1Dalstrom’s Illustreret Verdenshistorie, vol. i., p. 122.

2A similar fragment was found at Cataractonium (see ArchÆological Journal, vol. iii., p. 296).

3Proc. Soc. Antiq. Newc. (O.S.), p. 155.

4In old German “Brunne.”

5Zeitschrift fÜr historische Waffenkunde, vol. i., p. 288.

6Where the rings have been hammered flat a decidedly double appearance is given to the mail.

7Demmin.

8These two figures are given in Hewitt.

9Since writing the above, I see from Mr. J. Starkie Gardner’s work that Mr. J.G. Waller, F.S.A., considers the insertion of the thong to constitute what is known as “banded mail,” and this would quite account for the appearance it presents on effigies. If this be so, there is an actual specimen at Woolwich, which has already been mentioned.

10On the brass of William de Aldeburgh, in Aldborough Church, Yorkshire.

11A kind of cloth.

12The words “helm” and “var-helm” appear repeatedly in the epic poem of Beowulf.

13The first attempt at a movable visor seems to have occurred in France, during the reign of Louis le Gros.

14This helm was given to Sir S. Rush Meyrick by the Dean: a flagrant instance of how such trust property was treated in his day.

15The term “men-at-arms” was often applied to knights on foot or on horseback, but its early significance was heavy-armed infantry. The grades mentioned in the army of Philip Augustus were: bannerets, knights, squires, and “men-at-arms.”

16“Notes on the Hanseatic League,” by the writer. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1893–94.

17These pieces will be referred to fully under the section “Maximilian Armour.”

18Johnes’s Froissart, vol. iii., p. 23.

19ArchÆologia, vol. li., p. 250.

20Nithard, the nephew of Charlemagne. Book III.

21The illustration occurs in “Paul Lacroix.”

22Vol. i., p. 169.

23The lance of the thirteenth century was always sharp, and, as mentioned more particularly earlier in this chapter, the coronal was a contrivance of the fourteenth century. The word “stechen” means to pierce, so its very designation carries the course back possibly to the thirteenth century.

24Very often the Grandguard and Volant-piece are screwed together.

25The piece usually called Pass-guard is the projecting guard over the shoulders for stopping pike-thrusts, but we have Viscount Dillon’s authority that the Tilting Elbow-guard is really the Pass-guard.

26Helmets and Mail, p. 84.

27The Redmarshal effigy is in the County of Durham, and the Downes effigy is in the North Choir Aisle of Macclesfield Church, in Yorkshire.

28Hewitt.

29Like many classifications of the kind, this is rather arbitrary, as we have many late instances of “bear-paw” sollerets.

30Caylus figures a Roman caltrop (Recueil iv., Pl. 98).

31The designation “Gothisch” (Gothic) seems as ridiculous and inappropriate when applied to armour as to architecture.

32The mentonniÈre is throughout referred to as the combined piece of gorget and chin-piece as used with the sallad.

33A specimen of the work of this great artist may be seen on a sword-hilt in the Armeria Reale, Turin.

34In the early chronicles “bills and bows” are often mentioned. It must be borne in mind, however, that the word “bills” often covered all long-handled weapons.

35In the Republican Library at Paris, a MS. written by Marcus GrÆcus, called “Liber Ignium.” It is dated 846.

36Proceedings, vol. v., p. 26.

37Demmin.

38Boeheim of Vienna says that he was born in 1530, and died about 1583.

39The father of Lucio, the great armour-smith.

40ArchÆologia Æliana, vol. xxii., pp. 1 et seq.

41Greener on the Gun, p. 3.

42This class of machine was termed “tormenta,” from the twisting of the ropes which supplied the propelling force.

43EncyclopÆdia Britannica, under “Fire.”

44Others in the author’s collection are stated to have been used by the Town Guard of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

45See Proceedings of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Society of Antiquaries, vol. ix., in a paper by the writer.

46RÉnard, LiÈge.

47Johnes’s Froissart, vol. i., p. 145.

48Johnes’s Froissart, vol. i., p. 190.

49Vol. i., p. 278.

50This occurs in a part taken from two MSS. in the Hafod Library, “not in any of the printed copies.”

51Meyrick.

52The rough projectiles of this period would doubtless soon cause damage to the interior of cannon, necessitating its frequent renewal.

53The archives run: “Il nostre comune di Perugia fece fare ... 500 bombarde, una spanne lunghe,” etc. General Kohler mentions this in his book.

54Hollinshed.

55Maitland’s History of London.

56Small cases for holding measured charges of powder ready for loading.