YALE STUDIES IN ENGLISH ALBERT S. COOK, Editor

XVI THE TRANSLATIONS OF BEOWULF

A CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

THE TRANSLATIONS OF BEOWULF

This text includes a few characters that require utf-8 (unicode) file encoding.

oe   (“oe” ligature)
ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ǣ   (vowels with macron or “long” mark)
ǽ   (Æ with accent)
ȝ   (yogh)
Þ̷ Þ̸   (thorn with line, typically abbreviating “that”)

Most of these letters are rare and occur only in the quotations from Old English. If any of them do not display properly—in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter—or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your browser’s default font.

Typographical errors are shown in the text with mouse-hover popups. The translations of EttmÜller, Simrock, Heyne and Simons were checked against the original texts. In German texts, the word or word element “wohl” is consistently spelled “wol”. All asterisks are in the original.