in fighting the fly in Berkeley, Cal. Removing manure regularly or keeping it in closed bins recommended.

Hewitt, C.G. A Preliminary Account of the Life-history of the Common House-fly. Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 1906, Vol. 51, pp. 1–4.

Hewitt, C.G. On the Bionomics of Certain Calyptrate MucidÆ and Their Economic Significance with Especial Reference to Flies Inhabiting Houses. Jour. Econ. Biol., 1907, Vol. II, pp. 79–88. Character and importance of group and notes on many species.

Hewitt, C.G. Structure, Development and Bionomics of the House-fly, Muca domestica. Part I, Quar. Jour. Micro. Sci., 1907, p. 395, on anatomy, external and internal, and bibliography. Part II, same; 1908, p. 495. Breeding-habits, development and anatomy of larvÆ, bibliography. Part III, same; 1909, pp. 347–414. The bionomics, allies, parasites, and the relations to human disease. The best article on the house-fly.

Howard, L.O. Further Notes on the House-fly. Bull. 10, U.S. Dept., Agric. Div. of Ento., p. 63, 1898. Experiments to kill larvÆ in manure.

Howard, L.O. House-flies. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Ento., Circular No. 71, revised ed., 1906. Methods of control of house-fly and related species.

Howard, L.O., and Marlatt, C.L. Bull. 4, U.S. Dept. Agric., Div. of Ento., pp. 43–47, 1896. General account with methods of controlling.

Jepson, F.P. The Breeding of the Common House-fly During the Winter Months. Jour. Econ. Biol., 4, 1909, pp. 78–82. Records of certain experiments which show that the flies will breed in winter under favorable conditions.

Newstead, R. Preliminary Report on the Habits, Life-cycle and Breeding-places of the Common House-fly as Observed in the City of Liverpool, with Suggestions as to the Best Means of Checking Its Increase. Liverpool, Oct. 3, 1907.

Newstead, R. On the Habits, Life-cycle and Breeding-places of the Common House-fly. Ann. Trap. Med. Para., Vol. I, No. 4, Feb. 29, 1908, pp. 507–520. Final report on this subject. Sums up notes on life-history, habits, breeding-places, etc. Important article.

Packard, A.S. On the Transformation of the Common House-fly with Notes on Allied Forms. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI, 1874, pp. 136–140. Life-history and anatomy.

Wilcox, E.V. Fighting the House-fly. Country Life in America, May, 1908. Methods of controlling this pest.

Austen, E.E. The House-fly and Certain Allied Species as Disseminators of Enteric Fever Among the Troops in the Field. Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, June, 1904. Suggests that it may carry enteric fever and other diseases; method of control.

Felt, E.P. The Typhoid or House-fly and Disease. In 24th Rept. of State Ento. in N.Y. State Museum Bull., No. 455, 1909. A general discussion with complete bibliography.

Firth, R.H., and Horrocks, W.H. An Inquiry Into the Influence of Soil, Fabrics, and Flies in the Dissemination of Enteric Infection. Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. II, 1902, pp. 936–942. House-flies carry enteric bacilli. They may pass through digestive tract and remain virulent.

Hamilton, Alice. The Fly as a Carrier of Typhoid. Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., 40, 1903, pp. 576–83. A study of a typhoid outbreak in Chicago gives good evidence that the flies were important factors in the spread of the disease.

Hewitt, C.G. The Biology of House-flies in Relation to Public Health. Royal Inst. Pub. Health Jour., Oct., 1908.

Howard, L.O. A contribution to the Study of the Insect Fauna of Human Excrement. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 2, 1900, pp. 541–600. Special reference to the house-fly and typhoid fever.

Howard, L.O. Flies and Typhoid. Pop. Sci. Mo., Jan., 1901, pp. 249–256. A popular account of several species of flies that may be concerned in carrying typhoid.

Klein, E. Flies as Carriers of B. typhus. Brit. Med. Jour., Oct. 17, 1908, pp. 1150–51. In cultures made from flies he found great numbers of B. coli communis and B. typhosus, showing that flies may carry these germs.

Martin, A. Flies in Relation to Typhoid and Summer Diarrhea. Public Health, 15, 1903, pp. 652–653. Believes that the house-fly is largely responsible for these diseases.

Reed, Walter. War Dept. An. Rept., 1899, pp. 627–633. Flies the cause of a typhoid outbreak in army in 1899.

Buchanan, R.A., Glasg, F.F., and M.B. The Carriage of Infection by Flies. Lancet, 173, 1907, pp. 216–218. Flies carry various germs on their feet and distribute them where they walk. Must protect food from contamination.

Brewster, E.T. The Fly. The Disease of the House. McClure's Magazine, XXXIII; No. 5, Sept., 1909, pp. 564–568. Proposes to make use of tropisms for ridding the houses of flies.

Castellani, Aldo. Experimental Investigation on Framboesia tropica (Yaws). Jour. of Hyg., Vol. VII, 1907, pp. 558–599. On pages 566–568 he discusses the part played by insects in transmitting the disease. Gives detail of experiments conducted and concludes that under certain conditions yaws may be conveyed by flies and possibly other insects.

Cobb, J.O. Is the Common House-fly a Factor in the Spread of Tuberculosis? Amer. Med., 9, 1905, pp. 475–477. Believes that the bacilli may enter the system through the digestive tract and that flies carry them to our food.

Dickenson, G.K. The House-fly and Its Connection with Disease Dissemination. Med. Record, 71, 1907, pp. 134–139. Summary; bibliography.

Esten, W.M., and Mason, C.J. Sources of Bacteria in Milk. Starr's Agric. Ex. Stn., Conn. Bull., 51, 1908. Shows how flies may carry bacteria to milk. Table showing number of bacteria on flies from various sources.

Felt, E.P. The Economic Status of the House-fly. Jour. Eco. Ento., Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb., 1909, pp. 39–45. A summary of the charges, possibilities, proofs, etc. Discussion.

Gudger, E.W. Early Note on Flies as Transmitters of Disease. Science, N.S. Vol. 31, Jan. 7, 1910, pp. 31–32.

Hamer, W.H. Nuisance from Flies. London County Council Rept. No. 1,138, pp. 1–10, and No. 1,207, pp. 1–6, 1908. Observations on various flies and their relation to diseases.

Hayward, E.H. The Fly as a Carrier of Tuberculosis Infection. N.Y. Med. Jour., 80, 1904, pp. 643–644. Tubercular bacilli pass through the digestive tract of flies and remain virulent.

Howard, L.O. The Carriage of Disease by Flies. Bull. 30, N.S., pp. 39–45, U.S. Dept. Agric, Div. of Ento., 1901. Discussion of flies as carriers of disease.

Howard, L.O. House-flies. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Ento., Cir. No. 71, revised ed., Sept. 21, 1906. Notes on the various species visiting houses; habits; methods of control; regulations for controlling flies in cities.

Hutchinson, Woods. The Story of the Fly That Does Not Wipe Its Feet. Sat. Evening Post, March 7, 1908.

Jackson, Daniel D. Conveyance of Disease by Flies Summarized. Bost. Med. & Surg. Jour., 1908, p. 451. Disease and flies prevail at same time; records over 1,000,000 bacteria to each fly caught on swill-barrels.

Jackson, Daniel B. Pollution of New York Harbor as a Menace to Health by the Dissemination of Intestinal Diseases Through the Agency of the Common House-fly. Account of experiments and deductions. Pamphlet issued July, 1908, by Merchants' Assn. of New York.

Leidy, Joseph. Flies as a Means of Communicating Contagious Diseases. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 23, 1871, p. 297. Believes that flies may carry disease; refers to flies in connection with gangrene and wounds.

Lord, F.T. Flies and Tuberculosis. Bost. Med. & Surg. Jour., 1904, pp. 651–654. Fly-specks may contain virulent tubercular bacilli for at least fifteen days.

Mays, Thos. J. The Fly and Tuberculosis. N.Y. Med. Jour. & Phila. Med. Jour., 82, 1905, pp. 437–438. Believes that J.O. Cobb's data as given in Amer. Med. Jour. is not at all conclusive.

Nash, J.C.T. A Note on the Bacterial Contamination of Milk as Illustrating the Connection Between Flies and Epidemic Diarrhea. Lancet, II, 1908, pp. 1668–69. Experiments show that milk left exposed to flies soon contains many more germs than that protected from them.

Nash, J.C.T. The Ætiology of Summer Diarrhea. Lancet, 164, 1903, p. 330. Believes house-fly carries this disease because the two appear and disappear together.

Robertson, A. Flies as Carriers of Contagion in Yaws. Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg., 11, 1908, No. 14, p. 213. As a result of examinations the author concludes that the house-fly is capable of carrying the virus of yaws.

Sandilands, J.E. Epidemic Diarrhea and the Bacterial Control of Food. Jour. Hyg., 6, 1906, pp. 77–92. Believes that house-flies convey these diseases from the excrement of infected infants.

Sibthorpe, E.H. Cholera and Flies. Brit. Med. Jour., Sept., 1896, p. 700. Flies considered scavengers, think they thus help abate the disease.

Smith, T. The House-fly as an Agent in Dissemination of Infectious Diseases. Amer. Jour. Pub. Hyg., Aug., 1908, pp. 312–317. Points out that flies on account of their habits, are dangerous sources of contamination.

Smith, Theobald. The House-fly at the Bar. Merchants' Assn., New York, 1909, pp. 1–48. Letters from various authorities giving their opinion; quotations from various authors. Bibliography.

Veeder, M.A. Flies as Spreaders of Sickness in Camps. Med. Record, 54, 1898, pp. 429–430. Flies feed on typhoid excreta and pass to food. Cultures made from fly tracks and excreta show many bacteria present.

Veeder, M.A. The Relative Importance of Flies and Water Supply in Spreading Disease. Med. Record, 55, 1899, pp. 10–12. Reasons for believing that flies spread disease in many instances. Burial of infected typhoid material no protection but a menace.

Dangers from Flies. E.P.W. Nature, Vol. 29, pp. 482–483. Review of an article by Dr. B. Grassi in regard to flies and various diseases. Opthalmia is discussed. Flies may ingest and pass unharmed eggs of various human parasites including tapeworm.