ILLUSTRATIONS. | Ground-plan of the PalÆstra or Gymnasium of the Greeks: after Vitruvius | p. xix | | Plan of the Roman ThermÆ, from a drawing taken from the walls of the Baths of Titus | p. xxi | | The Hypocaustum of the Roman Bath at Chester | p. xxiii | | The Calidarium of Mr. George Witt's Bath | p. xxv | | Mr. Urquhart's Bath at Riverside | p. xxvii | | Ground-plan of my own Bath at Richmond Hill | p. xxix | | The Dureta; the Moorish, and probably Phoenician, Couch, adopted by the Emperor Augustus | p. xxxi | | The person reclining on this couch is so completely supported that he feels as though he were suspended in air. | CHAPTER I. | The Bath, an animal instinct; coeval with the earliest existence of man; common to every rank; a ceremony of his birth, and a funereal rite; discovery of thermal springs; the Scamander; commemoration of the hot-bath by Homer; the hot-baths of Hercules; estimation of hot-baths by the Phoedrians; frequency of thermal springs; HamÂms of the East, HamÂm Ali, near ancient Nineveh; HamÂm Meskhoutin in Algeria; Baths of Nero in Italy; German thermal springs, Carlsbad, Wiesbaden, Ems, Aix-la-Chapelle; the Geysers of Iceland; thermal springs of Amsterdam Island; of America; of England, Bath, Bristol, Buxton, Matlock | pp. 1-5 | | Primitive idea of the artificial hot-vapour bath; Bath of the American Indians; ancient Irish Bath, or sweating-house, the Tig Allui; Mexican Bath; Moorish Bath; the Hypocaust | pp. 5-9 | | Eastern origin of the bath; Mr. Urquhart's discovery of the vestiges of the Phoenician Bath among the ruins of Baalbeck; Syrian Bath; Gazul, its nature and properties; Gazul and the Strigil derived from Mauritania; probable irradiation of the knowledge of the bath from Phoenicia | pp. 9-12 | | Hypocaust of the Moorish, Mexican, Greek, and Roman Bath; the only method of heating houses in Greece and Rome; the common practice in China; Chinese vapour bath, | pp. 12-13 | | Baths of Greece; Gymnasia; Gymnasium or PalÆstra; Lyceum Academia; Cynosarges | pp. 14-18 | | ThermÆ and BalneÆ of Rome; Baths of Agrippa, Titus, Paulus Æmilius, Diocletian, and Caracalla; magnificence of the Roman ThermÆ; Roman Baths of England; decline of the bath in Rome; construction of the Roman Bath; excessive indulgence in the bath by the Romans; Pliny's description of his own bath; Seneca's reproof of the luxury and wanton extravagance of the Romans | pp. 18-29 | | Roman Baths of England; Uriconium; Chester | pp. 29-33 | | The bath lost by the Romans; preserved by the Turks; the Turkish HamÂm; construction of the HamÂm; costume of the bath; mode of taking the bath; the outer Hall, or Mustaby, the middle room, the inner room; shampooing; rolling and peeling the scarf-skin; soaping and rinsing; return to the Mustaby; the couch of repose; special characteristics of the Turkish HamÂm—vapoury atmosphere, low temperature; the Turkish process contrasted with the Roman; the order, the decorum, the dignity of the Turkish Bath; Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's description of the Women's Bath in Turkey | pp. 33-46 | | The Egyptian Bath; the Bath of Siout; the Bath at Cairo; Mr. Thackeray's experiences; Egyptian shampooing; M. Savary's description of the Egyptian Bath and Egyptian shampooing; its intellectual and medicative properties; Tournefort's experience | pp. 46-50 | | Introduction of the Turkish Bath to Britain; Mr. Urquhart and the "Pillars of Hercules"; Mr. Urquhart's advocacy of the Bath; Mr. Urquhart erects a bath at Blarney for Dr. Richard Barter; spread of the Turkish Bath in Ireland | pp. 50-52 | | Pioneers of the Bath in England, Mr. Urquhart, Mr. George Crawshay, Sir John Fife, Mr. George Witt, Mr. Stewart Rolland; private Turkish Baths in England; Mr. Witt's Bath; construction; process of the bath; costume of the bath; "Companions of the Bath;" first impressions; effect of the Bath in the removal of pain | pp. 52-55 | | The delights of free perspiration; differences between the practised bather and the neophyte; thirst; beads upon the rose; counting our beads; freedom of perspiration in labourers exposed to high temperatures; a nutritive drink | pp. 55-58 | | Temperature of the bath; mutual relations between temperature, size of apartment, moisture of atmosphere, and number of bathers; temperature relative to these conditions; effects of temperature in water, vapour, and air; man's capability of supporting temperatures of remarkable altitude in dry air; Mr. Urquhart's Laconicum; Sir Charles Blagden's experiments; Sir Francis Chantrey's oven; Chabert, the Fire King | pp. 58-61 | | The best temperature for the purposes of Health; practice of the Romans, who lost the bath, compared with that of the Turks, who have preserved it; philosophy of the bath; talking and thinking to be avoided in the bath; inconveniences of the bath to the novitiate; the cause and its remedy; advice; peculiarities or idiosyncrasies of constitution; wisdom of the Turks | pp. 61, 63 | | Duration of the bath; influenced by temperature and idiosyncrasy, | pp. 63-64 | | Second operation of the bath; shampooing; proper moment for the process; the Turkish process; the Moorish process; Captain Clark Kennedy's description of the Moorish Bath, and the operation of shampooing; the British shampooer, | pp. 64-72 | | Third operation of the bath; the peeling of the scarf-skin; manner of performance; the camel's-hair or goat's-hair glove | pp. 72-74 | | Fourth operation of the bath; soaping; the wisp of lyf; the warm shower; the cold douche; alternate hot and cold douche; closure of the pores; restoration of the warmth of the skin | pp. 74-76 | | The Frigidarium; the process of cooling; the purified skin; sensations after the bath; the ordinary dress resumed; illustration of the use and effects of the bath in dispelling the cravings of hunger and fatigue | pp. 77-79 | | Mr. Urquhart's bath; the Laconicum; the spiracle of sweet perfumes; the Lavatrina; the cold pool; the hot and cold douche; breakfast; kuscoussoo; the chemistry of the preparation of food; its value to man | pp. 79-87 | | My own bath at Richmond Hill | pp. 88-89 | CHAPTER II. REVIVAL AND SANITARY PURPOSES OF THE EASTERN BATH. | General idea of the bath; and of its sanitary application; its popularity with the working classes | pp. 90-92 | | Construction of the bath, illustrated by the description of Mr. Witt's bath; the Calidarium; the heating apparatus; materials of construction; the flue; the dureta; Mr. Stewart Rolland's bath; the Lavatorium; the Frigidarium, | pp. 93-102 | | Operation of the bath; costume of the bath; sensations of the bath; perspiration; the body washed in its own moisture; unpleasant sensations; contrast of the uneducated and educated skin; object of the bath; use of the cold douche; the cooling and drying process | pp. 103-110 | | Sanitary purposes of the bath; importance of the skin in the animal economy; structure and functions of the skin; exposure of the skin to the air; resistance of cold; costume of ancient Britons; defensive powers of the bath against catarrh; weakening of the skin by clothing; comparison of physical qualities of healthy and unhealthy skin; sensibility of the skin; hardening of the skin; nutritive properties of the skin; training; influence of the bath in the prevention of disease; curative powers of the bath | pp. 111-127 | CHAPTER III. RATIONAL USE OF THE BATH. | Proper employment of the bath; proper temperature; proper time for taking the bath; duration and frequency of taking the bath; customs of the Moslem; unfounded apprehension of taking "cold;" the bath cannot give cold; disturbance of nutritive function occasioned by the bath; strengthening and restoring properties of the bath: Mr. Urquhart's evidence; Sir Alexander Burnes's evidence; health of shampooers | pp. 128-141 | | Medical properties of the bath; on what principles founded; its chemical and electrical powers; its preservation of the balance of the nutritive functions; it supersedes the necessity for exercise; estimation of the medical powers of the bath in Turkey; its influence in producing longevity; it removes fat; gives power of exercise; removes rheumatism, and cures spasm and cramp; example of cure of wry-neck, | pp. 141-152 | CHAPTER IV. APPLICATION OF THE BATH TO HORSES AND CATTLE,
FOR TRAINING AND THE CURE OF DISEASE. | Adaptation of the Turkish Bath to the horse, dog, oxen, cows, sheep, swine, &c.; its application to the purpose of training; Mr. Goodwin's management of horses after severe exercise; his remarks on the use of the bath in the stable, | pp. 153-159 | | The skin a respiratory organ; ventilation of the skin; clipping and singeing horses | pp. 159-161 | | Dr. Barter's application of the bath to the treatment of the diseases of animals; report of a committee appointed to inquire into the utility of Dr. Barter's bath for the cure of distemper in cattle | pp. 162-164 | | Observations on the use of the bath; and rules to be followed in taking it | pp. 165-167 | Ground-plan of the PalÆstra or Gymnasium, after Vitruvius. (Page 15.) a a. The portico. b. The Ephebeum, the room of the Ephebi or youths, c. The Apodyterium and Gymnasterium. d. The Elaiothesium, or anointing room. e. The Konisterium, or dusting room. f f. The hot baths. g. The stove or Laconicum. h. The cold bath. i. The Peristylium or Piazza, which includes the SphÆristerium, and Palestra. k k. Xysti. l l. Xysticus silvis. m. The Stadium. Plan of the Roman ThermÆ, from a Drawing taken from the walls of the Baths of Titus. (Page 22.) a. The Frigidarium, or cool room. b. The Tepidarium, or room of middle temperature. c. The Calidarium, sudatorium, or concamerata sudatio; around this apartment are seen several ranges of platforms of marble. d. A vaulted stove, covered by an arched cover, clipeus: this stove gave additional heat to the part of the room wherein it was situated, and constituted the Laconicum. e. The Lavatorium or Balneum; there are marble platforms in this apartment, and in its centre is an open bath, called, from its large everted lip upon which the bather sat, labrum. g g. The Hypocaustum. h. The room in which the water is stored and heated. In the uppermost vase the water is cold, as is indicated by the absence of fire beneath it. In the second vase the water is warm, being placed at a considerable height above the fire. In the lowest vase the water is hot. i. The Elaiothesium, or anointing room, from which the bather passes to the Vestiarium or Spoliatorium. [xxii]
[xxiii] The Hypocaustum of the Roman Bath at Chester. (Page 31.) In the foreground are seen three of the short pillars or pilÆ, with square shafts and expanded heads and bases. Between these more distant pilÆ are visible, seemingly arranged in rows. The floor on which the burning embers lay is uneven; while the roof, which is the under part of the floor of the bath, exhibits evidences of the corroding action of the fire. The Hypocaustum, in the Roman ThermÆ, occupied the whole of the under surface of the Calidarium, and the ruins bear evidence of the use of fires of prodigious extent. [xxiv]
[xxv] Mr. George Witt's Bath; the Calidarium. (Page 53.) a. The entrance door. b. A small window looking into the Frigidarium; a gas lamp, for use at night, is seen through the pane. c. A thick plate of glass in the outer wall, for admitting light. d d. Ventilating holes; the lower one is furnished with a wooden plug. e. The masonry which encloses the furnace. f. The flue, proceeding from the furnace along the side of the room. g g. The flue crossing the end of the room. h. The flue returning along the opposite side of the room. i. The ascending flue. k. The flue crossing above the furnace, and then ascending, l l, the angle of the room, to terminate in the chimney. f g g h, support a wooden seat, on which the bathers sit; along the front of this seat, as at f, h, are perforated tiles and spaces, which give passage to the heated air. m. The warm water tank. n n. A platform, which also serves as a seat; the feet resting on the step o o. p p. The dureta; the letters are placed on the feet of the couch. The floor is tesselated; and on the seat are seen two wooden basins, containing soap and a bunch of lyf. [xxvi]
[xxvii] Mr. Urquhart's Bath; the Bath at Riverside. (Page 79.) a. The door of entrance. b. The ceiling of the vestibule of the Bath. The side or rather the end of the vestibule c is occupied by an immense sheet of plate glass, through which are seen the Frigidarium, and the window of the Frigidarium, with a trellis of roses beyond. d. The floor of the vestibule. e e. One side of the great Hall of the Bath. f. A step covered with a Turkish towel. g. A platform, under which the hypocaust, h h, extends from one side to the other of the Hall. i. An ornamental grating, through which heated air enters the Hall directly from the furnace. k k. The tent, or enclosed chamber immediately over the furnace, where the highest degree of heat exists; the Laconicum. l. A couch, of lower temperature, but still hot, from being over the hypocaust. m. The spiracle of perfume from the mignionette bed. n. The floor of the Hall. o. The Lavatrina. p. A couch of less heat than l. q. Steps leading to the pool of cold water. r. The piscina or cold pool. Ground-plan of my own Bath at Richmond-Hill. (Page 88.) a a. Front wall. b. Door of entrance from a lobby, leading from the Frigidarium. c. Vestibule. d. Inner door. e e. Spiracles or ventilators. f. Mouth of the furnace. g. Furnace of fire-brick, enclosed in a jacket of hollow brick. h h h. Flue. i. Chimney. k. Returned flue, supporting a tank for warm water. l l. Outer wall; the dark shade between l h, and l k, indicates the interval between the flue and outer wall. m. The Lavatrina. n. Tesselated pavement. The Dureta, or Reclining Couch, used in the Bath; both in the Calidarium and Frigidarium. (Pages 53, 97.) a. The plane for supporting the back. b. The thigh-plane. c. The leg-plane. d. The foot-piece, which is movable, and admits of adjustment, to suit the comfort of the bather. e. The head-piece, for supporting the head. f. Arc of the angle a-b. g. The angle corresponding with the bend of the knee. h. Arc of the angle b-c. i. Lower hole, for the foot-piece. k. Elevation of the trunk-plane from the ground-line, l. m. One of the feet of the couch. This figure is intended to exhibit the construction of the dureta, the best lines of angle, and the size the most convenient for a person of medium stature—say five feet, eight inches. If the person be taller or shorter, a corresponding difference must be made in the length of the three principal pieces. The dureta is constructed of deal boards, 20 inches long, nailed on a pair of lateral rails; the rails being supported by a firm foot, m, and steadied by a bracket at the angle g. The measurements are as follow:—a, 28 inches; b, 18-1/2 inches; c, from g to the foot-piece, 19 inches; and from g to the extreme end, below the letter i, 23 inches. The holes for the foot-piece are two inches apart; and the head-piece may be made movable. The arc of the angle a-b, measured at f, from the upper angle of a to g is 38 inches; the arc of the angle b-c, measured at h from the angle m to the end of the plane c, is 37 inches; the height of the upper end at k is 24-1/2 inches; the height of the angle g at l is 14-1/2 inches; and the dotted line from the angle m to the perpendicular k, 21 inches; the height of the angle m from the point where the dotted line touches to the ground is 6-1/4 inches; and the height of the end at i is simply the depth of the rail—namely between two and three inches. The dureta after the above model is manufactured by Mr. Allen, 7, Great Smith-street, Westminster.
THE EASTERN, OR TURKISH BATH.
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