Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks were corrected.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

“Errata” at the end of this Volume have been applied to the relevant text of this eBook.

This is Volume II of a two-volume set. The Table of Contents for both volumes is in Volume I.

The Index for both volumes is in this one. References to pages 1–400 will be found in Volume I.

Footnotes and references to them have been renumbered into one continuous sequence and moved to the end of the text of this eBook, immediately preceding the Index. The sequence begins at “171” because there are 170 footnotes in Volume I. Some “See note” references may be incorrect.

Reading devices that cannot display some of the characters in this eBook may substitute question marks or other placeholders.

Page 414: “Hippophae” was printed that way, rather than as “HippophÆ”.

Page 423: “Stage VII. Pupation.” was printed in the second column.

Page 436: “Phaeton” was printed that way, rather than as “PhÆton”.

Page 642: “yelk” was printed that way.