The best Greek text of Josephus is that edited by Niese (Berlin, 1887-1894), but the editions of Bekker (Leipzig, 1855) and Dindorf (Paris, 1845) are still serviceable.

The standard English translation of the complete works is that made by
William Whiston, of Cambridge, a century ago. It has been revised in
modern times—not very thoroughly—by Shilleto (London, 1890) and by
Margoliouth (London, 1909).

A French translation, which contains excellent notes to the text, is in the course of publication under the general editorship of M. ThÉodore Reinach; and there are German translations of the whole works, by Demme, and of the Antiquities, by Martin (KÖln, 1852) and Clementz (Halle, 1900). The Life and the books Against Apion were translated by M. Jost (Leipzig, 1867) and books xi-xiii of the Antiquities by Horschitzky. And there is another elaborately annotated edition of the books Against Apion by J. G. MÜller.

The best modern works on the Roman history of the period are Mommsen's Roman Provinces, and Merivale's History of the Roman Empire; and of the literature of the contemporaries of Josephus, the Annals and Histories of Tacitus and the Lives of the Caesars by Suetonius are the most valuable historical sources.

For Jewish history, the fullest account is provided by SchÜrer's Geschichte des jÜdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu (fourth edition), which contains a thorough criticism of Josephus and the best general investigation into his sources. The work has been translated into English. Joel's Blicke in die Religionsgeschichte is suggestive upon certain aspects of the period.

Graetz, of course, deals with the events, and in the Stories of the
Nations Series (Putnam) there is a volume on The Jews under the
Romans by Hosmer, which is readable.

The opening chapters of Berliner's Die Juden in Rom, and of Vogelstein and Rieger's Geschichte der Juden in Rom (Berlin, 1895) are concerned with the relations of Jews and Romans in the first century; and a series of articles on the same subject by Hils, in the Revue des Études juives (vols. viii and xi), is noteworthy. Anatole France has written two very vivid sketches of the Roman attitude to the Jews, which give a better impression of the inner conflict between the two peoples than any strictly historical work, "Gallion" in Sur la pierre blanche, and "Le Procurateur de JudÉe" in L'Étui de nacre.

Among critical studies of Josephus as an historian the most striking works are:

Schlatter, Zur Topographie und Geschichte PalÄstinas (Stuttgart, 1893).

Bloch, Die Quellen des Flavius Josephus (Leipzig, 1879).

Nussbaum, Observationen in Flavius Josephus (GÖttingen, 1875).

Destinon, Die Chronologie des Josephus (Kiel, 1880) and Die Quellen des Josephus (1882).

BÜchler, A., Les Sources de JosÈphe, R.E.J. xxii. and xxiv., and The
Sources of Josephus for the History of Syria, J.Q.R. ix.

Holscher, G., Die Quellen des Josephus, etc. (Leipzig, 1904).

For the relation of Josephus to the Bible and Jewish tradition, the following monographs may be consulted:

Duschak, Josephus und die Tradition (Vienna, 1864).

Olitzki, Flavius Josephus und die Halacha (Berlin, 1885).

Schlatter, Die hebrÄischen Namen bei Josephus (GÜtersloh, 1913).

GrÜnbaum, Die Priester-Gesetze bei Fl. Josephus (1887).

Poznanski, Ueber die religionsphilosophischen Anschauungen des Fl.
Josephus (Berlin, 1887).

The apologetic works of Josephus are especially dealt with by:

Friedlaender, M., Die Geschichte der jÜdischen Apologetik (Vienna, 1906).

MÜller, J.G., Des Fl. Josephus Schrift gegen den Apion (Basel, 1877).

Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften, iv. (Leipzig, 1893).

The work of M. ThÉodore Reinach, Textes des auteurs grecs et romains rÉlatifs au judaisme, is a very useful collection of the pagan accounts of Jewish life which Josephus was seeking to refute.

Among general appreciations of Josephus, there may be mentioned those of:

Edersheim, in Smith and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biography.

Foakes-Jackson, in the Jewish Review, iv.

Margoliouth, in his edition of Whiston's translation.

Niese, in the Historische Zeitschrift, lxxvi.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN REFERRING TO THE WORKS OF JOSEPHUS

Ant.: The Antiquities of the Jews.
B.J.: The Wars (Bellum Judaicum)
C. Ap.: Against Apion (Contra Apionem)

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