1 The Reverend Henry Tollin, Pastor of the French Protestant Church, of Magdeburg, who has made the life and works of Servetus the particular subject of his studies for many years, inclines to Tudela as the place, and 1511 as the year, of Servetus’s birth. See his ‘Servet’s Kindheit und Jugend’ in Kahnis’ Zeitschrift fÜr die Historische Theologie. Jahrg. 1875, S. 545.

2 Vide Tollin: ‘Servet’s Kindheit und Jugend,’ in Kahnis’ Zeitschrift fÜr die Historische Theologie, 1875, S. 557. We have, however, searched in vain for any evidence of Angleria’s presence in Saragossa at any time, even as a casual resident. In his comprehensive and highly entertaining work, the ‘Opus Epistolarum,’ we find letters of his from Valladolid, Burgos, Vittoria, Madrid, and elsewhere, but not one from Saragossa during the years covered by Servetus’s stay at the university, according to Tollin.

3 Tollin (Toulouser Studenten-Leben im Anfang des 16ten Jahrhunderts), in Riehl’s Historisches Taschenbuch von 1874, S. 76, speaks as if he had been present with Servetus at Toulouse; accompanied him over the St. Michael’s bridge that spanned the Garonne; beheld the iron cage suspended from its balk above the river for ducking heretics until they died; looked on at the religious processions that filed incessantly through the streets, etc.

4 McCrie’s Hist. of the Reformation in Spain.

5 The last edition of Sabunde we have seen is neat and available, ‘curante Joachim Sighart,’ Solisbach. 1852, 8vo. It is unfortunately without the Prologue.

6 There is a copy of what we believe to be the second edition of Sabunde, fol. Argentorat. 1495, in the British Museum, over which we spent some hours with much delight. Also a copy of Montaigne’s translation, beautifully printed, and in fine preservation.—8vo. Paris, 1569.

7 Tollin: ‘Die BeichtvÄter Kaiser Karls V.;’ in Magazin fÜr die Literatur des Auslandes, April, Mai, 1874. A series of three short papers, but of surpassing interest, to which we are happy to refer.

8 Robertson, History of Charles V., vol. ii. book v. p. 40.

9 ‘Christianismi Restitutio,’ p. 462.

10 Dialogi de Trinitate II., ad calcem (1532). ‘Ce n’est point par des rÉticences hypocrites qu’on fait durer un jour de plus une croyance qui a fait son temps. Toute opinion librement conÇue est bonne et morale pour celui qui l’a conÇue. De toutes parts on arrive À rÉsumer la lÉgislation extÉrieure de la Religion en un seul mot: LibertÉ.’ Renan, ‘Fragments philosophiques,’ 1876.

11 By Tollin, who makes him visit Luther at Coburg, in company with Bucer. See his Luther und Servet, eine Quellenstudie. 8vo. Berlin, 1875.

12 CochlÆus, De Actis et Scriptis Martini Luther, p. 233, fol. Mogunt. 1549.

13 Tollin, Die BeichtvÄter Karls V., S. 261.

14 Jo. Œcolampadii et Huldrici Zwinglii Epist. Lib. iv. Basil, 1536, fol.

15 Op. cit. ut supra.

16 Sandius, Bibliotheca Antitrinitariorum, 12mo. Freistadt. 1684.

17 Tollin in Magazin fÜr auslÄndische Literatur, Juni 10, 1876.

18 Epist. Zwinglii et Œcolampadii. Basil. 1535, fol.

19 Vom Ampt der Oberkait in Sachen der Religion. Ain Bericht auss gÖtlicher SchrÜft des hailigen alten Lerers und Bischoffs Augustini, &c. 4to. Augsb. 1535.

20 Luther’s Werke by Walch, vol. xxii.

21 Epist. Melanchthonis apud Bretschneider: Corpus Reformatorum.

22 Epist. Melanchthonis apud Bretschneider: Corpus Reformatorum. Ep. ad Camerarium.

23 Conf. H. Tollin, Melanchthon und Servet, eine Quellenstudie. 8vo. Berlin, 1876, pp. 9-31.

24 Ep. ad Camerar. apud Bretschneider, ut sup.

25 It is upon this passage, which we translate and interpret somewhat differently from Tollin, that he grounds his statement of Servetus having come into contact with Luther; a presumed meeting of which we fail to find a trace in any contemporary document. See Tollin’s Dr. M. Luther und Dr. M. Servetus—Eine Quellenstudie. 8vo. Berlin, 1875.

26 EpistolÆ ab EcclesiÆ HelveticÆ Reformatoribus, a Jo. Fueselino editÆ. 8vo. Tigur., 1742.

27 ‘E noi non cercano la DivinitÀ fuor del Infinito Mondo e le Infinite Cose, ma dentro questo et in quelle’ (1585). Opere di Giordano Bruno, da Dottore Adolpho Wagner, i. 275. Lips. 1830.

28

Which may be rendered somewhat literally thus:—

29 ‘Der alte und der neue Glaube.’ All Theists agree in this: that God is One, Changeless, and Eternal. But God without the Universe would not be the same as God with the Universe; whence the conclusion that God and the Universe can only be conceived of as correlatives. Seeing the impossibility of dissevering Property from the Object in which it inheres, the modern philosopher discards hypothetical agencies, under the name of Spirits, of every kind; from the all-pervading force that keeps suns and planets in their spheres, to such special agencies as those of brain and nerve. Servetus, we have seen, had himself got the length of saying that out of man there was no Holy Spirit.

30 To Calvin God was no other than the Immanent Pantheistic principle of Modern Philosophy: ‘Ubique diffusus, omnia sustinet, vegetat et vivificat in coelo et in terra—everywhere diffused, he gives life and growth and continuance to all things in heaven and earth.’ These are his words. He then goes on to say: ‘Fateor quidem pie hoc posse dici, modo a pio animo proficiscatur, Naturam esse Deum—I own, indeed, that provided we speak reverently it may be said that Nature is God.’ As this would be a ‘hard and inappropriate expression,’ however, and as in using it ‘God is confounded with his works,’ he thinks it is objectionable. Institut. Religionis ChristianÆ, I. iv. 14, and I. v. 5 of an early edition.

31 Newspaper report of a Sermon preached by Dean Stanley on Christmas day, 1875.

32 At the end of the copy of the ‘De Trin. Error.,’ which AlwÖrden describes in his Historia Michaelis Serveti, now in the National Library at Paris, there is a MS. Refutation of the views of the writer, which Tollin ascribes with great show of probability to Bucer, who, as we know, was personally acquainted with Servetus. Of this Refutation (Confutatio) Tollin has given an extended analysis in Riehm und KÖstlin’s Theologische Studien und Kritiken fÜr 1875, S. 711.

33 Conf. Epist. Zwinglii et Œcolampadii. Basil, 1592.

34 Dialogi de Trinitate, 12mo. (1532), in the same form and type as the De Erroribus, and still without the name of the publisher or place of publication.

35 Servetus’s De Trinitatis Erroribus is generally believed to be one of the rare books, yet it is commonly enough met with in England. So long ago as the year 1725, however, a copy bound with the Dialogi sold for the large sum of between four and five hundred French livres. There is a counterfeit edition published in Holland, and only to be distinguished from the original by the paper being somewhat better and the type a shade larger. The Book was never, in so far as we know, publicly condemned and burned. It was translated into Dutch (4to. 1620) with the epigraph: Proeft alle Dingen ende behout het goede, 1 John iv.

36 ‘Claudii PtolemÆi Alexandrini GeographicÆ Enarrationis Libri Octo; ex Bilibaldi Pirckhemeri Tralatione, sed ad GrÆca et prisca exemplaria a Michaele Villanovano jam primum recogniti. Adjecta insuper ab eodem Scholia,’ etc. Lugduni, ex Officina Melch. et Gasp. Trechsel, 1535. Fol.

37

38 Tollin has collected a great deal of very interesting information on Servetus’s geographical studies, in his paper entitled ‘Michel Servet als Geograph,’ in the Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fÜr Erdkunde, 1875, S. 182 et seq.

39 Quoted by Tollin in his Essays: ‘Wie Servet ein Mediciner wurde,’ in Goschen’s Deutsche Klinik, No. 8, 1875; and ‘Servet und Symphorien Champier,’ in Virchow’s Archiv fÜr pathologische Anatomie, Bd. 61. Berlin, 1875.

40 Paradoxorum MedicinÆ, Libri iii., fol. Basil. 1535.

41 In Leonhardum Fuchsium Defensio Apologetica, pro Symphoriano Campeggio.

42 Disceptatio Apologetica pro Astrologia. I have searched the libraries of London in vain for either of these Treatises of Servetus. That the one addressed to Fuchs once existed among us, however, is certain; for its title is to be seen in the catalogue of Dr. Williams’s Library (Grafton Street, University College); but unfortunately the work is not now to be found—it had disappeared before the present Librarian, Dr. Hunter, came into office. Mosheim went so far as to maintain that the Defence of Champier was a myth (Versuch, &c., einer Ketzergeschichte, S. 72), and Dr. de Murr, though he did not question its existence, never saw it. (In Bibliothecas Hallerianas additamenta, 4to. Helmst.) The Rev. Henri Tollin of Magdeburg has been more fortunate; for he has not only seen but actually possesses copies of both the Apologetic defences, as well as a copy of the pamphlet against the Parisian Doctors, if I understand him aright. In a letter with which I was lately favoured, he informs me that he intends to publish the more interesting passages from the Defence of Champier, and the entire Tract on Judicial Astrology.

43 ‘Qua in re auxiliarios habui, primum Andreum Vesalium, juvenem Mehercule! in Anatome diligentissimum; post hunc, Michael Villanovanus familiariter mihi in consectionibus adhibitus est, vir omni genere literarum ornatissimus, in Galeni doctrina vix ulli secundus. Horum duorum prÆsidio atque opera, tum artuum, tum aliarum partium exteriorum, musculos omnes, venas, arterias et nervos in ipsis corporibus examinavi studiosisque ostendi.’ Io. Guinteri Institutionum Anatomicarum, Lib. iv., 4to. Basil, 1539.

44 The reader who is curious on this matter will find what I believe to be the first representation of the anatomist engaged in dissecting the human body in the Fasciculus MedicinÆ of Io. À Ketham, fol. Venet. 1495, of which there is a copy in fine preservation in the library of the Royal College of Surgeons.

45 Syruporum universa Ratio ad Galeni censuram diligenter exposita; cui, post integram de Concoctione disceptationem, prÆscripta est vera purgandi methodus, cum expositione Aphorismi: Concocta medicari.

Michaele Villanovano Authore.

Parisiis
ex officino Simonis ColinÆi. [1537].

46 Syr. Universa Ratio, fol. 9.

47 Doubtless the Disceptatio Apologetica pro Astrologia.

48 See Landseer’s SabÆan Researches, 4to. London.

49 Vide De Murr, Annotamenta ad Bibliothecas Hallerianas, 4to. Helmstadt, 1805. Since this was written I have an interesting letter from Pastor Tollin, in which he informs me that he actually possesses a copy of the pamphlet!

50 Bolsec, Vie de Calvin, 12mo. Paris, 1557.

51 The title is the same as before. In addition to the old address to his reader, however, Villeneuve now appends these lines:—

Ad Eundem.

Which may be paraphrased thus:—

52 Vie de Calvin, &c.

53 This, the second edition of Villanovanus’s Ptolemy, is one of the very rare books. All of the impression that could be discovered when Servetus was burned in effigy at Vienne, along with his Christianismi Restitutio, appears to have been seized and committed to the flames. I find both editions in the library of the British Museum.

54 Habes in hoc Libro, prudens Lector, utriusque Instrumenti novam Tralationem editam a Reverendo sacrÆ theologiÆ Doctore Sancte Pagnini. Lugdun. 1527-28, fol. Such is the title of this, which we presume to be the first edition of Pagnini’s Bible. Between it and the one of Cologne of 1541, edited by Melchior Novesianus, we find no other until we come to that of Villanovanus. Pagnini is said in the letter of J. F. Pico de Mirandola, which precedes the text, to have been twenty-five years engaged on the work. It is accompanied by no fewer than two commendatory epistles from Popes Adrian VI. and Clement VII., and is said to be the first edition of the Bible that is found divided into chapters. Richard Simon (Hist. du vieux Testament, liv. ii.) speaks slightingly of its merits; but it has been highly prized by others, as good judges as he. To us it appears a very admirable version, our own English Bible being generally so like it, that we fancy it must have been used by our Translators.

55 Sandius, Bibliotheca Antitrinitariorum.

56 Neue Nachrichten, etc. Helmst. 1750, 4to., S. 89-90.

57 ‘Servetus nuper ad me scripsit, ac literas adjunxit longum volumen suorum deliriorum, cum thrasonica jactantia, dicens me stupenda et hactenus inaudita visurum. Si mihi placeat, huc se venturum recepit. Sed nolo fidem meam interponere. Nam si venerit, modo valeat mea authoritas, vivum exire nunquam patiar.’ Calvin to Farel, dated Ides of February, 1546. From the original letter in the Paris Library; a certified copy, published by Paul Henry in his Leben Johann Calvins, 3ter. Band; Beilagen, S. 65; from which the above paragraph is transcribed.

58 Cont. Bolsec (Hieron. Hermes), Docteur MÉdecin À Lyon: Histoire de la Vie, Moeurs, Actes, Doctrine, Constance et Mort de Jean Calvin, Grand Ministre À GenÈve. Paris 1577, 12mo. Also in Latin, but of later date—Vita Calvini, &c.

59 It is a capital mistake to suppose, as Mosheim and others have done, that the Christianismi Restitutio was ever exposed for sale, or readily to be had either at Geneva or elsewhere. It cannot be shown that more than four or five copies at most of the book ever left the bales in which the whole impression was packed. There was, first, the copy sent, as I venture to think, by Servetus through Frelon to Calvin, which led to the arrest and trial at Vienne. Second, the copy taken from the five bales seized at Lyons for the use of the Inquisitor Ory. Third, the copy transmitted for their inspection to the Swiss Churches and Councils. Fourth, the copy given to Colladon by way of Brief by Calvin, with the passages underscored, on which Servetus was finally arraigned and condemned. And Fifth, the copy which we find Calvin sending to Bullinger at his request. Of these copies one may even have served two ends: after making the round of the Churches and coming again into Calvin’s hands, it may very well have been that which he despatched to Bullinger. That the book was not to be had immediately after the execution of Servetus is proved conclusively by what Sebastian Castellio, the accredited author of the work entitled, Contra Libellum Calvini, says on the subject: He had not been able to obtain a sight of Servetus’s book, so as to inform himself of what he writes, Calvin having taken such pains to have it burned—‘cum Serveti libros, quippe combustos diligentia Calvini, non habeam, ut ex iis possem videre quid scriberet.’ The Christianismi Restitutio, in fact, remained completely unknown in the Republic of Letters until its existence was proclaimed by Wotton in his Reflections on Learning, Ancient and Modern, in the year 1694 (all but a century and a half after the death of its author), by the publication of the passage on the pulmonary circulation, extracted, we must conclude, from the copy that was then in England, and subsequently became, if it were not already, the property of Dr. Meade—the identical copy with the name on the title-page of Germain Colladon, the advocate who prosecuted Servetus at the instance of Calvin, now in the national library of Paris.

60 The title of the original, in full, is as follows:—

Christianismi Restitutio. Totius EcclesiÆ ApostolicÆ est ad sua limina vocatio, in Integrum Restituta Cognitione Dei, Fidei Christi, Justificationis nostrÆ, Regenerationis Baptismi, et CoenÆ Domini Manducationis Restitutio denique nobis Regno Coelesti, Babylonis impia Captivitate soluta, et Antichristo cum suis penitus destructo.

??? ???? ????? ????? ????
?a? ????et? p??e?? ?? t? ???a??.
MDLIII.

61 ‘Whose soever sins ye remit,’ etc., John, xx. 23—writing added to the original text, beyond doubt, and dating from long after the time of Jesus, when the Church had acquired a status and was looking for power.

62 It were beyond the scope of my work to pursue this subject further; but let me say that having compared the first edition of the ‘Loci’ (1521) with the one of 1536 and others, of which there are copies in the British Museum Library, I find it impossible to overlook the influence of Servetus on Melanchthon, as of Melanchthon on Servetus. For fuller information the reader is referred to Tollin’s exhaustive, Philip Melanchthon und Michael Servet, eine Quellenstudie. 8vo. 1876.

63 For some account of the existing copies of the Christianismi Restitutio, see the Appendix to this book.

64 It may be well to remark on the confusion in the notice of the volume or book which in Trie’s second letter, as we read it, is said to have been sent among other documents, twenty-four in number; whilst in his third epistle he regrets that the volume cannot be forwarded at the moment, because of its having been lent two years ago to a friend of Calvin, resident in Lausanne. The ‘great book’ first sent may have been the copy of Calvin’s ‘Institutes,’ annotated on the margins by Servetus; a conclusion that is borne out by the reference, by and by made in the impending trial, towards the end of the first day’s proceedings, to pages 421-424, where Baptism is the subject treated. The volume that cannot be forwarded at the time, because it had been lent to some one in Lausanne, is certainly the MS. copy of the ‘Restitutio Christianismi,’ sent by Servetus to Calvin some years before for his strictures, which he could never get returned, Calvin having lent it to Viret of Lausanne, and grown careless to take so much notice of the writer as would have been implied in recovering and returning him his work.

65 They were leaves from the Institutions of Calvin, with annotations by Servetus.

66 Chorier, Etat politique de DauphinÉ, tome i., p. 335, quoted by D’Artigny.

67 Calvin to Farel, Book I., p. 169.

68

69 Lucii AnnÆi SenecÆ De Clementia Libri Tres, Paris, 1532. The work was published by Calvin at his own expense, as a warning, unquestionably against persecution on religious grounds. It is of great rarity in its original shape, but is reprinted in the Geneva Edition of his Opera Minora of the year 1597.

Seneca on Clemency is also to be found translated into English: ‘Lucius AnnÆus Seneca, his first Book of Clemency, written to Nero CÆsar,’ Lond. 1553. The sentence quoted above and commented by the French editor is rendered by the English translator briefly but not unhappily thus:

70 Thesaur. Epist. Calvini a CÜnitz et Reuss, v. 450.

71 Thes. Ep. Calvini a CÜnitz et Reuss, v. 577.

72 Conf. Mosheim, op. cit. Beylagen. S. 255.

73 Thes. Epist. Calvini a CÜnitz et Reuss, v. 591.

74 DÉclaration pour maintenir la vraie foy, p. 357, in ed. of collected minor works in French.

75 MÉm. de la SociÉtÉ d’histoire et d’ArchÉologie de GenÈve, tom iii., 1844.

76 DÉclaration pour maintenir la vraie foy; original ed., p. 354. Let us reiterate that Servetus spoke truly when he said that the comment on Palestine was none of his. We have already said that it is copied without change of a word from the Ptolemy of Pirckheimer. We add further that the scholium of the German editor was not challenged by Erasmus, Melanchthon, or Œcolampadius, who seem all to have corresponded with Pirckheimer on his edition. (Vide Tollin, in Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fÜr Erdkunde zu Berlin. Bd. fÜr 1875.) It was only, therefore, when the comment came to be looked at through the distorting medium of personal enmity that it was seen as libelling Moses and outraging the Holy Ghost.

77 DÉclaration pour maintenir la vraie foy.

78 See a letter of Jo. Haller to H. Bullinger, quoted farther on.

79 Compare Galiffe in MÉm. de l’Institut National Genevois, 1862, p. 75.

80 The documents connected with the case of Bolsec must, we apprehend, have been communicated to Servetus. He often uses the same words as his predecessor in Calvin’s displeasure; and imitates him also in the desire he expresses to have Calvin interrogated and put on his trial for certain matters especially interesting to himself.

81 There is in fact a minute in the Records of Geneva of a formal requisition made by Farel on October 30, and so three days after the execution of Servetus, to have Wm. Geroult summoned to appear and give an account of himself to the Council. The Lieutenant-Criminel, Tissot, had even, as it seems, been charged with the business of making the necessary inquiries preliminary to the institution of a criminal suit. But we find no mention of any further step being taken in the matter. The civil authorities, with three days for reflection, probably thought that enough, more than enough perhaps, had already been done by the burning of the principal offender.

82 By the writer of the Dialogus inter Vaticanum et Calvinum.

83 Fidelis Refutatio, and DÉclaration pour maintenir, &c.

84 From the Criminal Records, first published by Mosheim, op. cit. Beylagen, S. 414.

85 In the summary of the trial given by Trechsel86 from the archives of Berne, the articles now brought forward by Rigot, and the questions founded on them, are in the handwriting of the amanuensis usually employed by Calvin to make copies of his letters and papers; and beyond question were all dictated by Calvin himself. He perceived that he could trust Rigot no further without risk of failure, and so resumed the position he had taken with Trie, his servant Fontaine, and even in person, as we have seen.

86 Die Antitrinitarier: Michel Servet und seine VorgÄnger, S. 307.

87 Conf. Chr. Rest. pp. 433 and 655, and Ep. 29 to Calvin.

88 Vide pp. 34, 48, Book I.

89 Herniosus ab utero Servetus dicit se uno latere resectum fuisse, ad lÆvandam infirmitatem. Uno oculo amisso, attamen, non ideo cÆcus homo; neque teste uno ablato impollens.

90 The letter of the Council of Geneva and the reply of the authorities of Vienne are published in the new ed. of Calvin by CÜnitz and Reuss, vol. xiv.

91 Conf. De Trin. Error. fol. 93.

92 First under Calvin with Nicolas de la Fontaine as his agent; then under Colladon engaged by Calvin; next under Rigot as public prosecutor and now under Calvin and the Swiss Churches.

93 Here is what Servetus says on this subject, in connection with the Sabellian or Patripassian heresy, in his earlier work: As the proper passion of the flesh is to be born, so is it the proper passion of the flesh to suffer, to be scourged, to be crucified, to die. But all this does not touch the spirit, for it is not the soul that suffers or that dies, but the body. Who so profane as to imagine that the angel in me dies although I die? (De Trinitatis Erroribus, f. 76, b.)

94 From Mosheim’s Neue Nachrichten, Beilagen, S. 102, copied from the archives of the Church of ZÜrich.

95 Bullinger’s letter bears date from ZÜrich, Sep. 14, 1553, and is printed in Calvin’s correspondence by CÜnitz and Reuss.

96 The letter is given at length in the Thes. Epist. Calvini a CÜnitz et Reuss, v. 591.

97 Calvin to Bullinger, April 21, 1555, in Epist. Calvini, 8vo. Hanov. 1597.

98 Vue le sommaire du procÉs de Michel Servet, prisonnier, le rapport de ceux, esquel on a consultez, et considÉrÉ les grands erreurs et blasfÉmes—Est este arretÉ: Il soyt condamnÉ À estre menÉ a Champel, et la brulez tout vivfz, et soyt exequetÉ a demain, et ses livres bruslÉs.

99 Defensio OrthodoxÆ Fidei, &c.

100 Calvin only took letters of naturalisation as a citizen of Geneva four years before his death in 1564, eleven years after the death of Servetus.

101 See the Confession in full, in CÜnitz and Reuss’s edit. of the Opera Calvini, viii. 704.

102 De Voce Trinitate et Voce Persona.103

Quoniam voces istas Trinitatis et Personarum plurimum EcclesiÆ Christi commodare intelligimus, ut et vera Patris, Filii et Spiritus Sancti distinctio clarius exprimatur, et contentiosis controversiis melius occurratur, ab his usque adeo non abhorremus, ut libenter amplexemur, sive ex aliis audiendÆ sive a nobis usurpandÆ sint. Itaque quod antea a nobis factum est, in posterum quoque operam daturos, quoad licebit recipimus, ne earum usus in Ecclesiis nostris aboleatur. Nam neque ab iis inter scribendum, vel in ScripturÆ ennarrationibus in concionibus ad populum, abstinebimus ipsi, et alios docebimus ne superstitiose refugiant. Si quis autem, prÆpostera religione, teneatur quominus eas usurpare libenter ausit, quanquam ejusmodi superstitionem nobis non probari testamur, cui corrigendÆ non sit defuturum nostrum studium; quia tamen non videtur nobis hÆc satis firma causa cur vir alioqui pius et in eandem religionem nobis sensu consentiens repudietur, ejus imperitiam hac in parte eatenus feremus ne abjiciamus ipsum ab Ecclesia, aut tanquam male sentientem de fide notemus. Neque, interim maligne interpretabimur si Bernensis EcclesiÆ Pastores eos ad verbi ministerium admittere non sustineant quos comperint voces istas aspernari.

103 Op. sup. cit. viii. p. 707.

104 Fidelis expositio Errorum Michaelis Serveti, &c.

105 These words I have, however, since found quoted by Henry: Leben Calvins, i. 181, and by Kampschulte, Johann Calvin, i. 297.

106 Fuessli, EpistolÆ ab Ecclesia Helvet. Reformatoribus. 8vo. Tigur. 1748.

107 Calvini Epist. et Respons.

108 The full titles are these: DÉclaration pour maintenir la vraye Foy que tiennent tous ChrÉtiens de la TrinitÉ des Personnes en un seul Dieu. Par Jean Calvin. Contre les Erreurs de Michel Servet, Espaignol; oÙ il est aussi monstrÉ qu’il est licite de punir les heretiques; et qu’a bon droit ce meschant À estÉ executÉ par justice en la Ville de GenÈve. Chez Jean Crespin. A GenÈve, 1554, p. 356. 8vo.

Defensio orthodoxÆ fidei de sacra Trinitate contra prodigiosos errores Michaelis Serveti, Hispani; ubi ostenditur hÆreticos jure gladii coercendos, et nominatim de homine hoc, tam impio, justÈ et merito sumptum GenevÆ fuisse supplicium, per Johannem Calvinum. Apud Olivum Roberti Stephani, 1554, p. 262. 8vo. Both of the versions are subscribed by all the Genevese clergy, and though they differ somewhat in minute particulars, they agree in everything essential. We have fine copies of both originals in our national Library.

109 For a more particular account of Calvin’s severities, the reader is referred to a paper by M. Galiffe in the MÉmoires de l’Institut National de GenÈve for 1862, p. 79. But torture was an old institution in Geneva, and Servetus is said only to have escaped the rack on the remonstrance of Vandel, one of the senators of the libertine party. In older days we read of one Postel, who, failing to answer so satisfactorily as was desired when cited before the Roman Catholic bishop and his court, for some offence, was ‘suspended by the rope’—by the wrists we believe. A first suspension, however, not proving effectual, a second was ordered; but it being now dinner time, the culprit was suspended a second time whilst his lordship the bishop dined! In more recent times, and under Calvin’s rule, a certain Billiard, having been guilty of jeering at the thunder and lightning during a terrible storm, whilst the inhabitants of Geneva generally were on their knees praying to God for mercy, was adjudged to be lashed by the common hangman at the tail of a cart through the streets of the city! Germain Colladon declared that he deserved death; but as he had a wife and family they might be content with the scourging!

110 Em. Saisset: Michel Servet comme philosophe. In MÉlanges de Critique et d’ Histoire. 12mo., Paris, 1865.

111 First printed by Mosheim from the autograph, in his Neue Nachrichten von dem berÜhmten Spanischen Aertzte Michael Serveto, Beilagen, S. 106. 8vo., Helmst. 1750.

112 Corpus Reform. Ep. Melanch. ad An., 1554.

113 Comment. in Acta Apostol. ad Regem DaniÆ.

114 Institutiones Religionis Christ. Lib. i. Cap. 2, of the earlier editions.

115 Joris’s able letter in low German is given by Mosheim, op. cit., p. 421.

116 The proper title of this rare book, of which we have a copy in the library of the British Museum is: De HÆreticis an sint persequendi et omnino quomodo sit cum eis agendum, doctorum virorum, tum veterum tum recentiorum, sententiÆ, &c. The opinions of the learned, both of ancient and modern times, concerning heretics: Are they to be persecuted; or how otherwise are they to be dealt with? A book most necessary and useful in these distracted times to sovereign princes and magistrates in dealing with a matter of such difficulty and danger. 12mo., Magdeburgh, 1554.

117 Contra libellum Calvini quo ostendere conetur hÆreticos jure gladii coercendos esse. S. L. [1554]. Of this rare book I have not met with an original copy; but there is the reprint (after 1602) in the Brit. Mus. Library.

118 Conf. Fuessli: Sebastian Castellio, eine Lebensgeschichte zur ErlÄuterung der Reformation. 8vo. ZÜrich und Leipz. 1767.

119 Mini Celsi Senensis de HÆreticis capitali supplicio afficientibus; adjuncta sunt Theod. BezÆ ejusdem argumenti et And. Duditii EpistolÆ duÆ contrariÆ. 8vo. s. L. 1584.

120 Ketzergeschichte, S. 301.