On the Philosophy of Discovery, Chapters Historical and Critical

CONTENTS.

The chapters marked thus * appear now for the first time.
The chapters marked thus † have appeared in other works.

Chap. I. Introduction.
Chap. II. Plato.
Chap. III. *Additional Remarks on Plato.
	1.	The Doctrine of Ideas.
	2.	The Doctrine of the One and Many.
	3.	The notion of the nature and aim of Science.
	4.	The Survey of existing Sciences.
	5.	The Constitution of the human Mind.
Chap. IV. Aristotle.
Chap. V. *Additional Remarks on Aristotle.
	1.	Induction.
	2.	Invention.
	3.	The One in the Many.
	4.	The "Five Words."
	5.	Aristotle's contribution to the Physical Sciences.
	6.	Aristotle's Astronomy.
	7.	Aristotle on Classification.
	8.	F. Bacon on Aristotle.
	9.	Discovery of Causes.
	10.	Plato and Aristotle.
	11.	Aristotle against Plato's Ideas.
Chap. VI. The Later Greeks.
Chap. VII. The Romans.
Chap. VIII. *Arabian Philosophers.
Chap. IX. The Schoolmen of the Middle Ages.
Chap. X. The Innovators of the Middle Ages.
		Raymond Lully.
Chap. XI. The Innovators of the Middle Ages—continued.
		Roger Bacon.
Chap. XII. The Revival of Platonism.
	1.	Causes of Delay in the Advance of Knowledge.
	2.	Causes of Progress.
	3.	Hermolaus Barbarus, &c.
	4.	Nicolaus Cusanus.
	5.	Manilius Ficinus.
	6.	Francis Patricius.
	7.	Picus, Agrippa, &c.
	8.	Paracelsus, Fludd, &c.
Chap. XIII. The Theoretical Reformers of Science.
	1.	Bernardinus Telesius.
	2.	Thomas Campanella.
	3.	Andrew CÆsalpinus.
	4.	Giordano Bruno.
	5.	Peter Ramus.
	6.	The Reformers in General.
	7.	Melancthon.
Chap. XIV. The Practical Reformers of Science.
	1.	Character of the Practical Reformers.
	2.	Leonardo da Vinci.
	3.	Copernicus.
	4.	Fabricius.
	5.	Maurolycus.
	6.	Benedetti.
	7.	Gilbert.
	8.	Galileo.
	9.	Kepler.
	10.	Tycho.
Chap. XV. Francis Bacon.
	1.	(I.) General Remarks.
	2.	Common estimate of him.
	3.	We consider only Physical Science.
	4.	He is placed at the head of the change:
	5.	(II.) He proclaims a New Era;
	6.	(III.) By a Change of Method;
	7.	Including successive Steps;
	8.	Gradually ascending.
	9.	(IV.) He contrasts the Old and the New Method.
	10.	(V.) Has he neglected Ideas?
	11.	No.
	12.	Examples of Ideas treated by him.
	13.	He has failed in applying his Method;
	14.	(VI.) To the Cause of Heat.
	15.	He seeks Causes before Laws.
	16.	(VII.) His Technical Form worthless.
	17.	He is confused by words.
	18.	His "Instances."
	19.	Contain some good Suggestions.
	20.	(VIII.) His "Idols."
	21.	(IX.) His view of Utility.
	22.	(X.) His Hopefulness.
	23.	(XI.) His Piety.
Chap. XVI. *Additional Remarks on Francis Bacon.
	1.	Mr. Ellis's views.
	2.	Mr. Spedding's views.
Chap. XVII. From Bacon to Newton.
	1.	Harvey.
	2.	Descartes.
	3.	Gassendi.
	4.	Actual Progress in Science.
	5.	Otto Guericke, &c.
	6.	Hooke.
	7.	Royal Society.
	8.	Bacon's New Atalantis.
	9.	Cowley.
	10.	Barrow.
Chap. XVIII. Newton.
	1.	Animating effect of his Discoveries.
	2.	They confirm Bacon's views.
	3.	Newton shuns Hypotheses.
	4.	His views of Inductive Philosophy.
	5.	His "Rules of Philosophizing."
	6.	The First Rule.
	7.	What is a "True Cause"?
	8.	Such as are real?
	9.	Or those which are proved?
	10.	Use of the Rule.
	11.	Rule otherwise expressed.
	12.	The Second Rule.
	13.	What are Events "of the same kind"?
	14.	The Third Rule:
	15.	Not safe.
	16.	The Fourth Rule.
	17.	Occult Qualities.
	18.	Ridiculed.
	19.	Distinction of Laws and Causes.
Chap. XIX. Locke and his French Followers.
	1.	Cause of Locke's popularity.
	2.	Sensational School.
	3.	His inconsistencies.
	4.	Condillac, &c.
	5.	Importance of Language.
	6.	Ground of this.
	7.	The Encyclopedists.
	8.	Helvetius.
	9.	Value of Arts.
	10.	Tendency to Reaction.
Chap. XX. The Reaction against the Sensational School.
	1.	"Nisi intellectus ipse."
	2.	Price's "Review."
	3.	Stewart defends Price.
	4.	Archbishop Whately.
	5.	LaromiguiÈre.
	6.	M. Cousin.
	7.	M. AmpÈre.
	8.	His Classification of Sciences.
	9.	Kant's Reform of Philosophy.
	10.	Its Effect in Germany.
Chap. XXI. Further Advance of the Sensational School.
		M. Auguste Comte.
	1.	M. Comte on three States of Science.
	2.	M. Comte rejects the Search of Causes.
	3.	Causes in Physics.
	4.	Causes in other Sciences.
	5.	M. Comte's Practical Philosophy.
	6.	M. Comte on Hypotheses.
	7.	M. Comte's Classification of Sciences.
Chap. XXII. †Mr. Mill's Logic.
	(I.)	What is Induction? §§ 1-14.
	(II.)	Induction or Description, §§ 15-23.
	(III.)	In Discovery a new Conception is introduced, §§ 24-37.
	(IV.)	Mr. Mill's Four Methods of Inquiry, §§ 38-40.
	(V.)	His Examples, §§ 41-48.
	(VI.)	Mr. Mill against Hypotheses, §§ 49, 50.
	(VII.)	Against prediction of Facts, §§ 51-53.
	(VIII.)	Newton's Vera Causa, §§ 54, 55.
	(IX.)	Successive Generalizations, §§ 56-62.
	(X.)	Mr. Mill's Hope from Deductions, §§ 63-67.
	(XI.)	Fundamental opposition of our Doctrines, §§ 68-71.
	(XII.)	Absurdities in Mr. Mill's Logic, §§ 72-74.
Chap. XXIII. *Political Economy as an Inductive Science.
	1.	Moral Sciences.
	2.	Political Economy.
	3.	Wages, Profits, and Rents.
	4.	Premature Generalizations.
	5.	Correction of these by Induction—Rent.
	6.	" Wages.
	7.	" Population.
Chap. XXIV. †Modern German Philosophy.
	(I.)	Science is the Idealization of Facts, §§ 1-8.
	(II.)	Successive German Philosophies.
		Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, §§ 9-16.
Chap. XXV. †The Fundamental Antithesis as it exists in the Moral World.
		Moral Progress is the Realization of Ideas.
Chap. XXVI. *Of the "Philosophy of the Infinite."
		God is Eternal.
Chap. XXVII. *Sir William Hamilton on Inertia and Weight.
	1.	Primary and Secondary Qualities.
	2.	Meaning of the Distinction.
	3.	Sir W. Hamilton adds "Secundo-Primary."
	4.	Inertia.
	5.	Sir W. Hamilton's arguments and reply.
	6.	Gravity.
		Sir W. Hamilton's arguments and reply.
Chap. XXVIII. †Influence of German Systems of Philosophy in Britain.
	1.	Stewart on Kant.
	2.	Mr. G. H. Lewes on Kant.
	4—6.	Mr. Mansel on Kant.
		His objection to our Fundamental Ideas, and Reply.
	7—10.	New Axioms are possible.
	11—13.	Mr. Mansel's Kantianism.
	14—16.	Axioms are not from experience.
Chap. XXIX. *Necessary Truth is Progressive.
		Objections considered.
Chap. XXX. *The Theological Bearing of the Philosophy of Discovery.
	1—4.	How can necessary truths be actual?
APPENDIX. ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF DISCOVERY. WÄr' nicht das Auge sonnenhaft Wie kÖnnten wir das Licht erblicken? Lebt' nicht in uns des Gottes eigne Kraft Wie kÖnnte uns das GÖttliche entzÜcken? Goethe. Were nothing sunlike in the Eye How could we Light itself descry? Were nothing godlike in the Mind How could we God in Nature find? Clyx.com