Curious Facts in the History of Insects; Including Spiders and Scorpions. / A Complete Collection of the Legends, Superstitions, Beliefs, and Ominous Signs Connected with Insects; Together with Their Uses in Medicine, Art, and as Food; and a Summary of Their Remarkable Injuries and Appearances.

FOOTNOTES.

1. Thorpe’s Northern Mythol., ii. 104.

2. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict. Another designation, in Sweden, is not so honorable, for it is that of Laettfaerdig kona, the Wanton Quean.—Ibid. The term Lady-bird, in England, has been also applied to a prostitute.—Wright’s Provinc. Dict.

3. Jaeger, Life of Amer. Ins., p. 22.

4. It is curious to notice the association of this insect with the cow in the English and French names.

5. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict.

6. Chambers’ Pop. Rhymes, 1841, p. 170–1.

7. Thorpe’s North. Mythol., iii. 182.

8. Ibid., ii. 104.

9. Ibid., iii. 182.

10. Thorpe’s North. Mythol., ii. 104.

11. 4th Pastoral, 11. 83–8.

12. It probably is induced to fly away by the warmth of the hand.

13. Notes and Queries, i. 132.

14. Ibid., i. 28, 55, 73.

15. Jamieson supposes this word to be derived from the Teutonic Land-heer, a petty prince.—Scot. Dict.

16. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict. Cf. Chambers’ Pop. Rhymes, 1841, p. 170–1.

17. Thorpe’s North. Mythol., iii. 328.

18. Grose, Antiq. (Prov. Gloss.) p. 121.

19. Chambers’ Pop. Rhymes, 1841, p. 170.

20. Notes and Queries, iv. 53.

21. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

22. Kirby and Spence, Introd., ii. 9.

23. Newell’s Zool. of the Poets, p. 48.

24. Life of Amer. Ins., p. 21.

25. A. 1, sc. iii.

26. Quot. with preceding in Newell’s Zool. of the Poets, p. 50–2.

27. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 317.

28. Jaeger, Life of Amer. Ins., p. 61.

29. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 316.

30. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 42.

31. Gough’s Sepul. Mon., vol. i. p. xii.—These sepulchral tumuli, or burrows, are of the remotest antiquity, and continued in use till the twelfth century.—Ibid.

32. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt. ii. (2d S.) 261; and Pettig. Hist. of Mummies, p. 53–5.

33. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

34. Cuvier’s Animal Kingd.—Ins., i. 530.

35. The Mirror, xix. 180; and Saturday Mag., xvi. 144.

36. N. & Q., 2d S., ii. 83.

37. Bradley, Phil. Account, p. 184.

38. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxii. 81.

39. Nat. Hist. of Ins., Lond., 1838, ii. 156.

40. Theatr. Ins., p. 149. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1006.

41. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 533.

42. Nat. Hist., xi. 34. Holl. Trans., p. 326. K.

43. James’ Med. Dict. Cf. Brookes’ Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 321.

44. Amoreux, p. 154. Burmeister’s Manl. of Entomol., p. 561. Keferot. Uber den unmittelbaren Nutzen der Insekten, Erfurt, 1829, 4to, p. 8–10. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 303, note. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 28, note.

45. Nat. Hist., xvii. 37.

46. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 255, note.

47. Ins. Archit., p. 252.

48. Detharding de Ins. Coleop. Danicis, 9. Quot. by Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 33.

49. Northern Mythol., ii. 53.

50. Bjornstj. Theog. of Hindoos, p. 108.

51. Oliv. Col. I. 3, viii. 59. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 452.

52. Cuvier, qua supra.

53. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 4.

54. Cuvier, qua supra.

55. De Pauw’s Sacred-beetle of the Egyptians was “the great golden Scarabee, called by some the Cantharides.”—ii. 104.

56. Wilkinson, Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 259.

57. Val. Hieroglyphica, p. 93–5.

58. Ibid.

59. Plut. Of Isis and Osiris, p. 220. The translation of this passage as given by Philemon Holland is as follows: “The Fly called the Beetill they (the Egyptians) reverence, because they observe in them I wot not what little slender Images (like as in drops of water we see the resemblance of the Sun) of the Divine power.… As for the Beetills, they hold, that throughout all their kinds there is no female, but all the males do blow or cast their seed into a certain globus or round matter in the form of balls, which they drive from them and roll to and fro contrariwise, like as the Sun, when he moveth himself from the West to the East, seemeth to turn about the Heaven clean contrary.”—p. 1071, ed. of 1657.

60. Quot. by Montfaucon, Antiq., vol. ii., Part 2, p. 322.

61. De Pauw tells us that the description of the ScarabÆus as given by Orus Apollo (Horapollo) is, that “it resembles the sparkling luster of the eye of a cat in the dark.”(!)—ii. 104.

62. Horap., i. 10.

63. Anct. Egypt., i. (1st S.) 296.

64. Horap., Hierogl., i. 10.

65. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 258.

66. Treasvrie, B. 7. c. 14, p. 662. Printed 1613.

67. Horap. Hierog., i. 10.

68. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.

69. Of Isis, &c. Holl. Transl., p. 1051.

70. Ælian, x. 15.

71. Wilkinson, Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 257.

72. Of Isis, &c., qua supra.

73. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 256.

74. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 256.

75. Ibid.

76. Pettigrew, Hist. of Mum., p. 220.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Travels, ii. 306 (?).

80. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.

81. Ibid. Vide Pierius’ Hieroglyph., p. 76–80. Solis operum similitudo; Mundus; Generatio; Vnigenitus; Deus in humano corpore; Vir, paterve; Bellator strenuus; Sol; Luna; Mercurius; Febris lethalis a sole; Virtus enervata deliciis.

82. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.

83. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 257.

84. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 257.

85. De Pauw, ii. 104.

86. Pettig. Hist. of Mum., p. 220.

87. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 256.

88. Montf. Antiq., ii. (Pt. II.) 322.

89. Ibid., ii. (Pt. II.) 339.

90. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 259, note.

91. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 259, note.

92. Ibid.

93. Bunsen, Egypt’s Place, i. 504, fig. 116; i. 508, fig. 169.

94. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., i. (2d S.) 258, fig.

95. Bunsen, Ibid., i. 572, fig. 12; i. 576, fig. 9; i. 582, fig. 3.

96. Bunsen, Ibid., i. 617–632.

97. Bunsen’s Egypt’s Place, iii. 142.

98. Ibid.

99. Quot. by Montf. Antiq., ii. (Pt. II.) 323.

100. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 257.

101. Pettig. Hist. of Mum., p. 220.

102. Maury’s Indig. Races, p. 156.

103. Phind’s Thebes, p. 130.

104. Donovan, Ins. of China, p. 3.

105. Fosbroke, Encyclop. of Antiq., i. 208.

106. Ibid.

107. Montf. Antiq., ii. (Pt. II.) 339.

108. Ibid.

109. Montf. Antiq., ii. (Pt. II.) 339.

110. Ibid.

111. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.

112. There is now at Thebes an arch-forger of ScarabÆi—a certain Ali Gamooni, whose endeavors, in the manufacture of these much-sought-after relics, have been crowned with the greatest success. For the coarser description of these, he has, as well as chance European purchasers, an outlet in a native market; for they are bought from him to be carried up the river into Nubia, where they are favorite amulets and ornaments, as mothers greatly delight to patch one or two to the girdles by short thongs, which constitute the only article of dress of their children. Through this very medium, too, it sometimes happens that these spurious ScarabÆi come into the possession of unsophisticated travelers, who are not likely to suspect their origin in that remote country, and under such circumstances.

ScarabÆi also of the more elegant and well-finished descriptions are not beyond the range of this curious counterfeiter. These he makes of the same material as the ancients themselves used,—a close-grained, easily-cut limestone, which, after it is graven into shape and lettered, receives a greenish glaze by being baked on a shovel with brass filings.

Ali, not content with closely imitating, has even aspired to the creative; so antiquarians must be on their guard lest they waste their time and learning on antiquities of a very modern date.—Vide Rhind’s Thebes, p. 253–5. Mr. Gliddon, in an incidental note, Indig. Races, p. 192, takes credit for having furnished this same Ali, some twenty-four years ago (as it would appear), with broken penknives and other appliances to aid his already-manifested talent, in the somewhat fantastic hope of flooding the local market with such curiosities, and so saving the monuments from being laid under contribution!

113. Winkleman, Art. 2, c. 1.

114. Paraph. from Fosbroke’s Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.

115. Of those deposited in the British Museum, Mr. Birch has made the following report:

A ScarabÆus having on the base Ra-men-Chepr, a prenomen of Thothmes III. Beneath is a Scarab between two feathers, placed on the basket sub.
A ScarabÆus in dark steaschist, with the figure of the sphinx (the sun), and an emblem between the fore paws of the monster. The sphinx constantly appears on the ScarabÆi of Thothmes III., and it is probably to this monarch that the one here described belongs. (On many ScarabÆi in the British Museum, and on those figured by Klaproth from the Palin Collection, in Leeman’s Monuments, and in the “Description de l’Egypt,” Thothmes is represented as a sphinx treading foreign prisoners under him.—Layard.) After the Sphinx on this Scarab are the titles of the king, “The sun-placer of creation,” of Thothmes III.
Small ScarabÆus of white steaschist, with a brownish hue; reads Neter nefer nebta Ra-neb-ma, “The good God, the Lord of the Earth, the Sun, the Lord of truth, rising in all lands.” This is Amenophis III., one of the last kings of the XVIII. dynasty, who flourished about the fifteenth century B.C.
ScarabÆus in white steaschist, with an abridged form of the prenomen of Thothmes III., Ra-men-cheper at en Amen, “The sun-placer of creation, the type of Ammon.” This monarch was the greatest monarch of the XVIII. dynasty, and conquered Naharaina and the Saenkar, besides receiving tribute from Babel or Babylon and Assyria.
ScarabÆus in pale white steaschist, with three emblems that cannot well be explained. They are the sun’s disk, the ostrich feather, the urÆus, and the guitar nablium. They may mean “Truth the good goddess,” or “lady,” or ma-nefer, “good and true.”
ScarabÆus in the same substance, with a motto of doubtful meaning.
ScarabÆus, with a hawk, and God holding the emblem of life, and the words ma nefer, “good and true.” The meaning very doubtful.
A ScarabÆus with a hawk-headed gryphon, emblem of Menta-Ra, or Mars. Behind the monster is the goddess Sati, or Nuben. The hawk-headed lion is one of the shapes into which the sun turns himself in the hours of the day. It is a common emblem of the AramÆan religion.
ScarabÆus with hawk-headed gryphon, having before in the urÆus and the nabla or guitar, hieroglyphic of good. Above it are the hieroglyphics “Lord of the earth.”
Small ScarabÆus in dark steaschist, with a man in adoration to a king or deity, wearing a crown of the upper country, and holding in the left hand a lotus flower. Between this is the emblem of life.
ScarabÆus, with the hawk-headed ScarabÆus, emblem of Ra-cheper, “the creator Sun,” flying with expanded wings, four in number, which do not appear in Egyptian mythology till after the time of the Persians, when the gods assume a more Pantheistic form. Such a representation of the sun, for instance, is found in the Torso Borghese.

It will be observed, adds Layard, that most of the Egyptian relics discovered in the Assyrian ruins are of the time of the XVIII. Egyptian dynasty, or of the fifteenth century before Christ; a period when, as we learn from Egyptian monuments, there was a close connection between Assyria and Egypt.—Layard’s Babylon and Nineveh, p. 239–240.

116. Layard’s Babylon and Nineveh, p. 157, 166.

117. Hist. of Mum., 53–5; Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 261, note.

118. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 156.

119. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxx. 11; Holland, ii. 395. K.

120. Phil. Trans. Abridg., ii. 785; Gent. Mag., xix. 264–5.

121. Phil. Trans. Abridg., ix. 11. Concerning the worship of animals in general by the Egyptians, the following remarks in a note may not be inappropriate, as they embrace the worship of the ScarabÆus.

A class of animals, to which may be referred the cow, dog, sheep, and ibis, were at first naturally protected and respected out of gratitude for the benefits derived from them. But in time, it is supposed, this respect, by unthoughtful descendants believing too implicitly the teachings of their fathers, was gradually enlarged to so great extent that it became reverence, and at last, perhaps after centuries, worship. For example, at A time, the ibis is respected on account of its destroying noxious serpents; at B, reverenced; and at C, worshiped.
When at C time, the ibis is worshiped, suppose the masses have lost the reason (which in the case of the Egyptians is an allowable supposition, since it is an historical fact that but the initiated knew the reasons for their manner of worship), and serpents are its food, is it not plain then that if the food be taken away the sacred bird cannot live? Hence at C time are serpents preserved and protected as food for the ibis; and as this protecting care increases as above, till at D they are reverenced, and at E worshiped. To this second class may be referred the crocodile, which was preserved, etc. as food for the ichneumon, a sacred animal of the first class.
Analogies between animals, and even plants, and certain sources of goodness, or objects of wonder, as the sun, and motion of the stars, were at A time, noticed; at B, respected or reverenced; and at C, worshiped. Thus, among plants, became the onion sacred, from the resemblance of the laminÆ which compose it, in a transverse section, to circles—to the orbits of the planets. And thus the ScarabÆus from the analogies between its movements and shape and the motions of the sun, traced, as we have before remarked on the authority of several ancient writers, became also an object of adoration.
A fourth reason may also be given, which follows as a consequence of the latter. If such analogy, as, for example, that between the beetle and the sun, had been observed in the time of picture and hieroglyphic writing, to represent the sun, the beetle would have been taken. Now, it is a well-authenticated fact, that these hieroglyphics in time became sacred, and, if the beetle was found among them, it for this, if for no other reason, would have been looked upon with the same veneration.
Good men, too, to preserve the lives of animals oftentimes wantonly taken, introduce them into fables and poetry, and connect pleasing tales with them. The “Babes in the Wood” have so fixed the respect for the tameness of the robin, that it is even now deemed a sacrilege with our boys to stone this bird. And may there not have been such good men, and such tender stories, among the Egyptians, and the remembrance of whom and which long lost by the lapse of time?

122. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 33.

123. Ins. of China, p. 6.

124. Nat. Hist., xxix. 6 (38).

125. Nat. Hist., xxx. 11 (30). Holland, Trans., ii. 390.

126. James’ Med. Dict.

127. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 6.

128. Theatr. Ins., p. 160. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1012.

129. Cuvier suggests that the ScarabÆus nasicornis of LinnÆus, which haunts dead bark, or the S. auratus, may be the insect here referred to.

130. Nat. Hist., xi. 28 (34).

131. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 20. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

132. St. Clair, West Indies, etc., i. 152.

133. Simmond, Curiosities of Food, p. 295.

134. Ibid.

135. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 407.

136. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 407.

137. Theatr. Ins., p. 152. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1009.

138. De Geer, iv. 275–6. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 33.

139. Hist. of Ins. (Murray, 1830) ii. 296.

140. Chronicles, iv. 326.—The water overflowing the low grounds brought the beetles for air to the surface, whence they were swept away by the current.

141. Phil. Trans. Abridg., ii. 781–3.

142. Phil. Trans. Abridg., ii. 782.

143. Shaw, Zool., vi. 25.

144. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 179.

145. Anderson’s Recr. in Agric., iii. 420.

146. Anim. Biog., iii. 233.

147. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

148. Ibid.

149. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 88.

150. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 405.

151. Donovan, Ins. of India, p. 5.

152. Donovan, Ins. of China, p. 13.

153. Travels, i. 384.

154. Ibid., i. 331.

155. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 356.

156. Introd., i. 156.

157. Pliny, xxx. 4; Holland, ii. 377. E.

158. Med. Dict.

159. Ibid.

160. Peruvians travel by the light of the Cucujus Peruvianus.—See Kirby’s Wond. Museum, ii. 151.

161. Hist. of West Indies, p. 274.

162. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

163. Stedm. Surinam, i. 140.

164. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 321.

165. Conq. of Mex., i. 327.

166. Hist. of New Swed., p. 162.

167. Theatr. Insect., p. 112.

168. Hist. of Amer., p. 378.

169. Walton, Pres. St. of Span. Col., i. 128.

170. Humboldt’s Cuba, p. 395.

171. Saturday Mag., ix. 229.

172. Theatr. Ins., p. 111. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 977.

173. Tour on the Continent, 2d. Edit., iii. 85.

174. Browne’s Vulg. Err., B. iii. c. 17. Works, ii. 531.

175. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 317.

176. Tour on Continent, iii. 85. 2d Edit.

177. Med. Dict.

178. Harris’ Col. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 688.

179. Harris, Farm Insects, p. 372.

180. This insect has received its English names, of Mole-cricket and Earth-crab, from its burrowing like a mole, and some species of W. Indian crabs; and, from its supposed jarring song at night, it is also called Eve-churr, Churr-worm, and Jarr-worm.—Ibid.

181. Moufet, Theatr. Ins., p. 110. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 977.

182. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 382.

183. Cf. Works, ii. 375.

184. Johnson’s Eng. Dict.

185. 4th Past., 1. 101.

186. In Kirby’s Wonderful Museum, ii. 309, there is an article on the Death-watch, headed “A curious Description and Explanation of the Death-watch, so commonly listened to with such dread.”

187. Harper’s Mag., xxiii. 775.

188. Shaw, Zool., vi. 34. Nat. Misc., iii. 104.

189. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 226–7.

190. Horne’s Introd. to Bibliog., i. 311.

191. Wilhelm’s Recr. from Nat. Hist., quot. by Latrielle, Hist. Nat., ix. 194. Quot. by Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 213. Carpenter, Zool., ii. 133.

192. Brookes informs us that Dr. Greenfield, a practitioner in London, was sent to Newgate, by the college, for having given Cantharides inwardly. This happened in the year 1698; but he was soon after released, by a superior authority, when he published a work upon the good effects of these insects taken inwardly for strangury, and other disorders of the kidneys and bladder. We are also told by Ambrose Parry, that a courtezan, having invited a young man to supper, had seasoned some of the dishes with the powder of Cantharides, which the very next day produced such an effect, that he died with an evacuation of blood, which the physicians were not able to stop. Many other instances might be brought, continues Brookes, of persons that have been either killed, or brought to death’s door, by a wanton use of these Flies, which had been given them privately, with a design to cause love. Some go so far as to affirm, that people have been thrown into a fever, only by sleeping under trees on which were a great number of Cantharides; and Mr. Boyle informs us, after authors worthy of credit, that some persons have felt considerable pains about the neck of the bladder, only by holding Cantharides in their hands.—Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 50–1.

193. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxix. 30.

194. Asiatic Res., v. 213.

195. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

196. Med. Dict.

197. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 569.

198. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxix. 30.

199. Sloane, Hist. of Jamaica, ii. 206.

200. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 156.

201. Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 49.

202. Cuvier, An. Kingd.—Ins., i. 569.

203. Linn. Faun. Suec., p. 822.

204. Lane’s Mod. Egypt., i. 237, ii. 275.

205. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 568.

206. Pinkerton’s Voy. and Trav., x. 190.

207. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxix. 6. Holl., p. 370.

208. Trans. of Assoc. Phys. in Ireland, iv., vii., and v., p. 177, 8vo., Dublin, 1824–8.

209. In Kirby’s Wonderful Museum, iv. 360, there are several instances of living insects being found in the human stomach, quite as extraordinary as the above.

210. The Mirror, xxviii. 304.

211. Hist. of Brazil, p. 346.

212. Jamieson gives Grou-grou as a Scottish name for the Corn-grub.—Scot. Dict., iii. 516.

213. Shaw, Zool., vi. 62. Cuvier, An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 80.

214. Stedm. Surinam, ii. 23.

215. Ibid., ii. 115.

216. Acct. of the Sierra Leone Africans, i. 314, note.

217. Travels, i. 410.

218. Gummila, i. 9. See also Southey’s Hist. of Brazil, i. 110.

219. Hist. of Barbados, p. 646.

220. Entretenimiento, vi. § 11.

221. Canto iii.

222. Sketches of Java, 310.

223. Ælian, Hist. L. xiv. c. 13.

224. Simmond’s Curiosities of Food, p. 313.

225. Travels and Researches in S. Africa, p. 389.

226. Monthly Mag. ii. (Pt. II.) 792, for 1796.

227. Book of Days, i.

228. Theatr. Ins., p. 151. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1007.

229. The Mirror, xxxiii. 202, note.

230. Drury, Ins., i. 9 (Pref.). Shaw’s Zool., vi. 73.

231. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 71–2. Merian, Ins. Sur., 24.

232. Hist. of Jamaica, ii. 193–4.

233. St. Pierre, Voy., 72.

234. Smeatham, 32. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 303.

235. Wonders, i. 18.

236. Curtis, Farm Ins., p. 22. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

237. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 98.

238. Probably the coriaceous tortoise, which is covered with a strong hide.

239. Paladius, B. i. c. 35.

240. Med. Dict.

241. Gent. Mag., xxv. 376.—Some authors assert that Ear-wigs are not in the least injurious to vegetation.

242. Hist. of Jam., ii. 204.

243. Med. Dict.

244. Hist. of Jam., ii. 204.

245. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

246. Quot. by Samouffle, Ent. Cab., 1–3.

247. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

248. Pinkerton’s Voy. and Trav., xiii. 108. A beetle, insinuating itself in the ear of Captain Speke when in Central Africa, caused him the greatest pain imaginable. It was six or seven months before all the pieces of it were extracted.—Blackwood’s Mag., Sept. 1859. Barth’s Central Africa, ii. 91, note.

249. Hone’s Every Day Book, i. 1121.

250. London Labor and London Poor, iii. 40–1.

251. Zool., vi. 118.

252. Theat. Ins., p. 983.

253. Harwood, Grec. Antiq., p. 200.

254. Chamb. Journ., xi. 362, 2d S.

255. Carpenter’s Zool., ii. 142.

256. Penny Mag., 1841, 2d S. p. 436.

257. Cuvier, An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 190.

258. Present St. of the C. of Good Hope, i. 99–100. Astley’s Collec. of Voy. and Trav., iii. 366.

259. Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., iii. 381.

260. Pres. St. of the C. of Good Hope, i. 101–2.

261. Ibid.

262. Trav., i. 150.

263. Ibid., ii. 65.

264. Quot. by Penny Mag., 1841, 2d S. p. 436.

265. Ibid.

266. Ibid.

267. Churchill’s Coll. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 23, and Pinkerton’s Voy. and Trav., xiv. 720.

268. Trav. in China, p. 159. Cf. Williams’ Middle Kingdom, i. 273.

269. Ins. Arch., 63.

270. This superstition I have found in no other place.

271. Harper’s New Monthly Mag., xxiv. 491, 2.

272. Donovan seems to think that Ovid’s account of the Transformation of Phaeton’s Sisters into trees, had its origin in some such idea as this.—Insects of China, p. 18, note. See also Chamb. Journal, xi. 367, 2d Ser.

273. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 19.

274. Smith’s Nature and Art, x. 240.

275. Amer. Phil. Trans., vol. iii. Introd.

276. Cuvier, An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 173.

277. Nat. Hist. of Barbados, p. 90.

278. 4th Pastoral, line 102.

279. Mag-astromancers Posed and Puzzel’d, p. 181.

280. DÆmonologia, 1650, p. 59.

281. Elminth., 8vo. Lond., 1668, p. 271.

282. Nat. Hist. of Selborne, p. 255.

283. Tamar and Tavy, i. 321.

284. The Mirror, xix. 180.

285. Astrologaster, p. 45.

286. Notes and Queries, iii. 3.

287. Ibid.

288. The Mirror, xix. 180.

289. Grose, Antiq. Prov. Gloss., p. 121.

290. Il Penserosa.

291. Mouffet, Theat. Insect., p. 136.

292. Harper’s Mag., xxvi. 497.

293. Mouff. Theat. Ins., p. 136.

294. De Pauw, ii. 106.

295. Life of Amer. Ins., p. 114.

296. Earth and Animat. Nat., iv. 216.

297. Sloane’s Nat. Hist. of Jamaica, ii. 204.

298. Nat. Hist., xxx. 4. Holland, p. 378. H.

299. Ibid., xxix. 6. Holland, p. 370. K.

300. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxix. 6. Holl., p. 371. A.

301. Med. Dict.

302. The Grasshopper, however, according to Mr. Hughes’ description, is twice as large as the cricket; it being two inches, the cricket but one inch, in length.—P. 85 and 90.

303. Nat. Hist. of Barb., p. 85.

304. Athen. Deipnos, L. 4, c. 12. The Cercope, or Monkey-grasshopper, was so called from having a long tail like a monkey, cercops.

305. Pinkert. Col. of Voy. and Trav., ix. 612.

306. Hist. of West Indies, p. 121–2.

307. Voy., ii. 239. Wanley’s Wonders, ii. 373.

308. Quoted in Simmond’s Curios. of Food, p. 304.

309. Gent. Mag., xii. 442.

310. Good, Study of Med., iv. 515.

311. Pinkerton’s Voy. and Trav., vii. 705.

312. Med. Dict.

313. Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 67.

314. Theatr. Ins., p. 120. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 984.

315. Exod., chap. x.

316. Of the symbolical Locusts in the Apocalypse it is said—“And the sounds of their wings was as the sound of chariots, of many horses running to battle.”—ix. 9.

317. Cf. Ex. x. 15; Jer. xlvi. 23; Judg. vi. 5, viii. 12; Nah. iii. 15.

318. Joel, ii. 2–10, 20.

319. Oros., Contra Pag., l. 5, c. 2.

320. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 217; Cuv. An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 206.

321. Mouff., Theat. Ins., p. 123.

322. Shaw, Zool., vi. 137.

323. Wonders, ii. 507.

324. Shaw, Zool., vi. 137.

325. Ibid.

326. Theatr. Insect., p. 123.

327. Cuvier, An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 212.

328. Bingley, Anim. Biog., iii. 258.

329. Hist. of Ins. (Murray, 1838), ii. 188.

330. Nat. Hist. of Jam., quot. in Gent. Mag., xviii. 362.

331. Churchill’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., v. 33.

332. Ins. (Murray, 1838), ii. 188.

333. Ibid., ii. 197.

334. Gent. Mag., lxx. 989.

335. Phil. Trans., vol. xlvi., and Gent. Mag., xvii. 435.

336. Ibid.

337. Ins. (Murray, 1838), ii. 190.

338. Ibid., 191. Dr. Shaw says, Governors of particular provinces of the East oftentimes command a certain number of the military to take the field against armies of Locusts, with a train of artillery.—Zool., vi. 131, note.

339. Phil. Trans., vol. xlvi.

340. Cuv. An. King.—Ins., ii. 211.

341. Dillon’s Trav. in Spain, quot. in Ins. (Murray, 1838), ii. 205.

342. Gent. Mag., xx. 382; xxiii. 387.

343. Ibid., xlii. 293.

344. Jackson’s Trav. in Morocco, p. 105. Cf. Lempriere, Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., xv. 709.

345. Cuv. An. King.—Ins., ii. 212.

346. Gent. Mag., lxii. 543.

347. Ibid., liii. 526, Pt. I.

348. Trav., etc., 257.

349. K. and S. Introd., i. 219.

350. Orient. Mem., ii. 273.

351. Ibid., iii. 338.

352. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., viii. 595.

353. Ibid., viii. 613.

354. Penny Mag., 1843, p. 231.

355. Narrative, p. 234, and p. 238.

356. Trav. in Morocco, p. 105.

357. Jaeg. on Ins., p. 103.

358. Pringle’s S. Africa, p. 54. The Missionary Moffat has written the history of the scourge of 1826.—Miss. Lab., p. 447–9.

359. Ibid.

360. Chinese Repository.

361. Churchill’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 317.

362. Penny Mag. 1843.

363. Backhouse, p. 264.

364. Kaffraria, p. 79.

365. Remy & Brenchley’s Voy. to G. Salt Lake City, iv. 440, note; Burton’s City of the Saints, p. 345.

366. Quot. by Burton, City of the Saints, p. 86. Cf. Long’s Exped., ii. 31.

367. Remy and Brenchley’s Voy. to G.S. Lake City, i. 440, note; Burton’s City of the Saints, p. 345.

368. Lepsius, Disc. in Egypt, p. 50.

369. Nat. Hist., xi. 29; Holland, Pt. I. p. 327, F-H.

370. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 137–8.

371. Ibid., 138.

372. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., vii. 257.

373. Volney’s Trav., i. 387.

374. Riley’s Narrative, p. 236–7.

375. Richardson’s Sahara, i. 338.

376. The Mirror, xv. 429.

377. Pilgr., ii. 1047.

378. Ibid., ii. 1186.

379. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

380. Gent. Mag., lxxxi. (Pt. II.) 273.

381. Vide Bochart, Hierozoic, L. IV. c. 5, 474–5.

382. Volney, Trav., i. 304.

383. Robbins’ Journal, p. 228.

384. Southey’s Thalaba, i. 171.

385. Clarke’s Travels, i. 348.

386. Harleian Miscel., ii. 523.

387. Nature and Art, vi. 109.

388. Bochart, Hierozoic, Pt. II. L. iv. c. 5, 475.—Much of this description is quite oriental, but such is the general resemblance to some of the animals mentioned, that in Italy it still bears the name of “Cavalletta.” A German name for this Locust, as well as the Grasshopper (before mentioned), is the “Hay-horse.” About the Locust’s neck, too, the integuments have some resemblance to the trappings of a horse; some species, however, have the appearance of being hooded. In the Bible, Locusts are compared to horses.—Joel, ii. 4; Rev. ix. 7. Ray says, “Caput oblongum, equi instar prona spectans.”

389. Riley’s Narrative, p. 234.

390. Ins. (Murray, 1838), ii. 186.

391. Ibid., 187.

392. Ibid.

393. Theatr. Ins., p. 125. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 988.

394. St. John’s Man. and Cust. of Anct. Greeks, iii. 95.

395. Diod. Sic. Hist., L. III. c. 2. Booth’s Trans., 170–1.

396. Strabo. Geog., L. XVI. c. 4, § 13.

397. Nat. Hist., xi. 26. Holl. Pt. I. p. 325. E. Cf. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xi. 29.

398. Rob. Journal, p. 172.

399. Ibid., p. 228.

400. Jackson’s Morocco, p. 104.

401. Ibid., p. 106.

402. Wand. and Adv. in S. Afr., i. 137.

403. Riley’s Narrat., p. 237.

404. Exped. to Africa, p. 107.

405. Cent. Africa, ii. 30.

406. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., xvi. 634.

407. Travels to C. of Good Hope, i. 263.

408. Ibid.

409. Revel. ix. 2, 3.

410. Fleming’s Kaffraria, p. 80.

411. Holman’s Travels, p. 487.

412. Miss. Lab., p. 448–9.

413. Quot. in Anderson’s L. Ngami, p. 284.

414. Ibid., p. 283.

415. Trav. and Res. in S. Africa, p. 48.

416. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., x. 189.

417. Hasselq. Trav., p. 419.

418. Orient. Mem., i. 46.

419. Layard’s Nin. and Bab., p. 289.

420. Chinese Repository.

421. Lord Elgin’s Miss. to China and Japan, p. 273.

422. Middle Kingdom, ii. 50.

423. Voy., i. 430. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., xi. 49.

424. Ibid., xiv. 128.

425. Vol. ii. p. 525.

426. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., ii. 205.

427. Jackson’s Morocco, p. 103.

428. Ibid., p. 106.

429. Narrative, p. 235.

430. Chinese Repository.

431. Phil. Trans. for 1698.

432. Prov. xxx. 27.

433. Genes. xvi. 12.

434. Jackson’s Travels in Morocco, p. 105–6.

435. Hist. of Greece, b. i. c. 24.

436. Hist. Acct. of China, b. ii. c. 15, and Church Col. of Voy. and Trav., i. 95.

437. Naturalist in Bermuda, p. 112.

438. S. African Sport., p. 220.

439. Darwin’s Res., p. 159.

440. Hist. of Jam., ii. 261.

441. Smith’s Bib. Dict.

442. Ibid.

443. Travels, i. 71.

444. Egypt and China, ii. 106.

445. Hist. of Brazil, i. 105.

446. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci. The species here referred to was the Termes lucifuga.

447. Orient. Mem., i. 363–4.

448. Kempf. Japan, ii. 127; also Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., vii. 701.

449. Orient. Mem., i. 362.

450. Introd., i. 247.

451. Autobiog., Lond., 1858, p. 222–3.

452. Latr. S. Africa, p. 315.

453. Hist. of Brazil, i. 319.

454. Kid. and Fletch., Brazil, p. 443.

455. S. Africa, p. 315.

456. Hist. of Brazil, i. 319.

457. Kidder and Fletcher, Brazil, p. 442.

458. Barter’s Dorp and Veld, p. 81.

459. Burton’s Central Africa, i. 202.

460. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 412.

461. Knox, Ceylon, Pt. I. ch. vi. p. 24.

462. Phil. Trans., lxxi. 167–8, note.

463. Ibid.

464. Voy. to Cape of Good Hope, i. 261; Cf. Alexander’s Exped. into Africa, i. 52.

465. Trav. in S. Africa, p. 501.

466. Burton’s Cent. Africa, i. 202.

467. Buchanan, i. 7; Forbes, Orient. Mem., i. 305.

468. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 308, note.

469. Letters written in a Mahratta Camp in 1809.

470. Backhouse, p. 584.

471. Phil. Trans., lxxi. 167–8, note.

472. Memoirs, vi. 485. Quot. by K. and S. Introd., i. 284. Cuv. An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 315. Ins. Trans., p. 373.

473. Quot. by Shaw, Zool., vi. 250.

474. Mag. of Nat. Hist., iii. 516–8.

475. Gosse’s Jamaica, p. 251.

476. Gram. and Dict. of the Yoruba Language. Smithson. Public., p. xiii.

477. Cuv. An. King.—Ins., ii. 404.

478. They were produced by that species of Gall-fly, Cynips, delineated by Reaumur in his Hist. of Ins., vol. iii. tabl. 40. The Mirror, xxx. 234.

479. K. and S. Introd., i. 33.

480. Browne’s Works, ii. 376.

481. Theatr. Ins., 252. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1085.

482. Hasselquist’s Travels, p. 253.

483. Cuv. An. King.—Ins., ii. 424.

484. Ibid., p. 427.

485. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci. Cf. Cuv.—Ins., ii. 428; K. and S. Introd., i. 318. Medict. Virt. Cf. Geoffroy’s Treatise on Subs. used in Physic, p. 369.

486. Cuv. An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 428. Cf. Geoffroy’s Subs. used in Phys., p. 369.

487. Reaum. iii. 416. Cf. Cuv. Ibid. ii. 429. K. and S. Introd., i. 310.

488. Smith’s Introd. to Bot., p. 346. Olivier’s Trav., i. 139. Cf. Ibid.

489. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

490. Herod., B. 3, 102–5. Cary’s Trans., p. 214.

491. Strabo, Geog., B. xv. c. 1, § 44. Hamilton’s Trans., iii. 101. Cf. Arrian’s Ind. Hist., c. 15. Rooke’s Trans., ii. 211.

492. Ibid.

493. Pliny, Nat. Hist., B. xi. c. 31. Bost. and Riley’s Trans., iii. 39.

494. Ubi supra, and Strabo, B. xv. c. 1, § 37.

495. Pomp., Vita Apollon. Tyan., B. vi. c. 1.

496. Bostick and Riley’s Trans. of Pliny, iii. 39, note.

497. Prov. vi. 6. Cf. Prov. xxx. 23.

498. Smith’s Bib. Dict.

499. Holland’s Trans., p. 787.

500. Guardian, No. 156–7.

501. Nat. Displ., i. 128.

502. Namahl a Namal Circumcidit.—Browne’s Pseud. Epid.—Works, ii. 531.

503. Poems: Solomon.

504. Hymns: The Emmet.

505. On the Omnis. of God.

506. Par. Lost, B. vii. l. 484.

507. Saturday Mag., xix. 190.

508. Lawson’s Bible Cyclop., ii. 505.

509. Theatr. Ins., p. 245–6. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1078. Vide Pierius’ Hieroglyph., p. 73–6.

510. Mouf. Theatr. Ins., p. 242.

511. Quot. in Brande’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 224.

512. Harwood’s Grec. Antiq., p. 200.

513. Stosch. Cl., ii. 227–8. Fosbr. Encycl. of Antiq., ii. 738.

514. Quot. in Brande’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 134.

515. The Mirror, xxx. 216.

516. Pilgrims, v. 542.

517. Theatr. Ins., 246. Topsel’s Hist of Beasts, p. 1079.

518. The valley seems to be so called from the great number of Ants which are found there. Some place it in Syria, and others in Tayeb.—Al Beidawi, Jallalo’ddin.

519. The Koran, p. 310. Translated by Geo. Sale.

520. Trav. in the Levant, Pt. I. p. 41.

521. Land and Water Creatures Compared, Holland, p. 787.

522. B. 7, c. 16, p. 665; printed 1613.

523. Strong’s Nat. Hist., iii. 163.

524. Holland’s Trans., p. 787.

525. Chamb. Misc., x. 17.

526. Kalm in Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., xiii. 474.

527. Chamb. Misc., x. 22.

528. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., xvi. 174.

529. Guinea, p. 276; Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 727.

530. Du Chaillu, p. 312 and 108.

531. Allied to the Stinger (ota) of Yoruba, and Idzalco, “the fighter which makes one go.”—T.J. Bowen.

532. Livingstone’s Travels, p. 468.

533. St. Clair’s W. Indies, i. 167–8.

534. Stedm. Surinam, ii. 94.

535. Of similar size and ferocity as the great Red-ant of Ceylon, the Dimiya, Formica smaragdina.—Tennent, N.H. of Ceyl., p. 424.

536. The Cobra de Capello, Naja tripudians, Merr.

537. Knox, Hist. Rel. of Ceylon, Pt. I. ch. vi. p. 24.

538. Stedm. Surinam, ii. 142.

539. K. and S. Introd., i. 123.

540. Smith’s Nature and Art, xii. 195. Clavigero supposes that all the attachment which the snake shows to the Ant-hills proceeds from its living on the Ants themselves.

541. Du Chaillu, p. 312.

542. The Swiss farmers, in order to rid their trees of caterpillars, allure the Ants to climb the trees, where, being confined by a circle of pitch round the holes, hunger soon causes them to attack the noxious larvÆ.

543. Penny Encycl., sub. Ant.

544. Hakluyt Society, ii. 13.

545. The Mirror, xxxi. 342.

546. Smith’s Nature and Art, xii. 197.

547. Hist. Nat., i. 9, and v. 291. Cf. Sloane, Hist. of Jam., ii. 221.

548. Amer. Utriusq. Desc., p. 333.

549. Ibid., p. 379.

550. Southey’s Com. Place Book, 3d S. p. 346–7.

551. Herrera, vi. 5, 6.

552. Hist. of Jam., ii. 221.

553. Quoted, Ibid.

554. Journ. of Geog. Soc., 1841, x. 175.

555. Quot. by K. and S. Introd., i. 309.

556. Trav. in Swed., p. 118, Lond. 1789, 4to.

557. Ibid.

558. Jenkin’s Voy. of U.S. Explor. Exped. Com. by Wilkes, 8vo. Auburn, 1852, p. 319.

559. Cuv. An. Kingd.—Insects, ii. 489.

560. Ibid.

561. Pilgrims, iii. 996.

562. James’s Med. Dict.

563. Hist. of Jam., ii. 221.

564. Brande’s Encycl. of Sci. Lit., etc.

565. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxviii. 7 (23).

566. Southey’s Com. Place Book, 3d S. p. 419.

567. Gent. Mag., Pt. II. lxxiii. 704–5, and Kirby’s Wond. Museum, i. 353–5.

568. Land and Water Creatures Compared, Holl. Trans., p. 793.

569. B. 7, c. xv. p. 664. Printed 1613.

570. Cuv. An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 472.

571. Mem. Berlin Acad. for 1749.

572. Penny Encycl., sub. Ant.

573. K. and S. Introd., ii. 54.

574. Pilgrimage, p. 1090.

575. K. and S. Intro., ii. 54.

576. Joss. Voy., p. 118.

577. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

578. Purchas’s Pilgrims, iii. 998.

579. Schomburgk’s Hist. of Barbados, 640–3; and Coke’s West Indies, ii. 313.

580. Cuv. An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 471.

581. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., xiv. 716.

582. Southey’s Hist. of Brazil, iii. 334, note.

583. Wanley’s Wonders, ii. 507.

584. Thom Browne’s Works, ii. 337, note.

585. Martial, B. iv. 15.

586. Southey, Hist. of Brazil, i. 645.

587. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 148–9.

588. Nat. Hist., xxix. 29.

589. Wanley’s Wonders, i. 378.

590. Theatr. Ins., p. 40–50. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 921–7. Vide Pierius’ Hieroglyph., p. 267–8; Pernicies summota; Pugnacitas; Imperfecti mores civiles; Perturbator.

591. Josh. xxiv. 12; Deut. vii. 20.

592. Kirby’s Bridgewater Treatise.—Saturday Mag., ix. 239.

593. Phil. Trans., i. 201.

594. Med. Dict.

595. Hist. of Beasts, p. 660.

596. Theatr. Ins., p. 49. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 657, 927.

597. Notes and Queries, ii. 165.

598. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 211.

599. Backhouse’s Mauritius, p. 32.

600. Moufet, Theatr. Insect., p. 47. Topsel’s Hist. of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents, p. 925, 655.

601. William’s Middle Kingdom; or Chinese Empire, i. 274.

602. Thom. Bozius de signis Eccles., B. 14, c. iii. Quot. by Butler, Fem. Monarchie, c. i. 48.

603. Quot. in Notes and Queries, ix. 167.

604. Parley of Beasts, p. 144. London, 1660.

605. Bozius, ubi supra. Butler, ubi supra.

606. Vicentius in Spec. Moral., B. 2, D. 21, p. 3. N. and Q., x. 499.

607. Pet. Cluniac, B. 1, c. i. N. and Q., x. 499.

608. Quot. in Notes and Queries, x. 499.

609. Harwood, Grec. Antiq., p. 200.

610. Pliny, Nat. Hist., ix. 18

611. Ibid.

612. Paus. Hist. of Greece, B. ix. c. xxiii. 3.

613. Stanley’s Hist. of Philos., Pt. V. c. ii. p. 157, Lond. 1701. Cf. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xi. 18.

Vide Pierius, Hieroglyph., p. 261–5. Populus regi suo obseques; Rex; Regnum; Grata eloquentia; PoeticÆ amoenitas; Futuri seculi beatitudo; Dulcium appetitus; DiuturnÆ valetudinis prosperitas; Meretrix; ExoticÆ disciplinÆ; Prophetarum oracula, etc.

614. Lives of the Saints, xii. 106.

615. Quot. in N. and Q., x. 500. This story is not in the Fem. Monarchie of 1609, printed for Jos. Barnes.

616. Theatr. Ins., p. 21–2. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts and Serpents, p. 645, 905.

617. N. and Q., vi. 480.

618. Gay’s Pastorals, v. 107–8.

619. Chambers’ Book of Days, i. 752.

620. Plutarch, Nat. Quest., 36. Holl. Trans., p. 831.

621. Nat. Hist., xxviii. 7. Holl. Trans., p. 308.

622. Plutarch, Land and Water Creatures Compared. Holl. Trans., p. 786.

623. Georg. iv. 283–7. Dryden’s Trans.

624. Swam. Hist. of Ins., Pt. I. p. 226.

625. Martin’s Georg. of Virgil, iv. 295, note.

626. Dryden’s Virgil, Georg. iv. 417–442. Democritus, said to have been contemporary with Socrates and Hippocrates, the learned Varro, Columella, and Plorentinus, have severally given this same receipt. Vide Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 199.

627. Hollings. Chron., i. 384.

628. Swam. Hist. of Ins., Pt. I. p. 228.

629. N. and Q., ii. 356.

630. Nat. Hist., xix. 7. Holl. Trans., p. 23. E.

631. N. and Q., ii. 165. Chamb. Bk. of Days, i. 752.

632. N. & Q., xii. 200.

633. Mag. of Nat. Hist., ii. 405.

634. Bucke on Nature, i. 419.

635. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., ii. 300.

636. Ibid.

637. Ibid.

638. Thorpe’s North. Mythol., iii. 161.

639. Vide N. and Q. in Devon, v. 148; Essex, v. 437; Lincolnshire, iv. 270; Surrey, iv. 291; a Cornish superstition, too, xii. 38; in Buckinghamshire, Sussex, Lithuania, and France, iv. 308.

640. Brande’s Pop. Antiq., ii. 300.

641. Bucke on Nature, i. 413, note.

642. N. and Q., iv. 309.

643. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., ii. 300.

644. Fosbr. Encycl. of Antiq., ii. 738.

645. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., ii. 300.

646. Langstroth on Honey-Bee, p. 80.

647. Mag. of Nat. Hist., iii. 211, note.

648. Ibid., i. 303. London, 1829.

649. Peter Rotharmel had three specialties: Bees, Wheat, and Bonaparte. Concerning Bees, he had many strange notions, but the above recorded is the only one of which I have any positive information. Concerning wheat, at one time in his life he purchased an almanac, which indicated, among other things, the high and low tides, and, from studying this, he got it into his head that the fluctuations in the price of wheat were intimately connected with the rise and fall of the tides. So impressed was he with this idea, that he ever afterward yearly bought that particular almanac, and prophesied from it to his neighbors the probable value of their coming crops of wheat. On Sunday, he would walk fifteen and twenty miles through the country, to examine the different wheat-fields, and to afford him a topic of conversation for the ensuing week. But Napoleon was his principal study and his greatest mania. On him he would talk for hours, on the slightest provocation. The history of Bonaparte and his campaigns, which he only read, was an old German one.

650. Mag. of Nat. Hist., ii. 209.

651. Geog., Dryden’s Trans., iv. 82–9.

652. On the Honey-Bee, p. 113.

653. N. and Q., 2d Ser., ix. 443.

654. Nat. Hist., xxi. 20, Holl. Trans., p. 106. K.

655. Quot. in Brand’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 225.

656. Langstroth on the Honey-Bee, p. 132.

657. Quot. by Langstroth on the Honey-Bee, p. 231.

658. Campbell’s Travels in S. Africa, p. 339.

659. Percy Soc. Public., iv. 99.

660. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 109–10.

661. Nat. Hist., xx. 13. Holl., p. 56. M.

662. Ibid., Holl., p. 95. A.

663. Ibid., xxi. 20. Holl., p. 106. K.

664. Ibid., xxiii. 18. Holl., p. 173. A.

665. Ibid., xxix. 4. Holl., p. 361. D.

666. Ibid., xxx. 16. Holl., p. 399. F.

667. Langstroth on the Honey-Bee, p. 316, note.

668. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 225.

669. Georg., iv. 280–4; Dryden’s Trans.

670. Fosb. Encycl. of Antiq., ii. 738.

671. Judg. xiv. 8.

672. Cf. Swammerdam, Hist. of Ins., Pt. I. p. 227, and Smith’s Dict. of the Bible.

673. Herod., v. 114–5.

674. Excursions, i. 127.

675. Fem. Monarchie, c. vi. 49.

676. Williams’ Chinese Empire, i. 275.

677. Chiflet, 164–181; Montf. Monarch. Franc., i. 12; Gough’s Sepul. Mon., vol. i. p. lxii.

678. Cf. N. & Q., vii. 478, 553; viii. 30.

679. Harper’s New Monthly Mag., xxvi. 441.

680. Il. . 87; . 67; Odyss., ?. 106.

681. Hesiod, Theog., 594, seq.

682. Bucke on Nature, ii. 75.

683. Cf. Kalm, ii. 427; Schneider, Observ. sur Ulloa, ii. 198.

684. Ibid.

685. Tour in the Prairies, ch. ix.

686. Langstroth on the Honey-Bee, p. 236.

687. Letters.

688. Voyages dans les Alpes. Ins. Misc., p. 262.

689. Brookes mentions the Duchy of Juliers, a district of Westphalia, Germany.—Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 160.

690. Columella says the Greeks were accustomed, every year, to remove the hives from Achaia into Attica.—Ibid.

691. One person in particular, in the territory called Gatonois, has been at the pains of removing his hives, after the harvest of Sainfoin, into the plains of Beauce, where the melilot abounds, and thence into Sologne, where it is well known the Bees may enjoy the advantage of buckwheat, till toward the end of September, for so long that plant retains its flowers.—Ibid.

692. Ins. Misc., p. 262.

693. Mag. of Nat. Hist., iii. 652.

694. Wood’s Zoog., ii. 429.

695. Ins. Misc., p. 263.

696. Quot. by Langstroth—On Honey-Bee, p. 305, note.

697. Nat. Hist., x. 9.

698. Journ. of Geog. Soc., 1843, xiii. 40.

699. Murray’s Africa, i. 168.

700. Scot’s Mag., Nov. 1766. Chamb. Journ., 1st S. xi. 184.

701. The Bees.

702. Treatise on Bees, 1769. Ins. Misc., p. 320–1.

703. Fem. Monarchie, ch. i. 39.

704. Travels, p. 178, Harper’s ed.

705. B. VII. c. xvi. p. 667. Printed, 1613.

706. Montaigne’s Works, p. 243.

707. Lesser, ii. 171. K. & S. Introd., ii. 247.

708. Knox, Pt. I. c. vi. p. 48.

709. Martyr, p. 274.

710. Banc. Guiana, p. 230.

711. Nat. Hist. of Selborne, p. 293.

712. Trav., i. 9.

713. Med. Dict.

714. Langstroth on Honey-Bee, p. 315, note.

715. Med. Dict.

716. Fem. Monarchie, c. x. 1.

717. B. 3, c. xv. xvi. p. 274–9. See also extract from Works of Sir J. More, London, 1707, given by Langstroth—on the Honey-Bee, p. 287, note.

718. The Koran, p. 219, note, Sale’s.

719. Ibid., p. 219.

720. Athen. Deipn., B. 2, c. 26.

721. Moufet, Theatr. Ins., p. 29. Topsel’s Trans., p. 911.

722. Brooke’s Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 168.

723. Quot. by Langstroth on the Honey-Bee, p. 78–9.

724. Anab., B. 4.

725. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxi. 13. Tournefort, Letters, 17.

726. Mission. Lab., p. 121.

727. Hollingsh. Chron., i. 384.

728. Hawk’s Peruvian Antiq., p. 198.

729. Voyage to C. of G. Hope, i. 255.

730. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict.

731. Wright’s Prov. Dict.

732. Epigrams, B. iv. epigr. 32.

733. Smith’s Dict. of the Bible.

734. Osbeck’s Travels, i. 32–3.

735. Josselyn’s Voy., p. 121.

736. Chambers’ Pop. Rhymes of Scot., p. 292. Edit. of 1841, p. 172.

737. Dalyell’s Superst. of Scotland, p. 563.

738. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 346–7. Wood’s Zoog., ii. 436–7.

739. Kirby’s Wonderful Museum, v. 390–1, given at length.

740. Kirby’s Wond. Museum, vi. 260–2, at length.

741. Livy, B. 34, c. 10.

742. Ibid., B. 40, c. 19.

743. Ibid., B. 43, c. 13.

744. Brown’s Book of Butterflies, i. 126.

745. Annales, p. 15.

746. Ibid.

747. Holling., i. 449. Graft., i. 37. Fabyan, p. 17.

748. Howitt’s North. Literat., i. 187.

749. Bucke on Nature, i. 277.

750. Moufet, p. 107.

751. Hone’s Ev. Day Book, p. 1127.

752. Chambers’ Domest. Annals of Scotland, ii. 489.

753. Gassendi’s Life of Peireskius, p. 123–5; and Reaumur, i. 638, 667.

754. Shaw, Zool., vi. 206.

755. The origin of red snow has likewise been a puzzle and query for ages, and many theories have been advanced by philosophers and naturalists to account for it. To those interested in the solution of this phenomenon, the following extract from the Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. ii. p. 322, may be curious, if not satisfactory. Mr. Thomas Nicholson, accompanied with two other gentlemen, made an excursion the 24th July, 1821, to Sowallick Point, near Bushman’s Island, in Prince Regent’s Bay, in quest of meteoric iron. “The summit of the hill,” he says, “forming the point, is covered with huge masses of granite, whilst the side, which forms a gentle declivity to the bay, was covered with crimson snow. It was evident, at first view, that this colour was imparted to the snow by a substance lying on the surface. This substance lay scattered here and there in small masses, bearing some resemblance to powdered cochineal, surrounded by a lighter shade, which was produced by the colouring matter being partly dissolved and diffused by the deliquescent snow. During this examination our hats and upper garments were observed to be daubed with a substance of a similar red colour, and a moment’s reflection convinced us that this was the excrement of the little Auk (Uria alle, Temmink), myriads of which were continually flying over our heads, having their nests among the loose masses of granite. A ready explanation of the origin of the red snow was now presented to us, and not a doubt remained in the mind of any that this was the correct one. The snow on the mountains of higher elevation than the nests of these birds was perfectly white, and a ravine at a short distance, which was filled with snow from top to bottom, but which afforded no hiding-place for these birds to form their nests, presented an appearance uniformly white.”

This testimony seems to be as clear and indisputable as the explanation given by Peiresc of the ejecta of the Butterflies at Aix. But though it will account, perhaps, for the red snow of the polar regions, it will not explain that of the Alps, the Apennines, and the Pyrenees, which are not, so far as is known, visited by the little Auk.—Vide Ins. Transf., p. 352–5.

756. Chamb. Domes. Annals of Scotl., ii. 199.

757. Chamb. Domes. Annals of Scotl., ii. 447–8.

758. Gent. Mag., xxxiv. 496.

759. Ibid., xxxiv. 542.

760. Bucke on Nature, i. 277.

761. Brown’s Bk. of Butterflies, i. 129.

762. Chamb. Domes. Annals of Scotl., ii. 448.

763. Swam. Hist. of Ins., Pt. I. p. 40.

764. Cf. the following verses from Ex. vii. 19: “And the Lord spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone.

“20. And Moses and Aaron did so, as the Lord commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.”

765. Swam. Hist. of Ins., Pt. I. p. 40.

766. Chamb. Journ., 2d S. xvii. 231.

767. Sil. Journ., xli. 403–4, and xliv. 216.

768. Naturforsch, xi. 94.

769. Travels, i. 13.

770. Royal Milit. Chron. for March, 1815, p. 452. K. and S. Introd., ii. 11.

771. Mag. of Nat. Hist., i. 387, and Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de GenÈve.

772. Penny Mag., 1844, p. 3.

773. Gent. Mag., liv. 744.

774. Researches, ch. viii. p. 158.

775. Brown’s Bk. of Butterf., p. 101.

776. Lake Ngami, p. 267.

777. Naturalist in Bermuda, p. 120.

778. Tennent’s Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, ch. xii. p. 407.

779. Theatr. Ins., p. 107. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 974.

780. Bryant’s Anct. Mythol., ii. 386.

781. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., ii. 738.

782. Travels. He doubtless refers to an Indian totem.

783. N. and Q., iii. 4.

784. Du Halde, China, p. 21–2; Grosier’s China, i. 570; Williams’ Mid. Kingd., i. 273; Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., iv. 512.

785. Harris’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 987.

786. Osbeck, Travels, i. 331.

787. Ibid., i. 324.

788. Stedman, Surinam, i. 279. Cf. Bancroft, Guiana, p. 229.

789. Anat. of Melanch., 1651, p. 268.

790. Life of Lord Herbert of Cherbury, p. 134.

791. The Mirror, xxv. 160.

792. Harris’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., i. 790.

793. Egypt. and Chinese, ii. 106.

794. Simmond’s Curios. of Food, p. 312.

795. Gatherings of a Nat. in Austral., p. 288.

796. Hist. of Ins., p. 3.

797. Reaumur considers this cry to be produced by the friction of the palpi against the proboscis (Memoires, ii. 293). Huber, but without mentioning the particulars, says he has ascertained that Reaumur was quite mistaken (On Bees, p. 313, note). Schroeter ascribes the sound to the rubbing of the tongue against the head; and RÖsel to the friction of the chest upon the abdomen. M. de Johet thinks it is produced by the air being suddenly propelled against these scales by the action of the wings. M. Lorry states that the sound arises from the air escaping rapidly through peculiar cavities communicating with the spiracles, and furnished with a fine tuft of hairs on the sides of the abdomen (Cuv. An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 678). Mr. E.L. Layard seems to be of the same opinion (Tennent’s Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 427). But M. Passerini, curator of the Museum of Nat. Hist. at Florence, has lately investigated the subject more minutely. He traced the origin of the sound to the interior of the head, in which he discovered a cavity at the passage where muscles are placed for impelling and expelling the air. M. Dumeril has since discovered a sort of membrane stretched over this cavity, like, as he says, to the head of a drum. M. Duponchel has also confirmed by experiment the opinions of Passerini and Dumeril, and confutes Lorry, whose notion was generally adopted, by stating that the noise is produced from the head when the body of the insect is removed (Annales des Sci. Nat., Mars., 1828).

798. Cf. Penny Encycl., sub. Sphinx, and The Mirror, xix. 212.

799. Hist. of Ins., p. 191.

800. Reaumur, ii. 289. Shaw, Zool., vi. 217.

801. Saturday Mag., xix. 102.

802. Notes and Queries, xii. 200.

803. Bonnet, Œvres, ii. 124.

804. China, p. 253. Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., iv. 138.

805. Williams’ Middle Kingdom, ii. 121–2.

806. Colebrook, Asiat. Research., v. 61.

807. Aristotle, v. 17–9. Pliny, ix. 20.

808. Paus. Hist. of Greece, B. 6, c. 26.

809. Aristot. Hist. An., v. 19.

810. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xi. 23.

811. Ibid., xi. 22.

812. Tacitus, Ann., B. 2, c. 33.

813. Nat. Hist., xi. 22.

814. Cf. Gibbon’s Decl. and Fall of Rom. Em., c. 40.

815. Some authors, however, assert that the name was suggested by the resemblance of the Morea to the shape of the mulberry-leaf, a less plausible opinion by far than the former.

816. Thuanus, in contradiction to most other writers, makes the manufacture of silk to be introduced into Sicily two hundred years later, by Robert the Wise, King of Sicily and Count of Provence.

817. Burgon’s Life of Sir Thomas Gresham, 1839, i. 110, 302.

818. Stow’s Chronicle, edit. 1631, p. 887.

819. Keysler, Trav., i. 289.

820. Olin, Travels.

821. Polit. Essay on N. Spain, iii. 59.

822. Skinner’s Pres. State of Peru, p. 346, note. Southey’s Hist. of Brazil, iii. 644. Calancha’s Augustine Hist. of Peru, i. 66.

823. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., ii. 634.

824. Pilgrims, iii. 442.

825. Darwin, Phytolog., p. 364. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 6.

826. Hollman, Travels, p. 473.

827. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 6.

828. Med. Dict.

829. Geoffroy, Treat. on Subst. used in Physic, p. 383.

830. Twelve Years in China, p. 14.

831. Twelve Years in China, p. 14.

832. Ibid.

833. Ibid., p. 194.

834. Memoires of Robt. Houdin, p. 161.

835. Mag. of Nat. Hist., vi. 9.

836. Baird’s Encycl. of Nat. Sci. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 229.

837. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., vii. 705.

838. Theatr. Ins., p. 88. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 958.

839. Moufet, p. 108. Topsel, p. 975.

840. Monthly Mag., 7 (Pt. I.) xxxix. 1799.

841. Pilgrims, ii. 1034.

842. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 99.

843. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxviii. 7 (23).

844. Col. B. x.

845. Ælian, B. xi. c. 3.

846. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxviii. 7 (23).

847. Vide Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 99.

848. Col. In Hort., v. 357.

849. Pallad. B. i. c. 35.

850. Theatr. Ins., p. 193. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1041 and 670.

851. Hist. of Indians of U.S., v. p. 70.

852. Hist, of Beasts, p. 30.

853. Moufet, Theatr. Ins., p. 194. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, pp. 670, 1041.

854. Med. Dict.

855. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 431.

856. KÖllar’s Treat. on Ins., Lond. Trans., p. 105–36. Curtis’s Farm Insects, p. 507.

857. Lilly’s Prophetical Merlin, pub. in 1644.

858. Josselyn’s Voy., p. 116.

859. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict., ii. 144.

860. Mag. of Nat. Hist., i. 66.

861. Harper’s New Monthly Mag., xxii. 41.

862. Theatr. Ins., p. 274. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1100.

863. On the Honey-Bee, p. 248.

864. Ibid., p. 238, note.

865. It is a philosophical fact that the female Cicadas are not capable of making any noise—the above distich evinces its early discovery.

866. Symposiaques. B. 8. Holl. Trans., p. 630.

867. Thuc. B. 1, vi. (Bohn’s ed.).

868. On Aristoph., Vesp. 230.

869. Cited by Athen., 525.

870. Cicada-combs are alluded to in Aristoph., Eq. 1331. Cf. also Philostr. Imag., p. 837. Heracl. Pont., cited by Athen., p. 512. Bloomfield’s Thucid., i. 14.

871. Cited by Athen., p. 842 (Bohn’s ed.).

872. Strabo, Geog. B. 6.

873. Iliad, iii. 152. Buckley’s translation, p. 53.

874. Georg. iii. 328. Cf. Bucol. ii. Sir J.E. Smith, Tour., iii. 95, says also that the common Italian species makes a most disagreeable and dull chirping. The Cicadas of Africa, it is said, may be heard half a mile off; and the sound of one in a room will put a whole company to silence. Thunberg asserts that those of Java utter a sound as shrill and piercing as that of a trumpet. Captain Hancock informed Messrs. Kirby and Spence that the Brazilian Cicadas sing as loud as to be heard at the distance of a mile. Introd., ii. 400. The sound of our American species, C. septemdecim, has been compared to the ringing of horse-bells. The tettix of the Greeks, says Dr. Shaw, Travels, 2d edit., p. 186, must have had quite a different voice, more soft surely and more melodious; otherwise the fine orators of Homer, who are compared to it, can be looked upon as no better than loud, loquacious scolds.

875. Theatr. Ins., p. 134. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 994. Vide Pierius’ Hieroglyph., p. 270–1. Initiatus sacris; Dicacitatis castigatio; Vana garrulitas; Nobilitas generis; Musica.

876. V. 2, c. 4, Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 32.

877. Middle Kingd.

878. Surinam, 49.

879. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 432.

880. Desc. of China, i. 442.

881. Oliphant’s Lord Elgin’s Miss. to China, p. 565.

882. Hist. An., B. 5, c. 24, § 3, 4. Bohn’s edit.

883. Cf. Bochart, Hieroz., ii. 491.

884. Phil. Trans., 1763, n. 10.

885. Travels, i. 331.

Baird says, but on what authority he does not state, that Cicadas are frequently to be seen represented on the Egyptian monuments, and are said to be emblems of the ministers of religion.—Encycl. of Nat. Sci.

886. Insects of Surinam, p. 49.

887. Jaeger, Life of N.A. Ins., p. 73.

888. Ins. of China, p. 30. That the Lantern-fly emits no light, see Dict. d’Hist. Nat.; M. Richards’ statement in Encyclop., art. Fulgora; Berlin Mag., i. 153; Kirby and Spence, Introd., ii. 414, note; Jaeger, qua supra.

889. Stedman, Surinam, ii. 37.

890. Hist. of Barbados, p. 65.

891. Nat. Hist., xi. 12. Holl. Trans., i. 315. E.

892. Theoph. Hist. Plant., iii. 7, 6. Cf. Hes. Opp. et Dies, 232, seq. and Bacon, Syl. Sylvarum, 496.

893. St. John’s Anct. Greeks, ii. 299.

894. B. 3, c. xvi. p. 278. Printed 1613.

895. Nat. Hist. of Selborne, p. 366.

896. K. and S. Introd., ii. 9.

897. Reaumur, iii. xxxi. Pref.

898. Isaiah, ch. i. v. 18.

899. Ex. ch. xxvi. xxviii. xxix.

900. Diosc. iv. 48, p. 260. Pausan. B. x. p. 890.

901. Beckman’s Hist. of Inventions, ii. 163–195. Bancroft on Perm. Colors, i. 393–408.

902. Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 77.

903. Bancroft on Permanent Colors, i. 408–9.

904. Hist. of Inventions, ii. 184.

905. Ibid., 192.

906. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 192.

907. Subst. used in Physic, p. 370.

908. Phil. Trans. for 1791.

909. Bancroft on Permanent Colors, ii. 1–59.

910. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.

911. Theatr. Ins., p. 270.

912. Ray, Hist. Ins., 7.

913. Hence the English word Bug-bear. In Matthew’s Bible, the passage of the Psalms (xci. 5), “Thou shalt not be afraid of the terror by night,” is rendered, “Thou shalt not nede to be afraid of any bugs by night.” Bug in this sense often occurs in Shakspeare. Winter’s Tale, A. iii. Sc. 2, 3; Henry VI., A. v. Sc. 2; Hamlet, A. v. Sc. 2.

914. Journal, xvii. 40.

915. Churchill’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., iv. 190.

916. Oriental Memoirs, i. 256.

917. Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., iv. 513. Churchill’s same, i. 34.

918. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 160.

919. Dr. James says: “Given to the number of seven, as food with beans, they help those who are afflicted with a quartan ague, if they be eaten before the accession of the fit.”—Med. Dict.

920. An excellent method, Ajasson remarks, of adding to the tortures of the patient.

921. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxix. 17. Bostock and Riley’s Trans., v. 393.

922. Med. Dict.

923. Theatr. Ins., p. 270–1. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1098.

924. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 157.

925. London Labor and the London Poor, iii. 36–9.

926. Annals of Nat. Hist. Simmond’s Curiosities of Food, p. 308–311.

927. Nature and Art, xii. 198.

928. The numerous family of CulicidÆ are confounded under the common names of Gnat and Mosquito; hence many mistakes will necessarily arise.

929. Theat. Ins., p. 81. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 952.

930. Quot. in N. & Q., ix. 303.

931. Phil. Trans., lvii. 113; Bingley’s Anim. Biog., iv. 205.

932. Germar’s Mag. der Entomol., i. 137.

933. K. & S. Introd., i. 114.

934. Phil. Trans., lvii. 112–3.

935. Mag. of Nat. Hist., vi. 545.

936. Hist. of Barbados, p. 63.

937. Theatr. Ins., p. 86. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 956.

938. Silliman’s Journal, xxii. 375.

939. Personal Narrative, E.T. v. 87. Humboldt has given a detailed account of these insect plagues, by which it appears that among them there are diurnal and crepuscular, as well as nocturnal species, or genera: the Mosquitoes, signifying little flies (Simulia), flying in the day; the Temporaneros, flying during twilight; and the Zancudos, meaning long-legs (Culices), in the night.

940. Stedm. Surinam, ii. 93.

941. Ins. Theatr., p. 82.

942. Travels, 8vo. edit. p. 205.

943. Ins. Theatr., p. 81.

944. View of Jamaica, p. 91.

945. Herod. Taylor’s Trans., p. 141.

946. Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 435.

947. Jackson’s Morocco, p. 57.

948. Travels, i. 388.

949. Ins. Theatr., p. 85.

950. Theod. Eccles. Hist., B. ii. ch. xxx.

951. N.A. Ins., p. 317.

952. Roman History, B. xviii. c. 7, § 5.

953. Three Years in California, p. 250.

954. Introd., i. 119.

955. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 150.

956. Lives of the Saints, i. 50.

957. Lawson’s Bible Cyclop., ii. 558, 3 v. 8vo.

958. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., ii. 8.

959. Gent. Mag., 1738, viii. 577.

960. Ibid., xxiv. 274.

961. Travels, ii. 5; 34–5; 51. Lond. 1802. 4to.

962. Lach. Lapp., ii. 108. Flor. Lapp., 380.

963. V. vi. p. 603–4.

964. V. ix. p. 573.

965. Lyell’s Princ. of Geol., p. 656.

966. Southey’s Com. Place Bk., 1st S. p. 567.

967. Mag. of Nat. Hist., v. 302.

968. The Mirror, xxvii. 68.

969. Damp. Voy. O (vol. i.), 464.

970. Travels, i. 211.

971. Moufet’s Theat. Ins., p. 78.

972. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 152.

973. Nat. Hist., x. 29. Holland, p. 285. D.

974. Holl. Trans., p. 631.

Vide Pierius’ Hieroglyph., p. 268–9. Importunitas ac impudentia; Pertinacia; Res gesta cominus; Indocilitas; Cynici.

975. Theatr. Ins., p. 70. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 945.

976. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 134.

977. Chron. of Eng., iii. 1002.

978. N. and Q., xii. 488.

979. Theatr. Ins., p. 70. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 944.

980. Ibid., p. 55. Topsel, p. 933.

981. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 191.

982. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., i. 84.

983. Holl. Trans., p. 76. There was one time a law at Athens, which a good deal nonplussed these sponging gentlemen so appropriately called Flies. “It was decreed that not more than thirty persons should meet at a marriage feast; and a wealthy citizen, desirous of going as far as the law would allow him, had invited the full complement. An honest Fly, however, who respected no law that interfered with his stomach; contrived to introduce himself, and took his station at the lower end of the table. Presently the magistrate appointed for the purpose entered, and espying his man at a glance, began counting the guests, commencing on the other side and ending with the parasite. ‘Friend,’ said he, ‘you must retire. I find there is one more than the law allows.’ ‘It is quite a mistake, sir,’ replied the Fly, ‘as you will find if you will have the goodness to count again, beginning on this side.’”—St. John’s Man. and Cust. of Anct. Grec., ii. 172.

984. Vide Mercator, A. ii. Sc. 4, and the Young Carthag., A. iii. Sc. 3.

985. Harleian Miscel., viii. 423.

986. Fosbr. Encycl. of Antiq., ii. 738.

987. Ibid.

988. Wilkinson’s Anct. Egypt., 2d S. ii. 126, 260.

989. Hawk’s Peruvian Antiq., p. 197.

990. Jamieson’s Scottish Dict.

991. Nat. Hist., xxix. 6. Holl. Trans., p. 364. K.

992. Antiq. of the Jews, B. ix. c. 2. Whiston’s Trans., p. 274.

993. Pilg., v. 81. Fol. 1626.

994. Whiston’s Trans. of Josephus, p. 274, note.

995. Dict. of Bible.

996. Moufet, Theatr. Ins., p. 79. Topsel’s Transl., p. 951.

997. Dalyell’s Darker Superst. of Scotland, p. 562. Edinbgh. 1834.

998. Ibid.

999. St. John’s Man. and Cust. of Anct. Grec., i. 150.

1000. Wanley’s Wonders, i. 377.

1001. Mem. of Robt. Houdin, p. 156. Philad. 1859.

1002. Nat. Hist., xxix. 6. Holland’s Trans., p. 364. I.

1003. Ibid., xxviii. 2 (5).

1004. Voy., C. 56, p. 222. Wanley’s Wonders, ii. 373.

1005. Theatr. Ins., p. 79. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 951.

1006. London Lab. and London Poor, iii. 28–33.

1007. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 158.

1008. Theatr. Ins., p. 284. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1107, 1122.

1009. Kirby and Spence, Introd., i. 158.

1010. Gasterophilus equi.

1011. Reg. Scot’s Disc. of Witchcraft, p. 179.

1012. Henry IV., Pt. I. Act ii. Sc. 1.

1013. Newell’s Zool. of the Poets, p. 29.

1014. Dalyell’s Superstitions of Scotland, p. 564.

1015. Saturday Mag., xviii. 153.

1016. Hist. of Ins. (Murray, 1838), ii. 313.

1017. Henry IV. Pt. I., Act ii. Sc. 1.

1018. Moufet, Theatr. Ins., p. 276. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1102.

1019. Hist. of Ins. (Murray, 1838), ii. 312.

1020. Jenkin’s Voy. of the U.S. Explor. Exped., p. 385.

1021. Introd., i. 100.

1022. Ibid.

1023. Ray, Hist. of Ins., p. 8.

1024. Pilgr., iii. 997.

Myas, a principal city of Ionia, was abandoned on account of Fleas.—Wanley’s Wonders, ii. 507.

1025. K. and S. Introd., i. 100.

1026. Travels, vol. ii.

1027. Nat. Hist., xxx. 10. Holl. Trans., p. 387.

1028. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., ii. 198.

1029. K. and S. Introd., i. 101.

1030. Lach. Lapp., ii. 32, note.

1031. Hist. of Ins., iii. 319, Murray, 1838.

1032. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 155–6.

1033. Theatr. Ins., p. 277. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1103.

1034. Hist. of Ins., ii. 318. Murray, 1838.

1035. Theatr. Ins., p. 102.

1036. Ramsay’s Poems, ii. 143.

1037. Theatre of Insects, p. 102.

1038. Brookes’ Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 284.

1039. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 204.

1040. Southey’s Com. Place Bk., 2d S. p. 406.

1041. Fosbr. Encycl. of Antiq., ii. 539.

1042. Southey’s Com. Place Bk., 4th S. p. 470.

1043. Pilgr., x. 192.

1044. Aristoph. Clouds, A. i. Sc. 2.

1045. Pilg., ii. 840, note.

1046. Ins. Theatr., p. 275.

1047. Anim. Biog., iii. 462.

The hand-bill, published by Mr. Boverick, in the Strand, in the year 1745, and another nearly of the same date, ran thus: “To be seen at Mr. Boverick’s, Watchmaker, at the Dial, facing Old Round Court, near the New Exchange, in the Strand, at One Shilling each person.” Then follows a descriptive list of the articles to be seen, among which are mentioned the above.—Kirby’s Wonderful Museum, i. 101.

1048. Ins. Misc., p. 188.

1049. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxviii. 249.

1050. Pilg., ii. 840.

1051. 1 Saml. xxiv. 14; xxvi. 20.

1052. Hist. of Ins., p. 310.

1053. Wright’s Provincial Dict.

1054. Jamieson’s Scottish Dict.

1055. D’Israeli, Curios, of Lit., i. 339.

1056. Gent. Mag., xxxii. 208.

1057. Stedman’s Surinam.

1058. Hist. of Barbados, p. 65.

1059. Hist. of Brazil, i. 326.

1060. Vol. i. p. 128.

1061. Pers. Narrative, E.T. v. 101.

1062. Bayle, iii. 484. Southey’s Com. Place Bk., 4th S. p. 439.

1063. Bernal Diaz’ Conquest of Mexico, i. 394, note 54. This story, no doubt, is founded on something like truth, and most probably these bags were filled with the Coccus cacti, the Cochineal insect, then unknown to the Spaniards, who might have easily mistaken them in a dried state for Lice.

1064. Pilg., iii. 975.

1065. Cuv. An. King.—Ins., i. 163.

1066. Pilg., v. 542.

1067. Wand. and Adv. in S. Africa, i. 266.

1068. Kolb. Trav., ii. 179. Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., iii. 352.

1069. Pilg., iii. 1133.

1070. Ibid., iii. 975.

1071. Wanley’s Wonders, ii. 373.

1072. Dampier’s Voy., iii. 331. Lond. 1729.

1073. Dobriz., ii. 396. Southey’s Com. Place Bk., 2d S. p. 527.

1074. Cuvier, An. Kingd.—Ins., i. 163.

1075. Southey’s Com. Place Bk., 4th S. p. 439.

1076. Thierry and Theod., A. v. Sc. 1.

1077. James’s Med. Dict.

1078. Gent. Mag., xvi. 534.

1079. Harleian Miscel., vii. 435.

1080. Shaw, Zool., vi. 454.

1081. Nat. Hist., xxix. 6 (75).

1082. Chambers’ Pop. Rhymes of Scotl., p. 282–3. Edit. of 1841, p. 243.

1083. Properly the second Class of the sub-kingdom Articulata.

1084. Chambers’ Book of Days, i. 687.

1085. Nat. Hist., xx. 12.

1086. Cf. Pliny, x. 12; and Moufet’s Theatr. Ins., p. 205.

1087. B. i. ch. 1.

1088. Hist. of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents, p. 753.—Scorpions are bred “from the carkass of the crocodile, as Antigonus affirms, lib. de mirab. hist. cong. 24. For in Archelaus there is an epigram of a certain Egyptian in these words:

In vos dissolvit morte, et redigit crocodilum,

Natura extinctum (Scorpioli) omniparens.

In English:

The carkass of dead crocodiles is made the feed,

By common nature, whence Scorpions breed.”

Moufet’s Theatr. Ins., p. 208. Topsel’s Trans., p. 1052.

1089. Qua supra, p. 685.

1090. Qua supra, p. 689.

1091. Ibid., p. 207. Topsel’s Trans., p. 1051.

1092. Ibid., p. 754.

1093. Andrew’s Anecdotes, p. 427.

1094. Nat. Hist., xi. 25. Pliny here probably alludes to the Panorpis, or Scorpion-fly, the abdomen of which terminates in a forceps, which resembles the tail of the Scorpion.

1095. Nat. Hist., xi. 25.

1096. “Scorpion’s tail.” Dioscorides gives this name to the Helioscopium, or great Heliotropium.

1097. Nat. Hist., xxii. 29.

1098. “Two.”

1099. Nat. Hist., xxviii. 5.

1100. The red arsenic of the Greeks was called by this name.—Matthiol, vi. 81.

1101. This prescription is given at the present day in Italy and the Levant.

1102. Zoroaster also mentions this. Vide Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 194.

1103. Pliny relates the same story, Nat. Hist., xxviii. 10 (42); also Zoroaster, qua supra.

1104. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 146–8.

1105. Moufet’s Theatr. Ins., 210–215. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts and Serpents, p. 1053–7.

1106. Campbell’s Travels in S. Africa, p. 325.

1107. Nat. Hist., viii. 29 (43).

1108. Churchill’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., i. 212.

1109. Ibid.

1110. Ibid., v. 221.

1111. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., ix. 261.

1112. Ibid., vii. 298.

1113. Ibid., xiv. 348.

1114. Churchill’s Coll. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 316.

1115. Wilkinson’s Anct. Egypt., v. 52, 254.

1116. Ælian, xvi. 41, and xii. 38. Wilkinson’s Anct. Egypt., v. 254.

1117. Wanley’s Wonders, ii. 459.

1118. Autobiog., Lond. 1858, p. 304–5.

1119. Prescribed by Galen, Pliny, Lanfrankus, etc.

1120. Hist. of Beasts and Serpents, p. 757.

1121. So also Manardus.—Moufet, p. 210. Topsel’s Trans., p. 1053.

1122. Ibid.

1123. Asiatic Miscellany, ii. 451.

1124. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts and Serpents, p. 755–6.

1125. Topsel’s Trans.—Hist. of Beasts and Serpents, p. 1058.

1126. Chronicles, i. 385.

1127. Keddie’s Cyclop. of Anecd., p. 288.

1128. Chamb. Misc., vol. xi. No. 100. Compare this story with that of Timour and the Ant.

1129. Ockley’s Hist. of the Saracens, i. 36.

1130. Lives of the Saints, i. 177–8. Cf. Wanley’s Wonders, ii. 402.

1131. Bucke on Nature, ii. 103.

1132. Hist. de la Mus., i. 321. Hawkins’ Hist. of Music, iii. 117, note.

1133. Biogr. Univers., tome xxxiii. See also Arvine’s Anecdotes, p. 402.

To this account, in the Hist. of Insects printed by John Murray, 1830, i. 269, is added: “The governor of the Bastile hearing that this unfortunate prisoner had found a solace in the society of a Spider, paid Pelisson a visit, desiring to see the manoeuvres of the insect. The Basque struck up his notes, the Spider instantly came to be fed by his friend; but the moment it appeared on the floor of the cell, the governor placed his foot on its body, and crushed it to death.”

1134. The Mirror, xxvii. 69.

1135. Hone’s Ev. Day Book, i. 334.

1136. Stray Leaves from the Book of Nature.

1137. Quart. Rev. for Jan. 1844.

1138. This passage from Pliny is thus translated by Bostock and Riley: “Presages are also drawn from the Spider, for when a river is about to swell, it will suspend its web higher than usual. In calm weather these insects do not spin, but when it is cloudy they do, and hence it is, that a great number of cobwebs is a sure sign of showery weather.”—Nat. Hist., xi. 24 (28). Trans., iii. 28.

1139. Brande’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 223.

1140. Ev. Day Bk., i. 931. Quot. also in Chamb. Journ., 1st Ser., vi. 95.

1141. Paus. Hist. of Greece, B. 9, c. 6.

1142. Fosbr. Encycl. of Antiq.

1143. Jamieson’s Scottish Dict.

1144. Brande’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 223.

1145. N. and Q., iii. 3.

1146. Worthies, p. 58. Pt. II. Ed. 1662.

1147. N. and Q., ii. 165.

1148. Aulul., A. i. Sc. 3.

1149. Thorpe’s North. Antiq., iii. 329.

1150. N. and Q., 2d ed. iv. 298.

1151. Ibid., iv. 377.

1152. Gent. Mag., June, 1771, xli. 251.

1153. N. and Q., 2d ed. iv. 523.

1154. Ibid., iv. 421.

1155. Ibid., iv. 298.

1156. Vulg. Err., B. iii. c. 277. Works, ii. 527.

1157. Pliny says the Spider, poised in its web, will throw itself upon the head of a serpent as it lies stretched beneath the shade of the tree where it has built, and with its bite pierce its brain; such is the shock, he continues, that the creature will hiss from time to time, and then, seized with vertigo, coil round and round, while it finds itself unable to take to flight, or so much as to break the web of the Spider, as it hangs suspended above; this scene, he concludes, only ends with its death.—Nat. Hist., x. 95.

1158. Browne’s Works, ii. 524, note.

1159. Med. Dict., sub Araneus.

1160. Univers. Hist., i. 48, also Gent. Mag., xli. 400.

1161. Trav., p. 322, and Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 726. Bosman says this “was the greatest piece of ignorance and stupidity he observed in the negroes.”

1162. Churchill’s Col. of V. and T., v. 222.

1163. N. and Q., vii. 431.

1164. Chamb. Misc., vol. xi. No. 100.

1165. Ibid.

1166. The Mirror, xxvii. 69.

1167. B. 7, c. xv. p. 665. Printed 1613.

1168. Eliz. Cook’s Journ., vii. 378.

1169. Wanley’s Wonders, i. 20.

1170. Silliman’s Journal, xxvii. 307–10.

1171. Annual of Sci. Disc., 1862, p. 335.

1172. Nat. Hist. of Selborne, p. 285.

1173. Hone’s Ev. Day Bk., p. 1332.

1174. Nat. Hist., ii. 54. Holl. Trans., p. 27. F.

1175. Faerie Queene, B. 2, c. xii. s. 77.

1176. Seasons: Summer, 1. 1209.

1177. Emblems, p. 375.

1178. Blackmore, Prince Arthur.

1179. Quot. in the AthenÆum, v. 126.

1180. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict., iv. 138.

1181. Keightley’s Fairy Mythol., p. 514.

1182. Microgr., p. 202. It has been objected, say Kirby and Spence, to the excellent primitive writer, Clemens Romanus, that he believed the absurd fable of the phoenix. But surely this may be allowed for in him, who was no naturalist, when a scientific natural philosopher could believe that the clouds are made of Spiders’ web!—Introd., ii. 331, note.

1183. James’s Med. Dict.

1184. Ibid.

1185. James’s Med. Dict.

1186. Harris’s Coll. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 586–7.

1187. Ibid.

1188. Treasvrie of Anct. and Mod. Times, p. 393.

1189. Boyle’s Works, ii. 181–2.

1190. Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., vi. 607.

1191. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., vii. 299.

1192. Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., vi. 656.

1193. B. 7, c. 15, p. 664. Printed 1613.

1194. Diod., B. 3, c. 2.

1195. Strabo, B. 16, c. 6, § 13.

1196. Fosbr. Encyc. of Antiq., ii. 738.

1197. Sloane’s Hist. of Jamaica, ii. 195.

1198. Damp. Voy. Camp., p. 64.

1199. Harris’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 242. Cf. Smith’s Nature and Art, x. 257.

1200. Travels, i. 201.

1201. Voyage À la recherche de la Perouse, ii. 240. K. & S. Introd., i. 311.

1202. New Amer. Cyclop.

1203. Trav. in Africa. Bucke on Nature, ii. 297.

1204. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., ix. 612.

1205. Hist. of West Indies, p. 301.

1206. Reaum., ii. 342. K. & S. Introd., i. 311.

1207. Phil. Trans. Southey’s Com. Place Bk., 3d S. p. 731. Shaw, Nat. Misc.

1208. Moufet, Theatr. Ins., p. 220. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts and Serpents, p. 789, 1067. Wanley’s Wonders, ii. 459.

1209. Biogr. Univers., tome xxiii. p. 230, note.

1210. RÖsel, iv. 257. K. & S. Introd., i. 311.

1211. Wanley’s Wonders, ii. 459.

1212. Andrew’s Anecd., p. 37. App.

1213. Nat. Hist., xxix. 27. Bost. & Riley.

1214. Ibid.

1215. Nat. Hist., xxix. 38.

1216. Ibid., xxix. 39.

1217. Ibid., xxix. 36.

1218. Staple of News, A. ii. Sc. 1, vol. v. p. 219. Lond. 1816. “A Spider is usually given to monkeys, and is esteemed a sovereign remedy for the disorders those animals are principally subject to.”—James’s Med. Dict. Spiders are also fed to mocking-birds, not only as food, but also as an aperient.

1219. Mid. Night’s Dream, Act iii. Sc. 1.

1220. Vide Eventful Life of a Soldier. Edinbg. 1852.

1221. N. and Q., 2d ed. x. 138.

1222. Elements of Mat. Med. and Therap., Philad. 1825.

1223. Chamb. Bk. of Days, i. 732.

1224. Grah. Domest. Med.

1225. Thorpe’s North. Mythol., iii. 329.

1226. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 287.

1227. James’s Med. Dict.

1228. Geoffroy’s Substances used in Med., p. 383.

1229. Moufet, Theatr. Insect., p. 237. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts and Serpents, p. 1073.

1230. Nat. Hist., xxix. 27.

1231. Miscellanies, p. 138.

1232. Vide Hist. and Mem. de l’Acad. Royale des Sciences, ann. 1710; Dissert. by M. Bon, Sur l’utilitÉ de la soye des ArraignÉes, 8vo. Also, Bancroft on Permanent Colors, i. 101; and Shaw’s Nat. Hist., vi. 481.

1233. New Amer. Cyclop.

1234. Voy. dans l’Amer. Merid., i. 212. K. and S. Introd., i. 337.

1235. Naturalist in Bermuda, p. 126.

1236. Atlantic Monthly, June, 1858, p. 92.

1237. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii. 280. K. and S. Introd., i. 337, note.

1238. Hist. of Beasts and Serpents, p. 778.

1239. Theatr. Ins., p. 235. Topsel’s Trans., p. 1072.

1240. Ins. Archit., p. 7.

1241. Swammerdam, Hist. of Ins., p. 5.

1242. Garasse, Recherches des Recherches de M. Estiene Pasquier, p. 357. Southey’s Com. Place Bk., 3d S. p. 282.

1243. Hone’s Ev. Day Bk., i. 294.

1244. Gent. Mag., iii. 492.

1245. Ibid., xxiv. 293.

1246. K. and S. Introd., ii. 415.

1247. Ephem. Nat. Curios., 1673. 80.

1248. K. and S. Introd., ii. 415, note.

1249. Brand’s Pop. Antiq., iii. 273.

1250. Pers. Nar., iv. 571.

1251. Ibid., ii. 205.

1252. Ann. of Eng., p. 1219.

1253. Voy. to C. of Good Hope, i. 45.

1254. Mag. of Nat. Hist., iv. 148–9.

1255. Hist. of China, B. I. c. 18, and Churchill’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., i. 39.

1256. Churchill’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., i. 212.

1257. The Mirror, xix. 180.

1258. Pinkertons Col. of Voy. and Trav., ix. 632.

1259. Hist. of Ins., p. 53–4.

1260. Ibid.

1261. Hist. of Ins., p. 197.

1262. Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 35.

1263. Voy. round the World, ii. 35–7.

1264. Thevenot’s Travels, Pt. I. p. 249.

1265. Trav. and Res. in S. Africa, p. 48.

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