I.—Finding a Place of Refuge

II.—A Transplantation to the North

III.—Fighting it out on Free Soil

IV.—Colonization as a Remedy for Migration

V.—The Successful Migrant

VI.—Confusing Movements

VII.—The Exodus to the West

VIII.—The Migration of the Talented Tenth

IX.—The Exodus during the World War

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

MAPS AND DIAGRAMS

Map Showing the Per Cent of Negroes in Total Population, by States: 1910

Diagram Showing the Negro Population of Northern and Western Cities in 1900 and 1910

Maps Showing Counties in Southern States in which Negroes Formed 50 Per
Cent of the Total Population

>. (New York and Boston, the American Antislavery Society,
1859.) Published also in the March number of the Christian
Examiner.

Condition of the Free People of Color in Ohio. With interesting anecdotes. (Boston, 1839.)

Institute for Colored Youth. (Philadelphia, 1860-1865.) Contains a list of the officers and students.

Jones, Thomas Jesse. Negro Education: A study of the private and higher schools for colored people in the United States. Prepared in cooperation with the Phelps-Stokes Fund. In two volumes. (Bureau of Education, Washington, 1917.)

Official Records of the War of Rebellion.

Report of the Condition of the Colored People of Cincinnati, 1835. (Cincinnati, 1835.)

Report of a Committee of the Pennsylvania Society of Abolition on Present Condition of the Colored People, etc., 1838. (Philadelphia, 1838.)

Statistical Inquiry into the Condition of the People of Color of the City and Districts of Philadelphia. (Philadelphia, 1849.)

Statistics of the Colored People of Philadelphia in 1859, compiled by Benj. C. Bacon. (Philadelphia, 1859.)

Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1898. Prepared by the Bureau of Statistics. (Washington, D. C., 1899.)

Statistical View of the Population of the United States, A 1790-1830. (Published by the Department of State in 1835.)

Trades of the Colored People. (Philadelphia, 1838.)

United States Censuses.

A Brief Statement of the Rise and Progress of the Testimony of Friends against Slavery and the Slave Trade. Published by direction of the Yearly Meeting held in Philadelphia in the Fourth Month, 1843. Shows the action taken by various Friends to elevate the Negroes.

A Collection of the Acts, Deliverances and Testimonies of the Supreme Judicatory of the Presbyterian Church, from its Origin in America to the Present Time. By Samuel J. Baird. (Philadelphia, 1856.)

American Convention of Abolition Societies. Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies established in different Parts of the United States. From 1794-1828.

The Annual Reports of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Societies, presented at New York, May 6, 1847, with the Addresses and Resolutions. From 1847-1851.

The Annual Reports of the American Anti-Slavery Society. From 1834 to 1860.

The Third Annual Report of the Managers of the New England Anti-Slavery Society presented June 2, 1835. (Boston, 1835.)

Annual Reports of the Massachusetts (or New England) Anti-Slavery Society, 1831-end.

Reports of the National Anti-Slavery Convention, 1833-end.

Reports of the American Colonisation Society, 1818-1832.

Report of the New York Colonisation Society, October 1, 1823. (New York, 1823.)

The Seventh Annual Report of the Colonization Society of the City of New York. (New York, 1839.)

Proceedings of the New York State Colonization Society, 1831. (Albany, 1831.)

The Eighteenth Annual Report of the Colonization Society of the State of New York. (New York, 1850.)

Minutes and Proceedings of the First Annual Convention of the People of Color. Held by Adjournment in the City of Philadelphia, from the sixth to the eleventh of June, inclusive, 1831. (Philadelphia, 1831.)

Minutes and Proceedings of the Second Annual Convention for the
Improvement of the Free People of Color in these United States. Held by
Adjournments in the City of Philadelphia, from the 4th to the 13th of
June, inclusive, 1832. (Philadelphia, 1832.)

Minutes and Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in these United States. Held by Adjournments in the City of Philadelphia, in 1833. (New York, 1833.) These proceedings were published also in the New York Commercial Advertiser, April 27, 1833.

Minutes and Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Convention for the
Improvement of the Free People of Color in the United States. Held by
Adjournments in the Asbury Church, New York, from the 2nd to the 12th of
June, 1834. (New York, 1834.)

Proceedings of the Convention of the Colored Freedmen of Ohio at Cincinnati, January 14, 1852. (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1852.)

MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS

Adams, Alice Dana. The Neglected Period of Anti-Slavery in America. Radcliffe College Monographs No. 14._ (Boston and London, 1908) Contains some valuable facts about the Negroes during the first three decades of the nineteenth century.

Agricola (pseudonym). An Impartial View of the Real State of the Black
Population in the United States. (Philadelphia, 1824.)

Alexander, A. A History of Colonisation on the Western Continent of
Africa. (Philadelphia, 1846.)

Ames, Mary. From a New England Woman's Diary in 1865, (Springfield, 1906.)

An Address to the People of North Carolina on the Evils of Slavery, by the Friends of Liberty and Equality, 1830. (Greensborough, 1830.)

An Address to the Presbyterians of Kentucky proposing a Plan for the Instruction and Emancipation of their Slaves by a Committee of the Synod of Kentucky. (Newburyport, 1836.)

Baldwin, Ebenezer. Observations on the Physical and Moral Qualities of our Colored Population with Remarks on the Subject of Emancipation and Colonization. (New Haven, 1834.)

Bassett, J. S. Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North
Carolina. (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and
Political Science. Fourteenth Series, iv-v. Baltimore, 1896.)

———Slavery in the State of North Carolina. (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Series XVII., Nos. 7-8. Baltimore, 1899.)

———Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina. (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Series XVI., No. 6. Baltimore, 1898.)

Benezet, Anthony. A Caution to Great Britain and Her Colonies in a
Short Representation of the calamitous State of the enslaved Negro in the
British Dominions. (Philadelphia, 1784.)

———The Case of our Fellow-Creatures, the oppressed Africans, respectfully recommended to the serious Consideration of the Legislature of Great Britain, by the People called Quakers. (London, 1783.)

———Observations on the enslaving, Importing and Purchasing of Negroes; with some Advice thereon, extracted from the Epistle of the Yearly-Meeting of the People called Quakers, held at London in the Year 1748. (Germantown, 1760.)

———The Potent Enemies of America laid open: being some Account of the baneful Effects attending the Use of distilled spirituous Liquors, and the Slavery of the Negroes. (Philadelphia.)

———A Short Account of that Part of Africa, inhabited by the Negroes. With respect to the Fertility of the Country; the good Disposition of many of the Natives, and the Manner by which the Slave Trade is carried on. (Philadelphia, 1792)

———Short Observations on Slavery, introductory to Some Extracts from the Writings of the AbbÉ Raynal, on the Important Subject.

———Some Historical Account of Guinea, its Situation, Produce, and the General Disposition of its Inhabitants. With an Inquiry into the Rise and Progress of the Slave Trade, its Nature and Lamentable Effects. (London, 1788.)

Birney, James G. The American Churches, the Bulwarks of American
Slavery, by an American. (Newburyport, 1842.)

Birney, William. James G. Birney and his Times. The Genesis of the
Republican Party, with Some Account of the Abolition Movements in the
South before 1828. (New York, 1890.)

Brackett, Jeffery B. The Negro in Maryland. A Study of the Institution of Slavery. (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 1889.)

Brannagan, Thomas. A Preliminary Essay on the Oppression of the Exiled Sons of Africa, Consisting of Animadversions on the Impolicy and Barbarity of the Deleterious Commerce and Subsequent Slavery of the Human Species. (Philadelphia: Printed for the Author by John W. Scott, 1804.)

Brannagan, T. Serious Remonstrances Addressed to the Citizens of the
Northern States and their Representatives, being an Appeal to their
Natural Feelings and Common Sense; Consisting of Speculations and
Animadversions, on the Recent Revival of the Slave Trade in the American
Republic. (Philadelphia, 1805.)

Campbell, J. V. Political History of Michigan. (Detroit, 1876.)

Code Noir ou Recueil d'edits, declarations et arrÊts concernant la Discipline et le commerce des esclaves NÈgres des isles francaises de l'AmÉrique (in Recueils de rÉglemens, edits, declarations et arrÊts, concernant le commerce, l'administration de la justice et la police des colonies francaises de l'AmÉrique, et les engages avec le Code Noir, et l'addition audit code). (Paris, 1745.)

Coffin, Joshua. An Account of Some of the principal Slave Insurrections and others which have occurred or been attempted in the United States and elsewhere during the last two Centuries. With various Remarks. Collected from various Sources. (New York, 1860.)

Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law. Edited by the faculty of political science. The useful volumes of this series for this field are:

W.L. Fleming's Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, 1905.

W.W. Davis's The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, 1913.

Clara Mildred Thompson's Reconstruction in Georgia, Economic, Social,
Political, 1915.

J.G. de R. Hamilton's Reconstruction in North Carolina, 1914.

C.W. Ramsdell. Reconstruction in Texas, 1910.

Connecticut, Public Acts passed by the General Assembly of.

Cromwell, J.W. The Negro in American History: Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent. (Washington, 1914.)

Davidson, A., and Stowe, B. A Complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873. (Springfield, 1874.) It embraces the physical features of the country, its early explorations, aboriginal inhabitants, the French and British occupation, the conquest of Virginia, territorial condition and subsequent events.

Delany, M.R. The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the
Colored People of the United States: politically considered.
(Philadelphia, 1852.)

DuBois, W.E.B. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. Together with a special report on domestic service by Isabel Eaton. (Philadelphia, 1899.)

———Atlanta University Publications, The Negro Common School.
(Atlanta, 1901.)

———The Negro Church. (Atlanta, 1903.)

———and Dill, A.G. The College-Bred Negro American. (Atlanta, 1910.)

———The Negro American Artisan. (Atlanta, 1912.)

De Toqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Maurice Clerel De. Democracy in America. Translated by Henry Reeve. Four volumes. (London, 1835, 1840.)

Eaton, John. Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen: reminiscences of the
Civil War with special reference to the work for the Contrabands, and the
Freedmen of the Mississippi Valley. (New York, 1907.)

Epstein. The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh. (Pittsburgh, 1917.)

Exposition of the Object and Plan of the American Union for the Belief and Improvement of the Colored Race. (Boston, 1835.)

Fee, John G. Anti-Slavery Manual. (Maysville, 1848.)

Fertig, James Walter. The Secession and Reconstruction of
Tennessee. (Chicago, 1898.)

Frost, W.G. "Appalachian America." (In vol. i of The Americana.)
(New York, 1912.)

Garnett, H.H. The Past and Present Condition and the Destiny of the
Colored Race. (Troy, 1848.)

Greely, Horace. The American Conflict. A history of the great rebellion in the United States of America, 1860-64, its causes, incidents and results: intended to exhibit especially its moral and political phases, with the drift of progress of American opinion respecting human slavery from 1776 to the close of the war for its union. (Chicago, 1864.)

Hammond, M.B. The Cotton Industry: an Essay in American Economic
History. It deals with the cotton culture and the cotton Trade. (New
York, 1897.)

Hart, A.B. The Southern South. (New York, 1906.)

Henson, Josiah. The Life of Josiah Henson. (Boston, 1849.)

Hershaw, L.M. Peonage in the United States. This is one of the
American Negro Academy Papers. (Washington, 1912.)

Hickok, Charles Thomas. The Negro in Ohio, 1802-1870. (Cleveland, 1896.)

Hodgkin, Thomas A. Inquiry into the Merits of the American Colonization
Society and Reply to the Charges brought against it with an Account of the
British African Colonization Society. (London, 1833.)

Howe, Samuel G. The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West. Report to the
Freedmen's Inquiry Committee. (Boston, 1864.)

Hutchins, Thomas. An Historical Narrative and Topographical Description of Louisiana and West Florida, comprehending the river Mississippi with its principal Branches and Settlements and the Rivers Pearl and Pescagoula. (Philadelphia, 1784.)

Illinois, Laws of, passed by the General Assembly of.

Indiana, Laws passed by the State of.

Jay, John. _The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay. First
Chief Justice of the United States and President of the Continental
Congress, Member of the Commission to negotiate the Treaty of
Independence, Envoy to Great Britain, Governor of New York, etc.,
1782-1793. (New York and London, 1801.) Edited by Henry P. Johnson,
Professor of History in the College of the City of New York.

Jay, William. An Inquiry into the Character and Tendencies of the American Colonisation and American Anti-Slavery Societies. Second edition. (New York, 1835.)

Jefferson, Thomas. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Memorial Edition.
Autobiography, Notes on Virginia, Parliamentary Mannual, Official Papers,
Messages and Addresses, and other writings Official and Private, etc.
(Washington, 1903.)

Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. H.B. Adams, Editor. (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.) Among the useful volumes of this series are: J.R. Ficklen's History of Reconstruction in Louisiana, 1910.

H.J. Eckenrode's The Political History of Virginia during
Reconstruction, 1904.

Langston, John M. From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capital; or, The First and Only Negro Representative in Congress from The Old Dominion. (Hartford, 1894.)

Locke, M.S. Anti-Slavery in America from the Introduction of African
Slaves to the Prohibition of the Slave Trade, 1619-1808. Radcliffe
College Monographs, No. ii. (Boston, 1901.) A valuable work.

Lynch, John R. The Facts of Reconstruction. (New York, 1913.)

Madison, James. Letters and Other Writings of James Madison Published by Order of Congress. Four volumes. (Philadelphia, 1865.)

May, S.J. Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict.

Monroe, James. The Writings of James Monroe, including a Collection of his public and private Papers and Correspondence now for the first time printed. Edited by S. M. Hamilton. (Boston, 1900.)

Moore, George H. Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts.
(New York, 1866.)

Needles, Edward. Ten Years' Progress or a Comparison of the State and Condition of the Colored People in the City of and County of Philadelphia from 1837 to 1847. (Philadelphia, 1849.)

New Jersey, Acts of the General Assembly of.

Ohio, Laws of the General Assembly of.

Ovington, M.W. Half-a-Man. (New York, 1911.) Treats of the Negro in the State of New York. A few pages are devoted to the progress of the colored people.

Parrish, John. Remarks on the Slavery of the Black People; Addressed to the Citizens of the United States, particularly to those who are in legislative or executive Stations, particularly in the General or State Governments; and also to such Individuals as hold them in Bondage. (Philadelphia, 1806.)

Pearson, E.W. Letters from Port Royal, written at the Time of the Civil
War. (Boston, 1916.)

Pearson, C.C. The Readjuster Movement in Virginia. (New Haven, 1917.)

Pennsylvania, Laws of the General Assembly of the State of.

Pierce, E.L. The Freedmen of Port Royal, South Carolina, Official
Reports. (New York, 1863.)

Pike, James S. The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro
Government. (New York, 1874.)

Pittman, Philip. The Present State of European Settlements on the Mississippi with a geographic description of that river. (London, 1770.)

Quillen, Frank U. The Color Line in Ohio. A History of Race
Prejudice in a typical northern State. (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1913.)

Reynolds, J.S. Reconstruction in South Carolina. (Columbia, 1905.)

Rhode Island, Acts and Resolves of.

Rice, David. Slavery inconsistent with Justice and Good Policy: proved by a Speech delivered in the Convention held at Danville, Kentucky. (Philadelphia, 1792, and London, 1793.)

Scherer, J.A.B. Cotton as a World Power. (New York, 1916.) This is a study in the economic interpretation of History. The contents of this book are a revision of a series of lectures at Oxford and Cambridge universities in the Spring of 1914 with the caption on Economic Causes in the American Civil War.

Siebert, Wilbur H. The Underground Railroad from Slavery to
Freedom, by W.H. Siebert, Associate Professor of History in the Ohio
State University, with an Introduction by A.B. Hart. (New York, 1898.)

Starr, Frederick. What shall be done with the people of color in the
United States? (Albany, 1862.) A discourse delivered in the First
Presbyterian Church of Penn Yan, New York, November 2, 1862.

Still, William. The Underground Railroad. (Philadelphia, 1872.) This is a record of facts, authentic narratives, letters and the like, giving the hardships, hair-breadth escapes and death struggles of the slaves in their efforts for freedom as related by themselves and others or witnessed by the author.

The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1619-1791. The Original French, Latin, and Italian Texts with English Translations and Notes illustrated by Portraits, Maps, and Facsimiles. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, Secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. (Cleveland, 1896.)

Thompson, George. Speech at the Meeting for the Extension of Negro
Apprenticeship. (London, 1838.)

———The Free Church Alliance with Manstealers. Send back the Money. Great Anti-Slavery Meeting in the City Hall, Glasgow, containing the Speeches delivered by Messrs. Wright, Douglass, and Buffum from America, and by George Thompson of London, with a Summary Account of a Series of Meetings held in Edinburgh by the above named Gentlemen. (Glasgow, 1846.)

Torrey, Jesse, Jr. A Portraiture of Domestic Slavery in the United
States with Reflections on the Practicability of restoring the Moral
Rights of the Slave, without impairing the legal Privileges of the
Possessor, and a Project of a Colonial Asylum for Free Persons of Color,
including Memoirs of Facts on the Interior Traffic in Slaves and on
Kidnapping, Illustrated with Engravings by Jesse Torrey, Jr., Physician,
Author of a Series of Essays on Morals and the Diffusion of Knowledge.
(Philadelphia, 1817.)

———American Internal Slave Trade; with Reflections on the project for forming a Colony of Blacks in Africa. (London, 1822.)

Turner, E.R. The Negro in Pennsylvania. (Washington, 1911.)

Tyrannical Libertymen: a Discourse upon Negro Slavery in the United States, composed at ——— in New Hampshire: on the Late Federal Thanksgiving Day. (Hanover, N. H., 1795.)

Walker, David. Walker's Appeal in Four Articles, together with a Preamble to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in particular and very expressly to those of the United States of America, Written in Boston, State of Massachusetts, September 28, 1829. Second edition. (Boston, 1830.) Walker was a Negro who hoped to arouse his race to self-assertion.

Ward, Charles. Contrabands. (Salem, 1866.) This suggests an apprenticeship, under the auspices of the government, to build the Pacific Railroad.

Washington, B.T. The Story of the Negro. Two volumes. (New York, 1909.)

Washington, George. The Writings of George Washington, being his Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and other papers, official and private, selected and published from the original Manuscripts with the Life of the Author, Notes and Illustrations, by Jared Sparks. (Boston, 1835.)

Weeks, Stephen B. Southern Quakers and Slavery. A Study in
Institutional History. (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1896.)

———The Anti-Slavery Sentiment in the South; with Unpublished Letters from John Stuart Mill and Mrs. Stowe. (Southern History Association Publications, Volume ii, No. 2, Washington, D.C., April, 1898.)

Williams, G.W. A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the
Rebellion, 1861-1865, preceded by a Review of the military Services of
Negroes in ancient and modern Times. (New York, 1888.)

———History of the Negro Race in the United States from 1619-1880. Negroes as Slaves, as Soldiers, and as Citizens: together with a preliminary Consideration of the Unity of the Human Family, an historical Sketch of Africa and an Account of the Negro Governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia. (New York, 1883.)

Woodson, C.G. The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. (New York
and London, 1915.) This is a history of the Education of the Colored
People of the United States from the beginning of slavery to the Civil
War.

Woolman, John. The Works of John Woolman. In two Parts, Part I: A
Journal of the Life, Gospel-Labors, and Christian Experiences of that
faithful Minister of Christ, John Woolman, late of Mount Holly in the
Province of New Jersey. (London, 1775.)

———Same, Part Second. Containing his last Epistle and other Writings. (London, 1775.)

———Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes. Recommended to the Professors of Christianity of every Denomination. (Philadelphia, 1754.)

———Considerations on Keeping Negroes; Recommended to the Professors of Christianity of every Denomination. Part the Second. (Philadelphia, 1762.)

Wright, R.R., Jr. The Negro in Pennsylvania. (Philadelphia, 1912.)

MAGAZINES

The African Methodist Episcopal Church Review. The following articles:

The Negro as an Inventor. By R. R. Wright, vol. ii, p. 397.

Negro Poets, vol. iv, p. 236.

The Negro in Journalism, vols. vi, p. 309, and xx, p. 137.

The African Repository; Published by the American Colonization Society from 1826 to 1832. A very good source for Negro history both in this country and Liberia. Some of its most valuable articles are:

Learn Trades or Starve, by Frederick Douglass, vol. xxix, p. 137. Taken from Frederick Douglass's Paper.

Education of the Colored People, by a highly respectable
gentleman of the South, vol. xxx, pp. 194, 195 and 196.

Elevation of the Colored Race, a memorial circulated in
North Carolina, vol. xxxi, pp. 117 and 118.

A lawyer for Liberia, a sketch of Garrison Draper, vol.
xxxiv, pp. 26 and 27.

The American Economic Review.

The American Journal of Social Science.

The American Journal of Political Economy.

The American Law Review.

The American Journal of Sociology.

The Atlantic Monthly.

The Colonizationist and Journal of Freedom. The author has been able to find only the volume which contains the numbers for the year 1834.

The Christian Examiner.

The Cosmopolitan.

The Crisis. A record of the darker races published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Dublin Review.

The Forum.

The Independent.

The Journal of Negro History.

The Maryland Journal of Colonization. Published as the official organ of the Maryland Colonization Society. Among its important articles are: The Capacities of the Negro Race, vol. iii, p. 367; and The Educational Facilities of Liberia, vol. vii, p. 223.

The Nation.

The Non-Slaveholder. Two volumes of this publication are now found in the Library of Congress.

The Outlook.

Public Opinion.

The Southern Workman. Volume xxxvii contains Dr. R. R. Wright's valuable dissertation on Negro Rural Communities in India.

The Spectator.

The Survey.

The World's Work.

NEWSPAPERS

District of Columbia.
The Daily National Intelligencer.

Louisiana.
The New Orleans Commercial Bulletin.
The New Orleans Times-Picayune.

Maryland.
The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser.
The Maryland Gazette.
Dunlop's Maryland Gazette or The Baltimore Advertiser.

Massachusetts.
The Liberator.

Mississippi.
The Vicksburg Daily Commercial.

New York.
The New York Daily Advertiser.
The New York Tribune.
The New York Times.

INDEX

Adams, Henry,
leader of the exodus to Kansas,

Akron,
friends of fugitives in,

Alton Telegraph,
comment of,

Anderson,
promoter of settling of Negroes in Jamaica,

Anti-slavery,
leaders of the movement, became more helpful to the refugees,

Anti-slavery sentiment,
of two kinds,

American Federation of Labor,
attitude of, toward Negro labor,

Appalachian highland,
settlers of, aided fugitives;
exodus of Negroes to,

Arkansas,
drain of laborers to,

Ball, J.P.,
a contractor,

Ball, Thomas,
a contractor,

Barclay,
interest of, in the sending of Negroes to Jamaica,

Barrett, Owen A.,
discoverer of a remedy,

Bates,
owner of slaves at St. Genevieve,

Beauvais,
owner of slaves, Upper Louisiana,

Benezet, Anthony,
plan of, to colonize Negroes in West;
interest of, in settling Negroes in the West,

Berlin Cross Roads,
Negroes of,

Bibb, Henry,
interest of, in colonization,

Birney, James G.,
promoter of the migration of the Negroes;
press of, destroyed by mob in Cincinnati,

Black Friday,
riot of, in Portsmouth,

Blackburn, Thornton,
a fugitive claimed in Detroit,

Boll weevil,
a cause of migration,

Boston,
friends of fugitives in,

Boyce, Stanbury,
went with his father to Trinidad in the fifties,

Boyd, Henry,
a successful mechanic in Cincinnati,

Brannagan, Thomas,
advocate of colonizing the Negroes in the West;
interest of, in settling Negroes in the West,

Brissot de Warville,
observations of, on Negroes in the West,

British Guiana,
attractive to free Negroes,

Brooklyn, Illinois,
a Negro community,

Brown, John,
in the Appalachian highland,

Brown County, Ohio,
Negroes in,

Buffalo,
friends of fugitives in,

Butler, General,
holds Negroes as contraband;
policy of, followed by General Wood and General Banks,

Cairo, Illinois,
an outlet for the refugees

Calvin Township, Cass County, Michigan,
a Negro community;
note on progress of

Campbell, Sir George,
comment on condition of Negroes in Kansas City

Canaan, New Hampshire,
break-up of school of, admitting Negroes,

Canada,
the migration of Negroes to;
settlements in,

Canadians,
supply of slaves of;
prohibited the importation of slaves,

Canterbury, people of,
imprison Prudence Crandall because she taught Negroes,

Cardoza, F.L.,
return of from Edinburgh to South Carolina,

Cassey, Joseph C.,
a lumber merchant,

Cassey, Joseph,
a broker in Philadelphia,

Chester, T. Morris,
went from Pittsburgh to settle in Louisiana,

Cincinnati,
friends of fugitives in;
mobs;
successful Negroes of,

Clark, Edward V.,
a jeweler,

Clay, Henry,
a colonizationist,

Code for indentured servants in West,
note,

Coffin, Levi,
comment on the condition of the refugees,

Coles, Edward,
moved to Illinois to free his slaves;
correspondence with Jefferson on slavery,

Colgate, Richard,
master of James Wenyam who escaped to the West,

Collins, Henry M.,
interest of, in colonization;
a real estate man in Pittsburgh,

Corbin, J.C.,
return of, from Chillicothe to Arkansas,

Colonization proposed as a remedy for migration,
in the West;
organization of society of;
failure to remove free Negroes;
opposed by free people of color;
meetings of, in the interest of the West Indies;
impeded by the exodus to the West Indies;
a remedy for migration,

Colonization Society,
organization of;
renewed efforts of,

Colonizationists,
opposition of, to the migration to the West Indies,

Columbia, Pa.,
friends of fugitives in,

Compagnie de l'Occident in control of Louisiana,

Condition of fugitives in contraband camps,

Congested districts in the North,

Connecticut, exterminated slavery; law of; against teaching Negroes,

Conventions of Negroes,

Cook, Forman B.,
a broker,

Crandall, A.W.,
interest in checking the exodus to Kansas,

Crandall, Prudence,
imprisoned because she taught Negroes,

Credit system,
a cause of unrest,

Crozat, Antoine,
as Governor of Louisiana,

CuffÉ, Paul,
an actual colonizationist,

Davis,
comment on freedmen's vagrancy,

De Baptiste, Richard,
father of, in Detroit,

Debasement of the blacks after Reconstruction,

Delany, Martin R.,
interest of, in colonization,

De Tocqueville,
observation of, on the condition of free Negroes in the North,

Delaware,
disfranchisement of Negroes in,

Detroit,
Negroes in;
friends of fugitives in;
a gateway to Canada;
the Negro question in;
mob of, rises against Negroes;
successful Negroes of,

Dinwiddie, Governor,
Fears of, as to servile insurrection,

Diseases of Negroes in the North,

Distribution of intelligent blacks,

Douglass, Frederick, the leading Negro journalist; advice of, on staying in the South to retain political power; comment of, on exodus to Kansas,

Downing, Thomas,
owner of a restaurant,

Drain of laborers to Mississippi and Louisiana;
to Arkansas and Texas,

Eaton, John,
work of, among the refugees,

Economic opportunities for the Negro in the North;
economic opportunities for Negroes in the South,

Educational facilities,
the lack of,

Elizabethtown,
friends of fugitives in,

Elliot, E.B.,
return of, from Boston to South Carolina,

Elmira,
friends of fugitives in,

Emancipation of the Negroes in the West Indies,
the effect of,

Epstein, Abraham,
an authority on the Negro migrant in Pittsburgh,

Exodus, the,
during the World War;
causes;
efforts of the South to check it;
Negroes divided on it;
whites divided on it;
unfortunate for the South;
probable results;
will increase political power of Negro;
exodus of the Negroes to Kansas,

Fear of Negro domination to cease,

Ficklen,
comment on freedmen's vagrancy,

Fiske, A.S.,
work of, among the contrabands,

Fleming,
comment of, on freedmen's vagrancy,

Floods of the Mississippi,
a cause of migration,

Foote, Ex-Governor of Mississippi,
liberal measure of, presented to Vicksburg convention,

Fort Chartres,
slaves of,

Forten, James,
a wealthy Negro,

Freedman's relief societies,
aid of,

Free Negroes,
opposed to American Colonization Society;
interested in African colonization;
National Council of,

French,
departure of, from West to keep slaves;
welcome of, to fugitive slaves of the English colonies;
good treatment of,

Friends of fugitives,

Fugitive Slave Law, a destroyer of Negro settlements,

Fugitives coming to Pennsylvania,

Gallipolis,
friends of fugitives in,

Georgia,
laws of, against Negro mechanics;
slavery considered profitable in,

Germans antagonistic to Negroes; favorable to fugitives in mountains; opposed Negro settlement in Mercer County, Ohio; their hatred of Negroes,

Gibbs, Judge M.W.,
went from Philadelphia to Arkansas,

Gilmore's High School,
work of, in Cincinnati,

Gist, Samuel,
settled his Negroes in Ohio,

Goodrich, William,
owner of railroad stock,

Gordon, Robert,
a successful coal dealer in Cincinnati,

Grant, General U.S., protected refugees in his camp; retained them at Fort Donelson; his use of the refugees,

Greener, R.T., comment of, on the exodus to Kansas; went from Philadelphia to South Carolina,

Gregg, Theodore H.,
sent his manumitted slaves to Ohio,

Gulf States,
proposed Negro commonwealths of,

Guild of Caterers,
in Philadelphia,

Halleck, General,
excluded slaves from his lines,

Harlan, Robert,
a horseman,

Harper, John,
sent his slaves to Mercer County, Ohio,

Hamsburg,
Negroes in;
reaction against Negroes in,

Harrison, President William H.,
accommodated at the cafÉ of John Julius, a Negro,

Hayden,
a successful clothier,

Hayti,
the exodus of Negroes to,

Henry, Patrick,
on natural rights,

Hill of Chillicothe,
a tanner and currier,

Holly, James T.,
interest of, in colonization,

Hood, James W.,
went from Connecticut to North Carolina,

Hunter, General,
dealing with the refugees in South Carolina

Illinois,
the attitude of, toward the Negro;
race prejudice in;
slavery question in the organization of;
effort to make the constitution proslavery,

Immigration of foreigners,
cessation of, a cause of the Negro migration,

Indian Territory,
exodus of Negroes to,

Indiana,
the attitude of, toward the Negro;
counties of, receiving Negroes from slave states;
slavery question in the organization of;
effort to make constitution of pro-slavery;
race prejudice in;
protest against the settlement of Negroes there,

Indians,
attitude of, toward the Negroes,

Infirmary Farms,
for refugees,

Intimidation,
a cause of migration,

Irish,
antagonistic to Negroes;
their hatred of Negroes,

Jamaica,
Negroes of the United States settled in,

Jay's Treaty,

Jefferson, Thomas, his plan for general education including the slaves; plan to colonize Negroes in the West; natural rights theory of; an advocate of the colonization of the Negroes in the West Indies,

Jenkins, David,
a paper hanger and glazier,

Johnson, General,
permitted slave hunters to seek their slaves in his lines,

Julius, John, proprietor of a cafe in which he entertained President William H. Harrison,

Kansas Freedmen's Relief Association, the work of,

Kansas refugees, condition of; treatment of,

Kaokia,
slaves of,

Kaskaskia,
slaves of,

Keith, George,
interested in the Negroes,

Kentucky,
disfranchisement of Negroes in;
abolition society of, advocated the colonization of the blacks in
the West,

Key, Francis S.,
a colonizationist,

Kingsley, Z.,
a master, settled his son of color in Hayti,

Ku Klux Klan,
the work of,

Labor agents promoting the migration of Negroes,

Lambert, William, interest of, in the colonization of Negroes,

Land tenure, a cause of unrest; after Reconstruction,

Langston, John M.,
returned from Ohio to Virginia,

Lawrence County, Ohio,
Negroes immigrated into,

Liberia,
freedmen sent to,

Lincoln, Abraham,
urged withholding slaves,

Louis XIV,
slave regulations of,

Louisiana,
drain of laborers to;
exodus from;
refugees in,

Lower Camps, Brown County,
Negroes of,

Lower Louisiana,
conditions of;
conditions of slaves in,

Lundy, Benjamin,
promoter of the migration of Negroes,

Lynching,
a cause of migration;
number of Negroes lynched,

McCook, General,
permitted slave hunters to seek their Negroes in his lines,

Maryland,
disfranchisement of Negroes in;
passed laws against Negro mechanics;
reaction in,

Massachusetts,
exterminated slavery,

Meade, Bishop William,
a colonizationist,

Mercer County, Ohio,
successful Negroes of;
resolutions of citizens against Negroes,

Miami County,
Randolph's Negroes sent to,

Michigan,
Negroes transplanted to;
attitude of, toward the Negro,

Migration, the, of the talented tenth; handicaps of; of politicians to Washington; of educated Negroes; of the intelligent laboring class; effect of Negroes' prospective political power; to northern cities,

Miles, N.E., interest in stopping the exodus to Kansas,

Mississippi, drain of laborers to; exodus from; refugees in; slaves along,

Morgan, Senator,
of Alabama, interested in sending the Negroes to Africa,

Movement of the blacks to the western territory;
promoted by Quakers,

Movements of Negroes during the Civil War;
of poor whites,

Mulber, Stephen,
a contractor,

Murder of Negroes in the South,

Natural rights, the effect of; the discussion of, on the condition of the Negro,

Negro journalists,
the number of

Negroes,
condition of, after Reconstruction;
escaped to the West;
those having wealth tend to remain in the South;
migration of, to Mexico;
exodus of, to Liberia;
no freedom of speech of;
not migratory;
leaders of Reconstruction, largely from the North;
mechanics in Cincinnati;
servants on Ohio river vessels,

New Hampshire,
exterminated slavery,

New Jersey,
abolished slavery

New York,
abolition of slavery in;
friends of fugitives in;
mobs of, attack Negroes;
Negro suffrage in;
restrictions of, on Negroes,

North Carolina,
Negro suffrage in;
Quakers of, promoting the migration of the Negroes;
reaction in,

North,
change in attitude of, toward the Negro;
divided in its sentiment as to method of helping the Negro;
favorable sentiment of;
trade of, with the South;
fugitives not generally welcomed;
its Negro problem;
housing the Negro in;
criminal class of Negroes in,
loss of interest of, in the Negro;
not a place of refuge for Negroes;

Northwest,
few Negroes in, at first;
hesitation to go there because of the ordinance of 1787,

Noyes Academy,
broken up because it admitted Negroes,

Nugent, Colonel W.L.,
interest in stopping the exodus to Kansas,

Occupations of Negroes in the North,

Ohio,
Negro question in constitutional convention of;
in the legislature of 1804;
black laws of;
protest against Negroes,

Oklahoma,
Negroes in;
discouraged by early settlers of,

Ordinance of 1784 rejected,

Ordinance of 1787,
passed;
meaning of sixth article of;
reasons for the passage of;
did not at first disturb slavery;
construction of,

Otis, James,
on natural rights,

Pacific Railroad,
proposal to build, with refugee labor,

Palmyra,
race prejudice of,

Pelham, Robert A.,
father of, moved to Detroit,

Penn, William,
advocate of emancipation,

Pennsylvania,
effort in, to force free Negroes to support their dependents;
effort to prevent immigration of Negroes;
increase in the population of free Negroes of;
petitions to rid the State of Negroes by colonization;
era of good feeling in;
exterminated slavery;
the migration of freedmen from North Carolina to;
Negro suffrage in;
passed laws against Negro mechanics;
successful Negroes of,

Peonage,
a cause of migration,

Philadelphia, Negroes rush to; race friction of; woman of color stoned to death; Negro church disturbed; reaction against Negroes; riots in; successful Negroes of; property owned by Negroes,

Pierce, E.S.,
plan for handling refugees in South Carolina,

Pinchback, P.B.S.,
return of, from Ohio to Louisiana to enter politics,

Pittman, Philip,
account of West, of,

Pittsburgh,
friends of fugitives in;
Negro of, married to French woman;
kind treatment of refugees;
respectable mulatto woman married to a surgeon of Nantes;
riot in,

Platt, William,
a lumber merchant,

Political power,
not to be the only aim of the migrants;
the mistakes of such a policy,

Polities,
a cause of unrest,

Pollard, N.W., agent of the Government of Trinidad, sought Negroes in the United States,

Portsmouth, friends of fugitives of,

Portsmouth, Ohio, mob of, drives Negroes out; progressive Negroes of,

Prairie du Rocher, slaves of,

Press comments on sending Negroes to Africa,

Puritans,
not much interested in the Negro,

Quakers,
promoted the movement of the blacks to Western territory;
in the mountains assisted fugitives,

Race prejudice,
the effects of;
among laboring classes,

Randolph, John,
a colonizationist;
sought to settle his slaves in Mercer County, Ohio,

Reaction against the Negro,

Reconstruction,
promoted to an extent by Negro natives of North,

Redpath, James,
interest of, in colonization,

Refugees assembled in camps;
in West;
in Washington;
in South;
exodus of, to the North;
fear that they would overrun the North;
development of;
vagrancy at close of war,

Renault, Philip Francis,
imported slaves,

Resolutions of the Vicksburg Convention bearing on the exodus to
Kansas,

Rhode Island,
exterminated slavery,

Richards, Benjamin,
a wealthy Negro of Pittsburgh,

Richard, Fannie M.,
a successful teacher in Detroit,

Riley, William H.,
a well-to-do bootmaker,

Ringold, Thomas,
advertisement of, for a slave in the West,

Rochester,
friends of fugitives in,

Saint John, Governor,
aid of, to the Negroes in Kansas,

Sandy Lake,
Negro settlement in,

Saunders of Cabell County, Virginia,
sent manumitted slaves to Cass County, Michigan,

Saxton, General Rufus,
plan for handling refugees in South Carolina,

Scotch-Irish Presbyterians,
favorable to fugitives,

Scott, Henry,
owner of a pickling business,

Scroggs, Wm. O.,
referred to as authority on interstate migration,

Segregation,
a cause of migration,

Shelby County, Ohio,
Negroes in,

Sierra Leone,
Negroes of, settled in Jamaica,

Simmons, W.J.,
returned from Pennsylvania to Kentucky,

Singleton, Moses,
leader of the exodus from Kansas,

Sixth Article of Ordinance of 1787,

Slave Code in Louisiana,

Slavery in the Northwest; slavery in Indiana; slavery of whites,

Slaves,
mingled freely with their masters in early West,

Smith, Gerrit,
effort to colonize Negroes in New York,

Smith, Stephen,
a lumber merchant,

South Carolina,
slavery considered profitable there,

South,
change of attitude of, toward the Negro;
drastic laws against vagrancy,

Southern States divided on the Negro,

Spears, Noah,
sent his manumitted slaves to Greene County, Ohio,

Starr, Frederick,
comment of, on the refugees,

Steubenville,
successful Negroes of,

Still, William,
a coal merchant,

St. Philippe,
slaves of,

Success of Negro migrants,

Suffrage of the Negroes in the colonies,

Tappan, Arthur,
attacked by New York mob,

Tappan, Lewis,
attacked by New York mob,

Terrorism,
a cause of migration,

Texas,
drain of laborers to;
proposed colony of Negroes there,

Thomas, General,
opened farms for refugees,

Thompson, A.V.,
a tailor,

Thompson, C.M.,
comment on freedmen's vagrancy,

Topp, W.H.,
a merchant tailor,

Trades unions,
attitude of, toward Negro labor,

Trinidad,
the exodus of Negroes to;
Negroes from Philadelphia settled there,

Turner, Bishop H.M.,
interested in sending Negroes to Africa,

Upper and Lower Camps of Brown County, Ohio,
Negroes of,

Upper Louisiana,
conditions of;
conditions of slaves in,

Unrest of the Negroes in the South after Reconstruction;
causes of;
credit system a cause;
land system a cause;
further unrest of intelligent Negroes,

Utica,
mob of, attacked anti-slavery leaders,

Vagrancy of Negroes after emancipation;
drastic legislation against,

Vermont,
exterminated slavery,

Vicksburg,
Convention of, to stop the Exodus,

Viner, M.,
mentioned slave settlements in West,

Virginia,
disfranchisement of Negroes in;
Quakers of, promoting the migration of the Negroes;
reaction in;
refugees in,

Vorhees, Senator D.W.,
offered a resolution in Senate inquiring into the exodus to Kansas,

Washington, Judge Bushrod,
a colonizationist,

Washington, D.C.,
refugees in;
the migration of Negro politicians to,

Wattles, Augustus,
settled with Negroes in Mercer County, Ohio,

Watts,
steam engine and the industrial revolution,

Wayne County, Indiana,
freedmen settled in,

Webb, William,
interest of, in colonization,

Wenyam, James,
ran away to the West,

West Indies,
attractive to free Negroes,

West Virginia,
exodus of Negroes to,

White, David,
led a company of Negroes to the Northwest,

White, J.T.,
left Indiana to enter politics in Arkansas,

Whites of South refused to work,

Whitfield, James M., interest of, in colonization,

Whitney's cotton gin and the industrial revolution,

Wickham, executor of Samuel Gist, settled Gist's Negroes in Ohio,

Wilberforce University established at a slave settlement,

Wilcox, Samuel T.,
a merchant of Cincinnati,

Yankees,
comment of, on Negro labor,

York,
Negroes of;
trouble with the Negroes of,

*****

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