Human Nature in Politics / Third Edition

FOOTNOTES:

Footnote 1: (return)

Political, Economy (in the Encyclopedia Metropolitana), 2nd edition (1850), p. 26.

Footnote 2: (return)

Man versus the State, p. 69. 'The beneficent private war which makes one man strive to climb over the shoulders of another man.'

Footnote 3: (return)

Edinburgh Review, March 1829, p. 185. (The italics are mine.)

Footnote 4: (return)

'Instinct is usually defined as the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends without foresight of the ends and without previous education in the performance.'—W. James, Principles of Psychology, vol. ii. p. 383.

Footnote 5: (return)

Reflections suggested by the New Theory of Matter, 1904, p. 21. 'So far as natural science can tell us, every quality of sense or intellect which does not help us to fight, to eat, and to bring up children, is but a by-product of the qualities which do.'

Footnote 6: (return)

Ethics, Bk. viii. chap. I. φύσειι τ' ἐνυπάρχειν ἔοικε ... οὐ μόνον ἐν ἀνθρώποις ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ὄρνισι καὶ τοι̑ς πλείστοις τω̑ν ζώων, καὶ τοι̑ς ὁμοεθνέσι πρὸς ἄλληλα, καὶ μάλιστα τοι̑ς ἀνθρώποις ... ἔοικε δὲ καὶ τὰς πόλεις συνέχειν ἡ φιλία, καὶ οἱ νομοθέται μα̑λλον περὶ αὐτὴν σπουδάζειν ἢ τὴν δικαιοσύνην.

Footnote 7: (return)

A rather unusually reflective little girl of my acquaintance, felt, one day, while looking at her mother, a strong impulse of affection. She first gave the usual intellectual explanation of her feeling, 'Mummy, I do think you are the most beautiful Mummy in the whole world,' and then, after a moment's thought, corrected herself by saying, 'But there, they do say love is blind.'

Footnote 8: (return)

Diary of Madame D'Arblay, ed. 1905, vol. iv. p. 184, 'If they even attempted force, they had not a doubt but his smallest resistance would call up the whole country to his fancied rescue.'

Footnote 9: (return)

'The moral tragedy of human life comes almost wholly from the fact that the link is ruptured which normally should hold between vision of the truth and action, and that this pungent sense of effective reality will not attach to certain ideas.' W. James, Principles of Psychology, vol. ii. p. 547.

Footnote 10: (return)

Politics, Book II. ch. V.

Footnote 11: (return)

Cf. William James, Principles of Psychology, vol. ii. p. 392:—'The whole story of our dealings with the lower wild animals is the history of our taking advantage of the ways in which they judge of everything by its mere label, as it were, so as to ensnare or kill them.'

Footnote 12: (return)

The Catechism of Positive Religion (Tr. by Congreve), First Part, 'Explanation of the Worship,' e.g. p. 65: 'The Positivist shuts his eyes during his private prayers, the better to see the internal image.'

Footnote 13: (return)

Newman, Apologia (1864), pp. 91, 92.

Footnote 14: (return)

Harnack, Expansion of Christianity (Tr.), vol. ii. p. 11.

Footnote 15: (return)

Amos, ch. v., vv. 21, 23, 24 (R.V.M.).

Footnote 16: (return)

Politics, ch. vii., ὅταν τὸ πλη̑θος πρὸς τὸ κοινὸν πολιτεύη ται συμφέρον.

Footnote 17: (return)

Thoughts on the Present Discontents (Macmillan, 1902), p. 81.

Footnote 18: (return)

Westminster Gazette, June 11, 1898.

Footnote 19: (return)

Gleanings, vol. vii. p. 100, quoted in Morley's Life, vol. i. p. 211.

Footnote 20: (return)

Auld Licht Idylls, p. 220.

Footnote 21: (return)

Three-quarters of the art of the trained salesman depends upon his empirical knowledge of this group of psychological facts. A small girl of my acquaintance, explaining why she had brought back from her first independent shopping expedition a photograph frame which she herself found to be distressing, said: 'The shopman seemed to suppose I had chosen it, and so I paid for it and came away.' But her explanation was the result of memory and reflection. At the moment, in a shadowy way which was sufficient for the shopman, she supposed that she had chosen it.

Footnote 22: (return)

Heretics, p. 122.

Footnote 23: (return)

Life of J.A. Garfield, by R. H. Conwell, p. 328.

Footnote 24: (return)

Morley's Life of Gladstone, vol. i. p. 122.

Footnote 25: (return)

Memoir of T. Brand Hollis, by J. Disney, p. 32.

Footnote 26: (return)

Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690, ed. 1821, p. 191.

Footnote 27: (return)

Escheat vice Taxation, Bentham's Works, vol. ii. p. 598.

Footnote 28: (return)

MS. in University College, London, quoted by HalÉvy, La Jeunesse de Bentham, pp. 289-290.

Footnote 29: (return)

Bentham's Works, vol. i. p. 8, quoted in Lytton's England and the English (1833), p. 469. This passage was written by Mill, cf. preface.

Footnote 30: (return)

In the winter of 1907-8 I happened, on different occasions, to discuss the method of approaching political science with two young Oxford students. In each case I suggested that it would be well to read a little psychology. Each afterwards told me that he had consulted his tutor and had been told that psychology was 'useless' or 'nonsense.' One tutor, a man of real intellectual distinction, was said to have added the curiously scholastic reason that psychology was 'neither science nor philosophy.'

Footnote 31: (return)

Passim, e.g., vol. ii. p. 728.

Footnote 32: (return)

Ibid., p. 649.

Footnote 33: (return)

Ibid., p. 442.

Footnote 34: (return)

Ibid., p. 756.

Footnote 35: (return)

Ostrogorski, vol. i. p. xliv.

Footnote 36: (return)

Herman Merivale, Colonisation, 1861, 2nd edition. The book is a re-issue, largely re-written, of lectures given at Oxford in 1837. The passage quoted forms part of the 1861 additions, p. 675.

Footnote 37: (return)

Loc. cit., p. xliii.

Footnote 38: (return)

A Modern Utopia, p. 381.

Footnote 39: (return)

System of Logic, Book vi. vol. ii. (1875), p. 462.

Footnote 40: (return)

This figure is adapted (by the kind permission of the publishers) from one given in Professor K. Pearson's Chances of Death, vol. i. p. 277. For the relation between such records of actual observation and the curves resulting from mathematical calculation of known causes of variation, see ibid., chap, viii., the paper by the same author on 'Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution,' in vol. 186 (A) of the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions (1896), and the chapters on evolution in his Grammar of Science, 2nd edition.

Footnote 41: (return)

Economic Studies (Longmans, 1895), p. 97.

Footnote 42: (return)

Ibid., p. 98.

Footnote 43: (return)

Journal of Economics, March 1907, pp. 7 and 8. 'What by chemical analogy may be called qualitative analysis has done the greater part of its work.... Much less progress has indeed been made towards the quantitative determination of the relative strength of different economic forces. That higher and more difficult task must wait upon the slow growth of thorough realistic statistics.'

Footnote 44: (return)

Shelley, Poetical Works (H.B. Forman), vol. iv. p. 8.

Footnote 45: (return)

The Prelude, Bk. XIII., ll. 81-84.

Footnote 46: (return)

First Report of the Poor Law Commission, 1834 (reprinted 1894), p. 187.

Footnote 47: (return)

See p. 132.

Footnote 48: (return)

Times, March 27, 1908.

Footnote 49: (return)

Ethics, Bk. I. ch. iii. (6). ἐπειδὴ τὸ τέλοσ [τη̑σ πολιτικη̑σ] ἐστὶν οὐ γνω̑σις ἀλλὰ πρα̑ξις.

Footnote 50: (return)

Plato, Republic, p. 493.

Footnote 51: (return)

Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism, etc. (ed. of 1785), p. 70.

Footnote 52: (return)

Ibid., p. 2.

Footnote 53: (return)

Ibid., p. 165.

Footnote 54: (return)

Coningsby, ch. xiii.

Footnote 55: (return)

Maximes de Guerre et PenseÉs de Napoleon Ier (Chapelot), p. 230.

Footnote 56: (return)

Hansard (Trades Disputes Bill, House of Lords, Dec. 4, 1906), p. 703.

Footnote 57: (return)

Mrs. Pankhurst is reported, in the Observer of July 26, 1908, to have said, 'Whatever the women who were called Suffragists might be, they at least understood how to bring themselves in touch with the public. They had caught the spirit of the age, learnt the art of advertising.'

Footnote 58: (return)

Quoted in Times, June 3, 1907.

Footnote 59: (return)

Heretics, 1905, p. 136.

Footnote 60: (return)

A. T. Hadley in Munsey's Magazine, 1907.

Footnote 61: (return)

Cf. Plato's Republic, Book IV.

Footnote 62: (return)

British Medical Journal, Oct. 8, 1904.

Footnote 63: (return)

The future in America, chapter ix.

Footnote 64: (return)

See Okakura, The Japanese Spirit (1905).

Footnote 65: (return)

δουλεύσαντι τη κτήσει αὐτου̑ (Republic, p. 494).

Footnote 66: (return)

Wells, A Modern Utopia, p. 263. 'I know of no case for the elective Democratic government of modern States that cannot be knocked to pieces in five minutes. It is manifest that upon countless important public issues there is no collective will, and nothing in the mind of the average man except blank indifference; that an electional system simply places power in the hands of the most skilful electioneers....' Wells, Anticipations, p. 147.

Footnote 67: (return)

The Nation, December 21, 1907.

Footnote 68: (return)

Hume's Essays, chap. iv.

γενναι̑όν τι ἒν ψενδομένοθς (Republic, p. 414).

Footnote 70: (return)

Times, January 6, 1908.

Footnote 71: (return)

Mr. Morley in the House of Commons. Hansard, June 6, 1907, p. 885.

Footnote 72: (return)

See, e.g., Stephen, History of the Criminal Law, vol. i. pp. 260-72.

Footnote 73: (return)

On the jury system see Mr. Wells's Mankind in the Making, chapter vii. He suggests the use of juries in many administrative cases where it is desirable that government should be supported by popular consent.

Footnote 74: (return)

Times, June 26, 1907.

Footnote 75: (return)

Letter to the Reader, Ap. 29, 1865, signed J.S.M., quoted as Mill's by Henry Romilly in pamphlet, Public Responsibility and Vote by Ballot, pp. 89, 90.

Footnote 76: (return)

Address delivered by Lord Courtney at the Mechanics' Institute, Stockport, March 22, 1907, p. 6.

Footnote 77: (return)

Proportional Representation Pamphlet, No. 4, p. 6.

Footnote 78: (return)

April 30, 1907.

Footnote 79: (return)

Address at Stockport, p. 11.

Footnote 80: (return)

Times, June 25, 1907.

Footnote 81: (return)

E.g. James Mill, Essay on Government (1825), 'We have seen in what manner it is possible to prevent in the Representatives the rise of an interest different from that of the parties who choose them, namely, by giving them little time not dependent upon the will of those parties' (p. 27).

Footnote 82: (return)

Star, November 28th, 1906.

Footnote 83: (return)

I arrive at this figure by dividing the United Kingdom into single member parliamentary constituencies, averaging 100,000 in population, which gives a House of Commons of 440—a more convenient number than the existing 670. I take the same unit of 100,000 for the average municipal area. Large towns would contain several parliamentary constituencies, and small towns would, as at present, be separate municipal areas, although only part of a parliamentary constituency. I allow one local council of 50 on the average to each municipal area.

Footnote 84: (return)

Bonar's Malthus, chap. vii.

Footnote 85: (return)

Hansard, Feb. 4th, 5th, 6th, 1830.

Footnote 86: (return)

It would be interesting if Lord Morley, now that he has access to the records of the East India House, would tell us the true intellectual history of this far-reaching suggestion. For the facts as now known, cf. A.L. Lowell, Colonial Civil Service, pp. 243-256.

Footnote 87: (return)

Reports and Papers on the Civil Service, 1854-5.

Footnote 88: (return)

Reports and Papers on the Civil Service, pp. 104, 105.

Footnote 89: (return)

Ibid., p. 78

Footnote 90: (return)

Life of Queen Victoria, vol. iii. p. 377 (July 29, 1858).

Footnote 91: (return)

Latter Day Pamphlets, No. I, The Present Time. (Chapman and Hall, 1894, pp. 12 and 14.)

Footnote 92: (return)

Lay Sermont, p. 31, 'A Liberal Education' (1868).

Footnote 93: (return)

The figures in the census of 1901 were—National, 90,000; Local, 71,000. But the local officials since then have, I believe, increased much more rapidly than the national.

Footnote 94: (return)

For a long time the Library of the Board of Trade was kept at the Foreign Office.

Footnote 95: (return)

Ethics, IX., X. 3. οὔτε γὰρ ἐκ δέκα ἀνθρώπων γένοιτ' ἂν πόλις, οὔτ' ἐκ δέκα μυριάδων ἔτι πόλις ἐστίν.

Footnote 96: (return)

Aristotle, Polit., Bk. VII. ch. iv.

Footnote 97: (return)

Mankind in the Making, p. 406.

Footnote 98: (return)

Aristotle, Polit., Bk. VII. ch. iv.

Footnote 99: (return)

Part I. ch. ii. pp. 72, 73, and 77-81.

Footnote 100: (return)

Bismarck (J.W. Headlam), p. 269.

Footnote 101: (return)

Life, and Writings (Smith, Elder, 1891), vol. iv. (written 1858), p. 275.

Footnote 102: (return)

Canning, Life by Stapleton, p. 341 (speech at Liverpool, 1818).

Footnote 103: (return)

Mazzini, Life and Writings (Smith, Elder, 1891), vol. iii. p. 8.

Footnote 104: (return)

Ibid., vol. iv. p. 274.

Footnote 105: (return)

Ibid., vol. iv. p. 276 (written 1858).

Footnote 106: (return)

Ibid., vol. v. p. 273.

Footnote 107: (return)

Mazzini, Life and Writings (Smith, Elder, 1891), vol. v. p. 274 (written 1849).

Footnote 108: (return)

Ibid., vol. iii. p. 15 (written 1836).

Footnote 109: (return)

Ibid., vol. v. p. 275.

Footnote 110: (return)

Life and Writings (Smith, Elder, 1891), vol. vi. p. 258.

Footnote 111: (return)

Speech, 1850, quoted by J.W. Headlam, Bismarck, p. 83.

Footnote 112: (return)

Times, Dec. 19, 1907.

Footnote 113: (return)

Sir Sydney Olivier, e.g. in his courageous and penetrating book White Capital and Coloured Labour considers (in chap. ii.) the racial distinctions between black and white from the point of view of evolution. This consideration brings him at once to 'the infinite, inexhaustible distinctness of personality between individuals, so much a fundamental fact of life that one almost would say that the amalgamating race-characteristics are merely incrustations concealing this sparkling variety' (pp. 12, 13).

Footnote 114: (return)

Times, Jan. 22, 1908.

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