[1] Mr Kohl fixes the date of the "melted lead" day at 1319, forgetting that Margaret, the Semiramis of the North, in whose reign the event occurred, did not reign in Denmark until about 1375. She died in 1412.

[2] In the year 1660, the different estates of Denmark made a voluntary surrender of their rights into the hands of their sovereign, who became by that act absolute: it is a fact unparalleled in the history of any other country. Up to the year 1834, this unlimited power was exercised by the kings, who, it must be said to their honour, never abused it by seeking to oppress or enslave their subjects. In the year 1834, however, Frederic VI., of his own free will and choice, established a representative government. The gift was by no means conferred in consequence of any discontent exhibited under the hitherto restrictive system. The intentions of the monarch were highly praiseworthy; their wisdom is not so clear, as, under the new law, the kingdom is divided into four parts—1. The Islands; 2. Sleswig; 3. Jutland; 4. Holstein; each having its own provincial assembly. The number of representatives for the whole country amounts to 1217. Each representative receives four rix-dollars a-day (a rix-dollar is 2s. 2¹/₂d.) for his services, besides his travelling expenses. The communication between the sovereign and the assembly is through a royal commissioner, who is allowed to vote, but not to speak.—See Wheaton's History of Scandinavia.

[3] Whilst in this neighbourhood, Mr Kohl should have explored the Gunderler Wood, where stone circles and earth mounds are yet carefully preserved, marking the site of one of the principal places of sacrifice in heathen times. At Gysselfelt, a lay nunnery exists, founded as recently as the year 1799.

[4] It was by the Duchess of Newcastle, according to Pepys, that this play was written. In his Diary he says, under date of the 11th April 1667:—"To Whitehall, thinking there to have seen the Duchess of Newcastle coming this night to court to make a visit to the Queen. The whole story of this lady is a romance, and all she does is romantic. Her footmen in velvet coats, and herself in an antique dress, as they say; and was the other day at her own play, The Humorous Lovers, the most ridiculous thing that ever was wrote, but yet she and her lord mightily pleased with it; and she at the end made her respects to the players from her box, and did give them thanks." This was the eccentric dame who kept a maid of honour sitting up all night, to write down any bright idea or happy inspiration by which she might be visited.

[5] "The siege, so far as it depends on me, shall be pushed with all possible vigour, and I do not altogether despair but that, from the success of this campaign, we may hear of some advances made towards that which we so much desire. And I shall esteem it much the happiest part of my life, if I can be instrumental in putting a good end to the war, which grows so burdensome to our country, as well as to our allies."—Marlborough to Lord Oxford, Aug. 20, 1711; Coxe, vi. 92.

[6] Coxe, vi. 93.

[7] "As you have given me encouragement to enter into the strictest confidence with you, I beg your friendly advice in what manner I am to conduct myself. You cannot but imagine it would be a terrible mortification for me to pass by the Hague when our plenipotentiaries are there, and myself a stranger to their transactions; and what hopes can I have of any countenance at home if I am not thought fit to be trusted abroad?"—Marlborough to the Lord Treasurer, 21st Oct. 1711.

[8] I hear, that in his conversation with the Queen, the Duke of Marlborough has spoken against what we are doing; in short, his fate hangs heavy upon him, and he has of late pursued every counsel which was worst for him.—Bolingbroke's Letters, i. 480. Nov. 24, 1711.

[9] Parl. Hist., 10th December 1711.

[10] Swift's Journal to Stella, Dec. 8, 1711.—Swift said to the Lord Treasurer, in his usual ironical style, "If there is no remedy, your lordship will lose your head; but I shall only be hung, and so carry my body entire to the grave."—Coxe, vi. 148, 157.

[11] Cunningham, ii. 367.

[12] Burnet's History of his Own Times, vi. 116.

[13] MÉm. de Torcy, iii. 268, 269.

[14] Swift's Four Last Years of Queen Anne, 59; Continuation of Rapin, xviii. 468. 8vo edit.

[15] "The French will see that there is a possibility of reviving the love of war in our people, by the indignation that has been expressed at the plan given in at Utrecht."—Mr Secretary St John to British Plenipotentiary, Dec. 28, 1711.—Bolingbroke's Correspondence, ii. 93.

[16] Coxe, vi. 189, 184.

[17] MÉm. de Villars, ii. 197.

[18] "Her Majesty, my lord, has reason to believe that we shall come to an agreement upon the great article of the union of the monarchies, as soon as a courier sent from Versailles to Madrid can return. It is, therefore, the Queen's positive command to your Grace that you avoid engaging in any siege, or hazarding a battle, till you have further orders from her Majesty. I am, at the same time, directed to let your Grace know, that you are to disguise the receipt of this order; and her Majesty thinks you cannot want pretences for conducting yourself, without owning that which might at present have an ill effect if it was publicly known. P.S. I had almost forgot to tell your Grace that communication is made of this order to the Court of France, so that if the Marshal de Villars takes, in any private way, notice of it to you, your Grace will answer it accordingly."—Mr Secretary St John to the Duke of Ormond, May 10, 1712. Bolingbroke's Correspondence, ii. 320.

[19] Eugene to Marlborough, June 9, 1712.—Coxe vi. 199.

[20] Parl. Hist., May 28, 1712. Lockhart Papers, i, 392

[21] Coxe, vi. 192, 193.

[22] "No one can doubt the Duke of Ormond's bravery; but he is not like a certain general who led troops to the slaughter, to cause a great number of officers to be knocked on the head in a battle, or against stone walls, in order to fill his pockets by the sale of their commissions."—Coxe, vi. 196.

[23] Lockhart Papers, i. 392; Coxe, vi. 196, 199.

[24] The words of the treaty, which subsequent events have rendered of importance, on this point, were these:—Philippe V. King of Spain renounced "À toutes pretentions, droits, et tÎtres que lui et sa postÉritÉ avaient ou pourraient avoir À l'avenir À la couronne de France. Il consentit pour lui et sa postÉritÉ que ce droit fÛt tenu et considÉrÉ comme passÉ au Duc de Berry son frÈre et À ses descendans et postÉritÉ male; et en defaut de ce prince, et de sa postÉritÉ male, au Duc de Bourbon son cousin et À ses hÉritiers, et aussi successivement À tous les princes du sang de France." The Duke of Saxony and his male heirs were called to the succession, failing Philippe V. and his male heirs. This act of renunciation and entail of the crown of Spain on male heirs, was ratified by the Cortes of Castile and Arragon; by the parliament of Paris, by Great Britain and France in the sixth article of the Treaty of Utrecht.—Vide Schoell, Hist. de Trait., ii. 99, 105, and Dumont, Corp. Dipl., tom. viii. p. 1. p. 339.

[25] Coxe, vi. 205.

[26] Cunningham, ii. 432; Milner, 356.

[27] MÉm. de Villars, ii. 396, 421.

[28] Mr Pitt to Sir Benjamin Keene.—Memoirs of the Spanish Kings, c. 57.

[29] Life of Marlborough, 175.

[30] "At the future congress, his Imperial Majesty will do all that is possible to sustain my Lord Duke in the principality of Mendleheim, but if it should so happen that any invincible difficulty should occur in that affair, his Imperial Highness will give his Highness an equivalent out of his own hereditary dominions."—Emperor Charles VI. to Duchess of Marlborough, August 8, 1712.—Coxe, vi. 248.

[31] Coxe, vi. 249, 251.

[32] Duke of Marlborough's Answer, June 2, 1713.

[33] Coxe, vi. 369, 373.

[34] Coxe, vi. 263.

[35] Lediard, 496. Coxe, vi. 384, 385.

[36] Coxe, vi. 384-387.

[37] Marlborough's Dispatches. Blackwood's Magazine, Nov. 1846, p.

[38] Marlborough House in London cost about L.100,000.—Coxe, vi. 399.

[39] Smith's Moral Sentiments, ii. 158.

[40] Bolingbroke's Letters on the Study of History, ii. 172.

[41] "Il existe des malades dont les clous jai'lissent des chaussures quand ils sont Étendus dans la direction du nord."