CHAPTER I

MAN AND NATURE

For a general discussion of primitive conditions of labor and prehistoric man's civilization, it will be of interest in connection with this chapter to consult volume I., chapter I., which deals with prehistoric science. The appendix notes on that chapter (vol. I., pp. 302, 303) refer to some books which may be consulted for fuller information along the same lines.

CHAPTER II

HOW WORK IS DONE

(p. 31). For study of Archimedes, giving a detailed account of his discoveries, see vol. I., p. 196 seq. It will be of interest also to review, in connection with this chapter, the story of the growth of knowledge of mechanics in the time of Galileo, Descartes, and Newton as told in the chapters entitled "Galileo and the New Physics," vol. II. (p. 93 seq.), and "The Success of Galileo in Physical Science," vol. II., p. 204 seq.

CHAPTER III

THE ANIMAL MACHINE

For further insight into the activities of the animal machine, the reader may refer to various chapters on the progress of physiology and anatomy in earlier volumes. The following references will guide to the accounts of the successive advances from the earliest time:

Vol. I., pp. 194, 195 describe briefly the earlier anatomical studies of the Alexandrian physicians, Herophilus and Erasistratus; and pp. 282, 283, outline the studies of the famous physician, Galen.

Vol. II., "From Paracelsus to Harvey," in particular, p. 163 seq.; and chapters IV. (p. 173 seq.) and V. (p. 202 seq.) dealing with the progress of anatomy and physiology in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries respectively. The chapter on "Experimental Psychology" (p. 245 seq.) may also be consulted.

Vol. V., chapter V., dealing with the Marine Biological Laboratory at Naples (p. 113 seq.) and chapter VI., "Ernst Haeckel and the New Zoology" (p. 144 seq.) present other aspects of physiological problems.

CHAPTER IV

THE WORK OF AIR AND WATER

On page 63 reference is made to the work of the old Greeks, Archimedes and Ctesibius. An account of Archimedes' discovery of the laws of buoyancy of solids and liquids will be found in vol. I., p. 208.

(p. 64). The machines of Ctesibius and Hero. See vol. I., p. 242 seq., for a full account of these mechanisms.

(p. 65). Toricelli, the pupil of Galileo, and his discovery of atmospheric pressure. For a fuller account of his discovery and what came of it see vol. II., p. 120 seq.

(p. 66). Boyle's experiments on atmospheric pressure. See vol. II., p. 204 seq.

(p. 66). Mariotte and Von Guericke. See vol. II., p. 210 seq.

(p. 71). Roman mills. A scholarly discussion of the subject of Roman mills, based on a comprehensive study of the references in classical literature, is given in Beckmann's History of Inventions, London, 1846.

(p. 73). Recent advances in water wheels. As stated in the text, the quotation is from an article on Motive Power Appliances, by Mr. Edward H. Sanborn, in the Twelfth Census Report of the United States.

CHAPTER V

CAPTIVE MOLECULES; THE STORY OF THE STEAM-ENGINE

(p. 82). The experiments of Hero of Alexandria. For a full account of the experiments see vol. I., pp. 249, 250.

(p. 84). The Marquis of Worcester's steam engine. The original account appeared, as stated, in the Marquis of Worcester's Century of Inventions, published in 1663.

(p. 92). Newcomen's engine. As stated in the text, the account of Newcomen's engine is quoted from the report of the Department of Science and Arts of the South Kensington Museum, now officially known as the Victoria and Albert Museum.

(pp. 107-109). James Watt. The characterization of Watt here given is taken from an article in an early edition of the Edinburgh EncyclopÆdia published about the year 1815.

CHAPTER VI

THE MASTER WORKER

(p. 112). High-pressure steam. The work referred to is Leupold's Theatrum Machinarum, 1725.

(p. 122). Rotary Engines. The quotation is from the report of the Victoria and Albert Museum above cited.

(pp. 127, 128). Turbine engines. The quotation is from an anonymous article in the London Times, August 14, 1907.

(pp. 129, 130). Turbine engines. The quotation is from an article on Motive Power Appliances in the Twelfth Census Report of the United States, vol. X., part IV., by Mr. Edward H. Sanborn.

CHAPTER VII

GAS AND OIL ENGINES

(pp. 135, 136, 137). Gas engines. Quoted from the report of the Victoria and Albert Museum above cited.

(pp. 141-144). Gas engines and steam engines in the United States. Quoted from the report of the Special Agents of the Twelfth Census of the United States, 1902.

(pp. 146, 147). The Svea heater. From an article by Mr. G. Emil Hesse in The American Inventor for April 15, 1905.

CHAPTER VIII

THE SMALLEST WORKERS

In connection with this chapter the reader will do well to review various earlier portions of the work outlining the general history of the growth of knowledge of electricity and magnetism. For example:

Vol. II., p. 111 seq., for an account of William Gilbert's study of magnetism; pp. 213, 215 describing first electrical machine; and chapter XIV., "The Progress of Electricity from Gilbert and Von Guericke to Franklin," p. 259 seq.

Vol. III., chapter VII., "The Modern Development of Electricity and Magnetism," p. 229 seq.

Vol. V., p. 92 seq., the section on Prof. J. J. Thompson and the nature of electricity.

Other chapters that may be advantageously reviewed in connection with the present one are the following:

Vol. III., chapter VI., "Modern Theories of Heat and Light," p. 206 seq.; chapter VIII., "The Conservation of Energy," p. 253 seq.; and chapter IX., "The Ether and Ponderable Matter," p. 283 seq.

CHAPTER IX

MAN'S NEWEST CO-LABORER: THE DYNAMO

The references just given for chapter VIII. apply equally here.

The experiments of Oersted and Faraday are detailed in vol. III., p. 236 seq.

CHAPTER X

NIAGARA IN HARNESS

Same references as for chapters VIII. and IX.

CHAPTER XI

THE BANISHMENT OF NIGHT

(p. 221). Davy and the electric light. The quotation here given is reproduced from vol. III., pp. 234, 235. The very great importance and general interest of the subject seem to justify the repetition, descriptive of this first electric light. Davy's original paper was given at the Royal Institution in 1810.

(p. 237). "Peter Cooper Hewitt—Inventor," by Ray Stannard Baker, in McClure's Magazine, June, 1903, p. 172.

In connection with the problem of color of the light emitted by Mr. Hewitt's mercury-vapor tube, the chapter on "Newton and the Composition of Light" (vol. II., p. 225 seq.) may be consulted. Also "Modern Theories of Heat and Light," vol. III., p. 206 seq.

CHAPTER XII

THE MINERAL DEPTHS

The chapter on "The Origin and Development of Modern Geology," vol. III., p. 116 seq., may be read in connection with the allied subjects here treated.

In preparing the section on the use of electricity in mining, the article by Thomas Commerford Martin, entitled Electricity in Mining, in the United States Census Report of 1905, has been freely drawn upon. The quotations on pp. 262, 266, 268, and 270 are from that source.

CHAPTER XIII

THE AGE OF STEEL

See note under chapter XII.

CHAPTER XIV

SOME RECENT TRIUMPHS OF APPLIED SCIENCE

In connection with various portions of this chapter the reader will find much that is of interest in the story of chemical development in general as detailed in volume III., pp. 3-72 inclusive.

Also various chapters on electricity as outlined under chapter VII. above.

(p. 310). Nitrogen from the air. The quotation is from the Engineering Supplement of the London Times, January 22, 1908.