How to Study Architecture

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Charles H. Caffin

BOOK I HOW TO STUDY ARCHITECTURE CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

BOOK II PRE-CLASSIC PERIOD

BOOK III CLASSIC PERIOD

BOOK IV POST-CLASSIC PERIOD

BOOK V GOTHIC PERIOD

BOOK VI THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

BOOK VII POST-RENAISSANCE PERIOD

Contents.
Glossary
Index
Bibliography
List of Illustrations

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HOW TO STUDY ARCHITECTURE

HOW TO
STUDY ARCHITECTURE

BY
CHARLES H. CAFFIN

Author of   “How to Study Pictures,”   “The Story
of French Painting,” “The Story of Dutch Painting,”
“The Story of Spanish Painting,” “Appreciations
of the Drama,”   “Art for Life’s Sake,”   etc.

AN   ATTEMPT     TO   TRACE   THE   EVOLUTION   OF
ARCHITECTURE AS THE PRODUCT AND EXPRESSION
OF     SUCCESSIVE     PHASES     OF     CIVILISATION

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS




NEW YORK
DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY
1917


Copyright, 1917
By DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY, Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author gratefully acknowledges the critical assistance given to him on certain points by Professor William H. Goodyear, W. Harmon Beers and William Warfield; and his indebtedness to Caroline Caffin for compiling the index and to Irving Heyl for several architectural drawings. For some of the illustrations he has put himself under obligations to the following publications, through the courtesy of the Librarian of the Metropolitan Museum of Art—“Histoire de l’Art,” by Perrot et Chipiez; “Assyrian Sculptures,” by Rev. Archibald Paterson; “Monuments Modernes de la Perse,” by Pascal Coste; “Ruins of the Palace of Diocletian at Spalato” by R. Adams, and “The Annual of the British School at Athens.”

CONTENTS

Book I
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER PAGE
I Preliminary Considerations 3
II Primitive Structures 13
Book II
PRE-CLASSIC PERIOD
I Egyptian Civilisation 25
II Egyptian Architecture 38
III ChaldÆan, Assyrian and Babylonian Civilisation 56
IV ChaldÆan, Assyrian and Babylonian Architecture 65
V Persian Civilisation 74
VI Persian Architecture 80
VII Minoan or Ægean Civilisation 88
VIII Minoan or Ægean Architecture 95
Book III
CLASSIC PERIOD
I Hellenic Civilisation 105
II Hellenic Architecture 116
III Roman Civilisation 147
IV Roman Architecture 163
Book IV
POST-CLASSIC PERIOD
I Early Christian Civilisation 187
II Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture 193
III Muhammedan, also Called Saracenic Civilisation 212
IV Muhammedan Architecture 220
V Early MediÆval Civilisation 232
VI Early MediÆval or Romanesque Architecture 241
Book V
GOTHIC PERIOD
I Later MediÆval Civilisation 263
II Gothic Architecture 270
III Gothic Architecture in France 281
IV Gothic Architecture in England and Wales 287
V Gothic Architecture in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain 301
VI Gothic Architecture in Italy 310
Book VI
THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
I Renaissance Civilisation 319
II Renaissance Architecture in Italy 338
III Renaissance Architecture in Italy—Continued 357
IV Renaissance Architecture in France 375
V Renaissance Architecture in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain 391
VI Renaissance Architecture in England and American Colonial Architecture 410
Book VII
POST-RENAISSANCE PERIOD
I Classical and Gothic Revivals 435
II The Modern Situation 454
Glossary: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z 479
Index: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z 497

ILLUSTRATIONS

  FACING PAGE
Stonehenge. Salisbury Plain, England 12
Section and Plan of Treasury of Atreus 12
Teocalli or “House of God,” at Guatusco 12
Section of Pyramid 38
Modelsof Mastabas 38
Types of Egyptian Columns 38
Temple-Tomb of Rameses II at Abou-Simbel 38
Plan of Ramesseum 38
Model of Hypostyle Hall at Karnak 39
Peripteral Sanctuary, at PhilÆ 39
Temple of Edfou. Entrance to Hypostyle Hall 39
Example of Carved Decoration 39
“Sargon’s Castle.” Conjectured Restoration 66
Part of “Lion Frieze” and “Frieze of Arches” 66
Details of Wall Decoration at Koyunjik 67
Tomb of Darius I, Persepolis 80
Palace of Darius I, Persepolis. Conjectured Restoration 80
Type of Persian Columns 81
Hall of One Hundred Columns, Persepolis. Conjectured Restoration 81
The Palaces of Persepolis. Conjectured Restoration 81
Wall Decoration in Palace of Cnossus 94
Lion Gateway at MycenÆ 94
Plan of Acropolis of Tiryns 94
Part of Staircase in Palace of Cnossus 95
Council Chamber, with Gypsum Throne, Palace of Cnossus 95
Some Temple Plans—Hellenic 116
Hellenic Orders (Columns and Entablatures) 116
Roman Orders (Columns and Entablatures) 116
Model of the Acropolis 116
Model of the Parthenon (restored) 116
The Parthenon 117
Temples at PÆstum 117
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens 117
Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens 117
Portico of the Caryatides, Erechtheion 117
Detail of Ornament—Hellenic 117
Statues in the Round of Persephone and Demeter from the East Pediment of the Parthenon 117
Figures in High Relief from Procession of Worshipers. Frieze of the Parthenon 117
Plan of House of Pansa, Pompeii 117
Plan of Theatre of Dramyssus 117
Roman Forum, Conjectured Restoration 162
Maison CarrÉe, NÎmes 162
Arch of Constantine 162
Pantheon, Rome 162
Section of the Pantheon 162
Colosseum, Rome 162
Section of Colosseum 162
Basilica of Constantine 163
Roman Vaulting; from Baths of Diocletian 163
Gothic Vaulting; from Salisbury Cathedral 163
Theatre of Orange, France. Conjectured Restoration 163
Plan of Theatre of Orange, France. Conjectured Restoration 163
Porta Aurea—Golden Gate—Palace of Diocletian 163
Pont-du-Gard, Aqueduct Near NÎmes 163
Peristyle and Court of the House of the Vettii 163
Wall Paintings in the House of the Vettii 163
S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna 192
S. Apollinare-in-Classe, Ravenna 192
Church of Kalb-Lauzeh, Syria 193
Church of Turmanin, Syria 193
Tomb of Galla Placidia 202
Interior of San Vitale, Ravenna 202
Diagram Showing Pendentives 202
Section of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople 202
Section of S. Sophia, Constantinople 202
Diagram showing how a dome rests on eight piers enclosing an octagon, by niches or squinches 202
Exterior of S. Sophia, Constantinople 203
Interior of S. Sophia, Constantinople 203
Plan of S. Sophia, Constantinople 203
Plan of S. Mark’s, Venice 203
Exterior of St. Mark’s, Venice 203
Mosque of El Azhar, Cairo 220
Suleimaniyeh or Mosque of Suleiman 220
Arcades of the Mosque, now Cathedral, of Cordova 220
Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Spain 220
Palace of Ispahan, Persia. Conjectured Restoration of Pavilion of Mirrors and Gardens 221
College of Shah Hussein, Restoration; Ispahan, Persia 221
Mosque of Akbur, Futtehpore-Sikri, India 221
Taj Mahal, Agra, India 221
Pisa Cathedral, Campanile and Baptistry 240
Interior of Pisa Cathedral 240
S. Ambrogio, Milan 240
S. Michele, Pavia 240
The Certosa, or Church of the Carthusian Order, Pavia 240
Church of VÉzelay, France 240
Church of Abbaye-aux-Dames, Caen 240
Remains of the Church of Cluny Abbey 240
Church of the Apostles, Cologne 241
Doorway of Salamanca Cathedral 241
Anglo-Saxon Tower, Earl’s Barton, Northamptonshire 241
Iffley Church, near Oxford 241
S. John’s Chapel, Tower of London 241
Nave of Durham Cathedral 241
Peterborough Cathedral 241
English Romanesque Detail 241
Sculptured Details from Amiens Cathedral Doorway 270
Skeleton Structure, showing method of vaulting, by means of pointed arch, and concentration of thrusts and counter-thrusts  

 

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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