  Before 1000 B.C., and in some instances even later, nearly all dates must be regarded as merely approximate. (Specially important dates are in italics) THE ORIENTB.C.3400 Menes, king of Egypt GREECEB.C.1600-1100 The Aegean Age THE ROMAN REPUBLICB.C.753(?) Founding of Rome 753(?)-509(?) Legendary Roman kings 509(?) Establishment of the republic 449 Laws of the Twelve Tables 390(?) Battle of the Allia; capture of Rome by the Gauls 340-338 Latin War; dissolution of the Latin League 327-290 Samnite Wars 281-272 War between Rome and Tarentum; invasion of Pyrrhus 264-241 First Punic War 218-201 Second Punic War 216 Battle of Cannae 202 Battle of Zama 201 Peace between Rome and Carthage 197 Macedonia becomes a dependent ally of Rome 190 Syria becomes a dependent ally of Rome 149-146 Third Punic War 146 Destruction of Carthage and Corinth; Africa and Macedonia become Roman provinces 133 Acquisition of the province of Asia; final subjugation of Spain 133 Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus 123-122 Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus 112-106 Jugurthine War 102-101 Invasion of the Germans 90-88 The Social War 88-84 War with Mithridates 83-82 Civil War between Marius and Sulla 82-79 Dictatorship of Sulla 70 Impeachment of Verres 67 Pompey and the war with the pirates 63 Conspiracy of Catiline 60-53 First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar 58-50 Conquest of Gaul by Caesar 53 Defeat of Crassus by the Parthians at Carrhae 48 Battle of Pharsalus 44 Assassination of Caesar 43 Second Triumvirate: Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian 42 Battles of Philippi 31 Battle of Actium THE ROMAN EMPIRE31 B.C.-68 A.D. The Julian and Claudian Caesars A.D.43-85 Conquest of Britain THE MIDDLE AGES486 Clovis defeats the Romans at Soissons 493-553 Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy 496 Clovis accepts Christianity 527-565 Justinian, Roman emperor in the East 529(?) Rule of St. Benedict 568-774 Lombards in Italy 590-604 Pontificate of Gregory the Great 597 Augustine's mission to the Anglo-Saxons 610-641 Heraclius, Roman emperor in the East 622 The Hegira 632-661 The "Orthodox Caliphs" 661-750 The Ommiad Caliphs 711 Arabs and Berbers invade Spain 716-717 Siege of Constantinople by the Arabs 732 Battle of Tours 750-1058 The Abbassid Caliphs 768-814 Reign of Charlemagne 800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans 829 England united under Egbert 843 Treaty of Verdun 862(?) Northmen under Ruric settle in Russia 870 Treaty of Mersen 871-901(?) Reign of Alfred the Great 911 Northmen settle in northwestern France (Normandy) 962 Otto the Great crowned Holy Roman Emperor 982 Greenland discovered 987-996 Reign of Hugh Capet 988 Christianity introduced into Russia 1000(?) Vinland discovered 1016 England conquered by Canute 1054 Final rupture of Greek and Roman churches 1066 Battle of Hastings; Norman conquest of England 1066-1087 William I, the Conqueror, king of England 1073-1085 Pontificate of Gregory VII 1077 Humiliation of Henry IV at Canossa 1090-1153 St. Bernard 1095-1291 The Crusades 1095 Council of Clermont 1099 Capture of Jerusalem 1147-1149 Second Crusade 1189-1192 Third Crusade 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade; sack of Constantinople 1204-1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople 1291 Fall of Acre; end of the crusades 1122 Concordat of Worms 1152-1190 Reign of Frederick I, Barbarossa 1154-1189 Henry II, king of England 1180-1223 Philip II, Augustus, king of France 1181(?)-1226 St. Francis of Assisi 1198-1216 Pontificate of Innocent III 1206-1227 Mongol conquests under Jenghiz Khan 1215 Magna Carta 1226-1270 Louis IX, the Saint, king of France 1230 Union of LÉon and Castile 1237-1240 Mongol conquest of Russia 1254-1273 The Interregnum 1261 Fall of Latin Empire of Constantinople 1271-1295 Travels of Marco Polo 1272-1307 Edward I, king of England 1273 Rudolf of Hapsburg becomes Holy Roman Emperor 1285-1314 Philip IV, the Fair, king of France 1291 First Swiss Confederation 1295 "Model Parliament" of Edward I 1309-1377 "Babylonian Captivity" of the Papacy 1314 Battle of Bannockburn 1337-1453 Hundred Years' War 1346 Battle of CrÉcy 1356 Battle of Poitiers 1429 Joan of Arc appears 1348-1349 Black Death in Europe 1378-1417 The "Great Schism" 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England 1396 Greek first taught at Florence 1405 Death of Timur the Lame 1415 John Huss burned TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES1453 Constantinople captured by the Ottoman Turks 1455-1485 War of the Roses 1461-1483 Louis XI, king of France 1462-1505 Ivan III, the Great, tsar of Russia 1476 Caxton's printing press set up in England 1479 Castile and Aragon united under Ferdinand and Isabella 1485-1509 Henry VII, king of England 1488 Cape of Good Hope rounded by Diaz 1492 America discovered by Columbus 1497 North America rediscovered by John Cabot 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India 1513 Discovery of the Pacific by Balboa 1517-1555 Reformation in Germany 1517 The Ninety-five Theses 1520 Burning of the papal bull 1521 Edict of Worms 1555 Peace of Augsburg 1519-1521 Mexico conquered by CortÉs 1519-1522 Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe 1519-1556 Reign of Charles V 1531-1537 Peru conquered by Pizarro 1533-1558 Reformation in England 1534 Jesuit order founded by Loyola 1545-1563 Council of Trent 1556-1598 Reign of Philip II 1558-1603 Elizabeth, queen of England 1568-1609 Revolt of the Netherlands 1571 Battle of Lepanto 1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew 1579 Union of Utrecht 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1589-1610 Henry IV, king of France 1598 Edict of Nantes 1600 English East India Company chartered 1603-1625 Reign of James I 1607 Colonization of Virginia; Jamestown founded 1611 Authorized Version of the Bible 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War 1625-1649 Reign of Charles I 1628 The Petition of Right 1630-1640 Puritan exodus to Massachusetts 1640 Meeting of the Long Parliament 1642-1649 The Great Rebellion 1643-1715 Louis XIV, king of France 1648 Peace of Westphalia 1649 Execution of Charles I 1649-1660 The Commonwealth and the Protectorate 1651 First Navigation Act 1660 Restoration of Charles II 1688-1689 The "Glorious Revolution" 1692 Salem witchcraft persecution 1702-1713 War of the Spanish Succession 1713 Peace of Utrecht 1744-1748 "King George's War" 1754-1763 "French and Indian War" 1763 Peace of Paris We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing. 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