CHAPTER VIII.

Previous

Conclusion.

In our rapid review of the various uses to which the sacred figure of the cross has been put, we have been considering the most widely-spread illustration of a tendency of the human mind, namely, the universal love of emblems. This trait in man’s character, a strange one, perhaps, but a very powerful one, has been forgotten or ignored by the iconoclast and the Puritan, and it is owing to this characteristic that they have never been able to obtain more than a transient victory.

Scarce anything which moves the heart of man, rouses his enthusiasm, or binds him more closely to his fellows, but he has commonly represented it by a symbol.

Amongst the earliest of such influences was the family or tribal bond carrying us back to days of patriarchal simplicity. In the last blessing bestowed by Jacob upon his sons, we find the earliest allusion to the family emblem, in the lion of Judah, the serpent of Dan, the hind of Naphtali, Joseph’s “fruitful bough,” and the other symbols of the twelve ancestors of the chosen race. A striking parallel to this catalogue, in the totems of the North American Indians, will occur to almost everyone. But, indeed, the custom of selecting some natural object to denote the idea of the family was well-nigh universal. The inhabitants of the East Indies are as familiar with the spirit of totemism as their brethren of the west. In Africa, the Hottentot, the Bechuana, and others distinguish their tribes by the figure of some animal; in far off China the flowers serve the same purpose, and in Australia the same practice obtains under the name of Kobong. Not to multiply examples, we may refer only to the ancient Greek tribes as affording another instance, and suggest the parallel supplied by the crests used in mediÆval and modern heraldry.

The adoption of national symbols was but the inevitable extension of these practices, consequent on the nation, and not the tribe, coming to be recognized as the political unit; and thus we get the Roman Eagle, the White Horse of the Saxons, the Black Raven of the Danes, and the countless national emblems of more modern times.

A closer analogy to the use of the cross meets us when we recall how, in all ages, the gods have been suggested to their worshippers by signs and symbols. The thunderbolts of Jove, the lyre of Apollo, the caduceus of Mercury, the hammer of Thor, are all obvious examples.

It may be true that many of these took their rise at a time when letters were almost unknown save to the learned few, and thus the emblem appealed to those to whom written words were meaningless. Yet as learning spreads to the masses of the people, the popularity of significant tokens does not decrease, but man gives a natural welcome to that which, by a few strokes or a simple outline, sums up for him the expression of a great truth.

And what figure is so expressive of the Christian faith as the hallowed symbol of the Cross? To the ignorant as clearly as the learned it tells of the sufferings which purchased our redemption, of the life of sorrow and death of agony voluntarily undergone by the God-Man. In the light of that Redeemer’s own teaching, it speaks of the life of self-abnegation, the daily cross-bearing, to which His followers are pledged; and to the faithful it foretells also that flashing of the “Sign of the Son of Man” across the heavens which shall announce the end of earthly time. The Christians’ faith, the Christians’ life, the Christians’ hope, all are summed up and symbolized in that one most sacred sign—the Holy Cross.


Index.

Abbot’s Way, Dartmoor, 107
Abingdon, 72
Absolution, Cross of, 40
Aix-la-Chapelle, Cross at, 23
Alpine Crosses, 88
Altar Cross, 45;
Genevan opposition to, 46
Ampney Crucis, 57
Angelico, Fra, 26
Archbishop’s Cross, 36
Argyle, Duke of, Executed, 70
Arms of Commonwealth, 13
Arms of Modern States, with Cross, 12
Aston Rogers, 115
Athanasius, S., quoted, 30
Augustine, S., quoted, 32
Aylburton Cross, 110
Badges, Cruciform, of Orders of Merit, 12
Baptismal Cross, 33
Benedict Biscop, S., 20
Bennet’s Cross, Dartmoor, 107
Bisley, 114
Bitterley Cross, 57
Books, burning of, 82
Boundary Crosses, 107
Boxley, Rood of Grace at, 50
Bristol Cross, 70
Broadwood Widger, 62
Bromboro, 110
Buckland Abbey, 107
Burythorpe, 110
Catacombs, Cross in, 4;
Crucifix in, 20
Catechumens signed, 32
Charing Cross, 92
Chasubles, marked with Cross, 55
Cheapside Cross, 92
Chester, High Cross, 72;
Roodee, 51
Chichester, 75
Childe’s Tomb, 104
Chipping Campden, 76
Chosroes captures True Cross, 8
Chrysostom, S., quoted, 29
Churches surmounted with crosses, 6
Churchyard Crosses, 56;
Restoration of, 61
Cicero on Crucifixion, 3
Clearwell Cross, 111
Clement of Alexandria on Symbols of Christ, 15
Coins stamped with Cross, 6, 13
Commonwealth, Arms of, 13
Confirmation Cross, 33
Consecration Crosses, 40
Constantine, Conversion of, 5;
Use of Cross by, 6
Constantinople, Council of, 21
Costock, Cross at, 40
Cornish Crosses, 57, 105, 107, 109, 114
Council in Trullo, 20;
of Constantinople, 21
Coventry, 72, 75
Cricklade Crosses, 57
Creeping to the Cross, 41;
at Dunbar, 42
Crosses in Catacombs, 4
Cross-form universal, 2
Crowle Stone, 103;
Churchyard Cross at, 61
Crucifixes, Early examples of, 22
Cruciform Churches, 44
Crusades, 8
Cuthbert’s, S., Cross, 39
Cyril, S., of Jerusalem, quoted, 29
Dagmar, Queen of Denmark, 24

Dartmoor Crosses, 104, 107
Dedications to S. Cross, 43
Destruction of Roods, 51
Development of Crucifix, 14
Dindar Cross, 61
Disley, 85
Doncaster Crosses, 75;
Hall Cross, 103
Drumcliff, 103
Early Crosses, 3, 4;
Crucifixes, 22;
Symbols of Christ, 15
East Brent, 61
East Riding Crosses, 110
Edinburgh Market Cross, 65
Eleanor Crosses, 88
Emblems, Popular use of, 120
Ensigns charged with Cross, 12
Ephrem, S., quoted, 29, 30
Eucharist, Cross in, 31
Exaltation of Cross, 43
Eyam Cross, 58
Fathers, The, on Sign of Cross, 5
Feast of Exaltation of Cross, 43;
of Invention of Cross, 42
Folkestone, 115
Font at Ilam, 23;
at Tissington, 23
Funerals, Cross used at, 41
Fylfot, 16;
on bells, 56
Geddington Cross, 92
Gladstone, W. E., restores Edinburgh Cross, 69
Glastonbury Cross, 71
Gloucester, 71
Graffito Blasfemo, 4
Harburton, 61
Headington, 112
Heathen deities symbolized by Cross, 1, 2
Helena, S.—see True Cross.
Hempsted, 111, 114
Henley, 114
Heraclius restores True Cross, 8
Heraldic Crosses, 11
Hereford, preaching Cross, 86;
White Friars’ Cross, 112
Hickleton, 62
Howard, John, at Eyam, 58
Holy Cross Day, 43
Holy Face of Lucca, 22
Holy Rood as Dedication, 43
Holy Wells, 112
Hospitallers, Knights, 12
Ilam, Font at, 23
Imitatio Christi, Authorship of, 55
Iron Acton, 85
Iron Crown of Lombardy, 11
Iona, 100
Italian Art, 25
Jeffreys, Judge, 96
Jerome, S., quoted, 29
John, S., Knights of, 12
Justin Martyr, S., quoted, 2
Justinian places Crosses on Churches, 6
King’s Weston, 115
Knights, of S. John, of Malta, Teutonic, 12
Knox, John, burnt in effigy, 70
Labarum, The, 5
Lamb with Cross, 16
Lanteglos, 57
Leeds Parish Church, Cross in, 88
Legends of the Cross, 116
Leighton Buzzard, 76
Leo the Isaurian, 21
Lincoln Crosses, 75;
Well-Cross, 113
London Well-Crosses, 114
Lothario, Cross of, 23
Lucca, Holy Face of, 22
Mackinnon’s Cross, Abbot, 100
Malmesbury, 76
Malta, Knights of, 12
Martin’s Cross, S., Iona, 100
Marriages at a Public Cross, 75

Market Crosses, 65
Mayence Cross, 34
Meaning of Signing with Cross, 30
Mercat Croce, Edinburgh, 65
Merchant’s Cross, Dartmoor, 108
Mode of Signing with Cross, 30
Mohammedan Rule in Jerusalem, 9
Monasterboice, 100
Monmouth’s Rebellion, 96
Montgomery, Jas., 96
Myrroure of our Lady, 30
Nails of the True Cross, 10
Nevern Cross, 58
Neville’s Cross, 88
Newark, 96
Northampton, 91
North Petherton, 61
Norwich, 85
Nun’s Cross, Dartmoor, 107
Ordination, Cross in, 32
Oswald’s Cross, S., 87
Palm Cross, 62
Papal Cross, 39
Patriarchal Cross, 38
Paul’s Cross, S., 76;
famous sermons at, 80;
Jane Shore at, 81
Pawnbroking by a bishop, 85
Pectoral Cross, 39
Penzance, 105
Plymouth, 96
Preaching Crosses, 76
Pre-Christian Cross, 1
Processional Cross, 16, 34
Ravenna, Tomb at, 20
Restoration of Roods, 54;
of Churchyard Crosses, 61;
of Archbishop’s Cross, 38
Right of Sanctuary, 115
Rivalry of Canterbury and York, 36
Romsey Abbey, 61
Roods, 47;
famous examples, 50;
Destruction of, 51;
Rood of Grace, Boxley, 50
Rood-lofts, 48;
use of, 49;
destroyed, 53;
restored, 54
Roodee, Chester, 51
Rouen, screen at, 54
Ruskin, quoted, 119


S. Ives, Cornwall, 57
Salisbury, 76
Sanctuary, Right of, 115
Sandbach, 96
Santa Croce, Rome, 11
Scott, Sir W. and Edinburgh Cross, 68, 69;
quoted, 113
Sermons, famous, at S. Paul’s Cross, 80
Shepton Mallet, 76
Shore, Jane, at S. Paul’s Cross, 81
Sign of Cross, 4, 28;
How made, 30;
Meaning of, 30
Silvestro, S., at Rome, 25
Siward’s Cross, Dartmoor, 107
Somersby Cross, 57
Spanish Crosses, 88
Spire Crosses, 56
Stallbridge, 112
Station Cross at Mayence, 34
Symbolism, 120
Tatterstall, screen at, 49
Tau Cross, 1, 28
Templars, Knights, 12
Tertullian, quoted, 5, 30
Teutonic Knights, 12
Tissington, font at, 23
Title of Cross at Santa Croce, 11
Tomb at Wirksworth, 19;
at Ravenna, 20
Totems, 120
Tottenham Cross, 114
Towton, Battle of, 96
Triple Cross, 39
True Cross, discovery of by S. Helena, 6;
captured by Chosroes, 8;
fragments of, 10;
restored by Heraclius, 8;
Nails, 10;
finally lost, 10

Trullo, Council in, 20
Types of Cross, 28
Universality of Cross-form, 2
Vatican Cross, 19
Veneration of Wells, 112
Waltham Cross, 95
Wedmore, 96
Weeping Cross, 62
Well-crosses, 112
West Kirby, 110
Wheatly on Sign of Cross, 33
Whiteleaf Cross, 106
Winchester, 76
Wirksworth, Tomb at, 19
Xeropotami, Crucifix at, 21
Y Cross, 25

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CONTENTS.

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PRESS OPINIONS.

“Mr. Herbert Lloyd gives us a succession of stories which may reasonably be taken to have their origin in the experience of a lawyer practising at large in the criminal courts. It is natural that they should be of a romantic nature; but romance is not foreign to a lawyer’s consulting room, so that this fact need not be charged against this lawyer’s veracity.... The stories, seven in all, cover the ground of fraud and murder, inspired by the prevailing causes of crime—greed and jealousy. Our lawyer is happy in having the majority of his clients the innocent victims of false charges inspired and fostered in a great measure by their own folly; but this is a natural phase of professional experience, and we are only concerned with the fact that he generally manages it as effectively in the interests of his clients as his editor does in presenting them to his audience.”—Literary World.

“A volume of entertaining stories.... The book has much the same interest as a volume of detective stories, except that putting the cases in a lawyer’s mouth gives them a certain freshness. It is well written, and makes a capital volume for a railway journey.”—The Scotsman.

“Mr. Herbert Lloyd has added a very entertaining volume to the lighter literature of the day. ‘A Lawyer’s Secrets’ are a charmingly-told series of short stories, full of life and incident, without suggesting the impossible. The professional career of the lawyer abounds in interesting confidences, explaining many of the apparent mysteries which so frequently crop up. Mr. Lloyd ingeniously lets his readers—and they no doubt will be numerous—into the secrets of a highly-respected firm of solicitors, whose clients furnish the remarkable cases contained in the volume. Care has been taken not to weary the reader, who is afforded a very extensive range of sensations in crime to peruse. After ‘A Double Consultation’ comes ‘Charged with Theft,’ followed by ‘A Tragic Bankruptcy.’ Then ‘A Curious Love Story’ is narrated, and the mystery associated with a ‘Wilful Murder’ is solved by ‘The Missing Clue.’ The series is pleasantly concluded by an adventure of ‘An Australian Heiress,’ and if Mr. Lloyd is good enough at a subsequent period to divulge further secrets, we are sure they will be heartily welcomed by a wide circle of friends.”—Birmingham Daily Gazette.

“May be recommended for shortening a railway journey or a similar purpose.”—Aberdeen Free Press.

A Second and Cheap Edition. PRICE, 1/-

Children of Chance,

By HERBERT LLOYD.

Extracts from Press Opinions.

“In short we have little but praise for this book.... The reader’s interest is aroused from the first, and is sustained to the end. There is pathos in the story, and there is humour, and Mr. Lloyd writes very gracefully and tenderly where grace and tenderness are needed.”—Birmingham Daily Gazette.

“The story ... is full of action and movement, and is never dull.”—The Scotsman.

Fcap 4to. Bevelled boards, gilt tops. Price 4s.

Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain.

Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time.

By WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.

Only 400 copies printed, each copy numbered, and only 20 remain on sale. Three curious full-page illustrations.

This work furnishes a carefully prepared account of all the great Frosts occurring in this country from A.D. 134 to 1887. The numerous Frost Fairs on the Thames are fully described, and illustrated with quaint woodcuts, and several old ballads relating to the subject are reproduced. It is tastefully printed and elegantly bound.

PRESS OPINIONS.

“A very interesting volume.”—Northern Daily Telegraph.

“A great deal of curious and valuable information is contained in these pages.... A comely volume.”—Literary World.

“The work from first to last is a most attractive one, and the arts alike of printer and binder have been brought into one to give it a pleasing form.”—Wakefield Free Press.

“An interesting and valuable work.”—West Middlesex Times.

“The book is beautifully got up.”—Barnsley Independent.

“This chronology has been a task demanding extensive research and considerable labour and patience, and Mr. Andrews is to be heartily congratulated on the result.”—Derby Daily Gazette.

“A volume of much interest and great importance.”—Rotherham Advertiser.

“Quite up to date.”—Hull Daily Mail.

Crown 8vo., 140 pp.; fancy cover, 1s.; cloth bound, 2s.

STEPPING STONES TO SOCIALISM.

By DAVID MAXWELL, c.e.

Contents:—In a reasonable and able manner Mr. Maxwell deals with the following topics:—The Popular meaning of the Word Socialism—Lord Salisbury on Socialism—Why There is in Many Minds an Antipathy to Socialism—On Some Socialistic Views of Marriage—The Question of Private Property—The Old Political Economy is not the Way of Salvation—Who is My Neighbour?—Progress, and the Condition of the Labourer—Good and Bad Trade: Precarious Employment—All Popular Movements are Helping on Socialism—Modern Literature in Relation to Social Progress—Pruning the Old Theological Tree—The Churches: Their Socialistic Tendencies—The Future of the Earth in Relation to Human Life—Socialism is Based on Natural Laws of Life—Humanity in the Future—Preludes to Socialism—Forecasts of the Ultimate Form of Society—A Pisgah-top View of the Promised Land.

PRESS OPINIONS.

“The author has evidently reflected deeply on the subject of Socialism, and his views are broad, equitable, and quite up to date. In a score or so of chapters he discusses Socialism from manifold points of view, and in its manifold aspects. Mr. Maxwell is not a fanatic; his book is not dull, and his style is not amateurish.”—Hull Daily Mail.

“There is a good deal of charm about Mr. Maxwell’s style.”—Northern Daily News.

“The book is well worthy of perusal.”—Hull News.

“The reader who requires more intimate acquaintance with a subject that is often under discussion at the present day, will derive much interest from a perusal of this little work. Whether it exactly expresses the views of the various socialists themselves is another matter, but inasmuch as these can seldom agree even among themselves, the objection is scarcely so serious as might otherwise be thought.”—Publishers’ Circular.

“A temperate and reverent study of a great question.”—London Quarterly Review.

“Mr. David Maxwell’s book is the timely expression of a richly-furnished mind on the current problems of home politics and social ethics.”—Eastern Morning News.

Price, One Shilling.

The Studies of a Socialist Parson.

By the Rev. W. H. ABRAHAM, M.A. (London).

The volume consists of sermons and addresses, given mostly at the St. Augustine’s Church, Hull. The author in his preface says, “It is the duty of the clergyman to try and understand what Socialism is, and to lead men from the false Socialism to the true.”

Contents:—The Working-man, Past and Present: A Historical Review—Whither are we going?—National Righteousness—The True Value of Life—Christian Socialism—Jesus Christ, the True Socialist—Socialism, through Christ or without Him?—The Great Bread Puzzle—Labour Day, May 1, 1892—The People, the Rulers, and the Priests—Friendly Societies—Trades’ Unions—The People’s Church—On some Social Questions—The Greatest Help to the true Social Life—The Great I Am—God as a present force—Signs of the Times.

The following are selected from a large number of favourable notices:—

“The volume is deserving of all praise.”—Glasgow Herald.

“An admirable contribution to the solution of difficult problems. Mr. Abraham has much that is valuable to say, and says it well.”—Spectator.

“Eminently readable.”—Northern Daily News.

“The book is nicely printed and got up.”—Eastern Morning News.

“The book is as a whole sensitive and suggestive. The timely words on ‘Decency in Journalism and Conversation’ deserve to be widely read.”—London Quarterly Review.

Elegantly Bound, Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Biblical and Shakespearian Characters Compared.

Studies of Life and Literature.

By the Rev. JAMES BELL.

Between the Hebrew Bible and Shakespeare there exists some interesting and instructive points of resemblance, especially in respect of their ways of life and character. No doubt certain inevitable differences also exist between them, but these do not hide the resemblance; rather they serve to set it, so to speak, in bolder relief.

The author in this volume treats of this striking resemblance, under certain phases, between Hebrew Prophecy and Shakespearian Drama.

The following are the chief “Studies” which find a place in the work:—Hebrew Prophecy and Shakespeare: a Comparison—Eli and Hamlet—Saul and Macbeth—Jonathan and Horatio—David and Henry V.—Epilogue.

The following short extracts are selected from a large number of reviews of Mr. Bell’s book:—

“One of the most suggestive volumes we have met with for a long time.”—Birmingham Daily Gazette.

“An interesting book.”—North British Daily Mail.

“A deeply interesting book.”—The Methodist Times.

“A highly interesting and ingenious work.”—British Weekly.

Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, demy 8vo., 6s.

YORKSHIRE FAMILY ROMANCE.

By FREDERICK ROSS, f.r.h.s.

Contents:—The Synod of Streoneshalh—The Doomed Heir of Osmotherley—St. Eadwine, the Royal Martyr—The Viceroy Siward—Phases in the Life of a Political Martyr—The Murderer’s Bride—The Earldom of Wiltes—Blackfaced Clifford—The Shepherd Lord—The Felons of Ilkley—The Ingilby Boar’s Head—The Eland Tragedy—The Plumpton Marriage—The Topcliffe Insurrection—Burning of Cottingham Castle—The Alum Workers—The Maiden of Marblehead—Rise of the House of Phipps—The Traitor Governor of Hull.

PRESS OPINIONS.

“The grasp and thoroughness of the writer is evident in every page, and the book forms a valuable addition to the literature of the North Country.”—Gentlewoman.

“Many will welcome this work.”—Yorkshire Post.

Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, demy 8vo., 6s.

LEGENDARY YORKSHIRE.

By FREDERICK ROSS, f.r.h.s.

Contents:—The Enchanted Cave—The Doomed City—The Worm of Nunnington—The Devil’s Arrows—The Giant Road Maker of Mulgrave—The Virgin’s Head of Halifax—The Dead Arm of St. Oswald the King—The Translation of St. Hilda—A Miracle of St. John—The Beatified Sisters—The Dragon of Wantley—The Miracles and Ghost of Watton—The Murdered Hermit of Eskdale—The Calverley Ghost—The Bewitched House of Wakefield.

PRESS OPINIONS.

“It is a work of lasting interest, and cannot fail to delight the reader.”—Beverley Recorder.

“The history and the literature of our county are now receiving marked attention, and Mr. Andrews merits the support of the public for the production of this and other interesting volumes he has issued. We cannot speak too highly of this volume, the printing, the paper, and the binding being faultless.”—Driffield Observer.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING.

If anyone wishes to become a Barrister, he should read—to use the words of the London Globe—“a pleasant little volume,” entitled

IN THE TEMPLE.

BY A BARRISTER-AT-LAW.

This book opens with a chapter on the history of the Temple. Next follows an account of the Knight Templars. The story of the Devil’s Own is given in a graphic manner. A Sketch of Christmas in the Temple is included. In an entertaining manner the reader is informed how to become a Templar, the manner of keeping terms is described, and lastly, the work concludes with a chapter on call parties.

THE PRESS.

This book was well received by the critical press. It was described in the Manchester Examiner, as “An entertaining little book.” In the Law Times the contents are said to be “amusing and interesting sketches.” Said the Gentlewoman it consists of “Pleasant gossip about the barristers’ quarter.”

William Andrews & Co., Publishers,
5, Farringdon Avenue, London, E.C.

The Press on Messrs. William Andrews & Co.’s Printing and Binding.

“The book is very handsomely got up.”—Dundee Advertiser.

“A remarkably handsome volume, typographically equal to the best production of any European capital.”—North British Daily Mail.

“The book is entitled to unstinted praise on the ground of admirable printing and binding.”—Shields Daily Gazette.

“Will bear comparison with the best work of the first publishing firms in London or Edinburgh, the printing and paper being everything the most fastidious could desire.”—Boston Independent.

“The book is handsomely brought out.”—Scotsman.

“Beautiful work in typography and binding.”—Yorkshire Post.

“Very pretty binding.”—Publishers’ Circular.

“Most elegantly bound and tastefully printed.”—Hull Daily Mail.

“Beautifully bound and printed.”—Daily Chronicle.

“The letterpress is beautifully clear.”—Birmingham Daily Gazette.

“The printer’s part is perfectly done.”—India.

“The book is handsomely got up.”—Manchester Guardian.

“The book is excellently printed and bound.”—Library Review.

“Handsomely printed.”—Newcastle Chronicle.

A notice of “Bygone Scotland” concludes as follows:—“The book forms a splendid addition to the works of the same series all printed at the ‘Hull Press,’ and, like all its predecessors, is printed in the exceptionally beautiful style which marks the productions of Mr. Andrews’ establishment. Mr. Andrews is a bookmaker par excellence.”—Printing World.

The Hull Press,
1, Dock Street, Hull.


Footnotes:

[1] See “Bygone Derbyshire,” edited by William Andrews, F.R.H.S., Hull, 1892.

[2] Engraved, as are several other examples referred to, in Mrs. Jameson’s “History of our Lord, as exemplified in works of Art,” vol. 2.

[3] See “Bygone Lincolnshire,” edited by William Andrews, F.R.H.S., Hull, 1891.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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