A full bibliography of the subject of Heresy and its Repression in the Middle Ages would be exceedingly lengthy. All that is attempted here is to give a select list of a few of the most useful, important and most easily accessible works. The most thorough bibliography for the subject available is that in T. de Cauzons, Histoire de l’Inquisition en France (q.v.), the list of books covering forty pages and including 850 works. This is for the history of the tribunal in France alone. It has to be borne in mind that by far the greater part of our contemporary evidence for the history of mediÆval heresies is hostile evidence, consisting of denunciations of them by orthodox theologians, the treatises of inquisitors who condemned their adherents, notes made of evidence given by defendants. Only those heretics who were themselves philosophers or theologians—and these, such as Siger of Brabant, Wycliffe and Hus, are relatively very few—have left their own records behind them. Due allowance, therefore, has to be made in using most contemporary authorities for considerable bias. I Inquisitorial Treatises These are, on the whole, the most generally valuable of contemporary sources. The two most important for the period dealt with in this book are: Nicholas Eymeric, Directorium Inquisitorum cum commentariis F. Pegnae (Rome, 1585; also Venice, 1607). Bernard Gui, Practica Inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis (ed. C. Douais, Paris, 1886).
Eymeric was inquisitor in Aragon in the latter half of the fourteenth century. His compendious work is probably the most authoritative of all inquisitorial treatises, being a complete exposition of the principles of the tribunal and the doctrines of the different sects with which it had to deal, and giving the minutest details of its procedure. Bernard Gui, appointed inquisitor at Toulouse in 1306, was the most vigorous and remarkable of those who helped to stamp out Catharism in Languedoc after the Albigensian crusades. The following treatises are not contemporary, but they are valuable as expositions of the permanent principles and methods of the tribunal. They are also useful for the occasional comments made by these later experts on the work of their predecessors: J. Simancas, De Catholicis Institutionibus. A. Bzovius, Historiae Ecclesiasticae. J. À Royas, De Haereticis. Bernard of Como, Lucerna Inquisitorum haereticae pravitatis. Arnaldo Albertini, Tractatus de agnoscendis assertionibus Catholicis et haereticis. Zanchino Ugolini, De Haereticis.
All these, among other similar tracts, are included in Zilettus, Tractatus Universi Juris (Venice, 1633), vol. xi, pt. ii. See also Ludovico À Paramo, De origine et progressu officii Sanctae Inquisitionis (Madrid, 1598). Umberto Locati, Opus judiciale inquisitorum (Rome, 1572). F. PeÑa, Inquirendorum haereticorum lucerna (Madrid, 1598). Carena, Tractatus de officio Sanctae Inquisitionis (Lyons, 1669).
II Collections of Original Documents There are records of the proceedings and sentences pronounced in the Inquisitions in the South of France in Liber sententiarum Inquisitionis Tholosanae, 1307-13, printed as an appendix to Philippe À Limborch, Historia Inquisitionis (Amsterdam, 1692). Note that this Liber sententiarum is not included in Chandler’s English translation of Limborch. These are the sentences pronounced by Bernard Gui. The proceedings of the Inquisition of Carcassonne, notably the sentences of Bernard de Caux, are contained in Documents pour servir À l’histoire de l’Inquisition dans le Languedoc (ed. C. Douais, Paris, 1900). There are exceedingly useful extracts from original documents of various sorts relating to mediÆval heresies in the following: J. J. DÖllinger, BeitrÄge zur Sektensgeschichte (Munich, 1890), vol. ii. P. FrÉdÉricq, Corpus documentorum Inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis Nederlandicae (Ghent, 1889-1906), vols., i-iii.
For the edicts of ecclesiastical Councils the best collection is: P. Labbe, G. D. Mansi, etc., Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (Paris, 1901-13), esp. vol. xxii, 1166-1225; vol. xxiii, 1225-1268; vol. xxiv, 1269-1299; vol. xxv, 1300-1344; vol. xxvi, 1344-1409.
For papal bulls between 1198 and 1304 see A. Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum (Berlin, 1874 et seq.). Important documents relating to the Dominican order are in Ripoll et BrÉmond, Bullarium ordinis S. Dominici (8 vols., Rome, 1737 et seq.). The Constitutions of the Emperor Frederick II are in J. L. A. Huillard-BrÉholles, Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi (Paris, 1852-61). III Histories of the Inquisition There are two useful histories of comparatively early date: J. Marsollier, Histoire de l’Inquisition (Cologne, 1693). P. À Limborch, Historia Inquisitionis (Amsterdam, 1692). The English version is History of the Inquisition (tr. S. Chandler, London, 1731). The latter is used in this book except when the Liber sententiarum, only printed in the original, is referred to. Limborch’s, although avowedly a propaganda work, is still of value, because it was based on the treatises of inquisitors, making particularly full use of Eymeric, and it is easy to make proper allowance for the avowed bias.
In 1817 appeared the first version (a French translation) of the great work on the Spanish Inquisition by J. A. Llorente under the title, Histoire critique de l’Inquisition d’Espagne. The original Spanish text was not published till 1822. Only the introduction and first four chapters are relevant to the mediÆval Inquisition. English writers have been mainly interested in the Spanish Inquisition, as founded by Ferdinand and Isabella, and in the Inquisition in Portugal. English seamen and traders suffered at their hands, either in the Peninsula or its dependencies, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. See, for example, English Merchants and the Spanish Inquisition in the Canaries (Royal Historical Society, ed. L. de Alberti, A. B. Wallis Chapman, 1912); R. Dugdale’s A Narrative of popish cruelties; or a new account of the Spanish Inquisition (1680) in Harleian Miscellany, vol. vii, p. 105; J. Stevens, The Ancient and Present State of Portugal ... containing ... A curious Account of the Inquisition (London, 1705). Later English writers show a similar strongly Protestant bias, e.g. F. B. Wright, A History of Religious Persecution from the Apostolic to the Present Time; and of the Inquisitions of Spain, Portugal and Goa (1816); W. H. Rule, History of the Inquisition (London, 1868). Only the first nine chapters of the last-named book are concerned with the Middle Ages. All previous works were superseded by the monumental labours of the American historian, H. C. Lea, in his Superstition and Force (Philadelphia, 1866; 4th ed., 1892). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (New York, 1887). A History of the Inquisition of Spain (New York, 1906-7). The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies (New York, 1908). Chapters in the Religious History of Spain connected with the Inquisition (Philadelphia, 1893).
Together, these volumes represent an immense fund of learning and the most painstaking research. For this reason it will be long indeed before they are superseded. They have been adversely criticized, as being marred by strong anti-Catholic prejudice. Colour is undoubtedly lent to the charge by the rather unfortunate fact that the History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages opens with an account of the abuses of the mediÆval Church and that the whole argument of the book appears as though largely based upon these initial contentions. Lea is also inclined to be biased in favour of all heretics as against their persecutors. But while in detail he may be open to criticism and his attitude is quite clearly Protestant, the great bulk of his work remains unshaken. The Romanist point of view with regard to it should, however, be studied. It is summarized, for example, in P. M. Baumgarten, H. C. Lea’s Historical Writings: a critical inquiry (New York, 1909), and will be found incidentally in the works of recent Catholic historians of the Inquisition (q.v. infra). There are admirable critiques of Lea’s work in: Lord Acton’s The History of Freedom of Thought and other Essays (London, 1909); P. FrÉdÉricq’s Introduction to the French translation of Lea’s History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (tr. S. Reinach, Paris, 1900, pp. i-xxviii);
and in articles by S. Reinach on his Spanish Inquisition in Revue Critique, No. 18, May 1906, p. 300; No. 42, Oct. 1907, p. 301; No. 5, Feb. 1908, p. 86. Recent works from the Romanist standpoint have been: C. Douais, L’Inquisition; ses Origines, sa ProcÉdure (Paris, 1906). H. Maillet, L’Église et la rÉpression sanglante de l’hÉrÉsie (LiÈge, 1909). E. Vacandard, The Inquisition, a Critical and Historical Study of the Coercive Powers of the Church (tr. B. L. Conway, 1908). C. Moeller, Les BÛchers et les Autos-da-fÉ de l’Inquisition depuis le Moyen Age in Revue d’histoire ecclÉsiastique (Louvain, 1913, vol. xiv, pp. 720-51).
Mgr. Douais has done much able and learned work on the history of the mediÆval Inquisition, and the AbbÉ Vacandard’s book is most moderate and fair-minded. The most considerable work of scholarship written on the subject of recent years has, however, been T. de Cauzons, Histoire de l’Inquisition en France (2 vols., Paris, 1909, 1913, unfinished). There is a critical survey of some of the most recent work done on the Inquisition by P. FrÉdÉricq, Les rÉcents historiens catholiques de l’Inquisition en France in Revue historique, vol. cix, 1912, pp. 307-34). Mainly critical is C. V. Langlois, L’Inquisition aprÈs des travaux rÉcents (Paris, 1902). IV Legal Aspect of the Inquisition On this important subject there is not a great deal, but the following are excellent and most valuable: L. Tanon, Histoire des Tribunaux de l’Inquisition en France (Paris, 1893). P. Fournier, Les OfficialitÉs au Moyen Age (Paris, 1889). A. Esmein, Histoire de la ProcÉdure Criminelle en France, et spÉcialement de la procÉdure inquisitoire (Paris, 1882).
Esmein’s book forms the substantial foundation of a more comprehensive work in the American Continental Legal History series, viz. A History of Continental Criminal Procedure (Boston, 1913). See on this subject note on p. 205 supra. V Works dealing specially with the Albigenses and the Origins of the Inquisition J. J. Vaissete and C. Devic, Histoire GÉnÉrale de Languedoc (Toulouse, 1872-1904). Moneta, Adversus Catharos et Waldenses (Rome, 1743). P. Melia, The Origin, Persecutions and Doctrines of the Waldenses, from Documents (London, 1870). C. Schmidt, Histoire et Doctrine de la Secte des Cathares ou Albigeois (Paris, 1848). A. Monastier, Histoire de l’Église Vaudoise depuis son origine (Paris, 1847). B. HaurÉau, Bernard DÉlicieux et l’Inquisition Albigeoise (Paris, 1877). C. Douais, Les HÉrÉtiques du midi au XIIIe siÈcle (Paris, 1891); L’AlbigÉisme et les FrÈres prÊcheurs À Narbonne au XIIIe siÈcle (Paris, 1894); Les Albigeois, leur origine (Paris, 1879). J. Ficker, Die Gesetzliche EinfÜhrung der Todesstrafe fÜr Ketzerei in Mittheilungen des Instituts fÜr oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung (1880), pp. 177-226. J. Havet, L’HÉrÉsie et le Bras sÉculier au Moyen Age jusqu’au treiziÈme siÈcle in [OE]uvres (Paris, 1896), vol. ii, pp. 117-81. C. Henner, BeitrÄge zur Organisation und Competenz der pÄpstlichen Ketzesgerichte (Leipzig, 1890). A. Luchaire, Innocent III, vol. ii, La Croisade des Albigeois (Paris, 1905).
VI Works dealing with Joachim of Flora and the ‘Everlasting Gospel’ Joachim of Flora, Concordia novi et veteris Testamenti (Venice, 1579); Expositio in Apocalypsin (Venice, 1527); Psalterium decent Cordarum (Venice, 1527). Chronica Fr. Salimbene Parmensis (Parma, 1857); also in Monumenta Germ. Hist., vol. xxxii (1905-13), ed. O. Holder-Egger. E. Renan, Joachim de Flore et l’Evangile Éternel in Nouvelles Études d’Histoire Religieuse (Paris, 1884). E. Gebhart, L’Italie Mystique; la Renaissance religieuse au Moyen Age (6th ed., 1908); Recherches nouvelles sur l’histoire du Joachitism in Revue historique, vol. xxxi (1886). S. Reinach, Cultes, Mythes et Religions (Paris, 1905), vol. i, pp. 173-83. J. J. DÖllinger, Prophecies and the Prophetic Spirit in the Christian Era (ed. A. Plummer, 1873). E. G. Gardner, Joachim of Flora and the Everlasting Gospel in Franciscan Essays (1912).
VII On Sorcery and Witchcraft The principal authorities are: Sprenger’s Malleus Maleficarum and F. Bartholomew de Spina’s De Strigibus.
Both are included in Malleorum quorundam Maleficarum tam veterum quam recentiorum authorum tomi duo (Frankfort, 1582). In Zilettus (q.v. supra) there is Bernard of Como’s De Strigibus. See also W. E. H. Lecky’s History of Rationalism in Europe and authorities there cited. VIII For Wycliffe, Hus and the Council of Constance The principal works of Wycliffe are published by the Wyclif Society. See especially De Dominio Divino (ed. R. L. Poole, 1890); Tract. de Civili dominio liber primus (ed. R. L. Poole, 1885); De Eucharistia (1892); De Potestate Pape (ed. J. Loserth, 1907). See also Fasciculi Zizaniorum Magistri Johannis Wyclif (Rolls series, ed. W. W. Shirley, 1858). See also the Chronicon Angliae (ed. Maunde Thompson, 1874); Chronicon of Henry Knighton (ed. Lumby, 1895), vol. ii; D. Wilkins, Concilia M. Britanniae et Hiberniae (1737), vol. iii. The Letters of Hus are edited by H. B. Workman and R. M. Pope (1904). Invaluable is F. Palacky’s Documenta Mag. Joannis Hus (Prague, 1869). For the works of Gerson and D’Ailly see J. Gerson, Opera (Antwerp, 1706). Works of D’Ailly are included in this volume. See also Theodoric de Niem, De Schismate (Leipzig, 1890). The works of Marsiglio of Padua and of William of Ockham are in Melchior Goldast, Monarchia S. Romani Imperii (Hanover, Frankfort, 1611-14), vol. ii. They are summarized in S. Riezler, Die literarischen Widersacher der PÄpste zur Zeit Ludwig des Baiers (1874). See also the following relating to Bohemia or the Council of Constance: Aeneas Sylvius, Historia Bohemica (1453). Etienne Baluze, Vitae Paparum Avenionensium (Paris, 1693). H. v. der Hardt, Magnum oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (Frankfort, 1697-1742). E. MartÈne and V. Durand, Veterum Scriptorum et monumentorum amplissima collectio (Paris, 1724-33), vol. vii, pp. 425-1078).
The following also are useful: N. Valois, La France et le Grand Schisme d’occident (Paris, 1896-1902). J. B. Schwab, J. Gerson (WÜrzburg, 1858). B. Labanca, Marsiglio da Padova (Padua, 1882). H. B. Workman, The Dawn of the Reformation: the Age of Wyclif (1901); The Dawn of the Reformation: the Age of Hus (1902). J. Lewis, History of the Life and Sufferings of John Wicliffe (1720). J. Loserth, Wyclif and Hus (tr. W. J. Evans, 1884). G. M. Trevelyan, England in the Age of Wycliffe (1904). G. V. Lechler, Wyclif and his English Precursors (tr. P. Lorimer, 1878). R. L. Poole, Wyclif and Movements for Reform (1889); Illustrations of the History of MediÆval Thought (1884). H. Rashdall, Article on Wycliffe in Dictionary of National Biography (1900), vol. lxiii. A. H. Wratislaw, Native Literature of Bohemia in the Fourteenth Century (1878). Count LÜtzow, The Life and Times of Master John Hus (1909). H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (1895), vol. ii. Also of course M. Creighton, History of the Papacy (1903-9), Introd. and Books I and II.
IX General Ecclesiastical Histories and Works on Heresies C. H. Hahn, Geschichte der Ketzer (Stuttgart, 1845-50). J. J. v. Mosheim, Institutes of Ecclesiastical History (Eng. tr., 2nd ed., 1850). J. C. L. Gieseler, Ecclesiastical History (Eng. tr. 1853), esp. vol. iii, which contains extracts from documents. F. Milman, History of Latin Christianity (4th ed. 1883), esp. vols. v and vi. J. J. DÖllinger, BeitrÄge zur Sektensgeschichte (Munich, 1890). A. Harnack, History of Dogma (tr. W. Gilchrist, 1894-9).
See also on special subjects the following: F. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages (tr. A. Hamilton, 1894-1902), vols. v and vi. J. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen BÜcher (Bonn, 1883). J. Guiraud, Saint Dominic (Eng. tr., 1901). P. Sabatier, Life of Saint Francis of Assisi (tr. L. S. Houghton, 1904). H. O. Taylor, The MediÆval Mind (1911). E. Renan, AverroËs et l’AverroÏsme (Paris, 1861). P. F. Mandonnet, Siger de Brabant et l’AverroÏsme latin au XIIIe siÈcle (Fribourg, 1899), with invaluable appendix containing Siger’s Works. M. de Wulf, History of MediÆval Philosophy (Eng. tr., 1909). B. HaurÉau, Histoire de la Philosophie Scolastique (Paris, 1880). C. Douais, Essai sur l’organisation des Études dans l’ordre des FrÈres-PrÊcheurs (Paris, 1884). Registrum epistolarum fratris Joannis Peckham (Rolls Series, ed. C. T. Martin, 1884). Rutebeuf, [OE]uvres ComplÈtes (1874-5), vol. i, passim. De Tribus Impostoribus (ed. Philomneste Junior, i.e. P. Gustave Brunet, Paris, 1861). J. Owen, Skeptics of the Italian Renaissance (1893).
X On the General Question of Freedom of Thought and the Theory of Religious Persecution Representative works, among many: J. Locke, Letters concerning Toleration. J. S. Mill, On Liberty. W. E. H. Lecky, History of Rationalism in Europe, ch. iv. Sir F. Pollock, The Theory of Persecution in Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics (1882). M. Creighton, Persecution and Tolerance (1895). D. G. Ritchie, Natural Rights (1903); The Principles of State Interference (1902). E. S. P. Haines, Religious Persecution (1904). Joseph de Maistre, Lettres À un gentilhomme russe sur l’Inquisition espagnole (Brussels, 1844). Lessing’s Nathan der Weise. Sir J. Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (2nd ed., 1874). J. M. Robertson, A Short History of Free Thought, Ancient and Modern (1906). The Catholic EncyclopÆdia (1907-14), articles on Heresy and Inquisition. J. B. Bury, A History of Freedom of Thought (Home University Library).
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