  Abaca, see Manilla hemp Abies pulp, 60 Acetic acid in bleaching, 114 Acid, action on paper, 163 — in alum, estimating, 207 — — —, evils of, 163 — processes for wood, 69 — radicles and cellulose, 8 Acids added in bleaching pulps, 112 — and cellulose, 12 Adansonia fibre, 53 — —, boiling, 103 — —, cutting, 103 — —, willowing, 103 Adipo-cellulose, 26 Adulterating paper, 130 Agalite loading, 133 Alkali boiled with rags, 82 — process for isolating cellulose, early methods, 65 Alkaline processes for isolating cellulose, 62 Alkalis and cellulose, 14 — and ligno-cellulose, 21 — —, dimensions, 39 — perfoliata fibre, 39 Alum, action on cellulose, 163 —,— on gelatine, 163 —, analysing, 206 — cake, analysing, 206 —, estimating acid in, 207 —, freedom from acid, 163 — in sizing, 139 —, proportion required, 141 — solutions, table of strengths, 143 Alumina resinate, 137 Alumina sulphate, analysing, 206 — — in sizing, 140 Aluminous cake, 140 Ammoniacal solution of cupric oxide, 5 Amyloid, 12 Analysis of plant substances, 42 Analysing alum, 206 — — cake, 206 — alumina sulphate, 206 — antichlor, 208 — bleaching powder, 205 — caustic soda, 205 — dyes, 209 — gelatine, 208 — paper, 199 — pigments, 209 — recovered soda, 205 — size, 203 — soaps, 208 — soda ash, 205 — sodium sulphite, 208 — — thiosulphate, 208 — starches, 208 — wood pulp, 201 Ananassa sativa fibre, 44 Aniline blues, 141 — colours, solutions, 37 — for diagnosing plant substances, 43 — pinks, 142 — sulphate solution, 37 Animal cellulose, 7 Annandale’s damping method, 159 Antichlor, analysing, 208 —, lime and sulphur, 129 —, proportion required to neutralise bleaching powder, 128 —, removing bleaching liquor by, 127 Antichlor, sodium hyposulphite, 127, 129 —, — sulphite, 125 —, testing, 130 Apparatus for microscopic examination of fibres, 35 Ash of cotton pulp, 136 — of esparto pulp, 136 — of linen pulp, 136 — of paper, estimating, 134 — of paper, natural, 136 — of straw pulp, 136 — of wood pulp, 136 Aspen for mechanical wood pulp, 108 Available chlorine in bleaching powder, 110 Bachet and Machard’s process forwood, 69 Baobab fibre, 53 — — composition, 54 Barium hydrate and cellulose, 7 Bark fibres, 2 Barley straw, 98 Barre’s acid process for wood, 69 Bast fibres, 34 — —, dimensions, 39 — filaments, 34 —, nature of, 2 — tissues, 53 Beater bed-plate, 120 — knives, 120 — —, cutting in situ, 121 —, lead-lined, 120 Beaters, 117 —, direct-driven, 126 —, engine for driving, 126 —, water for, 125 Beating esparto, 117 —, proportion of water to pulp, 118 — pulp, 117 — —, duration of, 119 — wood pulp, 117 Bed-plate of beater, 120 Beech, composition, 61 Bertram’s beater, 122 — damping cylinder, 159 — direct-driven beaters, 126 Bertram’s rag boiler, 82 — smoothers, 158 — strainers, 148 Bibliography, 229 Birch, composition, 61 —, pulp yield, 77 Bisulphite, action on cellulose compared with soda, 76 —, colour of pulp produced by, 77 — process, advantages, 76 — processes for wood, 71 Bleached pulp, freeing from bleach, 114 — —, improving colour, 114 Bleaching, acetic acid in, 114 — action should be confined to non-cellulose, 113 — by chlorine, 114 —, electrolytic, 115 — pulp in potchers, 111 — pulps, 110 — rags, 115 — refractory pulps, 114 —, time required by, 113 —, with sodium hypochlorite, 113 Bleaching-liquor, clear, 111 —, removing by antichlor, 127 —, removing from half-stuff, 127 —, storing, 111 —, strength, 111 —, washing out from half-stuff, 127 Bleaching-powder, accelerating action of, 112 —, analysing, 205 — and cellulose, 10 —, available chlorine in, 110 —, keeping, 111 —, neutralising by lime and sulphur, 129 —, — by sodium hyposulphite, 127, 129 —, — by sodium sulphate, 128 —, — by sodium thiosulphate, 127, 129 —, preparing, 110 —, proportion of antichlor required to neutralise, 128 —, quantities needed, 112 Blitz’s sulphide process, 67 Blondel’s acid process for wood, 69 Blotting paper, starching, 139 Blue colours, 141 Boehmeria, 50 — nivea fibre, 39 — puya fibre, 44 Boilers for esparto, 90 — for resolving wood, 74 — for straw, 99 —, iron, 76 —, lead-lining, 75 Boiling adansonia fibre, 103 — jute, 103 — manilla hemp, 103 — rags, 82 — straw, 100 Boiling-liquors, recovering soda from, 179 Bombax heptaphyllum fibre, 39 Books on paper-making, 229 Bottoms, caustic, 177 Broke paper, grinding mill, 105 — —, using up, 104 Bromine and jute, 18 Broussonetia kÆmpferia fibre, 54 Burning recovered soda, 186 Calcining recovered soda, 186 Calendering, 167 Calenders, 158 —, deflection, 171 Calcium carbonate mud, 190 — hypochlorite, removing from pulp, 114 — sulphate, estimating, 203 — — loading, 131 Carbonic acid bleaching, 115 Carbonising recovered soda, 186 Caustic soda, analysing, 205 — —, brands, 178 — —, commercial forms, 177 — — drums, emptying, 179 — —, prices, 179 — — solutions, table of strengths, 109 Causticising, 187 — by ferric oxide, 232 —, lime used, 190 —, oxygenating during, 191 Cellular tissue in straw, 103 Cellulose, 4 —, absorption of acids and basic oxides, 7 —, action of alum on, 163 —, — of cuprammonium on, 5, 217 —, — of lime on, 84 —, — of soda and bisulphite compared, 76 —, — of sulphur on, 130 —, — on light, 6 — and acids, 12 — and alkalis, 14 — and barium hydrate, 7 — and bleaching powder, 10 — and chlorine, 10 — and humus, 15 — and hydrochloric acid, 13 — and lead solutions, 8 — and metallic salts, 8 — and nitric acid, 13 — and oxygen, 10 — and sulphuric acid, 12 — and water at high temperature, 14 — and zinc chloride, 13 —, animal, 7 —, behaviour under Schweitzer’s reagent, 5 —, bleaching should not affect, 113 —, burning, 23 —, characters, 4 —, combinations, 7 —, — with acid radicles, 8 — compared with jute, 17 —, composition, 4 —, decomposition, 12 —, — by ferments, 15 —, — by heat, 23 —, destructive action of soda on, 64 — di-nitrate, 10 —, early form of alkali process for isolating, 65 — formed by vinegar plant, 16 —, formula, 4 — gelatinised, 5 —, general method of isolation, 4 — hexa-nitrate, 9 Cellulose in contact with iron, 13 — in fibre, estimating, 42 — in straw, 99 —, isolating by sulphurous acid, 64 —, — from plant substances, 62 —, — from wood, Schultze’s method, 21 —, lignification, 17 —, mineral constituents, 5 —, modifications of, in the plant, 16 —, nitration of, 8 —, oxidation, 10 —, penta-nitrate, 9 —, percentage yielded by jute, 19 —, proportion in esparto, 96 —, — of, in well-boiled pulp, 113 —, reactions, 6 —, soluble in Schweitzer’s reagent, 5 —, — sulphides for isolating, 67 —, solubility, 5 —, synthesis, 15 —, tetra-nitrate, 10 —, triacetyl, 8 —, tri-nitrate, 10 —, yield from esparto, 95 —, — from straw, 98 Celluloses, compound, hydrolytic resolution, 63 —, —, treating for paper, 63 Cellulosic fermentation, 16 Chapman’s evaporator, 184 Chemical analysis of plant substances, 42 — examination of paper, 201 Chestnut, pulp yield, 77 China clay, estimating, 203 — — loading, 131 — —, character, 50 — —, composition, 51 — — fibres, dimensions, 39 — —, forms in which employed, 51 — —, general chemical characteristics, 51 — —, micro-chemical reaction, 51 — —, microscopic features, 51 Chlorinating straw pulp, 102 Chlorinating wood tissue, 19 Chlorine and cellulose, 10 — and jute, 18 — as a bleaching agent, 114 —, available, in bleaching powder, 110 — water solution, 37 Clarifying water, 125 Classification of paper as to strength, 197 Cleaning straw, 100 Closing plates of strainers, 150 Cochineal lakes, 142 Collodion pyroxyline, 10 Colophony, 137 Colour, improving, 114 — of pulp produced by bisulphite, 77 Colouring paper, 141 Commercial statistics, 221 Composition of paper, testing, 199 Compound celluloses, hydrolytic resolution, 63 — —, treating for paper, 63 Conifer pulp, 60 Constitution of plant fibres, 1 Cooke and Hibbert’s beater, 123 Corchorus capsularis fibre, 39, 44, 52 — olitorius fibre, 39 Cork, 26 Cotton, 46 —, classification, 46 —, composition of raw fibre, 47 — fibres, dimensions, 39 —, forms in which employed, 48 —, general chemical characteristic, 47 — in paper, detecting, 199, 201 —, micro-chemical reaction, 47 —, microscopic features, 46 —, nature of, 1 — pulp, ash, 136 — —, beaten, 118 — —, dimensions of fibre, 119 — —, treatment for paper, 79 — sections, 47 Couch rolls, 156 Cream caustic, 177 Cross’s boiler, 76 Crotalaria juncea fibre, 44, 50 Crystal carbonate, 138 Cuprammonium, 217 Cuprammonium solution, preparing, 217 Cuticular tissue, 26 Cutting, 171 — adansonia fibre, 103 — beater knives, 121 — jute, 103 — manilla hemp, 103 — rags, 81 — straw, 100 Dahl’s sulphide process, 67 Damping-cylinders, 159 Dandy roll, 155 Dark paper from jute, 103 Densities, Twaddle, and sp. gr., 109 Detecting adulteration, 203 Diagnosis of plant substances, 42 Dicotyledonous stems, fibres of, 33, 46 Direct-driven beaters, 126 Discoloration of paper from mechanical wood pulp, 108 Doctor, 157 Draining bleached pulp, 114 — boiled rags, 84 — straw pulp, 100 Drum washer for boiled rags, 85 Dry pulp, preparing, 119 Drying cylinders, 157 Dusting rags, 82 Dyes, 141 —, analysing, 209 Economy of sulphide processes, 68 Edgerunner mill, 119 Edgworthia papyrifera fibre, 54 Ekman’s bisulphite process, 72 — process, preparing wood for, 73 Electrolytic bleaching, 115 Emptying soda drums, 179 Engine for driving beaters, 126 — sizing, 137 —, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112 —, beating, 117 —, boiled, washing, 95 — boiler, Roeckner’s, 93 — —, Sinclair’s, 94 —, character, 55 —, cleaning machine, 90 —, composition, 57 — fibres, dimensions, 39 —, general chemical characteristics, 56 — in paper, detecting, 199, 201 — liquor, disposal of, 98 —, micro-chemical reaction, 56 —, microscopic features, 56 — paper mill, arrangement, 210 —, picking, 90 —, presse-pÂte system, 96 —, pressure for boiling, 93 —, proportion of cellulose in, 96 — pulp, ash, 136 — —, dimensions of fibre, 119 —, quantity of soda for, 92 — section, 56 —, soda required by, 89 —, substances removed from, by caustic soda, 97 —, time of boiling, 92 —, treating for paper, 63 —, yield of cellulose, 95 Estimating acid in alum, 207 — added mineral matter in paper, 136 — mineral matter in paper, 134 Evaporating soda liquors, 180, 231 —, Chapman’s, 184 —, Roeckner’s, 181 —, Porion’s, 182 —, smell consumer, 183 —, Yaryan, 231 Felting, 31 — caused in potchers, 113 Fermentation, cellulosic, 16 Ferments decomposing cellulose, 15 Ferric oxide causticising process, 232 Fibre bundles, 34 —, interweaving to form paper, 30 —, theoretical value in paper, 30 Fibres, analysis, complete, 43 — and cells, 1 —, apparatus for microscopic examination, 35 — classified according to iodine reaction, 46 —, dimensions, 38 —,— in pulps, 119 —, estimating cellulose in, 42 —, — purity, 39 —, isolating for examination, 38 —, microscopic features, 32 —, nature of, 1 — of dicotyledonous stems, 33 — of monocotyledonous stems, 33 —, physical structure, 30 —, raw, analysing, 42 —, reagents for examining, 36 —, sections for examination, 38 —, separation, 34 —, table of characters, 44 —, — of length, 39 —, Webster on analysis of, 42 Fibrous tissue, 34 Fibro-vascular bundles, 2 — — —, dimensions, 39 Filaments, 34 —, dimensions of cells and fibres, 39 —, table of lengths, 39 Filter bags for water, 126 — paper, starching, 139 Filtering lime mud, 190 Finish, 159 Finishing-house, 175 Fir pulp, 61 —, characters, 48 —, composition of raw fibre, 48 — fibres, dimensions, 39 —, forms in which employed, 49 —, general chemical characteristic, 48 —, micro-chemical reaction, 48 —, microscopic features, 48 — sections, 48 Forbes’ beater, 122 Fourdrinier machine, 145 Francke’s bisulphite process, 72 Friction-glazing, 169 Fry, Ransome, and Wilkie’s wood-splitting machine, 74 Furfural, 21 Gaskell and Deacon’s crystal carbonate, 138 — sodium sulphite, 128 Gelatine, action of alum on, 163 —, analysing, 208 —, estimating amount of, 204 — size, making, 162 — with soap, 163 Glaser’s straw pulp chlorinating process, 102 Glazing, 167 —, influence on strength, 198 Gould’s beater, 122 Greenbank soda, 178 Grinding straw pulp, 101 — wood to pulp, 105 Guillotine cutter, 174 Gun-cotton, 9 Half-stuff defined, 88 —, freeing from bleaching liquor, 127 —, removing bleaching liquor from, by antichlor, 127 —, washing out bleaching liquor from, 127 Hand-made paper, 144 Hartig-Reusch paper-testing machine, 194 —, characters, 49 —, composition, 50 — fibres, dimensions, 39 —, forms in which employed, 50 —, general chemical characteristic, 50 —, micro-chemical reaction, 50 —, microscopic features, 49 —, section, 50 Hermite’s electrolytic bleaching, 115 Hibiscus strictus fibre, 44, 46 Humus and cellulose, 15 Hydracellulose, 12 Hydrochloric acid and cellulose, 13 — — — ligno-cellulose, 22 — — in bleaching pulps, 112 Hydrolytic resolution of compound celluloses, 63 Igniting recovered soda, 186 Iodine and jute, 17 — — lignified tissue, 17 — — starch paper, making, 130 — reaction, details of manipulation, 40 — solution, 36 — —, testing, 36 Iron boilers, 76 — oxide causticising process, 232 Jolly’s balance, 135 Jordan beater, 121 — and bromine, 18 — — chlorine, 18 — — iodine, 17 —, boiling, 103 —, character, 52 — compared with cellulose, 17 —, cutting, 103 —, dark paper from, 103 — fibres, dimensions, 39 —, forms in which employed, 53 —, general chemical characteristic, 53 —, micro-chemical reactions, 52 —, microscopic features, 52 —, objection to acid in bleaching, 112 —, reactions, 17 —, treating for paper, 64 —, willowing, 103 Kaolin, estimating, 203 —, loading, 131 Kingsland beater, 121 Knives for cutters, 171 — of beater, 120 — — —, cutting in situ, 121 Knotter, 151 Laid paper, 156 Lead lining to beater, 120 — solutions and cellulose, 8 Leaden boilers, 75 Leaf fibres, 2 Lignification estimated by aniline, 43 — of cellulose, 17 Lignified tissue and chlorine, 18 — — — iodine, 17 Ligno-cellulose, 20 —, aldehydic character, 25 —, and dilute alkalis, 21 — and dilute mineral acids, 20 — and hot water, 21 — and hydrochloric acid, 22 — and mineral acids, 20 — and nitro-sulphuric acid, 22 — and sulphuric acid, 22 —, animal digestion of, 23 —, decay of, 23 —, decomposition by heat, 23 —, distribution, 23 —, treating for paper, 64 Lime, action on cellulose, 84 — and sulphur for neutralising bleaching powder, 129 — boiled with rags, 83 — for causticising, 190 —, milk of, 177 — mud, 190 — —, composition, 191 — —, filtering, 190 — salts in water, 212 — sulphate loading, 131 — unsuited for esparto, 89 Lime-tree, composition, 61 Linen, 46 — in paper, detecting, 199, 201 — pulp, ash, 136 — —, beaten, 117 — —, dimensions of fibre, 119 — —, treatment for paper, 79 Linum usitatissimum fibre, 39, 44, 46 Literature, 229 Loading, estimating, 134 — materials, analysing, 209 — paper, 130 — with agalite, 133 — with china clay, 131 — with lime sulphate, 131 — with magnesium silicate, 134 — with pearl-hardening, 131 Loft-dried paper, 145 Lunge’s bleaching method, 114 Lygeum spartum fibre, 55 Machine, 145 Magnesium silicate loading, 134 — —, boiling, 103 — —, composition, 60 — —, cutting, 103 — —, micro-chemical reaction, 60 — —, microscopic features, 59 — —, sections, 60 — —, treating for paper, 64 — —, willowing, 103 Masson, Scott, and Bertram’s beater, 123 — — — esparto-cleaning machine, 90 — — — strainer, 149 Mechanical wood pulp, 105 — — —, quantitative estimation, 202 Menzies and Davis’ smell consumer, 183 Metallic salts and cellulose, 8 Microscope equipment, 35 Microscopic features of fibres, 32 Microscopical examination of paper, 201 Milk of lime, 177 Mill, arrangement, 210 —, site for, 210 Millboard machine, 166 Mineral acids and cellulose, 20 — — and ligno-cellulose, 20 — matter, added, estimating, 136 — — in paper, estimating, 134 Mixing pulps, 119 Monocotyledonous stems, fibres of, 33, 46, 54 Mounting solution, 36 Musa paradisiaca fibre, 44 — textilis, 59 Nettle, 52 Neutral mounting solution, 36 New Zealand flax, 39, 44, 46, 59 — — —, dimensions, 39 — — — general chemical characteristics, 59 — — — micro-chemical reaction, 59 New Zealand flax, microscopic features, 59 Nilgherry nettle, 44 Nitric acid and cellulose, 8, 13 Nitro-sulphuric acid and ligno-cellulose, 22 Oak, pulp yield, 77 Oat straw, 98 Oxidising sodium sulphide, 191 Oxycellulose, 13 Oxygen and cellulose, 10 Oxygenating liquors while causticising, 191 Paper ash, estimating, 134 —, broke, pulp from, 104 —, colouring, 141 — from mechanical wood pulp, faults of, 108 —, hand-made, 144 —, loading, 130 —, loft-dried, 145 — machine, 145 — makers’ soap, 163 — making and textiles, 3 —, measuring strength, 193 —, natural ash, 136 —, printed, pulp from, 105 —, sources of raw material, 1 —, thickness, 153 —, toned, 142 — trade, statistics, 225 — waste, pulp from, 104 —, width, 152 Paper-mulberry fibres, 39, 46, 54 Partington’s bisulphite process, 72 Pearl hardening, 131 — —, estimating, 203 Pectic acid, 28 Pecto-cellulose, 28 — —, treating for paper, 63 Phormium tenax fibre, 39, 44, 59 Physical structure of fibres, 30 Picking esparto, 90 Pictet’s sulphurous acid process, 70 Pigments, 141 —, analysing, 209 Pine, composition, 61 —, pulp yield, 77 Pine, white, for mechanical wood pulp, 108 — wood fibre, 61 Pink colours, 141 Pinus fibre, 60 Plant fibres, constitution, 1 —, structural elements, 1 — tissues mainly cellulose, 4 Pochin’s aluminous cake, 140 Poplar, composition, 61 — fibre, 60 Porion’s evaporator, 182 Porter-Clark process for water, 214 Potchers, felting caused in, 113 — for bleaching pulp in, 111 — for rags, 80 Presse-pÂte system for esparto, 96 — — — for straw, 101 Pressure for boiling straw, 100 — in relation to soda, 64 Prussian blue, 142 Pulp, beating, 117 —, bleaching, 110 —, — refractory, 114 —, colour of, produced by bisulphite, 77 —, dimensions of fibre in, 119 —, dry, preparing, 119 —, duration of beating, 119 —, freeing from bleach, 114 —, improving colour, 114 —, mixing, 119 —, removing calcium hypochlorite from, 114, 127 — yield from straw, 99 — — — woods, 77 Purification of water, 211 Rags, bleaching, 115 —, boiled, draining, 84 —, —, washing, 85 —, boiling, 82 —, — with lime, 83 —, cutting, 81 —, dusting, 82 —, potchers, 89 —, proportion of alkali, 83 —, quantity of water for boiling, 84 —, sorting, 80 —, time of boiling, 84 —, treatment for paper, 79 —, — in washer, 89 —, willowing, 81 Ramie fibres, dimensions, 39, 50 Raw material for paper, 1 Reagents for examining fibres, 36 Recovered soda, analysing, 205 — —, carbonising, 186 — — causticising, 187 — —, composition, 186 Refractory pulps, bleaching, 114 Repped paper, 171 Resinate of alumina, 137 Retree, 175 Rhea fibre, 50 Roeckner’s esparto boiler, 93 — evaporator, 181 — strainer, 150 — water clarifier, 211 Rosin, 137 — soap, 137 Rotary boilers unsuited to esparto, 90 Rubbing test for paper, 197 Rye straw, 98 Salle, 175 Salmon’s guillotine, 174 Save-all, 154 Schultze’s method of isolating cellulose from wood, 21 Schurmann’s calender rolls, 171 Schweizer’s reagent, 5 Sections of fibres for examination, 38 Seed hairs, 46 — —, dimensions, 39 Self-cleaning strainer, 149 Settling ponds, 125 Seventy per cent. white caustic, 178 Sheave, causes of, 90 Silk fibre, 31 Sinclair’s esparto boiler, 94 Single cylinder machines, 164 — sheet cutter, 173 Siphon washer for boiled rags, 87 Site for mill, 210 Sixty per cent. white caustic, 177 Size, estimating amount of, 204 —, — nature of, 203 —, making with gelatine, 162 Sizes of sheets, 175 Sizing, 137 Slicer, 151 Smalts, 141 Smell consumer, 183 Smoothers, 158 Smoothness, 159 Soaking wood, 107 Soap, analysing, 208 — and gelatine, 163 — for paper-makers, 163 Soda, action on cellulose compared with bisulphite, 76 — ash, analysing, 205 — bicarbonate for accelerating action of bleaching powder, 112 —, brands, 178 — carbonate for sizing, 138 —, commercial kinds, 177 —, destructive action on cellulose, 64 — drums, emptying, 179 — for esparto, 89 — for isolating cellulose, 63 — in relation to pressure, 64 — liquor from esparto, treatment of, 98 — —, removing sodium-sulphur compounds, 191 —, prices, 179 —, proportion for straw, 99 —, recovered, analysing, 205 — —, carbonising, 186 — —, causticising, 187 — —, composition, 186 — recovery, 179 — solutions, table of strengths, 109 —, substances removed from esparto by, 97 Sodium hypochlorite in bleaching, 113 — hyposulphite, analysing, 208 — — for neutralising bleaching powder, 127, 129 — sulphide, oxidising, 191 — sulphite, analysing, 208 — — to neutralise bleaching powder, 128 —-sulphur compounds in soda liquors, 191 — thiosulphate, analysing, 208 — thiosulphate for neutralising bleaching powder, 127, 129 Soft water, objections to, 216 Soluble sulphides for isolating cellulose, 67 Solutions, alum, table of strengths, 143 —, aniline colours, 37 —, aniline sulphate, 37 —, chlorine water, 37 —, iodine, 36 —, neutral mounting, 36 Sorting, 175 — rags, 80 Specific gravity, Twaddle converted into, 109 Spherical rag boiler, 82 Starch and iodide paper, making, 130 —, estimating, 203 — paste for sizing, 138 Starches, analysing, 208 Starching blotting paper, 139 — filter paper, 139 Statistics, 221 Steam and ligno-celluloses, 21 Steaming wood, 107 Stipa tenacissima fibre, 39, 55 Strainers, 147 —, closing plates, 150 —, knotter, 151 —, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112 —, boiled, washing, 100 —, boilers for, 99 —, boiling, 100 —, cellulose yield from, 98 —, cleaning, 100 —, cutting, 100 —, dimensions of cells, 58 —, general chemical characteristics, 58 — in paper, detecting, 200, 201 —, microscopic features, 57 — paper, source of weakness, 103 —, pressure in boiling, 100 —, proportion of soda for, 99 — pulp, ash, 136 — —, chlorinating, 102 — —, dimensions of fibre, 119 — pulp, draining, 100 — —, dry, preparing, 119 — —, grinding, 101 — —, yield, 99 —, soda treatment, 98 —, treating for paper, 63 — washer, 101 Strengths of alum solutions, table, 143 — of paper, classification, 197 — —, influence of glazing, 198 — —, measuring, 193 Sugar-cane fibre, 59 Sulphide processes, economy of, 68 — —, malodours of, 68 Sulphite processes, objection to, 75 Sulphur, action on cellulose, 130 — and lime for neutralising bleaching powder, 129 Sulphuric acid and cellulose, 12 — — and ligno-cellulose, 22 — — in bleaching pulps, 112 Sulphurous acid for isolating cellulose, 64 — — processes for wood, 70 — — processes, objection to, 75 Sunda, see Sunn hemp. — —, characters, 50 — —, composition, 50 — —, general chemical characteristics, 50 — —, micro-chemical reactions, 50 — —, microscopic features, 50 Synthesis of cellulose, 15 Table of processes for resolving wood, 78 — of strengths of alum solutions, 143 — — — of caustic soda solutions, 109 Teazing needles, 38 Telegram paper, 104 Test paper, making, 130 Testing antichlor, 130 — iodine solution, 36 — paper, 193 — — by rubbing, 197 Textile trade waste, treating for paper, 62 Thickness of paper, gauging, 153 — — —, measuring, 198 Thompson’s rag-bleaching process, 115 Thune’s mechanical wood pulp, 107 Tilghmann’s sulphurous acid process, 70 Tilia grandifolia fibre, 39, 54 Time of boiling rags, 84 Toned paper, 142 Trade statistics, 221 Triacetyl cellulose, 8 Tub sizing, 137 — — on the machine, 160 Twaddle degrees, converting into specific gravity, 109 Ultramarine, 141 Umpherstoil’s beater, 123 Urtica dioica fibre, 52 — heterophylla fibre, 44 Vacuum strainer, 148 Victory cutter, 174 Vinegar plant forming cellulose, 16 Vomiting boiler, 91 Washing boiled esparto, 95 — — rags, 85 — — straw, 100 — out bleaching liquor from half-stuff, 127 Waste paper, pulp from, 104 Water and ligno-cellulose, 21 — at high temperature and cellulose, 15 —, clarifier, 211 —, clarifying, 125 —, filter bags, 126 — for beaters, 125 —, lime salts, 212 —, Porter-Clark process, 214 — proportion to pulp in beating, 118 —, purification, 211 —, quantity for boiling rags, 84 — resolving wood by, 65 —, settling ponds, 125 —, soft, objections to, 216 —, soluble impurities, 212 Water supply, 210 Web glazing, 167 Webster on analysis of fibres, 42 Weighing paper ash, 134 Weight per ream, 176 Weighting paper, 130 Wet end of machine, 154 — felt, 157 Wheat straw, 98 White fir fibre, 61 — pine for mechanical wood pulp, 108 Width of paper, gauging, 152 Willesden canvas, 219 — paper, 219 — scrim, 219 — welded goods, 220 Willowing adansonia fibre, 103 — jute, 103 — Manilla hemp, 103 — rags, 81 Winding, 160 Wire-cloth, 153 — in rag washer, 87 —, shifting, 156 Wood, acid processes, 69 —, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112 —, bisulphite processes, 71 —, boiling with sulphites, 74 —, chemical, in paper, detecting, 200 —, cutting up for pulp, 105 —, grinding, 105 —, mechanical, in paper, detecting, 200, 201 —, objection to acid in bleaching, 112 — processes, table of, 78 — pulps, 60 — —, ash, 136 — — beating, 117 — —, dimensions of fibre, 119 — —, dry, preparing, 119 — — from aspen, 108 — — from white pine, 108 — —, mechanical, 105 — —, —, quantitative estimation, 202 — —, statistics, 224 —, resolving by water, 65 —, Schultze’s method of isolating cellulose from, 21 —, soaking, 107 — splitting machine, 74 —, steaming, 107 — suitable for Ekman’s process, 73 —, sulphide treatment, 67 —, sulphurous acid processes, 70 —, treating for paper, 64 Woods, pulp yield of, 77 Wool fibre, character, 31 Wove paper, 156 Wrapping paper, 104 Yankee machine, 164 Yaryan evaporator, 232 Young and Pettigrew’s acid process, 69 Zinc chloride and cellulose, 13 |
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