BATHS USED TO REDUCE FEVER

1. The Sponge Bath. The child, completely undressed but loosely wrapped in a wool blanket, is placed on a table so that the mother or a nurse may conveniently stand while administering the bath. Close at hand have a number of soft linen towels and a large bowl of tepid water which may or may not contain a small amount of alcohol, witch-hazel, salt, or vinegar, according to the doctor's directions. The upper portion of the body is partially uncovered and the tepid water is applied with the hands to the skin surface of one arm. The hands may be dipped in water from one to four times, thus making repeated applications of the water to the arm. These are followed by careful drying—patting rather than rubbing. The other arm is now taken, then the chest, then the back and last the legs.

2. The Wet-Sheet Pack. Two light-weight wool blankets are folded to fit the child; they should extend eighteen inches below the feet and should be wide enough to lap well in front. A sheet just large enough to envelop the body is then wrung out of cold water and spread out over the woolen blankets. The feverish child is entirely disrobed and is placed on the wet sheet, which is quickly wrapped about the body, over the chest, under the arms, and between the legs—coming in contact with the entire skin surface. The dry blankets are quickly brought around and tucked snugly about the patient. This is a cooling wet-sheet pack and will often so relieve the nervousness and irritability of a feverish child that he will go to sleep in the pack. In the very young child, under two years, it is important to put some accessory warmth to the feet such as a warm-water bottle—not hot. The effect of this pack is very quieting, and is indicated when the temperature of the child reaches 103 F. or more.

3. The Graduated Bath. This is usually administered in a large bathtub and is beneficial in the fevers of the older children. The temperature of the water should be one or two degrees higher than the body temperature, for example—if the child's temperature is 103 F. then the bath starts out with a temperature of 104 or 105 F. The temperature is then gradually lowered, about a degree every two minutes, until it reaches 92 or 90 F. A helper should support the head while the mother or nurse briskly rubs the entire skin surface of the body. This friction greatly facilitates the fever-reducing work of the bath because it brings the blood to the surface where it is more readily cooled by the bath. This bath should last ten or fifteen minutes.

4. The Hot Sponge Bath. Often, in combating the high fever of typhoid, the hot sponge bath is valuable. The hands are dipped in water just as hot as can be borne and are applied to the chilly, mottled skin which is so often seen in high fever. This bath is administered just as is the tepid sponge bath. Evaporation is allowed to take place to some extent by delaying the drying. In this instance the child should be wrapped in a warm wool blanket with only a portion of the body exposed at one time.

5. The Hot-Blanket Pack. The hot-blanket pack is indicated at the onset of many fevers such as in typhoid, grippe, pneumonia, etc. Like the wet-sheet pack, the blankets are spread upon the bed, abundant accessory heat is applied—such as a half-dozen hot-water bottles. In the absence of these, glass jars or hot ears of corn may be utilized. Hot bricks or hot stove lids wrapped in paper are also serviceable. A blanket, in size to suit the individual (an adult would use a full single blanket, a child one-half of a single blanket), is wrung very dry from boiling water. This may be done by the means of a wash wringer, or two persons grasping the blanket by its gathered ends may so twist it that it looks very much like an old-fashioned twisted doughnut. The twist is now lowered into boiling water, and as each pulls the twist wrings itself. This is at once quickly spread out so as to let the child lay on the center, and then the hot sides are brought in contact with the skin, just as in the wet-sheet pack. The dry blankets are now brought quickly and snugly about the child. Just outside the second dry blanket the accessory heat is placed to the sides of the trunk, the sides of the thighs, and one at the feet. A wrapped stove lid or a hot-water bottle is placed over the pelvis and one under the back. Cold cloths are put on the face and around the neck, and these should be changed every three minutes. This pack continues for fifteen or twenty minutes, at the end of which time the accessory heat and the wet blanket are removed and the patient is cooled off by a cold mitten friction, a saline rub, a witch-hazel rub, or an alcohol rub; or the patient may be placed in a tub of water, temperature 98 F., after which he should be carefully dried off.

6. Sweating Baths. Another bath which is effectual at the onset of grippe or pneumonia is the sweating bath. The bowels should have moved some time before the treatment. Have ready a large bowl of ice water, two turkish towels, one sheet, and four wool blankets. The bathtub is now filled with water at the temperature of 100 F.; which is quickly raised up to 103 or 104 F. Ice-water towels are applied to the head, neck and heart. The patient remains in this bath for about ten minutes, after which he steps out and at once gets into the four hot, dry blankets previously spread out on the bed. No time is lost, the patient is quickly wrapped in the hot blankets and sweating continues for twenty minutes. The covering is now loosened and gradual cooling takes place. It is well to go to bed at once.

TONIC BATHS

1. The Cold Mitten Friction. The cold mitten friction is a bath that is applicable to any condition where the child or adult needs "toning up." It should always be preceded by heat to the feet. The following articles are necessary. Four or five turkish towels, a warm wool blanket, a hot-water bottle for the feet, a bowl containing water, a generous piece of ice, and a rough mitten without a thumb. The patient's clothes are removed and he is wrapped in the warm blanket with heat to the feet. One part of the body is taken at a time, first the arm, then the other arm, then the chest, the abdomen, one leg, the second leg, and last the back and the buttocks. A dry turkish towel is placed under the part to be treated, and after the mittened hand is dipped in ice-water, brisk short friction strokes are given to the arm until it is pink. Several dippings of the mitten in ice-water are necessary. One cannot be too active in administering this bath. Slow, Delsarte movements are entirely out of place at this time. Action—and quick action—is a necessity. No part of the child's body is left until it is pink. It is an invigorating tonic bath and is indicated in all conditions of low vitality, functional inactivity, puniness, rickets, etc.

2. The Salt Glow. Fill the bathtub half full of warm water, temperature 100 F. Slightly moisten one quart of coarse salt. Stand the patient in the water, placing one foot on the side of the tub while you rub the entire leg with the salt until it is very pink. The other leg is treated in the same manner, as also are the arms, abdomen, chest, and last, the back. By this time he will be all aglow from head to foot. Rinse off the salt, and give him a cold dash with the hands or a spray.

THE NEUTRAL BATH

Fill the tub with water at just 97 F., and remain in the bath for twenty minutes or more, with the eyes covered, all the while maintaining the temperature at 97 F. Dry gently with a sheet to avoid exertion and exposure. Go at once to bed.

FOMENTATIONS

Hot fomentations often relieve suffering and are indicated in such conditions as menstrual pain, abdominal cramps, colic, backaches, etc. A good substitute for fomentations may be given as follows: Fill a hot bag half-full of boiling water. Over this place a wet flannel and two layers of dry flannel. Apply for fifteen or twenty minutes over the skin area to be treated, finishing up with a cold water or alcohol rub.

A very effectual way of applying moist heat to any portion of the body is by the means of hot fomentations which are given as follows:

One-fourth of a single woolen blanket (part cotton) is folded and grasped at the ends and twisted like an old-fashioned doughnut. The twist is then immersed in boiling water, the hands still grasping the dry ends, and then by simply pulling out the twist (widely separating the hands) the fomentation wrings itself. This is placed steaming hot over the affected area which has been first covered by a dry flannel. It is allowed to remain on for three or four minutes, and then another hot one wrung from the boiling water replaces the cool one. About four or five such applications are made. The skin should be very red at the close of this treatment. It is finished up with a quick, cold application to the reddened skin area.

THE SOAP SHAMPOO

The undressed child is placed upon a low stool in the half-filled bathtub at 100 F. with the feet in the warm water. A good lather is applied all over the body with good friction by the means of a shampoo brush and soap. He is then allowed to sit down in the tub and splash about all he pleases, rinse the soap off and allow him to have a good time generally. At the close of the treatment the water is cooled down and the treatment is finished with a brisk rub with the hands dipped in cold water. The skin of the child should be pink at the close of the treatment.

MOIST ABDOMINAL BANDAGE

The moist abdominal bandage is indicated in such conditions as kidney inflammation which is so often seen in the second week of scarlet fever; or in congestion of any of the internal organs such as the liver, the stomach, intestines, etc., and is applied as follows: Spread out the flannel bandage and over it place the mackintosh. Wring dry the cotton strip from cold water, and spread it over the mackintosh. Wrap all three layers, the wet cloth next the skin, closely about the body, so as to prevent the air from getting under it. Be sure that the feet are warm while adjusting the bandage. In the morning remove the bandage, and rub the skin briskly with a turkish towel dipped in cold water, until the skin is pink and dry. The cotton strip should be boiled every other day to avoid skin eruptions.

HEATING COMPRESS

The heating compress is indicated in the following cases: Sprained ankles, rheumatic joints, arthritis, sore throat, etc. Directions: Wring two thicknesses of cheesecloth from cold water, place over the painful part, and quickly cover with a mackintosh and two thicknesses of woolen blanket bandage. On removing in the morning, sponge with cold water or alcohol.

MUSTARD PASTE

In the bronchitis of small children, particularly babies, mustard pastes are to be preferred to the hot fomentations which are used to such great advantage in children above ten. The mustard paste is administered as follows: One part of mustard and six parts of flour of the same measurements are quickly stirred up with warm water to a paste thin enough to spread well upon a piece of thin muslin, which is large enough to cover twice the part to be treated. One-half of this muslin is thus covered with the mustard and the dry piece of cloth brought over. The edges are then folded in such a way that the mustard will not run out. This is applied to the affected part and allowed to remain for seven minutes on an infant, nine minutes on a child, and ten or twelve minutes on an adult. It is then removed and the moisture which is always seen on the reddened skin surface is not wiped off but talcum powder is sprinkled on thickly to absorb it. If this is done, a mustard paste may be repeated every two hours if necessary and no blistering or other harm will come to the skin.

THE OIL-SILK JACKET

The oil-silk jacket is used in bronchitis of babies and children. It consists of three layers, the innermost layer of cheesecloth, the middle layer of thin sheet wadding, and the outer layer of oil-silk. This jacket should comfortably cover the chest, front, and back; it has no sleeves, and is opened on the shoulder and under the arm. It should always follow the mustard paste in bronchitis. There should always be two such cheesecloth and cotton jackets with the oil-silk covering so they may be changed every twelve hours, thus allowing for airing.

STEAM INHALATIONS

1. Steam inhalations are indicated in hoarseness and bronchitis. They may be given in a number of ways. Perhaps that most convenient for the young infant is the "bronchitis tent." A sheet completely covers the crib, and, with the bed amply protected with rubber sheeting or an extra blanket, steam is allowed to enter under the sheet at the foot of the bed from a funnel put into the nose of the teakettle. The steam should continue for seven or eight minutes.

2. A large, heavy-paper funnel is put in the nose of the teakettle which is boiling on the gas range. The mother holds the child in her arms while she is enveloped with a sheet which also includes the funnel. A helper carefully guards the flame. The mother and baby may thus conveniently get the steam with very little difficulty.

3. For the older child or adult, steam inhalations are to be had from the ordinary croup kettle or from a twelve- or fourteen-inch tin can which is filled two-thirds full of boiling water. Over the top is loosely spread a cheesecloth upon which a few drops of compound tincture of benzoin or eucalyptus are sprinkled. The opened mouth is brought near the top of this can and a towel is thrown over the head, can and all; the patient thus being able satisfactorily to inhale the medicated steam.

LOTIONS FOR SORE MOUTH

Boric-Acid-and-Myrrh Lotion.

Boric acid	20 grains
Tincture of myrrh	½ fluidrachm
Glycerine	1 fluidrachm
Water, enough to make	1 fluid ounce

Apply frequently to the inside of the mouth for inflammation or thrush.

FOR NOSEBLEED

Tannic acid	2 drachms
Glycerine	1 fluidrachm
Water	2 fluid ounces

To be injected or snuffed into the nose in obstinate cases of nosebleed.

THROAT GARGLES

Dobell's solution is an excellent throat gargle. A solution of half alcohol and half water is also a splendid gargle.

MOUTH WASH

Listerine	2 teaspoons
Soda bicarbonate	10 grains
Water	4 ounces

Essence of cinnamon, six drops in one-half glass cold water, may also be used in brushing the teeth and in cleansing the tongue and mouth.

DISINFECTANTS

1. Carbolic Acid.

Carbolic acid (95%)	6 ounces
Glycerine	4 ounces
Water	1 gallon

Clothes should be soaked in this for several hours, then removed in a covered receptacle and boiled thoroughly. Sheets may be wet with this and hung at the doors in case of infectious diseases.

2. Chloride of Lime.

Chloride of Lime	4 ounces
Water (rain)	1 gallon

In typhoid fever, all the movements from the bowels should be thoroughly mixed with this, covered and allowed to stand several hours before pouring down the water closet. All vomited matter should be treated the same way.

POULTICES

There are a number of mush poultices recommended for different conditions—boils, felons, etc., but we find the aseptic heating compress to be as effectual as any of these dirty, mush poultices and we suggest that our readers try the boracic-acid poultice which is put on as follows: Over any infected area or abrasion of the skin a thick padding of cotton moistened by a saturated boracic-acid solution is placed. This is entirely covered with wax paper or oiled-silk, and held in place by a binder. It is sanitary and much to be preferred to any of the mush poultices of bygone days.

COUGH SYRUP

A very useful cough syrup may be made as follows: Two tablespoons of flaxseed are steeped on the stove until clear, the jelly strained and flavored quite sour with lemon juice to which is added rock candy for sweetening. This will often effectively relieve the irritating coughs of childhood.

LOTIONS FOR CHAPPED HANDS

No. 1	Glycerine	3 ounces
	Tr. Benzoin	½ ouncs
	Water	1 ounce

No. 2	Glycerine	2 ounces
	Lemon juice	½ ouncs
	Tr. Myrrh	½ ounce

No. 3	Glycerine	2 ounces
	Rose Water	2 ouncs
	Acetic Acid	2 ounce

ECZEMA

We wish to submit two very useful prescriptions for that troublesome skin disease which is so annoying in childhood as well as in adult life. Prescription No. 1 is a clear fluid, and after the affected area is thoroughly cleansed with resinol soap and rinsed in soft water, the lotion is applied and allowed to dry. No. 2 is then patted on with sterile cotton and often repeated to keep the eczematous skin area moist. This has proved curative in many persistent cases.

Lotion No. 1.

Acid Carbolic	1 drachm
Listerine	1 drachm
Rose Water	3 ounces
Alcohol q. s.	6 ounces

Apply No. 1 and allow to dry of itself.

Lotion No. 2.

Ichthyol	4 drachms
Lime Water	1 ounce
Oil sweet almonds	1 ounce
Glycerine	1½ ounces
Rose Water	1½ ounces

Apply No. 2 and repeat to keep moist.

CONSTIPATION

We submit the following home regime, which has proved successful to many sufferers for the treatment of constipation.

1. On rising in the morning, remove the moist abdominal bandage (mentioned above); drink two-thirds of a glass of cold water; and spend fifteen to twenty minutes in the following exercises, before dressing: Abdominal lifting with deep breathing, auto-massage, leg raising, trunk twisting, trunk bending—forward and to sides; lying down for the trunk raising, and sitting for the trunk circumduction. Immediately following these exercises, go to stool. Have feet raised from the floor eight or ten inches, in order to simulate the squatting position.

2. Breakfast should include bran or bran bread, and two or three of the following foods: Apples with skins, grapefruit, cranberries with skins (but little sugar), and figs. Immediately after breakfast walk fifteen minutes in the open air, practicing deep abdominal breathing. If the results at stool before breakfast were not satisfactory, vaseline rectum and go to stool again.

3. Lunch should consist of fruit only, while dinner should include bran bread and two of the following foods: Spinach, celery, carrots, parsnips, squash, or cabbage.

4. Before retiring, walk in the open air for fifteen minutes; after undressing, exercise same as morning; and on retiring, apply the moist abdominal bandage.

TABLE OF POISONS AND ANTIDOTES

Poison.		Antidotes.
Unknown	{	Emetic, followed by Jeaunel's antidote and soothing drinks.
Acid—acetic, hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric	{	An alkali, such as magnesia, chalk, whiting, soda, soap; followed by soothing drinks or sweet oil.
Acid—carbolic, creosote	{	Epsom salts in abundance; soap; no oil. Dilute alcohol.
Acid—oxalic, including "salts of lemon"	{	Emetic, followed by lime (as chalk, plaster, whiting) or magnesia, but not by potash or soda; then soothing drinks.
Acid—prussic	{	Fresh air; ammonia to nostrils; cold douche; artificial respiration.
Aconite	{	Emetic, followed by digitalis; no pillow under head; free stimulation.
Alcohol (brandy, etc.)	{	Emetic; cold douche on head; warmth and artificial respiration.
Alkalies—ammonia, spirits of hartshorn, lye, caustic potash	{	Vinegar or lemon juice, followed by soothing drinks or sweet oil.
Antimony (tartar emetic).	{	Emetic if vomiting is not already profuse; then tannic acid freely, or strong tea; later, milk or other soothing drinks; finally, castor oil to empty the bowels.
Arsenic (Fowler's solution, Paris green, "Rough on Rats"	{	Emetic, quickly followed by plenty of a fresh mixture of the tincture of chloride of iron with calcined magnesia, washing or baking soda, or water of ammonia, or by Jeaunel's antidote. Then white of egg, soothing drinks, or sweet oil; castor oil to empty bowels.
Atropine (see Belladonna).
Belladonna (atropine)	{	Emetic; tannic acid freely; cold to head; coffee. Stimulants and warmth if needed.
Blue stone; blue vitriol (see Copper).
Chloral	{	Emetic (but often useless); external heat; stimulants; strong coffee; strychnine; atropine; artificial respiration.
Chloroform, inhaled	{	Cold douche; friction of skin; inverting child; artificial respiration.
Copper (blue stone; blue vitriol; verdigris)	{	Emetic, followed by white of egg or milk, yellow prussiate of potash; then soothing drinks.
Corrosive sublimate (bichlorid of mercury)	{	Emetic, followed by white of egg or milk; soothing drinks; tannic acid freely; castor oil to open bowels.
Cyanide of potash (see Acid, prussic).
Fowler's solution (see Arsenic).
Gas (illuminating gas, coal gas)	{	Inhalation of oxygen; artificial respiration; ammonia to nostrils; cold douche.
Iodine	{	Starch or flour mixed with water given freely; emetic; soothing drinks.
Laudanum (see Opium).
Lead (sugar of lead)	{	Emetic, followed by Epsom salts; white of egg or milk; alum.
Matches (see Phosphorus).
Morphine (see Opium).
Nux vomica (see Strychnine).
Opium (including laudanum, morphine, paregoric, soothing syrups, etc.)	{	Emetic (but generally useless); permanganate of potash in doses of 4 or 5 grains if case is seen early; strong coffee; atropine; keep child awake and breathing by cold douche to head and spine, walking, etc., but not to extent of exhaustion; artificial respiration.
Paregoric (see Opium).
Paris green (see Arsenic).
Phosphorus (match-heads, some roach and rat poisons)	{	Emetic; then permanganate of potash in doses of 4 or 5 grains well diluted, and frequently repeated; then Epsom salts or magnesia to open bowels, but no milk or oil of any kind.
Poisonous plants (Jimson weed, poisonous mushrooms, deadly nightshade, tobacco, etc.)	{	Emetic, followed by tannic acid; strong coffee or brandy; ammonia to nostrils; external warmth; artificial respiration.
Prussic acid (see Acid, prussic).
Silver nitrate (lunar caustic)	{	Table-salt, followed by emetic; milk or white of eggs.
Spoiled food	{	Emetic, followed by castor oil as purgative.
Strychnine (nux vomica, some rat poisons)	{	Emetic, followed by tannic acid, bromide of potash freely, or chloral.
Tartar emetic (see Antimony)

TABLE SHOWING THE AVERAGE WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF HEAD AND CHEST OF BOYS^[6]

At birth.

Weight	7½ pounds
Height	20½ inches
Chest	13½ inches
Head	14inches

One year.

Weight	21pounds
Height	29inches
Chest	18inches
Head	18inches

Two years.

Weight	27pounds
Height	32inches
Chest	19inches
Head	19inches

Three years.

Weight	32pounds
Height	35inches
Chest	20inches
Head	19¼ inches

Four years.

Weight	36pounds
Height	38inches
Chest	20¾ inches
Head	19¾ inches

Five years.

Weight	41pounds
Height	41½ inches
Chest	21¾ inches
Head	20¾ inches

Six years.

Weight	45pounds
Height	44inches
Chest	23inches

Seven years.

Weight	49½ pounds
Height	46inches
Chest	23½ inches

Eight years.

Weight	54½ pounds
Height	48inches
Chest	24½ inches

Nine years.

Weight	60pounds
Height	50inches
Chest	25inches

Ten years.

Weight	66½ pounds
Height	52inches
Chest	26inches

⁶ Weights for the first four years are without clothes, after that with ordinary house clothes.
The weight of girls is on the average about one pound less than boys. They are about the same in height.

ICHTHYOL SUPPOSITORIES

Ichthyol5 per cent
Cocoa Butter q. s. ad. to make 24 suppositories.

Sig. Use one suppository in the rectum each evening for hemorrhoids.

OIL ENEMA

The best way to administer an oil enema is by means of a special enema can which holds one pint, to which is attached a rubber tube. It is wise not to use an ordinary fountain syringe as the oil spoils the rubber very quickly. This oil is allowed to flow in slowly, under low pressure, and should be retained over night. Any oil is acceptable, the cheaper sweet oils will serve just as well as olive oil.

TABLE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Diseases.	Incubation lasts—	Date of characteristic symptom from beginning of invasion.	Characteristic symptom.	Other principal symptoms.	Whole duration of disease from onset.	Quarantine lasts from onset.
Typhoid fever.	7 to 10 days.	7th or 8th day.	Rose-red, slightly elevated spots.	Apathy; diarrhoea; nosebleed; headache.	2 to 4 weeks.	While disease lasts.
Scarlet fever.	1 to 7 days.	1st or 2d day.	Intense, bright-red blush over body.	Sore throat; often vomiting with onset.	7 to 9 days or more (not including desquamation).	6 weeks.
Measles.	10 to 11 days.	4th day.	Dusky or purplish-red, slightly elevated spots, scattered and in characteristic groupings.	Cold in head; running eyes; cough; hoarseness.	7 to 8 days.	3 weeks.
German measles.	7 to 21 days.	1st day.	Pale, rose-red spots or uniform blush; no characteristic groupings.	Slight sore throat; sometimes slight running of eyes and nose.	3 to 4 days.	3 weeks.
Chicken-pox.	13 to 17 days.	1st day.	Pea-sized, scattered vesicles.	None; or slight fever.	A week or less.	3 to 4 weeks.
Varioloid (Variola).	7 to 12 days.	3d day (may be 1st or 2d).	Red, elevated papules; then vesicles; then often pustules.	Headache; backache; vomiting.	About 14 days.	4 to 8 weeks.
Varioloid (Variola).	7 to 12 days.	3d day (may be 1st or 2d).	Red, elevated papules; then vesicles; then often pustules.	Headache; backache; vomiting.	About 14 days.	4 to 8 weeks.
Vaccinia (Vaccination).	1 to 3 days.	1st day (3d after vaccination).	A red papule, becoming a vesicle and then a pustule; surrounded by a broad red area.	Often feverishness and malaise.	About 3 weeks.	None.
Erysipelas.	3 to 7 days.	1st or 2d day.	Bright-red blush; puffy skin; often vesicles.	Fever; pain.	4 to 6 days, or several weeks if it spreads.	Averages 2 weeks.
Diphtheria.	2 to 12 days.	1st or 2d day.	White membrane on tonsils and other parts of throat.	Debility; fever.	10 to 14 days.	3 to 4 weeks.
Whooping-cough.	2 to 7 days.	7th to 14th day.	A prolonged paroxysm of coughing followed by a crowing inspiration (whoop).	Vomiting; spitting of blood.	6 to 8 weeks.	6 to 8 weeks (while whoop lasts).
Mumps.	7 to 21 days.	1st day.	Swelling in front, below, and behind the ear and below the jaw.	Pain when chewing.	A week or less.	3 to 4 weeks.
Influenza.	Uncertain. Probably 1 to 7 days.	1st day.	Fever, prostration.	Various respiratory, digestive, or nervous symptoms, commonest being general aching and cough.	3 or 4 days to two weeks or more.	While disease lasts.

HOT COLONIC FLUSHING

The hot colonic flushing is particularly serviceable in combating the sick headaches of migraine. They should be taken at night just before retiring with the temperature of water as hot as can be borne, from 108 to 110 F. Half of the water is allowed to flow into the colon and is retained as long as possible. This brings the heat in close contact with the sympathetic nervous system whose headquarters is in the abdomen.

ENEMAS

Position for an Enema. Lie on left side, knees brought up against abdomen, with the left arm well underneath. This will relax the abdominal muscles and allow the water to pass upward more freely. The water should be allowed to flow until it is felt low on the right side.

The one, two, three enema is an injection that is used for the relief of gas in the bowel. It consists of the following: One part epsom salts, two parts glycerine, and three parts soap suds. It is introduced by the aid of the colon tube and retained as long as is possible.

Glycerine and soapy water, equal parts, may be introduced into the bowel for temporary relief of a persistent constipation.

In instances when feeding by the mouth is impossible, nutrient enemas should be given every three or four hours during the day. The absorption does not take place in the large bowel as readily as in the small intestines, so only a small amount of a more highly concentrated solution is given at one time. A child one year of age will be given one teaspoon, from one to four years of age a teaspoon to a tablespoon is allowed, and up to twelve years from one to eight tablespoons are given in the nutrient enema. Peptonized meat preparations may be employed in greater concentration than directed by the use of the mouth. Peptonized milk containing an egg is often used. The pepsin is added to the mixture only when warm, and is injected at once.

EMETICS

1. A glass of warm water containing as much common table salt as can be dissolved.

2. A teaspoon of mustard in a large glass of warm water.

3. A teaspoon of syrup of ipecac, repeated in fifteen minutes if necessary.

Any one of these emetics is useful in instances where it is desirable to empty the stomach at once.

A CALORIE

A calorie is the heat unit used in the estimation of the fuel value of various foods. For instance, an ordinary slice of homemade bread contains 100 calories. An ordinary fig contains almost 100 calories. A large orange or an apple or a glass of grape juice contains about 100 calories. There are 100 calories in three teaspoons of sugar or honey.

A complete food list with the estimation of calorie value of foods is found in The Science of Living, page 370, while on page 99 of the same book is a very helpful table showing the amounts of various foods required to equal 100 calories. The reader will find this exceedingly practical in estimating food values for the household.

ACIDIFYING AND ALKALINIZING FOODS

Since we find that in all acute diseases the acidity of the urine is greatly increased and in time of health it is less acid, we submit two lists of foods which tend to acidify the urine or to alkalinize the urine.

	FOODS WHICH TEND TO ACIDIFY		FOODS WHICH TEND TO ALKALINIZE.
	1. Animal Foods: All forms of flesh foods, fish, fowl, etc., including all kinds of meat broths, soups, beef tea, bouillon, etc. 2. Eggs. 3. Breadstuffs: All kinds of breads, whether made of wheat, rye or corn, crackers, toasts, griddle cakes, etc. 4. Pastries. All sorts of pies		1. Dairy Products: Milk, ice cream, cottage cheese, cheese, buttermilk, etc. 2. Potatoes and bananas 3. Soups: All forms of vegetable and fruit soups and broths. 4. Fruit Juices: All the fresh fruit juices except plums. 5. Fresh Fruits: All fresh fruits, sweet and sour, except plums and cranberries.
	and cakes—except fruit pies, and other desserts containing milk or sour fruits. 5. Cereals: Rice, oatmeal, and breakfast foods of all kinds, including the flaked and toasted breakfast foods. 6. Peanuts, plums, prunes, and cranberries. Plums and cranberries fall in this column because of their benzoic acid, which the body cannot fully oxidize.		6. Vegetables: All kinds, especially beets, carrots, celery, lettuce, and muskmelon. 7. Dried Fruits: Figs, raisins, dates, currants—all except prunes. 8. The Legumes: Beans, peas, and lentils. 9. The Nuts: All the nuts belong in this column, including almonds and chestnuts.

CEREAL WATERS, ETC.

It is often necessary to give the infant or the young child cereal water to replace food in occasions of summer diarrhoea, etc.

1. Barley Water.
One tablespoon of barley flour in one pint of water. Boil for one-half hour, strain, and add sufficient boiled water to make one pint.

2. Flaxseed Tea.
One tablespoon of flaxseed, one pint of boiling water; let stand and keep warm for one hour; strain. Add juice of lemon.

3. Oatmeal Jelly.
Four tablespoons of oatmeal, one pint of water; boil for three hours in double boiler, adding water from time to time; strain.

4. Toast Water.
One, two, or three slices of bread toasted dark brown, but not burned. Put in one quart of boiling water, cover, and strain when cold.

5. Arrowroot Water.
Wet two teaspoons of arrowroot with a little cold water, and rub until smooth; then stir into one pint of boiling water and boil for five minutes, stirring all the while.

6. Oatmeal Water.
One tablespoon of oatmeal to one pint of boiling water, cover and let simmer for one hour. Add water from time to time as it evaporates; strain.

7. Rice Water.
One tablespoon of (washed) rice to one pint of water. Boil three hours adding water from time to time.

FRUIT JUICES

Fruit juices are exceedingly beneficial all through life; particularly is this true during early childhood when the little ones are so likely to be constipated. Any of the fruit juices are good, particularly the juices from oranges, raisins, prunes, apples, pears, and cranberries. All these juices are better cooked than raw with the exception of orange juice. All children should have some fruit juice every day. For the very young baby the juices are strained through a wire strainer and a clean cheesecloth so as to remove every particle of solid matter, and there should be added an equal amount of cold, boiled water for the infant under ten months.

LEMONADE AND EGGNOGS

Lemonade, along with orangeade, grapefruitade and limeade should be used for children above a year. They should be well diluted and not too sweet.

Eggnogs are splendid for children who need to be helped along with their diet. They may be given at the close of the meal, never between meals—unless so prescribed by a physician. The stomach should have ample time to complete the work of digesting one meal before another partial meal is allowed to enter it. Eggnogs consist of a well-beaten egg into which there is placed a small amount of sugar, flavoring with either nutmeg, vanilla, or cinnamon, and the glass filled up with rich milk.

MILKSHAKE

Milkshake is a delightful drink. The white of an egg with one or two teaspoons of sugar, two tablespoons of chopped ice, flavoring, and one ounce of cream are briskly shaken in a milk-shaker for two minutes. Cold milk is added to fill the glass.

MEAT AND MEAT JUICES

Beef extracts are regarded by the medical profession as purely stimulants. Beef juice is practically without food value. In the preparation of beef juice the extractives and juices leave the fibre. The food is in the fibre of the meat. The extractives are purely of a stimulating order. We do not advocate the giving of beef tea and beef juices to children; as a rule, we think that cereal, gruels, strained soups, and milk are preferable.

The only reason for cooking meats is to destroy the parasites such as tapeworm, trichina, etc., which are so often found in the meat. The cooking of meat decreases its digestibility, as raw meat is more easily digested than cooked meat, but we feel it is necessary to advocate the cooking of meat in order to kill the parasites.

CODDLED EGG

A fresh egg, shell on, is placed in boiling water which is immediately after removed from the fire. The egg then cooks slowly in the water, which gradually cools, for seven or eight minutes, when the white should be about the consistency of jelly. For a delicate digestion the white only should be given, with salt; it can be easily separated from the yolk. The above is the best form of egg for the young child. Later on the eggs may be soft boiled or poached, or even soft scrambled.

SOUPS

Two varieties of soups are given children. In the early months of childhood, from six years to eighteen months, the soups are usually strained, but after eighteen months, soups may be thickened with flour and rich milk making a cream soup of it. Most vegetables make good soups. The pulp from such vegetables as asparagus, carrots, beans, peas, tomatoes, and potatoes are made into cream soups by the addition of a little flour, rich milk, butter, and a dash of salt.

BREADS

New breads should never be given to a child. Only bread twenty-four hours old should ever be given to a child under six years; it should be cut into slices and allowed to dry out; and even then is better if slightly toasted. We publish a recipe for bran bread and bran biscuits which are exceedingly good for children and adults.

Recipe for Bran Bread. Two eggs, beaten separately; three-fourths of a cup of molasses, with one round teaspoon soda; one cup of sour cream; one cup of sultana seedless raisins; one cup of wheat flour, with one heaping teaspoon baking powder; two cups of bran; stir well and bake one hour.

Bran Biscuits. Mix one pint of bran, one-half pint of flour, and one level teaspoon of baking soda. Mix one-half pint of milk and four tablespoons of molasses. Add this to the bran mixture and bake in gem pans.

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