1 i.e. leader of a gang.

2 Malay Archipelago, Chapter XX.

3 Malay Archipelago, Chapter XXIX.

4 F. H. H. Guillemard, The Cruise of the “Marchesa,” Chapter XXI.

5 A note in the Geographical Journal, Vol. xxxviii. p. 211, points out the interesting fact that this custom of shedding tears in welcome was observed by some of the early travellers in many places on the American Continent, both North and South. It has also been noticed among the Andamanese and other Negroid inhabitants of South-Eastern Asia and Australasia.

6 Like the Megapodes the Brush Turkeys are most interesting birds, which have the habit of making large mounds of rubbish in which they place their eggs, where they are hatched by the heat of fermentation. This species is about the size of a domestic hen, and its large brown egg is very good eating.

7 The very interesting discovery was made by Mr. Staniforth Smith of sago growing at an altitude of 3500 feet in the region of Kikor River, British New Guinea.—Geog. Journal, vol. xxxix. p. 329.

8 See Appendix C.

9 The number of individuals examined was not very great and the difference in their measurements are so insignificant, that they may be considered all to belong to one race.

10 Tuan = master, v. p. 103. The natives always addressed us as “Tuana,” and many babies, of whom their parents were particularly proud, were called “Tuana.”

11 A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland, etc., in the year 1699, by Captain William Dampier.

12 Standard, 4, 8, 1910.

13 The accent is placed on the first syllable—TÁpiro.

14 Extract from diary, 12th March 1910. A.F.R.W.

15 The services of these two men were secured to the expedition through the generosity of Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of the Museums of the Federated Malay States.

16 For their cranial measurements see Appendix.

17 The stitch used is a “figure of eight.” An exactly similar pattern is used by the natives near Humboldt Bay, North Dutch New Guinea, in making caps. See Van der Sande, Nova Guinea, Vol. III. Illustration, p. 37.

18 I am informed by Mr. H. Balfour, of the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, that a similar method of making fire is employed by people in Assam, the Chittagong Hills, at certain places in the Malay Peninsula, in Borneo, at numerous places in different parts of New Guinea, and at one place in West Africa.

19 I saw three men who showed unmistakable signs of syphilis.

20 “Capt. Cook, H.M.S. Endeavour, 1770.” “Kolff’s Voyages in Dutch Brig of War Dourga, 1825-6.”

21 This is the usual friendly greeting of the people in the Merauke district. The word is now used by the Dutch as a slang name for the natives of any part of New Guinea.

22 Voyage of the ships Pera and Arnhem, under command of Jan Carstenszoon or Carstensz, 1623.

23 Here, as elsewhere in the Dutch colonies, half-castes in official positions are reckoned as Europeans.

24 Capt. C. G. Rawling. Country Life. 20 May, 1911.

25 Malay Archipelago. Chapter V.

26 The numerals in brackets refer to the list of authorities prefixed to the comparative vocabulary.

27 Cf. Translation by G. G. Batten in “Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago,” 1894.

28 Dr. N. Adriani. Eenige opmerkingen over de Merauke-Taal naar aanleiding der Woordenlijst van Contr. J. Seijne Kok, in “De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5.”

29 G. W. Earl, Native Races of the Indian Archipelago, Papuans, 1853, Appendix, and Jour. Roy. Geographical Society, 1837, p. 393-395.

30 De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5. Leiden, 1908.

31 Cf. Internat. Archiv. fÜr Ethnographie, 16, 1905, and Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III., p. 387.

32 H. Kern. Over de taal der Jotafa’s aan de Humboldtbaai, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde van Ned. IndiË, 6 Volg. deel VII.

33 Cf. G. von der Gabelentz und A. B. Muller, Melanesischen Sprachen, 1882, p. 536-541. Also C. J. F. le Cocq d’Armandville in Tijds. v. Taal, etc., 46, 1903.

34 P. J. B. C. RobidÉ van der Aa in Bijdragen tot de Taal etc., 1883, p. 197. The word is mes, coconut, the Merauke mise.

35 The term “Indonesian” is used here only to imply that the languages so designated appear to contain some words and constructions which are found commonly in the languages of the Indian Archipelago. The data are too few for definite classification. The term “Papuan” may be taken to mean “non-Indonesian” or “Non-Malayo-Polynesian” with a similar limitation.

36 In the Examples following, the vowels should be sounded as in Italian, and the consonants as in English. The Dutch oe and ie are written u and i.

37 This interchange is very common in the languages of the Papuan Gulf. Cf. Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III., pp. 325, 334.

38 G. W. Earl in Jour. Royal Geographical Society, 1837, p. 394.

39 Those quoted are: Dungerwab (or Parb) on Wai Kasa R., Bangu, Morehead River; Bugi, Mai Kasa River, Dabu, Paho R., Mowata, mouth of Binaturi R., Saibai Is. in Western Torres Straits, Miriam, Murray Is. Torres Straits, Kunini and Jibu West shore of Fly Delta, Kiwai Is. in Fly Delta.

40 William Churchill, “The Polynesian Wanderings.” Washington. 1911. Pp. v., 147.

41 Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III, p. 290.

42 The writer was however told by Murray Island natives that “tulik” was the name of the old shell axe.

43 Eenige opmerkingen over de Merauke-taal, in “De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5,” p. 661-2.

44 Op. cit., p. 664-665.

45 The number prefixed is that by which these authorities have been referred to in the preceding pages.