Iapydes. A warlike and barbarous people in the north of Illyricum, between the rivers Arsia and Tedanius; were a mixed race, partly Illyrian and partly Celtic, who tattooed their bodies. They were subdued by Augustus. Their country was called Iaiydia.

Iazyges. A powerful Sarmatian people, who originally dwelt on the coast of the Pontus Euxinus and the Palus MÆotis; but in the reign of Claudius settled near the Quadi in Dacia, in the country bounded by the Danube, the Theiss, and the Sarmatian Mountains. The Iazyges were in close alliance with the Quadi, along with whom they frequently attacked the Roman dominions, especially Moesia and Pannonia. In the 5th century they were conquered by the Goths.

Ice. In high latitudes, during the winter, rivers are frequently covered with ice of sufficient thickness to sustain the heaviest loads. This means of communication should be used with great circumspection. A change of temperature may not only suddenly destroy this natural bridge, but render the river impassable by any method for a considerable time in consequence of the floating ice.

The thickness of ice should be, to allow the passage of infantry in single file on a line of planks, and 2 yards apart, 2 inches; cavalry or light guns, with intervals, 4 inches; 12-pounder field-pieces, unlimbered and on sleds, 5 inches; 12-pounder field-pieces, limbered and drawn by horses, with intervals between pieces, 6 to 7 inches. Ice when 10 to 12 inches thick bears the heaviest loads. Two tracks of planks laid on the ice for the carriage-wheels to run on, may be employed when there is any doubt as to its strength, or the wagon may be transformed into a sort of sled by fastening two planks under the wheels.

The thickness of the ice may be increased, when the temperature is low enough, by throwing water on it.

When the river is frozen on each side, but open in the middle in consequence of the velocity of the current, a boom stretched across the open space will often check the velocity sufficiently to cause the water to freeze.

Iceni. A British tribe which inhabited chiefly Suffolk and Norfolk. In 61, headed by Boadicea, their queen, they marched southwards and destroyed Verulam, London, and other places, with great slaughter of the Romans, but were defeated by Suetonius near London, and their queen slain.

Ich Dien. I serve; the motto under the plume of ostrich feathers found in the helmet of the king of Bohemia after he was slain at the battle of CrÉcy, at which he served as a volunteer in the French army, August 26, 1346. Edward the Black Prince, in veneration of his father, Edward III., who commanded that day, though the prince won the battle, adopted this motto, which has since been borne with the feathers by the heirs to the crown of England; but not as prince of Wales, which many have erroneously maintained.

IchnÆ, or IschnÆ. A Greek city in the north of Mesopotamia, founded by the Macedonians; was the scene of the first battle between Crassus and the Parthians, in which the former gained the victory. According to Appian, the Parthians soon after defeated the Romans near the same spot.

Ichnography. The plan or representation of the length and breadth of a fortification, the distinct parts of which are marked out either on the ground itself, or on paper. A plan upon the correct principles of ichnography represents a work as it would appear if it were leveled to its foundations, and shows only the expanse of ground on which it had been erected. The science does not represent either the elevation or the different parts belonging to a fortification. This properly comes under the title “profile,” which does not, however, include length.

Iconium (now Konieh). A town of Asia Minor, situated on the shores of the Lake Trogitis, about 120 miles inland from the Mediterranean. In ancient times it was famous as the capital of Lycaonia, and from 1087 to 1229 it was the seat of a Seljuk sultanate. In December, 1832, a battle was fought here, in which Ibrahim Pasha completely defeated the Turkish army.

Idaho. A Territory of the United States, bounded on the north by the British possessions, on the east by Montana and Dakota, and on the south by Nevada and Utah. It was organized in 1863, and has frequently been the scene of Indian troubles.

Idsted. A village of Selswick. A battle was fought here in 1850, between the Danes and Schleswig-Holsteiners, in which the latter were defeated.

Ignition (Lat. ignis, “fire”). The act of setting fire to, or of taking fire; as opposed to combustion or burning, which is a consequence of ignition. By ignition of gunpowder is understood the setting on fire of a particular point of the charge.

Ilerda (now Lerida). A town of the Ilergetes, in Hispania Tarraconensis, situated on a height above the river Sicoris (now Segre). It was afterwards a Roman colony, but in the time of Ausonius had ceased to be a place of importance. It was here that Africanus and Petreius, the legates of Pompey, were defeated by CÆsar, 49 B.C.

Illinois. One of the Central States of the United States, in the valley of the Upper Mississippi, and one of the most fertile in the Union, having scarcely any soil which is uncultivable. It was originally settled by the French, but fell into the hands of the English in 1763, becoming the property of the United States at the Revolution. It was organized as a State December 3, 1818, and during the civil war was a staunch supporter of the Union.

Illinois Indians. A confederacy of Indian tribes, mostly of Algonkin stock, who formerly inhabited the State now known by their name. Very few relics of these tribes now exist.

Illustrious. Conferring lustre or honor; brilliant; renowned; as, illustrious deeds or titles.

Illyricum, or Illyria. Is the Roman name of a country whose limits in ancient times varied considerably. It was inhabited by a savage tribe, who were much addicted to piracy and robbery. In 359 B.C. Philip of Macedon conquered the eastern portion of the country, now Albania, and it was incorporated with Macedonia. The Illyrians were brought into a collision with the Romans on account of their piracy, which led to their subjugation about two centuries before the Christian era. They made numerous efforts to shake off the Roman yoke, but were always defeated, and the country became a most important province of the Roman empire, comprising the territory represented in modern times by Croatia, Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, nearly all Bosnia, and a part of Albania. On the division of the Roman empire, it shared in the vicissitudes that followed that act. A decree of Napoleon, on October 14, 1809, gave the name of Illyrian provinces to Carniola, Dalmatia, and other countries from the Adriatic Sea to the Save, then belonging to the French empire. At his fall these provinces were united as a kingdom to the Austrian empire, and some alterations were made in its boundaries, especially by the restoration to Hungary of what had formerly belonged to it, and the annexation of the whole of Carinthia.

Ilmenau. A town of Saxe-Weimar, on the Ilm, 18 miles west from Weimar. A battle was fought by the united forces of the Russians and Saxons against the Swedes near this town in 1706.

Imbannered. Furnished with banners.

Imbellic. Not warlike or martial. This term is now obsolete.

Imbody. See Embody.

Imbrued, or Embrued. An expression used in heraldry to signify bloody, or dropping with blood. Weapons thus blazoned are drawn with drops of blood falling from them.

Imeritia. Formerly an independent Transcaucasian territory, now part of the government of Kutais. Its history as an independent dominion commenced from about the beginning of the 15th century, and was long marked by internal dissensions. In 1745, Solomon I. was proclaimed, but his nobles revolting shortly after, and aided by the Turks, dethroned him. Solomon applied for help to Russia, and in 1769, Count Todtlen, at the head of a Russian force, entered Emeritia, restored the king, and drove back the Turks. The civil dissensions of this province, however, continued, and at last, in 1810, after having long acknowledged allegiance to Russia, it was formally incorporated in, and proclaimed a province of that empire.

Immailed. Wearing mail or armor; clad in armor. This term is now obsolete.

Immartial. Not martial; not warlike. This term is now obsolete.

Immortals. In antiquity, the name of a body of 10,000 troops, constituting the guard of the king of Persia; so called because they were always of the same number; for as soon as any of them died, the vacancy was immediately filled up. They were distinguished from all the other troops by the richness of their armor, and still more by their bravery. The same term was applied to the life-guards of the Roman emperors.

Imola. A fortified town of Ravenna, a province of Italy, on a small island in the river Santerno; it is defended by a strong castle. This town was founded by the Lombards on the ruins of Forum Cornelii, destroyed by Justinian, and was afterwards successively held by different chiefs who ruled in Central Italy. Julius II. annexed it to the States of the Church, but it was delivered from the papal yoke when Ravenna declared for annexation to Sardinia in 1859.

Impact. In gunnery, the single instantaneous blow or stroke of a body in motion against another either in motion or at rest.

Impale. In heraldry, to arrange two coats of arms side by side in one shield divided per pale. It is usual thus to exhibit the conjoined coats of husband and wife, the husband’s arms occupying the dexter, or right side, and the wife’s the sinister, or left side, of the escutcheon.

Impedimenta. The accompaniments to an army received from the Romans the name of impedimenta. They consist in transportation of munitions, equipments, provisions, hospital supplies, tents, engineering tools, bridge equipage, and boats, baggage, cooking utensils, etc., necessary for the use of an army moving against an enemy. This requires the use of large numbers of wagons and of draught animals, or shipping, and necessarily impedes the movement of an army. See Baggage.

Impenetrable. Incapable of being penetrated or pierced, not admitting the passage of other bodies, not to be entered; as, an impenetrable shield.

Imperator. An old Roman title signifying commander, which was applied to the rulers of provinces, consuls, pro-consuls, etc., or to anybody who had an imperium assigned him. After a victory the Roman soldiers frequently saluted their commander by this title.

Imperial Guards. See Guards, Imperial.

Imperialists. This word was chiefly applied to the subjects of, or forces employed by the house of Austria, when opposed to the troops of other German powers.

Imperil. To bring into peril, to endanger.

Impetuous. Rushing with force and violence, moving with impetus, furious, forcible; as, the troops went pouring forward with impetuous speed.

Impetus. In gunnery, the altitude through which a heavy body must fall to acquire a velocity equal to that with which a ball is discharged from a piece.

Implement. Whatever may supply a want, especially an instrument or utensil as supplying a requisite to an end; as, the implements of war.

Implements, Equipments, and Machines. In artillery, the two former are employed in loading, pointing, and firing cannon, and in the mechanical manoeuvres of artillery carriages, the latter to mount and dismount cannon from their carriages, and to transport artillery material from one part of a work to another. The implements for loading cannon are, (1) The rammer-head, a short cylindrical piece of beech or other tough wood, fixed to the end of a long stick of ash, called a staff, employed to push the charge to its place in the bore or chamber of a cannon. (2) The sponge, a woolen brush attached to the end of a staff, for the purpose of cleaning the interior of cannon and extinguishing any burning fragments of the cartridge that may remain after firing. In the field and mountain services, the rammer-head and sponge are attached to the opposite ends of the same shaft; in the siege and sea-coast services, they are attached to separate staves, except for howitzers, in which they are combined. (3) The ladle, a copper scoop attached to the end of a staff for the purpose of withdrawing the projectile of a loaded piece. (4) The worm, a species of double cork-screw attached to a staff, used in field and siege cannon to withdraw a cartridge. (5) The gunner’s haversack (which see). (6) The pass-box, a wooden box closed with a lid and carried by a handle attached to one end. In siege and sea-coast service, where the cartridge is large, it takes the place of the haversack. (7) The tube-pouch or primer-pouch, a small leather pouch attached to the cannoneer by a waistbelt. It contains the friction-tubes, lanyard, priming-wire, thumb-stall, etc. (8) The budge-barrel (which see). (9) The priming-wire, used to pick a hole in a cartridge for the passage of the flame from the vent. (10) The thumb-stall, a buckskin cushion attached to the thumb or finger to close the vent in sponging and loading. (11) The fuze-setter, a brass drift for driving a wooden fuze into a shell. (12) The fuze-mallet, made of hard wood, and used in connection with the setter. (13) The fuze-saw, a 10-inch tenon saw for cutting wooden or paper fuzes to the required length. (14) The fuze-gimlet, sometimes employed in place of the saw to open a communication with the fuze composition. (15) The fuze-auger, an instrument for regulating the time of burning of a fuze by removing a certain portion of the composition from the exterior. For this purpose it has a movable graduated scale, which regulates the depth to which the auger should penetrate. (16) The fuze-rasp, a coarse file employed in fitting a fuze-plug to a shell. (17) The fuze-plug reamer, used to enlarge the cavity of a fuze-plug after it has been driven into a projectile, to enable it to receive a paper fuze. (18) The shell-plug screw, a wood screw with a handle, used to extract a plug from a fuze-hole. (19) The fuze-extractor, worked by a screw, and is a more powerful instrument than the preceding; it is used for extracting wooden fuzes from loaded shells. (20) The fuze-wrench, made in the form of a cross or T-shaped, to unscrew percussion fuzes. (21) The mortar-scraper, a slender piece of iron with a spoon at one end and a scraper at the other, for cleaning the chamber of a mortar. (22) The gunner’s sleeves, made of flannel or serge; they are drawn over the coat-sleeves of the gunner to prevent them from being soiled while loading a mortar. (23) The funnel, made of copper, and used in pouring the bursting charge into a shell. (24) The powder-measures, made of copper, of cylindrical form, and of various sizes, for the purpose of determining the charges of shells and cannon by measurement. (25) The lanyard, a cord, one end of which has a small iron hook, and the other a wooden handle. It is used to explode the friction-tubes with which cannon for the land service are now fired. (26) The gunner’s gimlet and vent-punch, used in boring out the vent when it becomes foul. (27) Gunner’s pincers (which see). (28) The shell-hooks, an instrument made to fasten into the ears of a shell, for the purpose of lifting it to the muzzle of the piece. (29) The tow-hook, in field service, used in unpacking ammunition and taking projectiles from the chest. The implements for pointing are: the gunner’s level, gunner’s quadrant, the breech-sight, the pendulum-hausse, and elevating arc. (See appropriate headings.) The tangent-scale, a brass plate, the lower edge of which is cut to the curve of the base-ring of the piece, and the upper formed into offsets which correspond to differences of elevation of a quarter of a degree. It is used in pointing by placing the curved edge on the base-ring, with the radius of the offset corresponding with the highest point of the ring, and sighting over the centre of the offset, and the highest point of the swell of the muzzle. The principal manoeuvring implements are: the trail handspike, the manoeuvring handspike, the shod handspike, the truck handspike, the roller handspike (see Handspike); the prolonge, a stout rope used to connect the lunette of the carriage and pintle-hook of the limber to move the piece short distances without limber; the sponge-bucket, made of sheet-iron, for washing the bore of the piece; the tar-bucket, also made of sheet-iron, for carrying grease for the wheels; the watering bucket, made of sole-leather, for watering the horses; the water-buckets, made of wood and bound with iron hoops. These are of two kinds,—one for the traveling-forge, and the other for the service of garrison batteries. The drag-rope, used when necessary to employ a number of men in hauling loads, or extricating a carriage from a difficult part of the road. It has a hook at one end, a loop at the other, and six wooden handles placed about 4 feet apart. The men’s harness, similar to the drag-rope, except that the rope is stouter, and the handles are replaced by leather loops which pass over the shoulders of the men, to enable them to exert their strength to advantage. The bill-hook, or hand-bill, used for cutting twigs. The screw-jack, a lifting-machine composed of a screw worked by a movable nut supported on a cast-iron stand. It is used in greasing carriage-wheels. Artillery machines comprise the gin (see Gin), the sling-cart (see Hand-sling-cart), the casemate truck, the hand-cart (see Hand-cart), the lifting-jack, and the lever-jack. The casemate truck is composed of a stout frame of wood mounted on three barbette traverse-wheels, and is employed to move cannon and carriages through posterns and along casemate galleries. The lifting-jack is a small but powerful screw, worked by a geared nut. It is useful when the space for manoeuvring is small, and the number of men limited. If the weight to be raised is sufficiently high, the lifting power is applied at the top; if it be low, it is applied at the foot. The lever-jack is another but less powerful apparatus for lifting. It consists of a lever of wood resting on a bolt, which passes through holes in two uprights. The height of the bolt is varied by passing it through different holes in the uprights (eight in number), and the power of the lever is regulated by a notched piece of cast iron screwed to the under side of the lever.

Implements, Re-loading. See Re-loading Implements.

Impregnable. Not to be stormed, or taken by assault; incapable of being reduced by force; able successfully to resist attack; as, an impregnable fortress.

Impregnably. In an impregnable manner; in a manner to defy force; as, a place impregnably fortified.

Impress. To compel any person to serve.

Impression. The effect of an attack upon any place or body of soldiers.

Imprisonment. Officers may be sentenced to imprisonment by a general court-martial in any case where the court may have discretionary authority. General, garrison, and regimental courts-martial may sentence soldiers to imprisonment, solitary or otherwise, with or without hard labor, for various offenses enumerated in the Articles of War. A garrison or regimental court-martial, in awarding imprisonment, is limited to a period not exceeding thirty days. When a court awards solitary imprisonment as a punishment, it is necessary that the words “solitary confinement” should be expressed in the sentence. The legal imprisonment in the United States is confinement, solitary confinement, and confinement on bread and water; confinement on bread and water shall not extend over fourteen days at a time, with intervals between the periods of such confinement not less than such periods, and not exceeding eighty-four days in any one year.

Impulse. The act of impelling, or driving onward with sudden force; impulsion; the action of a force so as to produce motion suddenly, or without appreciable loss of time. Also sudden motion exciting to action; hasty inclination; influence acting unexpectedly, or with momentary force; impression; instigation; as, the troops moved forward with one impulse.

In Battery. The position of field-guns when unlimbered and prepared for action. Also applied to heavy guns when in the firing position; also the command for the movement in both cases. Heavy guns are “from battery” when in the loading position.

In Gear. A command in the service of heavy guns, to cause the eccentrics of the truck-wheels to be thrown in gear. Also refers to the position of the eccentrics when the command is executed.

In Line. Refers to the formation of troops when posted, or marching, with extended front.

Inaccessible. A general term for any distance or height which cannot be approached for any military purposes.

Inactive. Not disposed to action or effort; not diligent or industrious; not busy; idle; as, an inactive officer.

Inca. A king or prince of Peru, before the conquest of that country by the Spaniards.

Incapable. A term of disgrace, frequently annexed to military sentences, when an officer has been cashiered by the sentence of a general court-martial, and rendered incapable of ever serving his country in either a civil or military capacity.

Incendiary Compositions. Used to set fire to buildings, shipping, etc., have been known and used from the earliest times. Greek fire (which see) was extensively used in the 7th century. Among modern incendiary compositions are fire stone, sometimes called rock fire, and Valenciennes composition (which see).

Incendiary Shells. Are shells containing incendiary compositions. See Carcass for modern example.

Incensed, or AnimÉ. An epithet applied in heraldry to panthers or other wild beasts borne with flames issuing from their mouth and ears.

Incidence, Angle of. In projectiles, the angle which the line of direction of the projectile makes with the surface of the obstacle on which it impinges.

Inclination. In gunnery, the inclination of a plane is the angle it makes with the horizon either above or below.

Inclination of the Grooves. In a rifle is the angle which the tangent to the groove at any point makes with the element of the bore passing through the point. The tangent of the angle, which may be taken as a measure of the inclination, is equal to the circumference of the bore divided by the length of bore corresponding to one revolution of the spiral. See Twist.

Incline. To gain ground to the flank, as well as to the front. Inclining is of great use in the marching of the line in front, to correct any irregularities that may happen. It is equivalent to the quarter facing and to the oblique marching of the infantry. It enables you to gain the enemy’s flank without exposing your own, or without wheeling or altering the parallel front of the company.

Inclose. To surround; to shut in; to confine on all sides; to include; to shut up; to encompass; as, to inclose a fort or an army with troops; to inclose a town with walls.

Incommoder l’Ennemi (Fr.). To get possession of a fort, eminence, etc., from which the enemy may be harassed, or which is necessary to his security.

Incompetent. Incapable; unfit; unequal. No officer, be his situation what it may, can be said to be competent to command who is not only willing and able to follow orders himself, but will likewise see them strictly adhered to by others; whose mind is not superior to partialities, and whose judgment is not equal to discern real merit from ignorant assumption.

Incorporate, To. To add a smaller body of forces to a larger, and to mix them together. Independent companies are said to be incorporated, when they are distributed among different regiments; regiments among brigades, etc.

Incorporation. In the manufacture of gunpowder, is the thorough mixing of the three ingredients—nitre, sulphur, and charcoal,—a very important operation. The process should be so complete that the smallest particle of the gunpowder should contain each ingredient in proper proportion.

Increasing Twist. A term applied to rifle grooves, the inclination of which increases from the breech to the muzzle. In many guns the grooves begin at the front of the chamber, without inclination.

Incursion. Invasion without conquest; inroad; ravage.

Indefensible. Not defensible; not capable of being defended or maintained; as, a military post may be indefensible.

Indefensive. Having no defense.

Indella. A body of Swedish yeomen furnished by certain proprietors of lands, after the manner of the old Norman feudal system.

Indemnification. A regulated allowance for losses sustained by officers or soldiers on actual service.

Indemnity. Indemnification, compensation, or remuneration for loss, damage, or injury sustained.

Indent, To. A word particularly made use of in India for the dispatch of military business. It is of the same import and meaning as to draw upon. It likewise means an order for military stores, arms, etc.; as, an indent for new supplies, etc.

Indented. In heraldry, one of the partition lines of the shield, similarly notched to dancettÉ, but with notches much smaller, and not limited in number.

Indented Line. In fortification, is a serrated line, forming several angles, so that one side defends another. The faces are longer than the flanks. Indented lines are used on the banks of rivers, where they enter a town. The parapet of the covered way is also often indented.

Independence, Declaration of. The solemn declaration of the Congress of the United States of America, on July 4, 1776, by which they formally renounced their subjection to the government of Great Britain.

Independent. In a military sense, is a term which distinguishes from the rest of the army those companies which have been raised by individuals for rank, and were afterwards drafted into corps that were short of their complement of men. Independent company or troop, is one that is not incorporated into any regiment.

India, or Hindostan. An extensive region of Southern Asia, celebrated during many ages for its riches and natural productions. The Hindoo histories ascribe the origin of the people to a period ages before the ordinary chronologies. A race of kings is mentioned as reigning 2300 B.C. Several ancient nations, particularly the Tyrians and Egyptians, carried on commerce with India. It was partially conquered by Darius Hystaspes, who formed an Indian satrapy, 512 B.C., and by Alexander, 327 B.C. The authentic history of Hindostan commences with the conquests of Mahmoud Ghuzni, 1004. For further history of India, see Bengal, Calcutta, Madras, etc.

Indian File. Single file; arrangement of persons in a row following one after another; the usual way among Indians of traversing woods, etc.

Indian Fortification. The entrance into an East Indian fortification is through a large and complicated pile of buildings, projecting in the form of a parallelogram from the main rampart; and, if the city has two walls, it projects beyond them both. This building consists of several continued terraces, which are of the same height as the main rampart, and communicate with it; the inward walls of these terraces form the sides of an intricate passage, about 20 feet broad, which leads by various short turnings, at right angles, through the whole pile to the principal gate that stands in the main rampart. This is the general outline of the old Indian fortifications.

Indian Military Force. The East Indian military service, like the civil service, has been undergoing a thorough reorganization, consequent on the great mutiny, and the transfer of the government of the country from the East India Company to the crown. In 1857, at the outbreak of the mutiny, the Indian army consisted of about 277,000 men, of whom 45,000 were Europeans and 232,000 natives. During the mutiny the native army of Bengal was almost entirely broken up. Fifteen regiments of regular native infantry, the local infantry, the Gurka and irregular line regiments, eight regiments of irregular cavalry, and the sappers and miners, were all that remained at the close of 1860 of the old native army of Bengal. The Indian army in 1867 numbered 183,148 men; 61,498 being Europeans, and 121,650 Indian forces. The police, civil and military, forms an important force, and is to a great extent taking the place of the regular army. In Bengal, for instance, the military police includes ten battalions of infantry each 700 strong; three squadrons of cavalry, and some local levies; in all about 10,000 men, of various races, with 40 European officers. The whole police force of India has been reorganized on one uniform system, with a central organization of its own in each presidency.

Indian Territory. A large extent of territory, which originally belonged to the Louisiana purchase, lying north by west of that State. It was set apart for the use of Indians, many tribes of whom have from time to time been removed to it, and have wonderfully improved in the arts of civilized life.

Indiana. One of the Western States, and a portion of the great Mississippi Valley country. It was settled in the early part of the 18th century by the French; was subsequently ceded to the English, and after the Revolution passed into the possession of the United States. The early settlers were for a long time troubled by the incursions of the Indians; but after their signal defeat by Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811, they were soon afterwards subdued, and became peaceable. Indiana was admitted as a State in 1816, and during the civil war contributed its full quota of troops to the support of the Union.

Indians. The name by which the various tribes of aborigines scattered over the extensive continent of America are distinguished. They are divided into numerous tribes and nations, all in a state more or less savage, and having all the peculiar characteristics of that kind of life. They generally decline as the civilized population advances into the country; though reservations of land have always been set apart by the U.S. government for the support of tribes within its territory. (See Indians and their Agencies.) A short description of the most important tribes will be found under appropriate headings in this work.

Indians and their Agencies. The following are the distribution and population of the Indians in the United States, taken from the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1876:

Arizona, Colorado River Agency: Mojaves, 820; Chemehuevis, 320; Hualapais (not on reservation), 620; Coahuilas (not on reservation), 150; Cocopas (not on reservation), 180. Moquis Pueblo Agency: Moquis Pueblos, 1700. Pima and Maricopa Agency: Papagos, about 5000; Pimas, 4100; Maricopas, 400. San Carlos Agency: Pinal and Aribaipa Apaches, 1051; Chiricahua Apaches, 297; Mojave Apaches, 618; Yuma Apaches, 352; Tonto Apaches, 629; Coyotero Apaches, 1612. Indians in Arizona not under an agent: Yumas, 930; Mojaves, 700.

California, Hoopa Valley Agency: Hoopas, 511; Redwoods, 12; Siahs, 13; Klamaths, 44. Round Valley Agency (192 not on reservation): Potter Valley, 307; Ukie, 197; Pitt River, 60; Red Wood, 94; Wylackie, 172; Con Cowe, 148; Little Lake, 166. Tule River Agency: Tules, Tejons, Wachamnis, Kweahs, King’s River, and Manaches, 1200. Indians in California not under an agent: Mission, Coahuila, Temecula, and other Indians, 4375; Klamaths, 1125.

Colorado, Los Pinos Agency: Tabequache-Muache, Capote, and Weminuche bands of Utes, 2000. White River Agency: Grand River, Yampa, Uintah, and Pah bands of Utes, 900.

Dakota, Cheyenne River Agency: Two Kettle Sioux, Sans-Arc Sioux, Minneconjou Sioux, Blackfeet Sioux, 2280. Crow Creek Agency: Lower Yanctonais Sioux, 1213. Devil’s Lake Agency: Sisseton Sioux, 391; Wahpeton Sioux, 477; Cut-Head Sioux, 203. Flandreau Agency: Flandreau Sioux, 361. Fort Berthold Agency: Arickarees, 692; Gros Ventres, 414; Mandans, 241; Gros Ventres (seceders), 100. Lower BrulÉ Agency: Lower BrulÉ Sioux, 1800. Ponca Agency: Poncas, 730. Red Cloud Agency: Ogallalla Sioux, Northern Cheyennes, Northern Arapahoes, 6000. Spotted Tail Agency: Upper BrulÉ and Ogallalla Sioux, Lower BrulÉ Sioux, Northern BrulÉ Sioux, and others, 2315. Sisseton Agency: Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux, 1745. Standing Rock Agency: Upper Yanctonais Sioux, Lower Yanctonais Sioux, Uncpapa Sioux, Blackfeet Sioux, 2315. Yankton Agency: Yankton Sioux, 1992. Indians in Dakota not under an agent, or absent from agencies, 15,000.

Idaho, Fort Hall Agency: Bannacks, 648; Shoshones, 964. Lemhi Agency: Sheepeaters, 300; Bannacks, 190; Shoshones, 450. Nez PercÉs Agency: Nez PercÉs, 2800. Indians in Idaho not under an agent: Coeur d’Alenes, Pend d’Oreilles, and Kootenays, 1000.

Indian Territory, Cheyenne and Arapahoe Agency: Cheyennes, 2029; Arapahoes, 1703; Apaches, 48; Cheyennes absent from reservation, 180; held as prisoners by military, 32. Kiowa and Comanche Agency: Kiowas, 1090; Comanches, 1570; Apaches, 325. Osage Agency: Osage, 2679; Kaws, 443. Pawnee Agency: Pawnees, 2026. Quapaw Agency: Quapaws, 235; confederated Kaskaskias, Piankeshaws, Weas, Peorias, and Miamis, 202; Ottawas, 140; Eastern Shawnees, 97; Wyandottes, 258; Senecas, 240; Modocs, 117; Straggling Black Bob Shawnees and Pottawatomies, 100. Sac and Fox Agency: Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi, 417; absentee Shawnees, 647; Mexican Kickapoos, 312. Union Agency: Cherokees, 18,672; Creeks, 14,000; Choctaws, 16,000; Chickasaws, 5800; Seminoles, 2553. Wichita Agency: Caddos and Delawares, 580; Comanches, 168; Keechies and Wacos, 155; Tawacanies, 100; Wichitas, 217. Indians in Indian Territory not under an agent: Citizen Pottawatomies, 131.

Iowa, Sac and Fox Agency: Sacs and Foxes, 341.

Kansas, Kansas Agency: Pottawatomies (prairie band), 497; Kickapoos, 252. Indians in Kansas without an agency: Chippewas, of Swan Creek, and Munsees, 61; Mokohoko band of Sacs and Foxes, 200.

Michigan, Mackinac Agency: Chippewas of Lake Superior, 1200; Chippewas of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River, 2000; Chippewas and Ottawas of Lake Michigan, 7000; Pottawatomies of Huron, 60.

Minnesota, Leech Lake Agency: Pillager and Lake Winnebagoshish Chippewas, 1610; Chippewas of Mississippi, 790. Red Lake Agency: Red Lake Chippewas, 1178. White Earth Agency: Mississippi Chippewas, 1768; Pembina Chippewas, 452; Otter-Tail Chippewas, 485.

Montana, Blackfeet Agency: Blackfeet, Bloods, and Piegans (no tribal distinctions), 7200. Crow Agency: Mountain Crows, 1500; River Crows, 1000. Flathead Agency: Flatheads, 381; Pend d’Oreilles, 858; Kootenays, 390. Fort Peck Agency: Assiniboines, 1998; Yanctonais, Uncpapa, BrulÉ, Teton Sioux, and Gros Ventres, 6500.

Nebraska, Great Nemaha Agency: Iowas, 224; Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, 100. Omaha Agency: Omahas, 1027. Otoe Agency: Otoes and Missouris, 454. Santee Agency: Santee Sioux, 793. Winnebago Agency: Winnebagoes, 1500.

New Mexico, Abiquiu Agency: Utes, 900; Jicarilla Apaches, 326. Cimarron Agency: Jicarilla Apaches, 420; Muache Utes, 230. Mescalero Agency: Mescalero Apaches, 1400. Navajo Agency: Navajoes, 11,868. Pueblo Agency: Pueblos, 8400. Southern Apache Agency: Gila Apaches, Mogollen Apaches, Mimbre Apaches, Chiricahua Apaches, 1600.

New York, New York Agency: Senecas, 3017; Oneidas, 250; Onondagas, 453; Cayugas, 161; Tuscaroras, 412; St. Regis, 741.

Nevada, Nevada Agency: Pah-Utes on Pah-Ute reservation, 400; Pah-Utes in Northern Arizona (not on reservation), 284; Pah-Utes in Utah (not on reservation), 528; Pah-Utes in Southern Nevada (not on reservation), 631; Pah-Utes in California (not on reservation), 184; Pah-Utes on Pyramid Lake reserve, 1500; Shoshones, 500; Pah-Utes on Walker River reserve, 500. Western Shoshone Agency: Goship Utes (not on reservation), 204; Western Shoshones (not on reservation), 1945; Indians in Nevada not under an agent: Pah-Utes (not on reservation), 1000.

North Carolina, Eastern Cherokee Agency: Eastern Cherokees, 1600; other Eastern Cherokees scattered through Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee, 800.

Oregon, Grand Ronde Agency: Molels, Clackamas, Rogue River, and other bands, 755. Klamath Agency: Klamaths, 676; Modocs, 100; Pah-Ute Snakes, 100; Wollpahpe Snakes, 174. Malheur Agency: Pah-Utes, 462; Snakes, 300. Siletz Agency: Rogue River, Shasta Scoton, and thirteen other bands, 1100; Alseas, Sinselaws, Coosas, and Umpquas, 325. Umatilla Agency: Walla Walla, 128; Cayuse, 385; Umatilla, 169. Warm Springs Agency: Wascoes, 263; Teninoes, 50; Warm Springs, 187; Indians roaming on Columbia River, renegades and others, 2000.

Utah, Uintah Valley Agency: Uintah Utes, 650; Indians in Utah not under an agent, Pah Vents, 134; Goship Utes, 256.

Washington Territory, Colville Agency: Colvilles, 650; Spokanes, 685; Lakes, 242; Calispels, 395; Okinakanes, 330; San Poels and Nespeelums, 500; Methows, 315. Neah Bay Agency: Makahs, 538. Puyallup Agency: Muckleshoot, 130; Puyallups, 525; Nisquallies, 205; Squaxons, 50; Chehalis, 240; Shoal Water Bay, 60; Grape Harbor, 160; Cowlitz, 25. Quinaielt Agency: Quinaielts, 122; Queets, 114; Hohs, 80; Quillehutes, 260. S’Kokomish Agency: S’Klallams, 550; Towanas, 275. Tulalip Agency: Snohomish, 900; Lummi, 600; Etakmur, 550; Swinomish, 700; Muckleshoot, 500. Yakama Agency: Yakama, Palouse, Pisquose, Wenatshepum, Kliktat, Klinquit, Kowwassayee, Siaywas, Skinpah, Wisham, Shyiks, Ochechole, Kahmiltpah, and Seapcat, 4100.

Wisconsin, Green Bay Agency: Menomonees, 1522; Oneidas, 1387; Stockbridges, 121. La Pointe Agency: Chippewas, Red Cliff Band, 726; Bad River, 732; Lac Court d’Oreille, 1048; Lac de Flambeau, 665; Fond du Lac, 404; Grand Portage, 262; Bois Fort, 714. Indians in Wisconsin not under an agent: Winnebagoes, 823; Pottawatomies (prairie band), 180.

Wyoming, Shoshone Agency: Shoshones (eastern band), 1800.

Indians in North Carolina, Indiana, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, and Texas: Miamis, Seminoles, Lipans, Tonkawas, 850. Number of Indians in the United States, exclusive of those in Alaska, 266,151; number of Indians who are mixed-bloods, 40,639; number of school-teachers for Indians, 437; amount of money expended for education during the year, $362,496.03; number of births and deaths about even.

Alaska. The aboriginal inhabitants of Alaska are divided generally into two classes, the Ararian, or Coast tribes, and Indian, or Interior tribes; of the former the Innuit, or Esquimo races, inhabit coast of Arctic and North Pacific Ocean, and the Aleutians inhabited the chain of Aleutian Islands and the western ends of Aliaska peninsula.

Innuit, or Esquimo. KopÁgmuts; numbered, in 1870, about 200; inhabit the shore of the Arctic Ocean between Mackenzie’s River and Manning’s Point; were formerly much more numerous and powerful, inhabiting valley of Mackenzie’s River for 300 miles until driven out by Indians.

KanmalÍgmut. They number about 250; inhabit shore of Arctic Ocean from Manning’s Point to Cape Barrow; great traders.

Nuwikmut. Number about 600, and inhabit coast of Arctic Ocean from mouth of Colville River to Cape Liskurore; main villages at Cape Smith, Cape Barrow, Wainwright’s Island, and Icy Cape; make annual trading voyages in July and August.

Nunatogmuts. Number about 350; inhabit the north shore of Kotzebue Sound; treacherous and thieving; meet white traders annually at Point Hope, and carry on trade with natives up the inland rivers.

KonÁgmuts. Number about 100, and inhabit the eastern shore of Selanik River and southeast coast of Kotzebue Sound, carrying on trade with interior Indians.

OkeÉogmuts. Number about 350, and inhabit the islands in Behring’s Sea and Straits north of N. lat. 63°; most agile and hardy of Northern Indians; are bold, obstinate, and courageous; carry on trade between Asia and America by means of skin canoes.

KikhtogÁmuts. Number about 250, and inhabit St. Lawrence Island; the most immodest and filthy of Esquimos.

KariÁgmuts. Number 500, and inhabit peninsula between Kotzebue and Norton Sounds, have large trade with whalers, and travel extensively; are addicted to theft, incest, and violence.

Mahlemut. Number 600; inhabit the neck of the Kariak peninsula.

UnÁligmuts. Number 150, and inhabit southwestern shore of Norton Sound.

EcÓgmuts. Number about 1000; inhabit the delta of the Yukon and 300 miles of its valley. Have heavy beard and hairy bodies, in strong contrast to other tribes.

MÁgemuts. Number about 500; inhabiting Muriak Island and coast from 60° to 62° N. lat. Great hunters of mink, as their name indicates. They excel in ivory carving, but are poor, filthy, and immodest.

Kusknogmuts. Number 2500; inhabit shore of Kuskoquine Bay and valley of Kuskoquine River for 150 miles; do not intermarry with other tribes.

NushagÁgmuts. Number about 400, and inhabit shore of Bristol Bay and valleys of lakes between it and coast mountains.

Ogulmuts. Number about 500, and inhabit north shore of Aliaska peninsula and basin of Lliamna Lake.

Karrigmuts. Number 3000, and inhabit south shore of Aliaska peninsula and shore of Cook’s Inlet to Lliamna Peak, and also Kodiack Island; were formerly much more numerous, and occupied all the shore of Cook’s Inlet until the interior Indians drove them off and established themselves on that coast; they are frequently confounded with the Aleuts; have been much altered by over 90 years’ intercourse with Russians; are virtually Greek Christians.

ChugachÍgmuts. Number about 600, and inhabit southern and eastern coast of Kenai peninsula.

UgÁlÁkmuts. Number about 400, and inhabit coast from Icy Bay to Prince William’s Sound, except at the mouth of the Atna, on Copper River, where the interior Indians hold the coast. This tribe is at present the southern and eastern limit of the Innuit, or Esquimo races, although at one time they undoubtedly extended to the mouth of the Stickeen River.

Aleuts. On the advent of the Russians, about 150 years ago, the twenty Aleut races numbered about 10,000 people; they had marked peculiarities and well-defined tribal divisions. The cruelty, oppression, and persecution of the Russians rapidly decreased their numbers; their natural and tribal distinctions were lost and forgotten; they were entirely cowed and subdued; they embraced Greek Christianity, and were transported by their conquerors all along the coast.

KhagÁntagÁkuhn. Number 350, and inhabit western end of Aliaska peninsula and Shumagin Islands.

UnalÁshkuhns. Number 750; inhabit Unalask, Unmak, and Priboloff Islands.

Atkanhun. Number 470, and inhabit the Western Islands.

Tinneh. Interior Indian tribes belonging to the same family; occupy either flank of the Rocky Mountains, from the mouth of Mackenzie’s River southward as far as Mexico. In Alaska they extend westward to near the delta Yukon, but absolutely reach the sea-coast only at two places, the mouth of the Atna River and the shore at Cook’s Inlet.

Koyukukhotana. Number about 600, and inhabit the mountain north of the Yukon and east of Norton Sound. A fierce and warlike tribe, constantly at war with the Kaiguhkotima; live in permanent villages, and travel by dog-sledges. They subsist by hunting deer and mountain-sheep.

Kaiguhkotima. Number about 2300; have many settlements between lat. 60° and 65° N. and long. 150° and 160° W., on the lower Yukon and Kuskoquin Rivers. They live by fishing and trading dried fish with the tribes of the upper rivers for moose and deer meat, wooden-ware, and beech-bark canoes, which the latter are very skillful in making; they travel by dog-sledges.

Unakhotana. Number about 500, and live in the valley of the Yukon from long. 152° to 156° W.; do not build permanent villages, keep only hunting-dogs, practice polygamy, take and discard wives at pleasure.

Ahtona. Number about 1500, and inhabit the basin of the Atna, or Copper River. This is one of the two tribes that have forced their way through the Ararians and conduct their annual trading independent of the middlemen of the coast.

Tchaninkutchin. Number about 1000, and inhabit north shore of Kenai peninsula and basin of Suchinto River. This is the second instance of interior Indians proper who have forced their way through the Ararians. Less is known of them than any other coast tribes; they are intelligent and warlike, and subsist on mountain-sheep, with the skins of which they clothe themselves.

Nehannees. A name given to a number of tribes who inhabit the head-waters of the Yukon, Mackenzie, and Stickeen Rivers. By the late George Gibbs, they are of a low grade and little is known of their peculiarities or numbers. They consist of the Abbatotena, who inhabit the basin of the Pelly and MacMillan Rivers, and are called by the Hudson Bay people “Gens du Bois.” The Mauvais Mondi, inhabiting basin of Francis Lake. Architotena, called Sicannees by the Hudson Bay people, inhabit the head-waters of the Deas and Laird’s Rivers. The Dahotena, inhabiting the head-waters of the Stickeen, and the Iahko-tena, in the basin of the Lewis River.

Chilkahtena. Inhabit head-waters of rivers that rise near the head-waters of the Chilkuht that flow north into the Yukon. They are bold and warlike; number about 500; are middlemen traders between the Chilkhut Ihlinkets, who do not allow them to descend the Chilkhut, and interior tribes.

Jnahnkutchin. Number about 800, and live in basin of Jenanah River, the principal tributary of the Yukon, are nomadic, live on deer, and trap fox and sable for trade; are regarded by their neighbors, whom they visit annually for trading purposes, with fear and terror.

Kutchkutchin. Number about 400, and inhabit about 350 miles of the Yukon valley.

Natsitkutchin. The “Gens de Rats” of the Hudson Bay people; occupy the north side of the Porcupine; number not known.

Inkuthkutchin. 250 in number; inhabit south bank of Porcupine.

Hankutchin. Number not known; occupy 300 miles of Yukon valley that is densely wooded.

Intchuon Kutchin. Very numerous, “the Gens de Foix” of the Hudson Bay people; occupy the basin of the White, the Lewis, and the Stewart River; they are of nomadic habits, amiable and remarkably honest. They trade with the Atna River Indians.

Ihlinkets. A stock of Indians inhabiting the islands of the Alexander Archipelago from lat. 60° N. to the head or north end of Vancouver Island. They are essentially maritime and commercial; they travel entirely by canoes, in which they make voyages hundreds of miles in length. They live in fixed villages, always built upon the shores of bays or rivers in the most substantial manner of heavy timber, often showing great mechanical skill, and frequently arranged with regard for capacity for defense. They own slaves, cremate their dead, and are industrious and frugal as well as cruel, warlike, and aggressive in their nature.

Yakutats. Numbering about 350; inhabit the coast from Mount St. Elias to Mount Crilton, their principal village being at Port Mulgrove, Behring’s Bay. They cure salmon to live upon, hunt the seal and sea-otter for trade. They eat the blubber and flesh of the whale, and often voyage as far south as Fort Simpson, in lat. 54° N.

Chilkahtknan. Number about 1500 in the village of Chilkaht and Iselkort Rivers and head of Lyn Channel; they are fierce and warlike, often at war with the southern Indians; make annual trading voyages, carrying peltries obtained from interior Indians as far south as Victoria, Vancouver Island, receiving in exchange blankets, powder, ball, hardware, and molasses and sugar.

Sitkakneen. Number about 1200 or 1500, and inhabit the shore of Cross Sound, Checkayoff, Kruyoff, and Buranoff Islands. Their principal village is Sitka, Buranoff Island. They are called Kolases by Russians, whom it took many years to subdue to a sufficient extent to make a foothold in their country. They frequently fought the intruders, and as late as 1855 perpetrated a bloody massacre, killing a whole congregation who were worshiping in a church. Before the advent of the Russians they were often at war with their neighbors, and before being subject to an epidemic of smallpox and a massacre by the Stickeens were much more numerous. The Russians employ large numbers of them at ship-building. They are industrious and have much mechanical skill in working both wood and metals. Large numbers of them have been baptized into the Greek Church, but Christianity never made much impression upon them.

Kootznonknan. Numbering about 300; inhabit Admiralty Island, their principal village being at Hood’s Bay. They resemble the Sitkas, with whom they intermarry. They were the first to distill a kind of liquor from molasses or sugar and potatoes or beans, which is now a universal custom in Alaska, and is demoralizing the native population to a great extent.

Jahkuknan. Numbering about 250 in the basin of the Jashku River and shore of Stephen’s Pass; resemble the Sitkas.

Kakenan. Number about 200; inhabit Kow and several other islands in Stephen’s Pass; warlike and treacherous. They are the only Alaska Indians with whom the United States has had hostilities. Gen. J. C. Davis destroyed their principal village in 1858, since which time they have declined in power and importance.

Tongasknan. 200 in number; inhabit Tongas Island.

Stakhinknan. Number 1000; inhabit the mouth of Stahkin River and neighboring islands; principal village at Wrangle Island; resemble the Sitkas closely; warlike and treacherous; skillful workers in metals and wood.

Kygahn. Called Haidas by Hudson Bay people; numbering in Alaska about 500 and in Prince of Wales Archipelago; are of fine stature, and fierce and warlike as well as treacherous; ingenious carvers in metal and wood; they formerly carried on a trade in slaves with more northern Indians, making for the purpose of capturing them predatory incursions as far south as Vancouver Island and Puget Sound. They also manufacture and supply yellow-cedar canoes of immense size to northern Indians.

Indications, Military. See Military Indications.

Indicator. An invention of Gen. Wingate, of the New York Militia, for instructing men in aiming the musket. A steel rod passing through a brass tompon in the muzzle is projected forwards by the firing-pin. The rod carries a sharp point in the line of the sights, which punctures a miniature target a foot or so in front of the muzzle.

Indisciplinable. Not disciplinable; incapable of being disciplined, or subjected to discipline; undisciplinable.

Indiscipline. Want of discipline or instruction.

Indore. The capital of the principality of the same name in India, on the left bank of the Kuthi. This place, mean and insignificant enough in itself, acquired considerable notoriety in connection with the grand revolt of 1857. Though Holkar, the rajah, remained faithful to the British government, yet his troops mutinied on July 1, holding their prince as a prisoner in his palace, and butchering many Europeans, men, women, and children, in cold blood.

Inefficient. Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action; effecting nothing; as, an inefficient force.

Inergetic. Having no energy; as, an inergetic officer.

Inescutcheon. In heraldry, a small escutcheon borne within a shield.

Inexperienced. Not having experience; unskilled; as, an inexperienced general.

Inexpugnable. Incapable of being subdued by force; impregnable.

Infamous Behavior. In the British service a term peculiarly applicable to military life when it is affected by dishonorable conduct; on conviction of which, an officer is ordered to be cashiered. Infamy may be attached to an officer or soldier in a variety of ways; and some countries are more tenacious than others on this head. Among European nations it has always been deemed infamous and disgraceful to abandon the field of action or to desert the colors. In Germany a mark of infamy was attached to the character of every man who was found guilty of misbehavior before the enemy. Among the Romans it was considered as infamous and disgraceful to be taken prisoner, and a Roman soldier was impressed with the idea that he must either conquer or die on the field. There are various occasions in which the conduct of an officer may render him unworthy of the situation he fills, such as cheating at play, taking unfair advantages of youth, imposing upon the credulity or confidence of a tradesman, habitual drunkenness, flagrant breaches of hospitality, etc.

Infantry (Lat. infans, “child,” or “servant,” applied to servants who went on foot, and infanterie, to foot-soldiers generally). Is that portion of a military establishment using small-arms and equipped for marching and fighting on foot, in contradistinction to artillery and cavalry. It is the oldest of the “three arms” into which armies are conventionally divided; was the favorite of the Greeks, the Gauls, the Germans, and the Franks, and was that mainly with which Rome conquered the world. Under Grecian and Roman civilization it attained pre-eminence as the arm of battle, but fell into contempt and comparative desuetude early in the Middle Ages, and did not emerge from that obscurity till the decline of the feudal system. It was first revived by the Swiss, who, armed with the pike, withstood the most famous chivalry of Europe. Afterwards the Spanish infantry, armed with the musket, and led by Alva and the Duke of Parma, Cortez and Pizarro, became the terror of two continents. The other states of Europe were not slow in learning the lesson. Infantry steadily increased in power and importance from the first years of the 14th century, and is now recognized as constituting the principal strength of military organizations. This importance results from the fact that it can be used everywhere, “in mountains or on plains, in woody or open countries, in cities or in fields, on rivers or at sea, in the redoubt or in the attack on the breach.” It is the self-sustaining arm in the field of battle, and is, moreover, less expensive, man for man, than its auxiliaries.

Infantry Exercise. The use of the rifle, and manoeuvres for regiments of infantry, according to the regulations issued by the War Department.

Infantry, Heavy-armed. Among the ancients were such as wore a complete suit of armor, and engaged with broad shields and long spears. They were the flower and strength of the Grecian armies, and had the highest rank of military honor.

Infantry, Light. Came into use after the year 1656. They had no camp equipage to carry, and their arms and accoutrements were much lighter than the common infantry, or battalion men; they were used as skirmishers, etc.

Infantry, Light-armed. Among the ancients, were designed for skirmishes, and for fighting at a distance. Their weapons were arrows, darts, or slings.

Infantry Tactics. See Tactics.

Inferior. In a military sense means simply junior in rank, having a lower rank.

Infest. To trouble greatly; to disturb; to annoy; to harass; as, the sea is infested with pirates; parties of the enemy infest the coast.

Infile. To arrange in a file or rank; to place in order. This term is obsolete.

Inflammation. When grains of powder are united to form a charge, and fire is communicated to one of them, the heated and expansive gases evolved insinuate themselves into the interstices of the charge, envelop the grains, and ignite them, one after the other. This propagation of ignition is called inflammation, and its velocity the velocity of inflammation. It is much greater than that of combustion, and it should not be confounded with it. The velocity of inflammation of powder compressed by pounding is about .64 inch, while that of mealed powder in the same condition is only .45 inch. Inflammation, in the study of gunpowder, is the spread of the flame from one grain to another—as opposed to ignition; the setting on fire of a certain point of the charge.

Informant. In case a civil person is the complainant, he becomes the principal witness before a court-martial, and after giving his evidence may remain in court, in order that the judge-advocate may refer to him.

Informers. In the British service, were soldiers who gave information of false musters, or of pay illegally detained; and were, for said services, entitled to their discharge.

Ingauni. A Ligurian tribe who formerly inhabited the sea-coast and adjoining mountains at the foot of the Maritime Alps, on the west side of the Gulf of Genoa. They are mentioned as being engaged in hostilities with a neighboring tribe, the Epanterii, on the occasion of the landing of Mago, the brother of Hannibal, B.C. 205. They were several times engaged in wars with the Romans, but were finally defeated by the pro-consul, Æmilius Paullus, in a decisive engagement (losing 15,000 killed and 2500 prisoners), which resulted in their ultimate submission to the Roman sway.

Inglorious. Shameful; disgraceful; ignominious; as, he charged his troops with inglorious flight.

Inimical. Hostile.

Initial Velocity. In England the term muzzle velocity is frequently used. In gunnery, the initial velocity of a projectile is the velocity at the muzzle of the piece, and is determined by the use of the ballistic pendulum, the gun pendulum, the electro-ballistic machines, the Schultz chronoscope, or the Le BoulengÉ chronograph; the two last being now generally used in the U.S. service. The various plans in use differ only in the manner of recording and keeping the time of flight. The initial velocity of a shot may be ascertained by firing the gun, the axis being horizontal, at a target and measuring the distance of the point struck below the point where the axis of the gun produced would pierce the target. This is the vertical distance fallen through by the ball in the time of passage from the muzzle to the target, and the time in which it falls through this distance is given by the formula

t = v2sg

in which t represents the time, s the vertical space fallen through, and g the force of gravity. The distance to the target divided by this time gives the initial velocity approximately. Practically, this method is only applicable to large breech-loading cannon, which have neither windage nor vibration in the barrel to affect the angle of departure of the projectile. Smooth-bores or muzzle-loading rifles are subject to the first cause of error; the first-named guns in a great degree, and small-arms to vibrations not yet fully investigated, which cause a sensible difference between the axis of the piece as pointed and the line of fire. The causes that affect initial velocity are the weight of the charge, the size and position of the vent, the windage, the length of the bore, the form of the chamber, the diameter and density of the projectile, the windage of the cartridge; the form, size, density, and dryness of the grains of powder; and the barometric, thermometric, and hygrometric states of the atmosphere. See Velocity.

Injuries to Cannon. Brass cannon are little subject to external injury caused by service, except from the bending of the trunnions sometimes, after long service or heavy charges. Internal injuries are caused by the action of the elastic fluids developed in the combustion of the powder, or by the action of the shot in passing out of the bore. These effects generally increase with the caliber of the piece. The principal injury of the first kind is the cutting away of the metal of the upper surface of the bore over the seat of the shot. The injuries of the second kind are, the lodgment of the shot,—a compression of the metal on the lower side of the bore, at the seat of the shot, which is caused by the pressure of the gas in escaping over the top of the shot. There is a corresponding burr in front of the lodgment, and the motion therefore given to the shot causes it to strike alternately on the top and bottom of the bore, producing other enlargements, generally three in number, the first on the upper side a little in advance of the trunnions, the second on the lower side about the astragal, the third in the upper part of the muzzle. It is chiefly from this cause that brass guns become unserviceable. Scratches, caused by the fragments of a broken shot, or the roughness of an imperfect one. A piece is said to be honeycombed when the surface of the bore is full of small holes and cavities. This is due to the melting and volatilization of a portion of tin in the alloy, tin being much more fusible than copper. Iron cannon are subject to the above defects in a less degree than brass, except the corrosion of the metal, by which the vent is rendered unserviceable from enlargement. The one cause of injury to iron cannon is the rusting of the metal, producing a roughness and enlargement of the bore and an increase of any cavities or honeycombs which may exist in the metal.

Iron cannon, however, are subject to a peculiar erosion by the gases, which Prof. Horsford explains by supposing that under the enormous tension and heat the sulphur in the gases unites with the iron, producing a friable sulphide of iron, which is successively formed and swept off by the gases. Wrought-iron guns are peculiarly subject to this erosion, cast-iron and steel less so. The amount of erosion is dependent upon the velocity with which the gases pass over the surface of the bore. In rifled wrought-iron guns having windage this action is fully illustrated, and the gun is soon disabled. The strong preference in many countries for steel as a bore lining is thus explained. By the use of expanding projectiles this action is largely prevented, the sabot acting as a gas-check. This system of projectiles is rapidly gaining favor for this and other reasons.

Inkerman. A small Tartar village in the Crimea, situated near the eastern extremity of the harbor of Sebastopol. It was once a celebrated city, and has numerous caverns cut in the rock, supposed to be the work of the monks in the Middle Ages. Near this place, November 5, 1854, was fought a battle between the allied English and French forces on the one side, and the Russians on the other, the former amounting to 25,000 or 30,000, the latter about 60,000. The Russians began the attack at dawn of day upon the intrenched lines of the English; but after a fierce and sanguinary contest of many hours, inflicting great loss on both sides, the Russians were finally driven from the field.

Inlist. See Enlistment.

Inlying Picket. A body of infantry or cavalry in campaign, detailed to march, if called upon, and held ready for that purpose in camp or quarters.

Inner. One of the circular rings on the Creedmoor target; a shot striking in this space counts three.

Inniskilliners, or Enniskilliners. In the British service, the officers and soldiers of the 6th Dragoons and the 27th Foot are so called, from the two regiments having been originally raised at Enniskillen (or Inniskillen), a town of Ulster, where the inhabitants distinguished themselves in favor of King William against James II.

Innuit. A name given by some ethnologists to the Indian races inhabiting the northwestern coast of North America. They differ in many respects from the Indians of the interior and farther south. The Aleuts and Esquimos are not included in the term.

Inofficial. Not official; not proceeding from the proper officer; not clothed with the usual forms of authority, or not done in an official character; not required by or appropriate to the duties of any office; as, inofficial intelligence.

Inquiry, Board of. A term used in contradistinction to a court-martial, to signify the meeting of a certain number of officers (who are not sworn) for the purpose of ascertaining facts that may afterwards become a matter of investigation on oath. There are also courts of inquiry; such courts in the armies of Europe, it would seem, derived their origin from the prerogative of the sovereign, and became part of the military judicature by custom and not by express law. From this fact it has been considered that the exercise of this authority, instead of being regarded as an assumption of power, is a favor to the accused, and it is thus stated by Capt. Simmons in his work on courts-martial. For the army of the United States, courts of inquiry have been specially authorized by legal enactment. (See Appendix, Articles of War, 115 to 121.) The origin and purposes of such courts would naturally lead to the conclusion that they are of the essence of high command; and therefore the right to convoke them, under all the legal restrictions, is properly confined to the President of the United States, a general commanding an army, or a colonel commanding a department; and in the cases of enlisted men, the commanding officer of the regiment. See Court of Inquiry.

Inroad. The entrance of an enemy into a country with purposes of hostility; a sudden or desultory incursion or invasion; attack; encroachment.

Inroll. See Enroll.

Insconced. In the military art, when any part of an army has fortified itself with a sconce, or small work, in order to defend some pass, etc., it is said to be insconced. See Ensconce.

Inscribe. To mark with letters, characters, or words, as, to inscribe the name of the battle on their colors.

Insecure. Not effectually guarded or protected; unsafe; exposed to danger or loss.

Inspect. To view and examine officially; as, troops, arms, etc.

Inspection. A strict examination; a close survey. It is of various kinds, and embraces general, regimental, and troop or company duties. A general inspection is made from time to time by inspectors-general designated by the commanding generals of military divisions or departments. Every regiment on this occasion is minutely looked into, and a faithful account is delivered by each commanding officer of the actual state of his regiment. The interior economy of the corps is not only investigated, but the discipline of the men is likewise examined.

Inspection of Cannon, Instruments for. These are used to verify the dimensions of cannon, and to detect the presence and measure the size of cavities in the metal. The star-gauge is an instrument for measuring the diameter of the bore at any point. The cylinder-staff is used to measure the length of the bore. It is supported by a rest of a T-form at the muzzle, and the extremity inserted in the gun is armed with a measuring-point and a guide-plate. The cylinder-gauge is a cylinder of cast iron, turned to the exact or true diameter of the bore. When used it is attached to the end of the cylinder-staff. The searcher consists of four flat springs turned up at the end, and attached to a socket which is screwed on to the end of the cylinder-staff. It is used to feel for cavities in the surface of the bore. The trunnion-gauge verifies the diameters of the trunnions and rimbases. The trunnion-square is used to verify the position of the trunnions with regard to the bore. The trunnion-rule measures the distance of the trunnions from the rear of the base-ring. Calipers, for measuring exterior diameters. A standard-rule, for verifying other instruments. The vent-gauges are two pointed pieces of steel wire, 0.005 inch greater and less than the true diameter of the vent, to verify its size. The vent-searcher is a hooked wire, used to detect cavities in the vent. A rammer-head, shaped to the form of the bottom of the bore, and furnished with a staff, is used to ascertain the interior position of the vent. A wooden rule, to measure exterior lengths. A mirror, a wax taper, beeswax; rammer, sponge, and priming-wire. Figure and letter-stamps, to affix the required marks. The objects of inspecting cannon are to verify their dimensions, particularly those which affect the accuracy of the fire, and the relation of the piece to its carriage, and to detect any defects of metal and workmanship that would be likely to impair their strength and endurance.

Inspection of Projectiles. The principal points to be observed in inspecting shot and shells are, to see that they are of proper size in all their parts; that they are made of suitable metal; and that they have no defects, concealed or otherwise, which will endanger their use or impair the accuracy of their fire.

Inspection of Shot.—The instruments are one large and one small gauge, and one cylinder-gauge; the cylinder-gauge has the same diameter as the large gauge; it is made of cast iron, and is 5 calibers long. There are also, one hammer with a conical point, six steel punches, and one searcher made of wire. The shot should be inspected before they become rusty; after being well cleaned each shot is placed on a table and examined by the eye, to see that its surface is smooth and that the metal is sound and free from seams, flaws, and blisters. If cavities or small holes appear on the surface, strike the point of the hammer or punch into them, and ascertain their depth with the searcher; if the depth of the cavity exceeds 0.2 inch, the shot is rejected; and also if it appears that an attempt has been made to conceal such defects by filling them up with nails, cement, etc. The shot must pass in every direction through the large gauge, and not at all through the small one; the founder should endeavor to bring the shot up as near as possible to the large gauge, or to the true diameter. After having been thus examined the shot are passed through the cylinder-gauge, which is placed in an inclined position, and turned from time to time to prevent its being worn into furrows; shot which slide or stick in the cylinder are rejected. Shot are proved by dropping them from a height of 20 feet on a block of iron, or rolling them down an inclined plane of that height against another shot at the bottom of the plane. The average weight of the shot is deduced from that of three parcels of 20 to 50 each, taken indiscriminately from the pile; some of those which appear to be the smallest should also be weighed, and they are rejected if they fall short of the weight expressed by their caliber more than one-thirty-second part. They almost invariably exceed that weight.

Inspection of Grape- and Canister-shot.—The dimensions are verified by means of a large and small gauge attached to the same handle. The surface of the shot should be smooth and free from seams.

Inspection of Hollow Projectiles.—The inspecting instruments are a large and small gauge for each caliber, and a cylinder-gauge for shells of 8 inches and under. Calipers for measuring the thickness of shells at the sides. Calipers to measure the thickness at the bottom. Gauges to verify the dimensions of the fuze-hole and the thickness of the metal at the fuze-hole. A pair of hand-bellows; a wooden plug to fit the fuze-hole, and bored through to fit the nozzle of the bellows. A hammer, a searcher, a cold chisel, steel punches.

Inspection.—The surface of the shell and its exterior dimensions are examined as in the case of shot. The shell is next struck with the hammer, to judge by the sound whether it is free from cracks; the position and dimensions of the ears are verified; the thickness of the metal is then measured at several points on the great circle perpendicular to the axis of the fuze-hole. The diameter of the fuze-hole, which should be accurately reamed, is then verified, and the soundness of the metal about the inside of the hole is ascertained by inserting the finger. The shell is now placed on a trivet, in a tub containing water deep enough to cover it nearly to the fuze-hole; the bellows and plug are inserted into the fuze-hole, and the air forced into the shell; if there be any holes in the shell, the air will rise in bubbles through the water. This test gives another indication of the soundness of the metal, as the parts containing cavities will dry more slowly than other parts. The mean weight of shells is ascertained in the same manner as that of shot. Shot and shells rejected in the inspection are marked with an X made with a cold chisel,—on shot near the gate, and on shells near the fuze-hole.

Inspector-General. A staff-officer of an army, whose duties are those of inspection, and embrace everything relative to organization, recruiting, discharge, administration, accountability for money and property, instruction, police, and discipline. In the French army, a certain number of general officers are annually designated to make inspections.

Inspector-General of the Cavalry. In the British service, a general officer whose particular duty is to inspect all cavalry regiments, to report the state of the horses, and to receive specific accounts from the different corps of their actual state. He communicates directly and confidentially with the commander-in-chief. Inspector-general of the recruiting service is an officer of rank, through whom the field-officers of districts, and colonels of regiments (when they personally manage the recruiting service of their own corps), transmit their several returns to the adjutant-general’s office.

Inspector-General’s Department. In the United States, the law provides for one inspector-general, with the rank of brigadier-general; two inspectors-general, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel; and two with the rank of major. Also, that the Secretary of War may, in addition, detail officers of the line, not to exceed four, to act as inspectors-general.

Installation. The act of investing any one with a military order.

Instruction. The education or training of soldiers in military duties. In the U.S. service the colonel has general charge of the instruction of his regiment.

Instructions. Military directions or orders.

Instruments, Military Musical. The instruments which are peculiar to the cavalry of most nations are the trumpet and bugle. In France, dragoon regiments in general formerly adopted the drum in common with the infantry; they now use the trumpet for garrison, and the bugle for field service. A certain number of fifers are likewise allowed in foot regiments. In the U.S. army, the drum, fife, and bugle are used by foot, and the trumpet by mounted troops. There is allowed a band of musicians to each regiment, which usually serve at regimental headquarters, and is partly maintained by the regimental fund. (See Fund.) There is also a band employed at the West Point Military Academy, which is maintained by the government. In the U.S. navy there is a band allowed to each commander-in-chief of a fleet, which is also maintained by the general government.

Instruments, Warlike Musical. The Turks made use of wind and clashing instruments of different shapes and sizes; all, except one wind instrument, are better calculated for pomp and ceremony, than adapted to military service. The clashing instruments, which the French call instrumens À choc, consist of two sorts of drums, and an instrument which is made of two plates of metal. Their wind instruments consist of a winding or crooked trumpet, and of a wooden fife. The big drum which they call daul, stands 3 feet high. It is carried by a mounted drummer, who makes use of a thick stick, with which he strikes the upper part, and a small one, with which he plays upon the lower part; these he applies alternately, with much dexterity of hand and great gravity of countenance. This is the only instrument which the Turks use in military exercises or manoeuvres, and is constantly beaten when the enemy is near, and round all the outposts, in order to keep the sentinels on the alert. On these occasions the drummer exclaims with a loud voice, Jagda Allah! that is, “God is good!”

Insubjection. Want of subjection; state of disobedience to government.

Insubmission. Want of submission; disobedience.

Insubordinate. Not submissive; not submitting to authority.

Insubordination. The quality of being insubordinate; want of subordination; disorder; disobedience to lawful authority; a serious military offense.

Insubres. A Gallic people, who crossed the Alps, and settled in Gallia Transpadana, in the north of Italy. Next to the Boii, they were the most powerful and warlike of the Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul. They were conquered by the Romans shortly before the commencement of the second Punic war.

Insufficiency. The quality of being insufficient; want of sufficiency; deficiency; inadequateness; as, the insufficiency of provisions for a garrison.

Insult, To. In a military sense, is to attack boldly and in open day, without going through the slow operations of trenches, working by mines and saps, or having recourse to those usual forms of war, by advancing gradually towards the object in view. An enemy is said to insult a coast when he suddenly appears upon it, and debarks troops with an immediate purpose to attack.

Insurgents. Soldiers or people generally in a state of insurrection. The term, however, admits of one exception. Hungarian insurgents (Insurgenten die Ungarischen) mean the Hungarian militia, called out or summoned by general proclamation, as under the old feudal system.

Insurrection. A rising against civil or political authority; the open and active opposition of a number of persons to the execution of law in a city or state; a rebellion; a revolt.

Intenable. Incapable of being held; untenable; not defensible; as, an intenable fortress.

Intendant, or Intendant Militaire. An officer in the French army charged with the organization and direction of all the civil services attending a force in the field. The officers acting under his orders are those in charge of all the finance services, the provisions, stores, hospitals, artillery train, and transport departments, besides the interpreters, guides, and such like temporary services. The intendant-en-chef of an army is the representative of the minister of war; and, short of superseding the general’s orders, can exercise, in case of need, all the functions of that high officer of state. The intendance is divided into intendants, ranking with general officers, sub-intendants with colonels, and assistant-intendants with majors; besides these there are cadets, who receive no pay, and constitute a probationary grade.

Intercept. To interrupt communication with, or progress towards; to cut off; as, to intercept the march of an army.

Intercombat. A combat between.

Interior. A word of varied application; as, the interior flanking angle is formed by the curtain and line of defense. Interior radius is that part of an oblique radius extending from the centre of the polygon to the centre of the bastion. Interior side is the line of the curtain produced to the two oblique radii of the front, or a line drawn from the centre of one bastion to that of the next.

Interior Form of Cannon. The interior of cannon may be divided into three distinct parts: 1st, the vent, or channel which communicates fire to the charge; 2d, the seat of the charge, or chamber, if its diameter be different from the rest of the bore; 3d, the cylinder, or that portion of the bore passed over by the projectile. See also Grooves for Rifle Cannon.

Interior Guards. Are police guards, guards of property, etc., who are liable to come in contact with the enemy.

Interior Slope. Is the inclination towards the inner part of a work which is given to the earth forming the rampart or parapet. Interior crest is the crest of the interior slope.

Interval. In military dispositions and manoeuvres, any given distance or space. In tactics the term is used to signify taken parallel to the front, as opposed to distance or space perpendicularly to the front. Interval between two battalions is the space which separates them when they are drawn up for action or when they are encamped. This space is generally wide enough to admit the march of another regiment; that is to say, it is equal to the extent of its front when in line. Interval between the line and the camp comprehends the space which lies between the camp and the line of intrenchments. It is generally from 180 to 200 toises in breadth; so that the different sections of troops which are necessary for the security of the camp, may have room to move in, while sufficient ground is left in rear for troops to pass and repass as occasion may require. The same observation holds good with respect to contrevallation.

Intrench. Is to make secure against the attack of an enemy by digging a ditch or trench, etc. To intrench upon, to invade, to make encroachments upon the property or territories of another.

Intrenched Camp. A large space capable of containing an entire army, surrounded by works of fortification. Frequently an intrenched camp joins a fortress, in which case it is protected by permanent works of considerable strength—detached forts, for instance.

Intrenching Tool. An implement used for intrenching. In view of the deadly fire of modern small-arms it is a matter of great importance that the soldier should be able to get cover. For this reason it has been proposed to make an intrenching tool a part of the soldier’s equipment. In the United States army a combination bayonet and intrenching tool is used. See Trowel Bayonet.

Intrenchment. Is generally a ditch or trench with a parapet. The earth removed to form the ditch is used to construct the parapet. Fascines, with earth thrown over them, gabions, hogsheads, or bags filled with earth, are often employed to revet or strengthen the work when the earth is loose or sandy. Intrenchments of armies are the whole works or obstacles by which an army or large body of troops cover themselves for their defense.

Intrepidity. An unqualified contempt of death; an indifference to fortune as far as it regards personal safety; a fearlessness of heart, and a daring enterprise of mind.

Inundation. The act of letting water into a country so that it shall be overflowed, to prevent the approach of an enemy. It is among the most considerable of the various methods which have been devised for impeding the approach to a field-work, or indeed, any fortification.

Invade, To. To make a forcible or clandestine entry into the territory of another state; to pass the regular line of frontier of any country, in order to take possession of the interior.

Invalid. A soldier who has been wounded, or has suffered in his health, and in consequence of his good conduct has been recommended to a certain provision for life. Chelsea Hospital is the place allotted for the reception of such objects of public gratitude and benevolence in England; the Soldiers’ Home, in Washington, D. C., in the United States, and the HÔtel des Invalides, at Paris, France. In England numbers of invalids are, however, allowed to reside where they choose, and are then known as “out-pensioners.”

Invalides. Wounded veterans of the French army, maintained at the expense of the State. See HÔtel des Invalides.

Invaliding. Signifies the return home, or to a more healthy climate, of soldiers or sailors whom wounds or the severity of foreign service has rendered incapable of active duty. The man invalided returns to his duty as soon as his restored health justifies the step.

Invasion. In war, is the entrance or attack of an enemy on the dominions of another.

Inventory of Effects of Deceased Officers and Soldiers. See Appendix, Articles of War, 125, 126.

Inverness. A royal burgh of Scotland, capital of a county of the same name, situated on both sides of the river Ness. It was a city of the Picts up to 843; taken by Edward I.; retaken by Bruce, 1313; burnt by the Lord of the Isles, 1411; taken by Cromwell, 1649; and by Prince Charles Edward in 1746. The latter was defeated at Culloden, about 5 miles from Inverness, April 16, 1746.

Inversion. A movement in tactics by which the order of companies in line is inverted, the right being on the left, the left on the right, and so on.

Invest. To invest a place is to seize upon all the avenues leading to a town or fortress. On the occasion of an investment, the hostile troops are distributed on the principal commands, to prevent any succor from being received by the garrison, and to keep the ground until the rest of the army, with the artillery, can arrive to form a regular siege. To invest a place is, in fact, to take preparatory measures for a blockade or close siege.

Invincible. Incapable of being conquered or overcome; unconquerable; insuperable; as, an invincible army, etc.

Inwall. To inclose or fortify with a wall.

Iona, Icolmkill, or Hii. The most famous of the Hebrides, in Argyle Co., Scotland. It is about 3 miles long, and varies in breadth from a mile to a mile and a half. It was founded by Saint Columba, a native of Ireland, in the 6th century, and long remained the chief seat of learning and the centre of missionary enterprises undertaken by the Culdees. In 795, 802, 806, 825, and 986 the island was ravaged by Norsemen, by whom its monks were martyred in the three latter dates.

Ionia. In Asia Minor. About 1040 B.C., the Iones, a Pelasgic race, emigrated from Greece, and settled here and on the adjoining islands. They were conquered by the great Cyrus about 548 B.C.; revolted in 504, but were again subdued. After the victories of Cimon, Ionia became independent and remained so till 387, when it was once more subjected to Persia. It formed part of the dominions of Alexander and his successors; was annexed to the Roman empire, and conquered by the Turks.

Ionian Islands. A group of islands running round the west coast of Epirus, and west and south of Greece. After the division of the Roman empire these islands were included in the eastern half, and so continued till 1081, when the Duke of Calabria took possession of them. From this time they underwent a continual change of masters till the commencement of the 15th century, when they by degrees came into possession of the Venetians, who in 1797 ceded them to France. They were seized by Russia and Turkey in 1800, by France in 1807, by Great Britain in 1809, and November 15, 1815, they were formed into a republic under the protectorate of the latter power. In May, 1864, they were formally annexed to Greece.

Ionie Indians. A tribe of aborigines allied to the Caddos, who resided in Texas, and were generally peaceable and friendly.

Iowa. One of the Central States of the United States, lying between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. It originally formed a portion of the Louisiana Territory; and permanent settlements commenced to be formed in it about 1833; organized as a Territory in 1838, and admitted as a State in 1846. During the civil war it contributed its full quota of troops to the cause of the Union.

Iowa Indians. A tribe of aborigines of Dakota stock, who inhabited the State which now bears their name. They were closely allied to the Sacs and Foxes.

Ipsara, or Psara. A small island in the Grecian Archipelago, west of Scio; belongs to Turkey. It was taken by the Turks in 1824.

Ipsus. A town of Phrygia, in Asia Minor. Here in 301 B.C., a battle was fought between Antigonus, king of Asia, and the forces of Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus, which resulted in the defeat and death of Antigonus.

Ipswich. The chief town of the county of Suffolk, England, situated on the Orwell. This town was destroyed by the Danes about 1000.

Ireland. Anciently named Ierne and Hibernia, is said to have been first colonized by Phoenicians. Some assert that Partholani landed in Ireland about 2048 B.C.; that the descent of the Damnonii was made about 1403 B.C.; and that this was followed by the descent of Herber and Heremon, Milesian princes, from Galicia, Spain, who conquered Ireland, and gave to the throne 171 kings. The Danes and Normans invaded Ireland in 795; but were totally defeated by Brian Boriomhe at Clontarf, April 23, 1014. In 1172, King Henry II. of England invaded Ireland with a formidable armament, and received homage from several of the minor native chiefs, and from the chief Norman adventurers, granting to the latter charters authorizing them, as his subjects, to take possession of the entire island in his name; which they partially succeeded in accomplishing. Subsequently the authority of the English crown became limited to a few towns on the coast, and the district termed “the Pale,” comprising a small circuit about Dublin and Drogheda. Henry II. received the title of “king of Ireland” in 1541, by an act passed by the Anglo-Irish Parliament in Dublin; and about the same period, some of the native princes were induced to acknowledge him as their sovereign, and to accept peerages. The attempts of the English government to introduce the reformed faith stirred up dissensions in Ireland. Among the first to revolt was the Earl of Desmond, after whose death, in 1583, his vast estates in Munster were parceled out to English settlers. Soon after the chief clans of Ulster took up arms; and in opposing them, the forces of Queen Elizabeth, commanded by officers of high military reputation, encountered many reverses, the most serious of which was that in 1598 at the battle of the Yellow Ford, where the English army was routed and its general slain. Philip III. of Spain, at the solicitation of the Irish chief, dispatched a body of troops to their assistance in 1601, which landed in the extreme south, instead of in the north, as had been expected, were unable to effect anything, and were constrained, to surrender. Although Elizabeth was supported by numbers of native Irish, the northern chiefs, O’Neill and O’Donnell, held out till the queen’s government came to terms with them in 1603, recognizing them as earls of Tyrone and Tirconnell. In 1608 these noblemen having apprehensions for their personal safety quitted Ireland, and retired to the continent. Their withdrawal enabled James I. to carry out that project of parceling out the north of Ireland to Protestant Scotch and English settlers. The Irish took advantage of the contentions in England to rise in insurrection (1641) and massacre the Protestants. It is believed that nearly 40,000 fell victims to their fury. The country continued in a state of anarchy till 1649. when Cromwell overran it. At the revolution the native Irish generally took the part of James II., the English and Scotch “colonists” that of William and Mary; and the war was kept up for four years (1688-1692). The Irish again rebelled in 1798, and were not suppressed until 1800. Ireland was incorporated with England and Scotland in 1801. Several insurrections have taken place since the latter date but were quickly suppressed. For important military events in Ireland, see separate articles.

Irish Brigade. A body of men who followed the fortunes of James II., and were formed into regiments under the monarchy of France.

Iron Cross. A Prussian order of knighthood, instituted on March 10, 1813, by Frederick William III., and conferred for distinguished services in the war which was then being carried on. The decoration is an iron cross with silver mounting. The grand cross, a cross of double the size, was presented exclusively for the gaining of a decisive battle, or the capture or brave defense of a fortress. It was revived by William I. in the Franco-Prussian war, and awarded by him to his son for his victory at Weissembourg, August 4, 1870.

Iron Crown. The crown of the ancient Lombard kings; is a broad band of gold set with jewels, within which is a thin plate or fillet of iron, and is declared by tradition to have been hammered from one of the nails of the true cross. It has been used at the coronation of 34 different monarchs, including Charlemagne, Henry VII. of Germany, Charles V., and Napoleon. After the peace of Vienna in 1866, the crown was presented by the emperor of Austria to Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy.

Iron Ores. Character of Pig-iron.—Ores suitable for “gun-metal” should be reduced in the smelting-furnace, with charcoal and the warm blast, varying from 125° to 300° Fahr., depending upon the ore used. Iron thus made, or pig-iron, should be soft, yielding easily to the file and chisel; the appearance of the fracture should be uniform, with a brilliant aspect, dark gray color, and medium-sized crystals. Character of Gun-metal.—When remelted and cast into cannon, it should approach that degree of hardness which resists the file and chisel, but not so hard as to be bored and turned with much difficulty. Its color should be a bright, lively gray; crystals small, with acute angles, and sharp to the touch; structure uniform, close, and compact. Magnetite.—Octahedral Iron Ore.—Color iron-black. Streak black. Brittle. The black streak and magnetic properties distinguish this species from the following: Specular Iron Ore.—Hematite.—Often massive granular; sometimes lamellar or micaceous. Also pulverulent and earthy. Color, dark steel-gray or iron-black, and often when crystallized having a highly splendid lustre; streak-powder cherry-red or reddish-brown. The metallic varieties pass into an earthy ore of a red color, having none of the external characters of the crystals, but perfectly corresponding to them when they are pulverized, the powder they yield being of a deep red color, and earthy or without lustre. Sometimes slightly attracted by the magnet. Limonite.—Brown Iron Ore.—Usually massive, and often with a smooth botryoidal or stalactitic surface, having a compact fibrous structure within. Also earthy. Color, dark brown to ochre-yellow; streak, yellowish-brown to dull yellow. Lustre, sometimes sub-metallic; often dull and earthy; on a surface of fracture frequently silky. Spathic Iron.—Carbonate of Iron.—Chalybite.—Usually massive, with a foliated structure, somewhat curving. Sometimes in globular concretions or implanted globules. Color, light grayish to brown; often dark brownish-red, or nearly black on exposure. Streak, uncolored. Lustre, pearly to vitreous; translucent to nearly opaque.

Irons. Fetters or instruments made of iron, with which a prisoner is shackled. To be put in irons, is to be handcuffed and confined in fetters.

Ironsides. A strong man. A cuirassier;—applied also to Cromwell’s cavalry.

Iroquois, or Six Nations. The name given by the French to the Indian confederacy of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, to which were afterwards added the Tuscaroras, after being driven from their hunting-grounds in North Carolina. This once formidable confederacy is now nearly extinguished, but remnants of it are still found scattered through the State of New York.

Irregular. Not regular; not according to common form or rules; as, an irregular building or fortification. See Fortification, Irregular.

Irregular Cavalry. A term now almost obsolete. It applied a few years ago to regiments of horsemen raised under certain conditions in the East Indies. These conditions were that each man should provide his own horse, arms, accoutrements, and clothing, receiving in return a monthly sum, which also included his pay. To these regiments only three English officers were appointed, the other officers being natives. These regiments are still paid in the same way, but they are clothed, armed, and equipped in a uniform manner; the number of British officers is increased, and they are no longer styled irregular cavalry.

Irregularity. A violation of the customs of service,—a delinquency which is subject to censure but not serious enough to be brought before a court-martial.

Irun. A town of Spain, near the left bank of the Bidassoa. It is a place of great antiquity, having been in existence in the time of the Romans. The Carlists were defeated by the British Legion, under Gen. Sir de Lacy Evans, in the battle of Irun, May 16, 1837.

Isabella the Catholic, Order of. A Spanish order of knighthood, founded by Ferdinand VII., March 24, 1815, as a reward of loyalty, for the defense of the possessions of Spanish America. At present, it is conferred for all kinds of merit. The sovereign is the head of the order, which is divided into the three classes of Grand Crosses, Commanders, and Knights.

Isauria. A province in Asia Minor, the inhabitants of which were a wild and semi-barbarous race, who lived by rapine and plunder. The Romans surrounded Isauria with a chain of fortresses, but the Isaurians broke through them and remained as untamable as before. Under the empire, army after army was sent against Isauria, which stood to Rome, and afterwards to Constantinople, very much in the relation that Circassia now does to Russia. In the 8th century their national vanity was gratified by a countryman of their own being appointed to the throne. From this date they gradually ceased to be formidable.

Ischia. An island in the Gulf of Naples, 6 miles from the coast, and 17 miles west from Naples. In 1807, Ischia was taken by a British and Sicilian force.

Isernia. A place in Southern Italy, on the west slope of the Apennines, where the Sardinian general Cialdini defeated the Neapolitans, October 17, 1860.

Isle of France. See Mauritius.

Ismail, or Ismailov. A strong town of Turkey in Europe, on the north side of the Kilia arm of the Danube. This place was long in the possession of the Turks; it was stormed by the Russians, under Suwarrow, in 1790. It remained in the possession of Russia until 1856, when it was restored to Turkey by the removal of the Russian frontier.

IsolÉ (Fr.). This word is used among the French, to express any body or thing which is detached from another. It is variously applied in fortification. Thus a pavilion or a barrack which is not joined to any other wall or building is called isolÉ, because it stands alone, and a person may walk entirely round it. A parapet is also said to be isolÉ when there is an interval of 4 or 5 feet existing between the rampart and its wall; which interval serves as a path for the rounds.

Ispahan. A famous city of Persia, capital of the province of Irak-Ajemi, situated on the Zendarud. In 1722 it was taken by the Afghans, and in 1729 was retaken by Nadir Shah. It has fallen gradually into decay.

Issue. Event; consequence; the ultimate result of any undertaking; the termination of any contest. A term also applied to the distribution of supplies; as, issue of rations, issue of clothing, etc., to troops.

Issues. In the British service, are certain sums of money which are, at stated periods, given to public accountants for public service; and for the honest distribution of which, every individual so intrusted is responsible to Parliament. Regimental issues are moneys paid by regimental agents, acting under the authority of their respective colonels, for regimental purposes.

Issus. An ancient city and seaport in Cilicia, in Asia Minor, close to the frontier of Syria, on or near the head of the Sinus Issicus, now the Gulf of Scanderoon. It was in the neighborhood of this city that Alexander the Great annihilated the Persian army under Darius in 333 B.C. Here too was fought (194 A.D.), the bloody battle between Septimus Severus and Pescennius Niger, by virtue of which the former became sole master of the Roman empire. The exact site of Issus has not yet been discovered.

Istalif. A town of Afghanistan, province of Cabul (Cabool). It was taken and partly destroyed by the British in 1842.

Italy. A peninsula in the south of Europe. The invading Pelasgians from Greece, and the aborigines (Umbrians, Oscans, and Etruscans), combined, formed the renowned Latin race still possessing the southern part of Europe. The history of Italy is soon absorbed into that of Rome, founded 753 B.C. Previous to the 15th century it was desolated by intestine wars and the interference of the German emperors; since then, Spain, France, and Germany have struggled for the possession of the country, which has been divided among them several times. Spain predominated in Italy during the 16th and 17th centuries; but was compelled to yield to the house of Austria at the beginning of the 18th century. The victories of Bonaparte in 1797-98 changed the government of Italy; but the Austrian rule was re-established at the peace of 1814. In 1848 the Milanese and Venetians revolted and joined Piedmont, but were subdued by Radetzky. The hostile feeling between Austria and Piedmont gradually increased till war broke out in April, 1859, in which the Austrians were defeated, and the kingdom of Italy was re-established in 1861. Another war with Austria was declared in June, 1866, but peace was signed in October, same year, and Venetia was ceded to Italy. For other details, see Rome and the various Italian cities throughout this volume.

Ithome. A mountain fortress of Messenia, memorable for the defense there made for many years against the Spartans in the first Messenian war. It was afterwards the citadel of Messene, when that city was founded by Epaminondas.

Itinerairies (Fr.). Itinerary movements or days of march. A technical phrase among the French to denote the order and the disposition which a body of men or an army is directed to observe in its march from one camp to another, or to any particular quarter or destination.

Itzehoe. An ancient town in the duchy of Holstein. The original castle around which Itzehoe was built by Charlemagne in 809. This town was twice taken by Tilly in the Thirty Years’ War, and in 1657 a great portion of it was burned down by the Swedes.

Ivry-la-Bataille. A town of France, department of Eure, 40 miles west of Paris. It is celebrated for the decisive victory which was gained by Henry IV. of Navarre over the forces under the Duke of Mayenne in 1590.

Ixcaquixtla. A town in the southern part of the state of Puebla, Mexico. It is noted in Mexican history as the scene of a sharp battle fought January 1, 1817, between Mexican insurgents under Gen. Mier of Teran, and the Spanish troops under La Madrid.

Izucar. A city of the state of Puebla, Mexico. Near here Gen. Matamoros, lighting for the independence of his country, gained a victory over the Spaniards, February 24, 1812.