APPENDIX.

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APPENDIX, A.


ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE.

(See Vol. I. pp. 11 and 47.)

The country which now passes under the name of Spain has been subjected to a greater number of revolutions, that have left permanent traces in its population, language, and literature, than any other of the principal countries of modern Europe.[394] At different periods, within the reach of authentic record, it has been invaded and occupied by the Phoenicians, the Romans, the Goths, and the Arabs; all distinct races of men with peculiar characteristics, and forming, in their various combinations with each other or with the earlier masters of the soil, still new races hardly less separate and remarkable than themselves. From the intimate union of them all, gradually wrought by the changes and convulsions of nearly three thousand years, has arisen the present Spanish people, whose literature, extending back about seven centuries, has been examined in the preceding volumes.

But it is difficult fully to examine or understand the literature of any country, without understanding something, at least, of the original elements and history of the language in which it is contained, and on which no small portion of its essential character must depend; while, at the same time, a knowledge of the origin of the language necessarily implies some knowledge of the nations that, by successive contributions, have constituted it such as it is found in the final forms of its poetry and elegant prose. As a needful appendix, therefore, to the history of Spanish literature, a very brief account will be here given of the different occupants of the soil of the country, who, in a greater or less degree, have contributed to form the present character both of the Spanish people and of their language and culture.

The oldest of these, and the people who, since we can go back no farther, must be by us regarded as the original inhabitants of the Spanish Peninsula, were the Iberians. They appear, at the remotest period of which tradition affords us any notice, to have been spread over the whole territory, and to have given to its mountains, rivers, and cities most of the names they still bear,—a fierce race, whose power has never been entirely broken by any of the long line of invaders who, at different times, have occupied the rest of the country. Even at this moment, a body of their descendants, less affected than we should have supposed possible by intercourse with the various nations that have successively pressed their borders, is believed, with a good degree of probability, to be recognized under the name of Biscayans, inhabiting the mountains in the northwestern portion of modern Spain. But, whether this be true or not, the Biscayans, down to the present day, have been a singular and a separate race. They have a peculiar language, peculiar local institutions, and a literature which is carried back to a remoter antiquity than that of any other people now possessing, not the soil of the Spanish Peninsula merely, but of any part of Southern Europe. They are, in fact, a people who seem to have been left as a solitary race, hardly connected, even by those ties of language which outlive all others, with any race of men now in existence or on record; some of their present customs and popular fables claiming to have come down from an age, of which history and tradition give only doubtful intimations. The most probable conjecture yet proposed to explain what there is peculiar and remarkable about the Biscayans and their language is that which supposes them to be descended from those ancient and mysterious Iberians, whose language seems to have been, at one period, spread through the whole Peninsula, and to have left traces which are recognized even in the present Spanish.[395]

The first intruders upon the Iberians were the Celts, who, according to Doctor Percy’s theory, constituted the foremost wave of the successive emigrations that broke upon Europe from the overflowing multitudes of Asia. At what precise period the Celts reached Spain, or any other of the Western countries they overran, can no longer be determined. But the contest between the invaders of the soil and its possessors was, from the few intimations of it that have come down to us, long and bloody; and, as was generally the case in the early successful invasions of countries by wandering masses of the human race, portions of the ancient inhabitants were driven to the fastnesses of their mountains, and the remainder became gradually incorporated with the conquerors. The new people, thus formed of two races that, in antiquity, had the reputation of being warlike and powerful, was appropriately called the Celtiberian,[396] and constituted the body of the population which, broken into various tribes, but with similar manners and institutions, occupied the Peninsula when it first became known to the civilized nations of Europe. The language of the Celts, as might be expected, is represented in the present Spanish, as it is in the French and even in the Italian, though but slightly, of course, in any of them.[397]

Thus far, all access to Spain had been by land; for, in the earliest periods of the world’s history, no other mode of emigration or invasion was known. But the Phoenicians, the oldest commercial people of classical antiquity, soon afterwards found their way thither over the waters of the Mediterranean. At what time they arrived in Spain, or where they made their first establishment, is not known. A mystery hangs over this remarkable people, darker than belongs to the age in which they lived, and connected, no doubt, with the wary spirit in which they pursued their commercial adventures. Their position at home made colonization the obvious and almost the only means of commercial wealth among them, and Spain proved the most tempting of the countries to which their power could reach. Their chief Spanish colonies were near the Pillars of Hercules, in the neighbourhood of our present Cadiz, which they probably founded, and about the mouth and on the banks of the Guadalquivir. Their great object was the mines of precious metals with which ancient Spain abounded. For Spain, from the earliest notices of its history till the fall of the Roman Empire, was the El Dorado of the rest of the world, and furnished a large proportion of the materials for its circulating wealth.[398] During a long period, too, these mines seem to have been known only to the Phoenicians, who thus reserved to themselves the secret of a great power and influence over the nations near them, while, at the same time,—establishing colonies, as was their custom, to secure the sources of their wealth,—they carried their language and manners through a considerable part of the South of Spain, and even far round on the shores of the Atlantic.[399]

But the Phoenicians had still earlier founded a colony on the northern coast of Africa, which, under the name of Carthage, was destined to grow more powerful than the country that sent it forth. Its means were the same; for the Carthaginians became eminently a commercial people, and depended, in no small degree, upon the resources of their colonies. They trod closely and almost constantly in the footsteps of their mother country, and often supplanted her power. It was, in fact, through the Phoenician colonies that the Carthaginians entered Spain, whose tempting territory was divided from them only by the Mediterranean. But for a long period, though they maintained a large military force in Cadiz, and stretched their possessions boldly and successfully along the Spanish shores, they did not seem inclined to penetrate far into the interior, or to do more than occupy enough of the country to overawe its population and control its trade. When, however, the First Punic War had rendered Spain of more consequence to the Carthaginians than it had ever been before, they undertook its entire conquest and occupation. Under Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, about two hundred and twenty-seven years before the Christian era, they spread themselves at once over nearly the whole country, as far as the Iberus, and, building Carthagena and some other strong places, seemed to have taken final possession of the Peninsula, on which the Romans had not yet set foot.

The Romans, however, were not slow to perceive the advantage their dangerous rivals had gained. By the first treaty of peace made between these great powers, it was stipulated, that the Carthaginians should advance no farther,—should neither molest Saguntum nor cross the Iberus. Hannibal violated these conditions, and the Second Punic War broke out, two hundred and eighteen years before the Christian era. The Scipios entered Spain in consequence of it; and at its conclusion, in the year B. C. 201, the Carthaginians had no longer any possessions in Europe, though, as descendants of the Phoenicians, they left in the population and language of Spain traces which have never been wholly obliterated.[400]

But,[401] though, by the Second Punic War, the Carthaginians were thus driven from the Spanish Peninsula, the Romans were far from having obtained unmolested or secure possession of it. The Carthaginians themselves, even when engaged in a commerce whose spirit was, on the whole, peaceful, had never ceased to be in contest with the warlike Celtiberian tribes of the interior; and the Romans were obliged to accept the inheritance of a warfare to which, in their character of intruders, they naturally succeeded. The Roman Senate, indeed, according to their usual policy, chose to regard Spain, from the end of the Second Punic War, both as conquered and as a province; and, in truth, they had really obtained permanent and quiet possession of a considerable part of it. But, from the time when the Roman armies first entered the Peninsula until they became masters of the whole of it,—except the mountains of the Northwest, which never yielded to their power,—two complete centuries elapsed, filled with bloodshed and crime. No province cost the Roman people a price so great. The struggle for Numantia, which lasted fourteen years, the wars against Viriates, and the war of Sertorius,—to say nothing of that between Pompey and CÆsar,—all show the formidable character of the protracted contest by which alone the Roman power could be confirmed in the Peninsula; so that, though Spain was the first portion of the continent out of Italy which the Romans began to occupy as a province, it was the very last of which their possession was peaceful and unquestioned.[402]

From the outset, however, there was a tendency to a union between the two races, wherever the conquerors were able to establish quietness and order; for the vast advantages of Roman civilization could be obtained only by the adoption of Roman manners and the Latin language. This union, from the great importance of the province, the Romans desired no less than the natives. Forty-seven years only after they entered Spain, a colony, consisting of a large body of the descendants from the mingled blood of Romans and natives, was established by a formal decree of the Senate, with privileges beyond the usual policy of their government.[403] A little later, colonies of all kinds were greatly multiplied; and it is impossible to read CÆsar and Livy without feeling that the Roman policy was more generous to Spain, than it was to any other of the countries that successively came within its control. Tarragona, where the Scipios first landed, Carthagena, founded by Asdrubal, and CÓrdova, always so important, early took the forms and character of the larger municipalities in Italy; and, in the time of Strabo, Cadiz, for numbers, wealth, and activity, was second only to Rome itself.[404] Long, therefore, before Agrippa had broken the power of the mountaineers at the North, the whole South, with its rich and luxuriant valleys, had become like another Italy; a fact, of which the descriptions in the third book of Pliny’s Natural History can leave no reasonable doubt. To this, however, we should add the remarkable circumstance, that the Emperor Vespasian, soon after the pacification of the North, found it for his interest to extend to the whole of Spain the privileges of the municipalities in Latium.[405]

Spaniards, too, earlier than any other strangers, obtained those distinctions of which the Romans themselves were so ambitious, and which they so reluctantly granted to any but native citizens. The first foreigner that ever rose to the consulship was Balbus, from Cadiz, and he, too, was the first foreigner that ever gained the honors of a public triumph. The first foreigner that ever sat on the throne of the world was Trajan, a native of Italica, near Seville;[406] and indeed, if we examine the history of Rome from the time of Hannibal to the fall of the Western Empire, we shall probably find that no part of the world, beyond the limits of Italy, contributed so much to the resources, wealth, and power of the capital, as Spain, and that no province received, in return, so large a share of the honors and dignities of the Roman government.

On all accounts, therefore, the connection between Rome and Spain was intimate, and the civilization and refinement of the province took their character early from those of the capital. Sertorius found it a wise policy to cause the children of the principal native families to be taught Latin and Greek, and to become accomplished in the literature and elegant knowledge to be found in those admirable languages;[407] and when, ten years later, Metellus, in his turn, had crushed the power of Sertorius, and came home triumphant to Rome, he brought with him a number of native Cordovan poets, against whose Latinity the fastidious ear of Cicero was able to object only that their accent had pingue quiddam ... atque peregrinum,—something thick, or rude, and foreign.[408]

From this period Latin writers began to be constantly produced in Spain.[409] Portius Latro, a native of CÓrdova, but a public advocate of the highest reputation at Rome, opened in the metropolis the earliest of those schools for Roman rhetoric, that afterwards became so numerous and so famous, and, among other distinguished men, numbered as his disciples Octavius CÆsar, MÆcenas, Marcus Agrippa, and Ovid. The two Senecas were Spaniards, and so was Lucan; names celebrated enough, certainly, to have conferred lasting glory on any city within the limits of the Empire. Martial came from Bilbilis, and, in his old age, retired there again to die in peace, amidst the scenes which, during his whole life, seem to have been dear to him. Columella, too, the best of the Roman writers on agriculture, was a Spaniard; and so, it is probable, were Quinctilian and Silius Italicus. Many others might be added, whose rights and reputation were fully acknowledged in the capital of the world, during the last days of the Republic, or the best days of the Empire, as orators, poets, and historians; but their works, though famous in their own time, have perished in the general wreck of the larger part of ancient literature. The great lights, however, of Roman letters in Spain are familiar to all, and are at once recognized as constituting an important portion of the body of the Latin classics, and an essential part of the glory of Roman civilization.[410]After this period, no considerable change, that needs to be noticed, took place in the Spanish Peninsula, until the final overthrow of the Roman power.[411] Undoubtedly, at the Northwest, and especially among the mountains and valleys of what is now called Biscay, the language and institutions of Rome were never established;[412] but, in all the remainder of the country, whatever there was of public policy or intellectual refinement rested on the basis of the Roman character and of Roman civilization. But the Roman character and civilization decayed there, as they did everywhere, and though, during the last four centuries in which the Imperial authority was acknowledged in Spain, the country enjoyed more of tranquillity than was enjoyed in any other province within the limits of the Empire, still, like the others, it was much disturbed during the whole of this fatal period, and was gradually yielding to the common destiny.

It was during this troubled interval, that another great cause of change was introduced into Spain, and began to produce its wide effects on whatever of intellectual culture existed in the country. This great cause was Christianity. The precise point of time, or the precise mode, of its first appearance in Spain cannot now be determined. But it was certainly taught there in the second century, and seems to have come in, through the southern coast, from Africa.[413] At first, as elsewhere, it was persecuted, and therefore professed in secret; but, as early as the year 300, churches had been publicly established, and from the time of Constantine and Osius of CÓrdova, it was the acknowledged and prevalent religion of large parts of the country. What is of consequence to us is, that the language of Christianity in Spain was the Latin. Its instructions were obviously given in Latin, and its early literature, so far as it appeared in Spain, is found wholly in that language.[414] This is very important, not only because it proves the great diffusion of the Latin language there from the third century to the eighth, but because it shows that no other language was left strong enough to contend with it, at least through the middle and southern portions of the country.

The Christian clergy, however, it must be recollected, did little or nothing to preserve the purity of the Latin language in Spain, or to maintain whatever of an intellectual tone they found in the institutions established by the Romans.[415] How early these institutions, and especially the ancient schools, decayed there, we do not know; but it was earlier than in some other parts of the Empire. In the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries even the ecclesiastics were sunk into the grossest ignorance, so that, when Gregory the Great, who was Pope from 590 to 604, warned Licinian, Bishop of Carthagena, not to give consecration to persons without education, Licinian replied, that, unless it were permitted to consecrate those who knew only that Christ had been crucified, none could be found to fill the priestly office.[416] In fact, Isidore of Seville, the famous Archbishop and saint, who died in 636, is the last of the Spanish ecclesiastics that attempted to write Latin with purity; and even he thought so ill of classical antiquity, that he prohibited the monks under his control from reading books written by heathen of the olden time;[417] thus taking away the only means of preserving from its threatened corruption the language they wrote and spoke.[418] Of course this corruption advanced, in times of confusion and national trouble, at a rapid pace, until the spoken language of the country became, to those out of it, an almost unintelligible jargon; and the offices of the Church, as they were read at mass and on feast days, could no longer be understood by the body of the worshippers. This was the result, partly of the decay of all the Roman institutions, and, indeed, of all the principles on which those institutions had rested, and partly of the invasion and conquest of the country by the Northern barbarians, whose irruption, with the violences that followed it, left for a long time neither the quietness nor the sense of security necessary even to the humblest intellectual culture.[419]

This great irruption of the Northern barbarians effected another and most important revolution in the language of the Peninsula. It in fact gave to it a new character. For the race of men by whom it was made was entirely different, both in its origin, its language, and, indeed, in all that goes to make up national character, from the four races that had previously occupied the country. The new invaders belonged to those vast multitudes beyond the Rhine, who had been much known to the Romans from the time of Julius CÆsar, and who, at the period of which we speak, had been, for above a century, leaning with a portentous weight upon the failing barriers, which, on the banks of that glorious stream, had long marked the limits of Roman power. Urged forward, not only by the natural disposition of Northern nations to come into a milder climate, and of barbarous nations to obtain the spoils of civilization, but by uneasy movements among the Tartars of Upper Asia, which were communicated through the Sclavonic tribes to those of Germany, their accumulated masses burst, in the beginning of the fifth century, with an irresistible impulse, on the wide and ill-defended borders of the Empire. Without noticing the tumultuous attempts that preceded this final and fatal invasion and were either defeated or turned aside, it is enough to say, that the first hordes of the irruption which succeeded in overthrowing the empire of the world began to pass the Rhine at the end of the year 406, and in the beginning of 407. These hordes, however, were pressed forward, it may be said almost without a figure, by the merely physical weight of the large bodies that followed them. Tribe succeeded tribe, with all the facility and haste of a nomadic life, which knows neither local attachments nor local interests, and with all the eagerness and violence of barbarians seeking the grosser luxuries of civilization; so that when, at the end of that century, the last of the greater warlike emigrations had forced for itself a place within the limits of the Roman empire, it may be truly said, that, from the Rhine and the British Channel on the one side, to Calabria and Gibraltar on the other, there was hardly a spot of that empire over which they had not passed, and few where they were not then to be found possessors of the soil, and masters of the political and military power.[420]

In the particular character of the multitudes that finally established themselves within its territory, Spain was certainly less unfortunate than were most of the countries of Europe, that were in a similar manner invaded. The first tribes that rushed over the Pyrenees—the Franks, who came before the general invasion, and the Vandali, the Alani, and the Suevi, who, as far as Spain was concerned, formed its vanguard—committed, no doubt, atrocious excesses, and produced a state of cruel suffering, which is eloquently and indignantly described in a well-known passage of Mariana;[421] but, after a comparatively short period, these tribes or nations passed over into Africa and never returned. The Goths, who succeeded them as invaders, were, it is true, barbarians, like their predecessors, but they were barbarians of a milder and more generous type. They had already been in Italy, where they had become somewhat acquainted with the Roman laws, manners, and language; and when, in 411, they traversed the South of France and entered the Peninsula, they were received rather as friends than as conquerors.[422] Indeed, at first, their authority was exercised in the name and on behalf of the Empire; but, before the century was ended, the last Emperor of the West had ceased to reign; and, by a sort of inevitable necessity, the Visigoth dynasty was established throughout nearly the whole of Spain, and acknowledged by Odoacer, the earliest of the barbarian kings of Italy.

Previously, however, to the entrance of the Visigoths into Spain, they had been converted to Christianity by the venerable Ulfilas; and, as early as 466-484, in a period of great confusion, they had formed for themselves a criminal code of laws, to which, in 506, they added a civil code,—the two being subsequently made to constitute the basis of that important body of laws which, above a century later, was compiled by the fourth Council of Toledo.[423] But, though the Visigoths had thus adopted some of the most important means of civilization, their language, like that of the rest of the Northern invaders, remained essentially barbarous. It was never, at any time, in Spain, a written language. It was of the Teutonic stock, and had nothing, or almost nothing, in common with the Latin. Still, the people who spoke it were so intimately mingled with the conquered people, and each, from its position, had become so dependent on the other, that it was no longer a question whether they should find some medium of communication suited to the daily and hourly intercourse of common life. They were, in fact, compelled to do so. The same consequences, therefore, followed, that followed in the other Roman or Romanized countries which were invaded in the same way. A union of the two languages took place; but not a union on equal terms. This was impossible. For on the side of the Latin were not only the existing, though decayed, institutions of the country, but whatever of civilization and refinement was still to be found in the world, as well as the vast and growing power of the Christian religion, with its organized priesthood, which refused to be heard in any other language. So that, if the Goths, on their part, had the political and military authority, and even a more fresh and vigorous intellectual character, they were obliged, on the whole, to submit to such prevalent influences, and to adopt, in a great degree, the language through which alone they could obtain the benefits of a more advanced state of society. The Latin, therefore, corrupted and degraded as it was, remained in Spain, as it did in the other countries where similar races of men came together, by far the most prominent element in the language that grew out of their union, and was thus made to constitute the grand basis of the modern Spanish.

The most considerable change effected by the invaders in the language they found established in Spain was a change in its grammatical structure. The Goths, like any uncivilized people, could learn the individual words of the more cultivated language they every day heard, easier than they could comprehend the philosophical spirit of its grammar. While, therefore, they freely adopted the large and convenient vocabulary of the Latin, they compelled its complicated forms and constructions to yield to the simpler constructions and habits of their own native dialects. This may be illustrated by the striking changes they wrought in the established inflections of the Latin nouns and verbs. The Romans, it is well known, had strict declensions to mark the relations of their nouns, and strict conjugations by which they distinguished the times of their verbs. The Goths had neither, but used articles united with prepositions to mark the cases of their nouns, and auxiliaries of different kinds to mark the changes in the meanings of their verbs.[424]

When, therefore, in Spain, they received the Latin, where no article existed, they compelled ille, as the nearest word they could find, to serve for their definite article, and unus for their indefinite,—so that, in their oldest deeds and other documents, we find such phrases as ille homo, the man; unus homo, a man; illa mulier, the woman; and so on,—from which the modern Spanish derives its articles el and la, uno, una, etc., just as the French, by a similar process, obtained the articles le and la, un and une, and the Italians il and la, uno and una.[425] The same sort of compromise took place in relation to the verbs. Instead of vici, I have conquered, they said habeo victus; instead of saying amor, I am loved, they said sum amatus; and from such a use of habere and esse, they introduced into the modern Spanish the auxiliaries haber and ser, as the Italians introduced avere and essere, and the French avoir and Être.[426] This example of the effect produced by the Goths on the nouns and verbs of the Latin is but a specimen of the changes they brought about in the general structure of that language, by which they contributed their full share towards still further corrupting it, as well as towards modelling it into the present Spanish;—a great revolution, which it required above seven centuries fairly to accomplish, and two or three centuries more entirely to carry out into all its final results.[427]

But, in the mean time, another tremendous invasion had burst upon Spain; violent, unforeseen, and for a time threatening to sweep away all the civilization and refinement, that had been preserved from the old institutions of the country, or were springing up under the new. This was the remarkable invasion of the Arabs, which compels us now to seek some of the materials of the Spanish character, language, and literature in the heart of Asia, as we have already been obliged to seek for some of them in the extreme North of Europe.

The Arabs, who, at every period of their history, have been a picturesque and extraordinary people, received, from the passionate religion given to them by the genius and fanaticism of Mohammed, an impulse that, in most respects, is unparalleled. As late as the year of Christ 623, the fortunes and the fate of the Prophet were still uncertain, even within the narrow limits of his own wild and wandering tribe; yet, in less than a century from that time, not only Persia, Syria, and nearly the whole of Western Asia, but Egypt and all the North of Africa had yielded to the power of his military faith. A success so wide and so rapid, founded on religious enthusiasm, and so speedily followed by the refinements of civilization, is unlike any thing else in the history of the world.[428]

When the Arabs had obtained a tolerably quiet possession of the cities and coasts of Africa, it was natural they should turn next to Spain, from which they were separated only by the straits of the Mediterranean. Their descent was made, in great force, near Gibraltar, in 711; the battle of the Guadalete, as it is called by the Moorish writers, and of Xerez, as it is called by the Christians, followed immediately; and, in the course of three years, they had, with their accustomed celerity, conquered the whole of Spain, except the fated region of the Northwest, behind whose mountains a large body of Christians, under Pelayo, retreated, leaving the rest of their country in the hands of the conquerors.

But while the Christians, who had escaped from the wreck of the Gothic power, were thus either shut up in the mountains of Biscay and Asturias, or engaged in that desperate struggle of nearly eight centuries, which ended in the final expulsion of their invaders, the Moors[429] throughout the centre and especially throughout the South of Spain were enjoying an empire as splendid and intellectual as the elements of their religion and civilization would permit.

Much has been said concerning the glory of this empire, and the effect it has produced on the literature and manners of modern times. Long ago, a disposition was shown by Huet and Massieu to trace to them the origin both of rhyme and of romantic fiction; but both are now generally admitted to have been, as it were, spontaneous productions of the human mind, which different nations at different periods have invented separately for themselves.[430] Somewhat later, Father Andres, a learned Spaniard, who wrote in Italy and in Italian, anxious to give to his own country the honor of imparting to the rest of Europe the first impulse to refinement after the fall of the Roman empire, conceived the theory, at once broader and more definite than that of Huet, that the poetry and cultivation of the Troubadours of Provence, which are generally admitted to be the oldest of Southern Europe in modern times, were derived entirely and immediately from the Arabs of Spain; a theory which has been adopted by GinguenÉ, by Sismondi, and by the authors of the “Literary History of France.”[431] But they all go upon the presumption that rhyme and metrical composition, as well as a poetic spirit, were awakened later in Provence than subsequent inquiries show them to have been. For Father Andres and his followers date the communication of the Arabian influences of Spain upon the South of France from the capture of Toledo in 1085, when, no doubt, there was a great increase of intercourse between the two countries.[432] But Raynouard[433] has since published the fragment of a poem, the manuscript of which can hardly be dated so late as the year 1000, and has thus shown that the ProvenÇal literature is to be carried back above a century earlier, and traced to the period of the gradual corruption of the Latin, and the gradual formation of the modern language. The elder Schlegel, too, has entered into the discussion of the theory itself, and left little reason to doubt that Raynouard’s positions on the subject are well founded.[434]

But, though we cannot, with Father Andres and his followers, trace the poetry and refinement of all the South of Europe in modern times primarily or mainly to the Arabs of Spain, we must still, so far as the Spanish language and literature are concerned, trace something to them. For their progress in refinement was hardly less brilliant and rapid than their progress in empire. The reigns of the two Abderrahmans, and the period of the glory of CÓrdova, which began about 750 and continued almost to the time of its conquest by the Christians in 1236, were more intellectual than could then be found elsewhere; and if the kingdom of Granada, which ended in 1492, was less refined, it was, perhaps, even more splendid and luxurious.[435] The public schools and libraries of the Spanish Arabs were resorted to, not only by those of their own faith at home and in the East, but by Christians from different parts of Europe; and Pope Sylvester the Second, one of the most remarkable men of his age, is believed to have owed his elevation to the pontificate to the culture he received in Seville and CÓrdova.[436]

In the midst of this flourishing empire lived large masses of native Christians, who had not retreated with their hardy brethren under Pelayo to the mountains of the Northwest, but dwelt among their conquerors, protected by the wide toleration which the Mohammedan religion originally prescribed and practised. Indeed, except that, as a vanquished people, they paid double the tribute paid by Moors, and that they were taxed for their Church property, these Christians were little burdened or restrained, and were even permitted to have their bishops, churches, and monasteries, and to be judged by their own laws and their own tribunals, whenever the question at issue was one that related only to themselves, unless it involved a capital punishment.[437] But, though they were thus to a certain degree preserved as a separate people, and though, considering their peculiar position, they maintained, more than would be readily believed, their religious loyalty, still the influence of a powerful and splendid empire, and of a population every way more prosperous and refined than themselves, was constantly pressing upon them. The inevitable result was, that, in the course of ages, they gradually yielded something of their national character. They came, at last, to wear the Moorish dress; they adopted Moorish manners; and they served in the Moorish armies and in the places of honor at the courts of CÓrdova and Granada. In all respects, indeed, they deserved the name given to them, that of MozÁrabes or MuÇÁrabes, persons who seemed to become Arabs in manners and language; for they were so mingled with their conquerors and masters, that, in process of time, they could be distinguished from the Arabs amidst whom they lived by little except their faith.[438]

The effect of all this on whatever of the language and literature of Rome still survived among them was, of course, early apparent. The natives of the soil who dwelt among the Moors soon neglected their degraded Latin, and spoke Arabic. In 794, the conquerors thought they might already venture to provide schools for teaching their own language to their Christian subjects, and require them to use no other.[439] Alvarus Cordubensis, who wrote his “Indiculus Luminosus” in 854,[440] and who is a competent witness on such a subject, shows that they had succeeded; for he complains that, in his time, the Christians neglected their Latin, and acquired Arabic to such an extent that hardly one Christian in a thousand was to be found who could write a Latin letter to a brother in the faith, while many were able to write Arabic poetry so as to rival the Moors themselves.[441] Such, indeed, was the early prevalence of the Arabic, that John, Bishop of Seville, one of those venerable men who commanded the respect alike of Christians and Mohammedans, found it necessary to translate the Scriptures into it, because his flock could read them in no other language.[442] Even the records of Christian churches were often kept in Arabic from this period down through several succeeding centuries, and in the archives of the cathedral at Toledo, above two thousand documents were recently and are probably still to be seen, written chiefly by Christians and ecclesiastics, in Arabic.[443]

Nor was this state of things at once changed when the Christians from the North prevailed again; for, after the reconquest of some of the central portions of the country, the coins struck by Christian kings to circulate among their Christian subjects were covered with Arabic inscriptions, as may be seen in coins of Alfonso the Sixth and Alfonso the Eighth, in the years 1185, 1186, 1191, 1192, 1199, and 1212.[444] And in 1256 Alfonso the Wise, when, by a solemn decree dated at Burgos, 18th December, he was making provision for education at Seville, established Arabic schools there, as well as Latin.[445] Indeed, still later, and even down to the fourteenth century, the public acts and monuments of that part of Spain were often written in Arabic, and the signatures to important ecclesiastical documents, though the body of the instrument might be in Latin or Spanish, were sometimes made in the Arabic character, as they are in a grant of privileges by Ferdinand the Fourth to the monks of Saint Clement.[446] So that almost as late as the period of the conquest of Granada, and in some respects later, it is plain that the language, manners, and civilization of the Arabs were still much diffused among the Christian population of the centre and South of Spain.

When, therefore, the Christians from the North, after a contest the most bitter and protracted, had rescued the greater part of their country from thraldom, and driven the Moors before them into its southwestern provinces, they found themselves, as they advanced, surrounded by large masses of their ancient countrymen, Christians, indeed, in faith and feeling, though most imperfect in Christian knowledge and morals, but Moors in dress, manners, and language. A union, of course, took place between these different bodies, who, by the fortunes of war, had been separated from each other so long, that, though originally of the same stock and still connected by some of the strongest sympathies of our nature, they had for centuries ceased to possess a common language in which alone it would be possible to carry on the daily intercourse of life. But such a reunion of the two parts of the nation, wherever and whenever it occurred, necessarily implied an immediate modification or accommodation of the language that was to be used by both. No doubt, such a modification of the Gothicized and corrupted Latin had been going on, in some degree, from the time of the Moorish conquest. But now it was indispensable that it should be completed. A considerable infusion of the Arabic, therefore, quickly took place;[447] and the last important element was thus added to the present Spanish, which has been polished and refined, indeed, by subsequent centuries of progress in knowledge and civilization, but is still, in its prominent features, the same that it appeared soon after what, with characteristic nationality, is called the Restoration of Spain.[448]

The language, however, which was thus brought from the North by the Christian conquerors, and became modified as it advanced among the Moorish population of the South, was, as we have seen, by no means the classical Latin. It was Latin corrupted, at first, by the causes which had corrupted that language throughout the Roman empire, even before the overthrow of the Roman power,—then by the inevitable effect of the establishment in Spain of the Goths and other barbarians immediately afterwards,—and subsequently by additions from the original Iberian or Basque, made during the residence of the Christians, after the Moorish conquest, among the mountaineers, with whom that language had never ceased to prevail. But the principal cause of the final degradation of the Latin at the North, after the middle of the eighth century, was, no doubt, the miserable condition of the people who spoke it. They had fled from the ruins of the Latinized kingdom of the Goths, pursued by the fiery sword of the Moslem, and found themselves crowded together in the wild fastnesses of the Biscayan and Asturian mountains. There, deprived of the social institutions in which they had been nurtured, and which, however impaired or ruined, yet represented and retained to the last whatever of civilization had been left in their unhappy country; mingled with a people who, down to that time, appear to have shaken off little of the barbarism that had resisted alike the invasion of the Romans and of the Goths; and pent up, in great numbers, within a territory too small, too rude, and too poor to afford them the means of a tolerable subsistence, the Christians at the North seem to have sunk at once into a state nearly approaching that of savage life,—a state, of course, in which no care or thought would be given to preserve the purity of the language they spoke.[449] Nor was their condition much more favorable for such purposes when, with the vigor of despair, they began to recover the country they had lost. For they were then constantly in arms and constantly amidst the perils and sufferings of an exhausting warfare, embittered and exasperated by intense national and religious hatreds. When, therefore, as they advanced with their conquests towards the south and the east, they found themselves coming successively in contact with those portions of their race that had remained among the Moors, they felt that they were at once in the presence of a civilization and refinement altogether superior to their own.

The result was inevitable. The change, which, as has been said, now took place in their language, was governed by this peculiar circumstance in their position. For, as the Goths, between the fifth and eighth centuries, received a vast number of words from the Latin because it was the language of a people with whom they were intimately mingled and who were much more intellectual and advanced than themselves, so now, for the same reason, the whole nation received, between the eighth and thirteenth centuries, another increase of their vocabulary from the Arabic, and accommodated themselves, in a remarkable degree, to the advanced cultivation of their Southern countrymen and of their new Moorish subjects.

At what precise period the language, since called the Spanish and Castilian, can be said to have been formed by this union of the Gothicized and corrupted Latin that came from the North with the Arabic of the South, cannot now be determined.[450] Such a union was, from its nature, brought about by one of those gradual and silent changes in what belongs essentially to the character of a whole people, which can leave behind them no formal monuments or exact records. But the learned Marina, who may perhaps be safely trusted on this point, asserts that no document in the Castilian language, with a date anterior to the year 1140, exists, or, in his opinion, ever did exist.[451] Indeed the oldest yet cited is a confirmation of privileges by Alfonso the Seventh, in the year 1155, to the city of AvilÉs in Asturias.[452] However gradual, therefore, and indistinct may have been the formation and first appearance of the Castilian as the spoken language of modern Spain, we may no doubt feel sure, that, about the middle of the twelfth century, it had risen to the dignity of being a written language, and had begun to appear in the important public documents of the time.

From this period, then, we are to recognize the existence in Spain of a language spreading gradually through the greater part of the country, different from the pure or the corrupted Latin, and still more different from the Arabic, yet obviously formed by a union of both, modified by the analogies and spirit of the Gothic constructions and dialects, and containing some remains of the vocabularies of the Germanic tribes, of the Iberians, the Celts, and the Phoenicians, who, at different periods, had occupied nearly or quite the whole of the Peninsula. This language was called originally the Romance, because it was so much formed out of the language of the Romans; just as the Christians, in the northwestern mountains, were called by the Arabs Alromi, because they were imagined to be descended from the Romans.[453] Later, it was called Spanish, from the name taken by the whole people, and perhaps, at last, it was even more frequently called Castilian, from that portion of the country, whose political power grew to be so predominant, as to give its dialect a preponderance over all the other dialects, which, like the Galician, the Catalonian, and the Valencian, were, for a longer or shorter period, written languages, each with claims to a literature of its own.

The proportion of materials contributed by each of the languages that enter into the composition of the Spanish has never been accurately settled, though enough is known to permit an adjustment of their general relations to each other. Sarmiento, who investigated the subject with some care, thinks that six tenths of the present Castilian are of Latin origin; one tenth Greek and ecclesiastical; one tenth Northern; one tenth Arabic; and the remaining tenth East Indian and American, Gypsy, modern German, French, and Italian. Probably this estimate is not very far from the truth. But Larramendi and Humboldt leave no doubt that the Basque should be added; and, while Marina’s inquiries give a smaller proportion to the Arabic, those of Gayangos raise it to an eighth. The main point, however, is one concerning which there can be no doubt;—the broad foundations of the Castilian are to be sought in the Latin, to which, in fact, we are to trace nearly or quite all the contributions sometimes attributed to the Greek.[454]

The Spanish, or Castilian, language thus formed was introduced into general use sooner and more easily than, perhaps, any other of the newly created languages, which, as the confusion of the Middle Ages passed off, were springing up, throughout the South of Europe, to take the place of the universal language of the Roman world. The reasons of this were, that the necessity for its creation and employment was more urgent, from the extraordinary relations between the Moors, the MuÇÁrabes, and the Christians; that the reign of Saint Ferdinand, at least as late as the capture of Seville in 1247, was a period, if not of quiet, yet of prosperity and almost of splendor; and that the Latin, both as a written and a spoken language, had become so much degraded, that it could offer less resistance to change in Spain than in the other countries where a similar revolution was in progress.[455] We must not be surprised, therefore, to find, not only specimens, but even considerable monuments, of Spanish literature soon after the first recognized appearance of the language itself. The narrative poem of the Cid, for instance, cannot be dated later than the year 1200; and Berceo, who flourished from 1220 to 1240, though he almost apologizes for not writing in Latin,[456] and thus shows how certainly he lived in the debatable period between the two languages, has left us a large mass of genuine Spanish, or Castilian, verse. But it is a little later, and in the reign of Alfonso the Tenth, from 1252 to 1282, that we are to consider the introduction of the Spanish, as a written, a settled, and a polite language, to have been recognized and completed. By his order, the Bible was translated into it from the Vulgate; he required all contracts and legal instruments to be written in it, and all law proceedings to be held in it; and, finally, by his own remarkable code, “Las Siete Partidas,” he at once laid the foundations for the extension and establishment of its authority as far as the Spanish race and power should prevail.[457] From this period, therefore, we are to look for the history and development of the Spanish language, in the body of Spanish literature.


APPENDIX, B.


ON THE ROMANCEROS.

(See Vol. I. p. 128.)

As the earliest ballads were not by known authors, but were gathered at different times, from the traditions of the people, it is impossible to understand their history without understanding something of the history of the Ballad-books in which they are found. A sketch of such a history has been written, with much knowledge of the subject, by Ferdinand Wolf, and is found in the “JahrbÜcher der Literatur” (Band CXIV., Wien, 1846, pp. 1-72). I do not willingly enter into a discussion so peculiarly within the province of this distinguished scholar; but, as I possess, or have seen, several very early Ballad-books which he does not mention, and am besides unable to agree with him as to which is the oldest of them all, and therefore the most important, I will, as briefly as I can, give my views of this obscure branch of bibliography; confining myself, where it is possible to do so, to what has not before been published, and touching the whole matter only so far as it concerns the history of Spanish poetry.

A considerable number of ballads, printed on one or more sheets, in black letter, for popular use, may still be found. Such are “El Conde Alarcos”; “El Moro Calaynos”; a collection of twelve separate pieces, and a collection of fifty-nine, sold at Heber’s sale; with others noticed by Brunet, under the head of Romances SÉparÉes, in his article “Romanceros.” But they are all without dates; it is extremely uncertain when any one of them was printed; and it seems to me, judging from those I have seen, to be more probable, that they were taken from collections now known to exist or to have existed, than that they helped to make up those collections,—the oldest of which claims to have been taken from the memories of the people, and from imperfect manuscript copies circulating only for popular use.

1. The first separate collection of ballads ever published was, I think, the one printed at Saragossa, under the title of “Silva de Varios Romances,” by Stevan G. de Nagera, in two parts, 1550. (See Brunet, Manuel du Libraire, ed. 1843, art. Silva.) I have seen a copy of this Silva belonging, in 1838, to M. Henri Ternaux-Compans, of Paris. In a prefatory address to the First Part, the collector says, “I have taken the trouble in this Silva to bring together all the ballads that have come to my knowledge”; adding afterwards, “It may be that some, though very few, of the old ballads are wanting, which I have not inserted, either because they did not come to my knowledge, or because I did not find them so complete and perfect as I wished. Nor do I deny, that, in some of those here printed, there may be an occasional error; but this is to be imputed to the copies from which I took them, which were very corrupt, and to the weakness of memory of some persons, who dictated them to me, and who could not recollect them perfectly. I did all I could to obtain the least faulty that were to be had, and had no little trouble to collect and amend them, and add to some that were imperfect. However, I wished they should stand in some order, and so I placed, first, those of devotion and from the Holy Scriptures; next, those that relate Castilian stories; next, those of Troy; and, lastly, those that relate to affairs of love.” After these ballads, which fill one hundred and ninety-six leaves, he gives us twenty-five leaves of canciones, villancicos, and chistes, or jests, among which, at folio 199, is the well-known witty Dialogue of Castillejo and his Pen. At the end of the First Part, folio 221, we have the following Address to the Reader, in which the collector has evidently changed his mind about having obtained all but a “very few of the old ballads” known to exist; for he now says: “Some of my friends, as they knew I was printing this ‘Cancionero,’ brought me many ballads, in order that I might insert them; but as we were coming to the end of the printing, I chose not to put them in, since they would interrupt the order that had been begun; but rather to make another volume, which will be the Second Part of this ‘Silva de Varios Romances,’ which is now in the press. Vale.”

This “Segunda Parte” was published in the same year, 1550, and consists of two hundred and three leaves of ballads, nineteen leaves of chistes, and two leaves of contents, at the end of which the “Impresor” says: “I did not wish to put into this part any more of those short chistes, because, if God pleases, they will be put into the Third Part, with other things agreeable to the curious reader. Vale.” I know of no copy of this Third Part; but it is possible it was printed, because, in the “Silva de Varios Romances,” of which Wolf and Brunet mention several editions between 1578 and 1673, and of which I possess that of 1602, the title-page declares that it contains “los mejores romances de los tres libros de la Silva.”

2. The first two parts, however, combined into one, but omitting the chistes, etc., soon appeared at Antwerp, printed by Martin Nucio, a well-known publisher, with considerable additions, but without the date of its publication. The Preface is in nearly the same words with that of the Silva of Nagera, Parte I.; but, when it announces the arrangement of the ballads, it changes their order, and puts “first, those that speak of France and the Twelve Peers; then, those that relate Castilian stories; then, those of Troy; and, lastly, those that treat of affairs of love.” Some of the ballads of the Saragossa collection are omitted, and the whole is called “Cancionero de Romances.” There is a copy of it in the BibliothÈque de l’ArsÉnal at Paris; and that it is subsequent to the Saragossa Silva, and taken from it, seems certain, because one must be taken from the other, and the note at the end of the Silva, Parte I., shows that the Saragossa Silva was collected and printed at different times; while the arrangement of the ballads in the Cancionero of Antwerp shows that they were necessarily all present to the editor when he put his work together. Besides, how should Nucio collect ballads from the memories of the people around him at Antwerp, where there were few Spaniards, except soldiers? And how much less valuable would be any collection made there than one made in Spain?

3. Again, a “Cancionero de Romances” occurs, printed “En Envers en casa de Martin Nucio, MDL.,” a copy of which is in the BibliothÈque de l’Arsenal of Paris. It has the same Preface with the one last mentioned, from which it differs only in omitting seven of its ballads, and inserting thirty-seven others. The errors noted in the one without date, at folios 272. b, etc., are corrected in this one, dated 1550, and prove it to be the subsequent edition of the two,—a fact necessarily inferred, also, from the additions it contains.

4. This edition of 1550 seems to have been issued with different title-pages, for Wolf says there is a copy of it in the Imperial Library at Vienna, dated 1554. But nearly all the copies now known to exist bear the date of 1555, under which this collection is best known, and is commonly cited. It is absolutely the same work with the copy at the BibliothÈque de l’Arsenal, dated 1550, ballad for ballad, and page for page; and as there is no appearance that the title-page of the copy at the Arsenal has been tampered with, we are to suppose that three editions of the collection of ballads made at Saragossa in 1550 appeared in the course of that year; two of which were published by Martin Nucio, at Antwerp. That all three are only one work is apparent from the circumstance, that their ballads are generally the same, and that they have the same Preface, a little changed in the second and third editions to meet the changes in the ballads contained in them. They are all in 18mo. The first, taking both its parts together, fills four hundred and thirty-six leaves; the second, two hundred and seventy-six; and the third, three hundred. Several reprints of the last are given by Wolf; namely, Antwerp, 1568 and 1573; Lisbon, 1581; and Barcelona, 1587 and 1626.

Subsequent to the Silva of Saragossa, we have several collections of ballads, that are noticed in the text,—such as those of Sepulveda, 1551, Timoneda, 1573, Linares, 1573, Padilla, 1583, Maldonado, 1586, and Cueva, 1587,—consisting chiefly or entirely of ballads written by their respective authors. At last, an attempt was made to gather another Romancero from all the sources, whether of books, memory, or tradition, that were open to its collectors,—the true principle on which the popular Spanish Romanceros have always been compiled. It seems to have been begun at Valencia, when the first volume of the “Flor de Varios y Nuevos Romances, Primera y Segunda Parte,” collected by AndrÉs de Villalta, with a Third Part by Felipe Mey,—himself a poet and scholar as well as a printer,[458]—were printed in one volume, in 1593, though each of them had, probably, been printed earlier by itself. It is cited by Duran (Romances Caballarescos, Madrid, 1832, 12mo, Tom. I., Advertencia); and from the ballads he took out of it there can be no doubt, that its three parts differed little from the first three parts of the “Romancero General” printed somewhat later. The second volume of this collection, which is entitled “Quarta y Quinta Parte de Flor de Romances,” was collected by Sebastian Velez de Guevara, Racionero de la Colegial de Santander, and was printed at Burgos, in 1594, 18mo, one hundred and ninety-one leaves. It is apparently not the first edition, for the Aprobacion by Pedro de Padilla, and a permission to print it, are dated 1592, while the permission to print the present edition is dated August 11, 1594, and says it has been “otras veces impreso.” Probably the two parts were originally printed separately.

The third volume, and the most important, is entitled “Sexta Parte de Flor de Romances Nuevos, recopilados de muchos Autores, por Pedro de Flores, Librero,” and was printed at Toledo, in 1594, 18mo, one hundred and ninety leaves. It is the first edition, but the license seems to speak of a fourth and fifth part as if also made by Flores. In a ballad prefixed to this third volume, Flores is accused before Apollo of having taken great pains to collect its contents.

“De diversas flores

Un ramillete ha juntado,

Las quales con grande afan,

De estraÑas partes buscaron”;—

to which, in a defence immediately following, Flores replies, that “they were stray ballads [romances que andavan descarriados], which he had brought together with great labor,” and for which the god proceeds to reward rather than to punish him. Flores adds, that he gives each ballad complete, and not like the street-singers, who drawl out one half, and then say they are tired of it. The whole account shows that many of the ballads in this Sixth Part—which is excellent and contains a hundred and fifty-eight—were collected from the memories of the people by Pedro Flores himself.

The fourth volume contains “Septima y Octava Parte de Flor de Varios Romances Nuevos, recopilados de muchos Autores”; printed by Juan IÑiguez de Lequerica, AlcalÁ de Henares, 1597, 18mo. There is a license for each part; that of the first dated May 4, 1596, and recognizing it as a reprint, and that of the second dated September 30, 1597, as if it were the original edition, and entitling it “Flores del Parnaso, Octava Parte.” The Seventh Part fills one hundred and sixty-eight leaves, and the Eighth one hundred and thirty-two leaves, numbered separately.

The fifth and last volume is called “Flor de Varios Romances diferentes de todos impresos, Novena Parte,” printed by Juan Flamenco, Madrid, 1597, 18mo, one hundred and forty-four leaves. The Aprobacion, 4th September, 1597, and the Tassa, 22d March, 1596, speak of it as the eighth and ninth parts; but the license, without date, is only for Part Ninth.

5. From these nine parts was made, with slight changes and additions, chiefly toward the end, the first edition of the “Romancero General,” which was printed at Madrid, 1600, 4to; the Tassa being dated 16th December, 1599. A copy of it is in the National Library at Madrid. A new edition—again with slight changes—appeared in 1602; and another in 1604. This last was reprinted, without alteration, by Juan de la Cuesta, at Madrid, in 1614. But Miguel de Madrigal had previously published the “Segunda Parte del Romancero General y Flor de diversa PoesÍa,” (Valladolid, 1605, 4to,) which may appropriately be added to either of the last two editions of the principal work; and thus, from nine parts, of which all four of the editions otherwise consist, extend them to thirteen parts. All these editions are in small quarto, and constitute the well-known “Romanceros Generales.”

The publication of so many different collections of ballads, in the last half of the sixteenth century and the first years of the seventeenth, leaves no doubt that ballads had then become known in all classes of society, and were gradually finding favor with the highest. But the Romanceros Generales were too large for popular use. Smaller ballad-books, therefore, were printed; such as the “Jardin de Amadores,” by Juan de la Puente, 1611; the “Primavera” of Pedro Arias Perez, made with much judgment, and printed in 1626, 1659, etc.; the “Maravillas del Parnaso” of Jorge Pinto de Morales, 1640; the “Romances Varios” of Pablo de Val, 1655; and several others, to say nothing of the many still less considerable collections, making only a sheet or two, which are noticed by Depping and Wolf, and which were published to meet the broad demands of the less cultivated portions of the Spanish people, just as they have been published and republished down to our own times. For similar reasons, though, perhaps, more to gratify the military taste of the age, and afford amusement to the armies in Flanders, Italy, and the Indies, selections were made from the Romanceros Generales, and contributions obtained from other sources, to make smaller and more convenient ballad-books of a stirring nature. Such is the “Floresta de Romances de los Doce Pares de Francia,” by Damian Lopez de Tortajada, the first edition of which was printed at AlcalÁ in 1608, (Don Quixote, ed. Pellicer, 1797, 8vo, Tom. I. p. 105,) and such is the “Romancero del Cid,” by Juan de Escobar, first printed at AlcalÁ in 1612 (Antonio, Bib. Nov., Tom. I. p. 684); both of which have often been reprinted since.

But towards the end of the seventeenth century, a love for the old Spanish ballads, as well as for the rest of the elder national literature, began to decay in the more favored classes of society; and, with the coming in of the eighteenth century and the Bourbon family, it disappeared almost entirely. So strong a feeling, however, and one that had struck its roots so deeply in the popular character, could not be extirpated. The ballads were forgotten and neglected by the courtly and the noble, but that the mass of the nation was as faithful to them as ever we have the plain testimony of Sarmiento, and the fact, that they were constantly reprinted for popular use in the humblest forms,—most frequently in what are called broadsides. At last, an attempt was made to replace them on their old ground. Fernandez, in 1796, printed two volumes of them in his collection of Castilian poetry, and Quintana made a small, but dainty, bouquet of them for his lyrical extracts in 1807, adding to each publication a Preface, which gave them praise high and graceful, if not such as seemed to be imbued with their own earnest spirit. Little effect, however, was yet produced at home, but some was soon apparent abroad. Jacob Grimm published at Vienna, in 1815, a small collection of the best old ballads, chiefly taken from the Romancero of 1555; and C. B. Depping published at Leipzig, in 1817, a larger one, containing above three hundred ballads, with a Preface and notes in German, the whole of which was republished in Spanish, first, with slight additions and corrections, at London, in 1825, by V. SalvÁ, and secondly, with very large and important additions, at Leipzig, by Depping himself and by A. A. Galiano, in 1844;—publications of great merit, which have done more than all that had been done previously to make the old Spanish ballads known in Europe generally, and which have apparently called forth the admirably spirited translations of ballads by J. G. Lockhart, 1823, and the interesting historically-arranged French versions in prose of nearly three hundred, by Damas Hinard, 1844.

A very important publication of Spanish ballads in later times comes, however, as it should come, from Spain itself, and was made by Don Agustin Duran, to whom early Spanish literature, in other respects, owes much. He began, in 1828, with the Moorish ballads in the Romancero General of 1614, and went on, in 1829, with two volumes of miscellaneous ballads, ending his labors, in 1832, with two volumes more, containing historical ballads and ballads of chivalry;—in all, five volumes,—the last four of which are collected from all the sources he could command earlier than the middle of the seventeenth century, and the whole of which, with additions, have been republished at Paris by Ochoa, in 1838, and at Barcelona by Pons, in 1840.

Still, a general, thorough, and critical collection of Spanish ballads is wanting;—one embracing those of the known authors, like Cueva, Padilla, Lope de Vega, Quevedo, and GÓngora, as well as the untold wealth that remains, and must always remain, anonymous in the elder Romanceros. When we possess such a work, and not before, we can understand and honor, as they deserve to be understood and honored, the poetry and the nationality of the old Spanish ballads, upon which, as upon its true foundations, rests the old Spanish drama. But to whom shall we look for it? Is it to Duran at Madrid, or to Wolf at Vienna, or to Huber at Berlin? I have intimations that one may be expected from Duran, and hope they may soon be fulfilled.


APPENDIX, C.


ON FERNAN GOMEZ DE CIBDAREAL AND THE “CENTON EPISTOLARIO.”

(See Vol. I. p. 398.)

I have treated the “Centon Epistolario” in the text just as it has heretofore been treated; that is, as a collection of the unstudied letters of a simple-hearted, vain man, who, for above forty years, was attached to the person of John the Second, and familiar with what was done at his court. Still, the exactness and genuineness of the work have not been entirely unquestioned. Mayans y Siscar (in his OrÍgenes, Tom. I., 1737, p. 203) speaks of Antonio de Vera y ZuÑiga, (see, ante, Vol. II. p. 500, Vol. III. p. 184,) the well-known author and diplomatist of the time of Philip the Fourth, sometimes called Vera y Figueroa, and says, “Feamente adulterÓ las epÍstolas histÓricas del Bachiller Fernan Gomez de Ciudad Real,”—He shamefully adulterated the historical letters of the Bachelor Ferdinand Gomez de Cibdareal; but Mayans gives no reasons or facts to support this severe charge, and he is roundly rebuked for it by Diosdado, (in his treatise “De Prim TypographiÆ HispanicÆ Ætate,” RomÆ, 1794, p. 74,) who calls it “an atrocious calumny.” And again, Quintana, in his Life of Alvaro de Luna, (Vidas de EspaÑoles CÉlebres, Tom. III., 1833, p. 248, note,) is so much troubled about some of the discrepancies between the Bachelor’s accounts of the death of the Constable and the known facts of history, that he, too, suggests all sorts of doubts, but ends by saying that he follows the Bachelor’s accounts as a sufficient authority where they are not directly contradicted by others higher and safer.

My own opinion is, that the book is a forgery from beginning to end; but a forgery so ingenious, so happy, so agreeable, that it may seem an ungracious thing to tell the truth about it, or attempt to disturb the position it has so long held in the Castilian literature of the fifteenth century. The facts on which I ground my opinion are chiefly these:—

1. No such person as the Bachelor Cibdareal is mentioned in the chronicles or correspondence of the period during which he is supposed to have lived, though our accounts from such sources are copious and minute; noticing, I believe, everybody of consequence at the court of John the Second, and certainly many persons of much less importance than the king’s confidential physician.

2. No manuscript of the Letters is known to be in existence.

3. The first notice of them is, that they appear in an edition in small quarto, black letter, one hundred and sixty-six pages, which claims to have been printed at Burgos in 1499. Of this edition, few copies have ever been seen. Antonio, who died in 1684, intimates (Bib. Vetus, Tom. II. p. 250) a doubt about the truth of its date; Bayer, in his note on the passage, 1788, says that learned men commonly supposed that Antonio de Vera y ZuÑiga, (who died in 1658,) published this edition; and Mendez (in his Typographia, 1796, pp. 291 and 293) declares the edition to be unquestionably half a century later than its pretended date;—all three of these learned men being experts and good witnesses concerning a fact, which, I think, must be obvious to any person familiar with the earliest printed Spanish books, who should look on a copy of it now before me. The name of the printer on its title-page, Juan de Rei, it is important to add, is otherwise suspected.

4. The next edition of the Letters of Cibdareal is that of Madrid, 1775, edited by Don Eugenio Llaguno y Amirola, Secretary of the Academy of History, who thinks the first edition could not have been printed till after 1600;—a circumstance otherwise probable, as I am not aware that it is cited by any author of an earlier date. Indeed, if Antonio de Vera y ZuÑiga had any thing to do with it, we must suppose it to have been printed yet later; for in 1600 that statesman was only about ten years old.

5. The Bachelor Cibdareal gives a date to no one of his letters; but so completely are the facts or hints for them to be detected in the Chronicle of John the Second, that the editor of the Letters in 1775 has been able, by means of that Chronicle, to affix its proper date to every one, I believe, of the hundred and five letters of which the collection consists. This would hardly be possible, if the two works had been written quite independently of each other.

6. The style of the Letters, though certainly adapted with great skill and felicity to its supposed period, is not uniformly true to it, erring on the side of curious archaisms. Sometimes it goes further, and uses words for which no example can be adduced. Thus the use of ca in the sense of than is wholly unjustifiable; and wherever it so occurs in the first edition, it is altered in the edition of 1775 to que, in order to make sense. Other errors more trifling might be noticed; and in the spelling there is a systematical use of c for z in words that never were spelt with a c.

7. The few words in the “Aviso al Letor,” and the still fewer that introduce the verses at the end of the volume, profess to come from the Editor, who, according to Bayer, Mendez, etc., lived after 1600, and should, therefore, have written in the style of the period when Mariana and Cervantes flourished. But he writes exactly in the style of the Letters he edits, which claim to be a century and a half older; and, what is worse, he uses in his own person the ca for que, which, as we have noticed, nobody else ever used, except his Bachelor.

8. All accounts represent Juan de Mena as having died at Torrelaguna in 1456, at the age of forty-five. (Antonio, Bib. Vetus, ed. Bayer, Tom. II. p. 266; and Romero, Epicedio, 1578, f. 486, at the end of Hernan NuÑez, Proverbios.) Now the supposed Cibdareal (Epist. 20) places Juan de Mena, in 1428,—when he was, of course, only seventeen years old,—on the most familiar footing at court, and makes him already historiographer to the king, and far advanced in his principal poem;—a statement the more incredible when we recollect that Romero says expressly, that Mena was twenty-three years old when he first gave himself to “the sweet labor of good learning,”—“al dulce trabajo de aquel buen saber.” See the notice of Juan de Mena, ante, Vol. I. pp. 379-388.

9. The contemptuous account Cibdareal gives of Barrientos is not one which a courtier in his position would be likely to give of a person already of great consequence, and rising fast to the highest places in the government. But, what is more, it is not the true account. He represents that distinguished ecclesiastic, as we have seen, (ante, Vol. I. p. 359,) to have burnt, in a very rash and reckless manner, a large quantity of books, from the library of the Marquis of Villena, sent to him for examination after the death of their owner, because he had been accused, in his lifetime, of studying magic,—Barrientos, as Cibdareal would have us believe, knowing nothing about the contents of the books, which he burnt, at once, only because he would not take the trouble to examine them. Now I happen to possess, in an unpublished manuscript of Barrientos, his own account of this very matter. It is in a learned treatise on Divination, which he wrote by order of John the Second, and addressed to that monarch; and in the Preface to the Second Part of which he declares that he burnt the books in question by the royal order, and intimates, that, in his own opinion, they should have been spared. “And this book,” he says, speaking of the one called “Raziel,” to which I have alluded, (ante, Vol. I, p. 359, note,) “this book is the one, which, after the death of Don Enrique [de Villena], you, as king, commanded me, your servant and creature, to burn, with many others, which I did, in presence of sundry of your servants;—a matter in which, as in many other things, you showed and still show the great devotion your Highness has always had for the Christian religion. And, although this was and is to be praised, still, for other respects, it is good in some way to preserve such books, provided they are in the hands and power of good, trustworthy persons, who will take heed that they be read by none but wise men,” etc.;—a very different account certainly from the one given in the letter of Cibdareal, and one which, being addressed to the king, who was necessarily acquainted with the whole transaction, can hardly have been untrue.

10. The most considerable event recorded in the Letters of Cibdareal, and one of the most considerable occurrences in Spain during the fifteenth century, is the execution of the Constable Alvaro de Luna, at Valladolid, June 2, 1452. The Bachelor says, he was with the king in that city the day it happened and the night preceding; that the king showed great irresolution as to the fulfilment of the sentence up to the last moment; that he had a sorrowful and sleepless night before it occurred; and that nobody dared to tell him the execution was absolutely over till he had eaten his dinner;—adding to these striking statements sundry picturesque local details, as if they had come within his own knowledge by his witnessing the execution. Now the truth is, that the king was not in Valladolid on that day, nor for some days before and after; and it would have been a very hard-hearted thing if he had been there at the moment when his old friend and favorite minister of state, to whom he never ceased to be attached, was brought to the scaffold, in order to satisfy the turbulent nobility whom he had oppressed. The king was, in fact, then at the siege of Maqueda, a little town northwest of Toledo, above eighty miles off, as appears by his letters still extant, dated May 29, June 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.; so that many of the circumstances recorded in Cibdareal’s letter (the 103d) are necessarily untrue. Moreover, the supposed Cibdareal places the execution of the Constable on the eve of Saint Mary Magdalen,—“VÍspera de la Magdalena,”—confounding it with the date of the death of the king, which happened on that day the next year, and thus placing it on the 21st of July, which was the eve of Saint Mary Magdalen, instead of the 2d of June, which, after some discussion, long since the time when these Letters were first printed, has been determined to be the true day of the execution. This gross mistake in the Letters about the date of the Constable’s death was made, I suppose, in part from carelessness, and in part because that date was not then settled, as it is now. (See Mendez, Typographia, 1796, pp. 256-260; and Quintana, Vidas, Tom. III. pp. 437-439.)

11. The age in which I suppose the Letters of Cibdareal to have been forged was one in which such attempts were likely to be made. It was in Spain an age of forgeries. Guevara had just before maintained his “Marcus Aurelius” to be true history. (See, ante, Vol. I. p. 541.) The “Leaden Books” of Granada, and the “Chronicones” of Father Higuera,—the first decided by the whole civil authority of the realm to be genuine, and the second received as such by a very general consent,—were, from 1595 to 1652, at the height of their success, though both have long since been admitted to be gross frauds, which acute scholars like Montano, and historians like Mariana, must, indeed, have seen through, and were too high-minded to countenance; but which, it should be remembered, they did not feel strong enough openly to resist and denounce. In this state of opinion in Spain, some ingenious scholar—perhaps Vera y ZuÑiga—as clear-sighted as they were and only a little less scrupulous, may well have been encouraged to imitate Father Higuera in a matter which, instead of being an attempt, like his, to bring false records concerning important affairs into the history of the kingdom, may have been regarded merely as a literary jeu d’esprit, intended to mislead nobody on any point except merely that of the genuineness of the correspondence. (See, ante, Vol. III. p. 152, note.)

Against all this may be urged the general simplicity and interesting details of the Letters themselves, so appropriate in their tone to the age they illustrate, and the fact, that for above two centuries they have been cited as the highest authority for the events of which they speak; a fact, however, whose importance is diminished when we recollect how rarely a spirit of criticism has shown itself in Spanish historical literature, and that even in Spanish poetry the case of the Bachiller de la Torre is, in some respects, as strong as that of the Bachiller de Cibdareal, and in others yet stronger. At any rate, all we know with tolerable certainty about the Bachelor Cibdareal is, that the first edition of his Letters is a forgery, intended to conceal something, and more likely, I think, intended to conceal the spuriousness of the whole than any thing else.


APPENDIX, D.


ON THE BUSCAPIÉ.

(See Vol. II. pp. 105, etc.)

A good deal has been said within the last seventy years, and especially of late, (1847-49,) about a pamphlet entitled “El BuscapiÉ,”—“The Squib,” or “Search-foot,”—supposed by some persons to have been written by Cervantes, soon after the publication of the First Part of his Don Quixote. The subject, though not one of great consequence, is certainly not without interest, and the facts in relation to it are, I believe, as follows.

In the Life of Cervantes, by Vicente de los Rios, prefixed to the magnificent edition of the Don Quixote published by the Spanish Academy in 1780, (see, ante, Vol. II. p. 52,) it is stated, that, on the appearance of the First Part of that romance, in 1605, the public having, according to a tradition not, I think, earlier recorded, received it with coldness or censure, the author himself published an anonymous pamphlet, called “The Squib,” in which he gave a pleasant critique on his Don Quixote, insinuating that it was a covert satire on sundry well-known and important personages, without, however, in the slightest degree intimating who those personages were; in consequence of which, the public curiosity became much excited, and the Don Quixote obtained such attention as it needed in order to insure its success. (Tom. I. p. xvii.)

In a note appended (p. cxci.) to this statement of the tradition, we have a letter of Don Antonio Ruydiaz,—a person of whom little or nothing is now known, except that Don Vicente declares him to have been a man of learning worthy of credit,—in which letter, under date of December 16, 1775, Don Antonio asserts, that, about sixteen years earlier, he had seen a copy of the BuscapiÉ at the house of the Count of Salceda, and had read it;—that it was a small anonymous volume, printed at Madrid with a good type and on poor paper;—that it pretended to be written by a person who had neglected to buy or read the Don Quixote for some time after its first appearance, but who, having at last bought and read it, had been filled with admiration at its merits and resolved in consequence to make them known;—that this BuscapiÉ declared the characters in the Don Quixote to be, in the main, imaginary, but yet insinuated that they had certain relations to the designs and gallantries of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, and of some of the principal personages in his government;—and that the Count de Salceda being dead, and the copy of the BuscapiÉ in question having been only lent to that nobleman by some person unknown to the writer of the letter, he could give no further account of the matter.

This statement, differing, it will be noted, from the tradition recorded in the text to which it is appended, in what relates to the Emperor Charles the Fifth, was not, on the whole, deemed satisfactory. Pellicer, besides other strong doubts, doubted whether Cervantes wrote the pamphlet, even if all the rest related of it were true, (Don Quixote, ed. 1797, Tom. I. p. xcvii.,) and Navarrete inclined to the opinion, that there was some mistake about the whole affair, and that Cervantes could never have intended to allude to the Emperor in the way intimated (Vida de Cervantes, 1819, § 105, etc.); to which Clemencin has since added the suggestion, that the copy of the BuscapiÉ, alleged to have been seen by Ruydiaz, might have been a forgery cunningly imposed on the Count of Salceda, who was “rich and greedy”—rico y goloso—in such matters (ed. D. Quixote, Tom. IV., 1835, p. 50). Indeed, the intimations concerning Charles the Fifth were so absurd in themselves, and the fact,—unknown when the Academy published their edition of 1780,—that four editions of the First Part of Don Quixote were, within a year from the date of its appearance, demanded in order to satisfy the impatient curiosity of the public, is so decisive of its popular success from the outset, that men were, before long, disposed to believe that there never was a BuscapiÉ written by any body. After a time, therefore, the discussion about it ceased, except among those who were interested in the smallest details of the life of Cervantes.

But in 1847 the whole subject came up afresh. Don Adolfo de Castro, a young Andalusian gentleman, much devoted to researches in early Spanish literature, and the author of several curious historical works, which give proof of his success, declared that he had accidentally found a copy of the BuscapiÉ. In 1848 he published it at Cadiz, in a duodecimo volume, with a body of very learned notes,—the text, in large type, making forty-six pages, and the notes one hundred and eighty-eight pages, which, if printed with the same type, would make above two hundred and fifty.

In the Preface, Don Adolfo declares, that the BuscapiÉ he thus publishes was printed from a manuscript which he had obtained from the library of Don Pascual de GÁndara, a lawyer of the city of San Fernando, which library, apparently after the death of its owner, had been brought, less than three months before, to the city of Cadiz, the residence of Don Adolfo, to be publicly sold;—that the title of the manuscript, which purports throughout to be the work of Cervantes, is “The very pleasant little Book, called the Squib, in which, besides its much and excellent Learning, are explained all the hidden and unexplained Matters in the Ingenious Knight, Don Quixote de la Mancha, written by a certain Cervantes de Saavedra”;—that the manuscript in question is not in the handwriting of Cervantes, but, as appears by a memorandum following the title, is a copy made at Madrid, February 27, 1606, for Agostin de Molina, son of Argote de Molina, and that it had subsequently come into the possession of the Duke of LafÕes, of the royal family of Braganza;—that it contains no allusion whatever disrespectful to the Emperor Charles the Fifth, for whom, as Don Adolfo believes, Cervantes had a sincere admiration;—that it was, according to the Aprobacion of Gutierre de Cetina, June 27, 1605, and that of Thomas Gracian Dantisco, on the 6th of August following, prepared for the press, but that it was not in fact printed, or it would not have been needful to make a copy of it in manuscript the next year;—and that the true and real object of the Squib was, not to attract attention to the Don Quixote, but to defend that work against many persons accounted learned, who, as Don Adolfo suggests, had attacked it with some severity.

In the BuscapiÉ, which immediately follows these statements, Cervantes represents himself as riding on his mule one day upon the road to Toledo, a little beyond the Puente Toledana, when he sees coming towards him a Bachelor mounted on a sorry hack, that at last falls with him to the ground, in the midst of a contest between the beast and his rider, as to whether they shall go on or no. Cervantes courteously helps the stranger to rise; and then, after a few introductory words, they agree to spend together, under some neighbouring trees, the heat of the day, then fast coming upon them. The Bachelor, a foolish, conceited little fellow, with a very deformed person, produces two books for their common entertainment. The first of them is “The Spiritual Verses of Pedro de Ezinas,” which they both praise, and of whose author Cervantes speaks as of a personal acquaintance. The other is the Don Quixote, which the Bachelor treats very slightingly, and which Cervantes, a little disturbed by such contempt, maintains, in general terms, to be a book of merit, not hinting, however, to the Bachelor that he is its author, and putting his defence on the ground, that it is a well-intended attempt to drive the institution of chivalry from the world.

But the vain, garrulous little Bachelor prefers to talk about himself or to tell stories about his father, and is with difficulty brought back to the Don Quixote, which he then assails as a book absurdly recognizing the existence of knight-errantry at the time it was published, and therefore at the very time when they are talking about it,—a position which Cervantes fully admits and then defends, alleging, in proof of its truth, the examples of Suero de QuiÑones and Charles the Fifth; while, on the other side, the Bachelor sets forth, how glad he should be if it were really so, because he would then turn knight himself, and come by a princess and a kingdom as other knights had done before him;—all in a strain as crazy as that of the hero of Cervantes, and sometimes much resembling it. Cervantes replies, maintaining the real, actual existence of knight-errantry in his own time by the examples of Olivier de Lamarche and others, which are as little to the purpose as those of QuiÑones and the Emperor Charles the Fifth, already cited by him; and so the discussion goes on, until a scene occurs between the hack of the Bachelor and the mule of Cervantes, not unlike that between Rozinante and the horse-flesh of the Galician carriers, in the fifteenth chapter of the First Part of Don Quixote, and one that ends with the total overthrow and demolition of the Bachelor’s beast. This breaks up the conversation between their two riders, and brings the pamphlet to a conclusion,—Cervantes leaving the unlucky Bachelor to get out of his troubles as best he may.

On closing this gay little trifle, we are at once struck with the circumstance, that the BuscapiÉ we have just read, avowing itself on every page to be the work of Cervantes, and declared never to have been printed till the year 1848, can have nothing at all to do with the anonymous BuscapiÉ of which a printed copy is supposed to have been seen about the year 1759;—in fact, that it involves a formal and complete contradiction of every thing of consequence that was ever said or supposed on the subject, before it appeared. This simplifies the matter very much. It is as if a BuscapiÉ had never before been mentioned, and we are therefore to examine the one now published by Don Adolfo de Castro as if the statement of Los Rios and the letter of Ruydiaz had never appeared.

The next thing that occurs to us is the strangeness of the circumstance, that the copy of such a work, not anonymous, but professing to have been written by the greatest and most popular genius of his nation, should, during two centuries and a half, have attracted nobody’s notice; though, during that time, it must have travelled from Madrid to Lisbon and from Lisbon back again to Spain, and though, during the last seventy years, a BuscapiÉ has been much talked about and eagerly asked for.

Nor is the history of the individual manuscript now printed and offered to us, so far as it professes to have a history, more satisfactory. It claims to have been owned by three persons, and a word must be said about each of them.

First, it is said to have been “copied from another copy in the year 1606, at Madrid, on the 27th of February of the said year, for SeÑor Agustin de Argote, son of the very noble SeÑor (may he be in holy glory!) Gonzalo Zatieco de Molina, a knight of Seville.”[459] Now, that Argote Zatieco de Molina, a person I have often had occasion to mention, (see, ante, Vol. I. pp. 74, 75, 77, 117, etc.,) was, as this certificate sets forth, dead in 1606, I have no doubt. A manuscript copy of his well-known hints for the history of Seville, now in the possession of one of my friends, contains notices and documents relating to his life, collected, apparently, by the early copyist, from which we learn that Argote de Molina, by a deed dated July 5, 1597, left to his daughter, two sisters, and a brother the patronage of a chaplaincy he had founded in a chapel prepared by him for his burial-place in the church of Santiago, at Seville;[460] and that in 1600 this chapel was completed, and an inscription placed in it, signifying that it was the burial-place of Argote de Molina, late a chief of the Hermandad, and a Veintequatro, or Regidor, of Seville;[461] from all which, as well as from other grounds, it appears that Argote de Molina died between 1597 and 1600. But why is no son of his mentioned in the deed of 1597, providing for the care of his chapel and the protection of his family burial-place after his own death? This is explained by Ortiz de ZuÑiga, the very best authority on such a point, who, when giving an account of Argote de Molina and his manuscripts, some of which ZuÑiga had then in his possession, says that Argote de Molina had sons, but that they died before him, and that their loss so embittered the latter part of his life, that his reason was impaired by it.[462] What, then, are we to say about this “Agustin,” for whom Don Adolfo’s copy of the BuscapiÉ is certified to have been made in 1606, after the death of his father, Argote, who died without leaving any son?

The second trace of this manuscript is, that it professes to have been a part of the library of the Duke of LafÕes; the inscription to this effect being in Portuguese, and without a date.[463] But is it likely that such a manuscript could have remained in such a position unnoticed? Is it likely that JoÃo de Braganza, one of the most cultivated and distinguished men of his time, who was born in 1719, and died in 1806; who was the friend of the Prince de Ligne, of Maria Theresa, and of Frederic the Great; who founded the Academy of Lisbon, and was its head till his death; in whose family lived Correa de Serra, and who every evening collected the chief men of letters of his country in his saloon,—is it likely that a work avowedly by Cervantes, and one concerning which, after 1780, the Spanish Academy had caused much inquiry to be made, should have remained in the library of such a man without attracting, during his long life, either his own notice or that of the scholars by whom he was surrounded? Or, finally, as to the third and last presumed possessor of this manuscript of the BuscapiÉ, is it likely that it would have wandered on without being recognized by any body until it found its obscure way into the collection of an Andalusian advocate,—Don Pascual de GÁndara,—and that even he, in the nineteenth century, when Navarrete and Clemencin were keeping alive the discussion of the eighteenth about it, should yet know nothing of its import or pretensions, or, knowing them, should withhold his knowledge from all the world?

Thus much for the external evidence, the whole of which, I believe, I have examined. It is, as it seems to me, very suspicious and unsatisfactory.

Nor can the internal evidence be accounted more satisfactory than the external.

In the first place, the BuscapiÉ in question is a closer imitation of Cervantes than he would be likely to make of himself. It opens like the PrÓlogo to the “Persiles and Sigismunda,” in which the conversation that Cervantes says he held with a travelling medical student seems to have been the model for the one he is represented as holding with the travelling Bachelor in the BuscapiÉ;—it then goes on with an examination of one or two contemporary authors, and allusions to others, in the manner of the scrutiny of Don Quixote’s library;—and it ends with an acknowledged parallel to the story of the Yanguese carriers and their beasts; different parts of the whole reminding us of different works of Cervantes, but of the “Adjunta al Parnaso” oftener than of any other. In many cases, phrases seem to be borrowed directly from Cervantes. Thus, of an author praised in the BuscapiÉ, it is said, “Se atreve Á competir con los mas famosos de Italia,” (p. 20,) which is nearly the phrase applied to Rufo, Ercilla, and Virues in the Don Quixote. In another place, (p. 22,) Cervantes is made to say of himself, when speaking in the third person of the author of Don Quixote, “Su autor esta mas cargado de desdichas que de aÑos,” which strongly resembles the more beautiful phrase he, in the same way, applies to himself, as the author of the “Galatea”; and in another place, (p. 10,) the little Bachelor’s shouts to his mule are said to be as much wasted “as if they were tossed into the well of Airon, or the pit of Cabra,”—an allusion much more appropriately made by Cervantes in the “Adjunta al Parnaso,” where mothers are advised to threaten their naughty children, that “the poet shall come and toss them, together with his bad verses, into the pit of Cabra, or the well of Airon,”—natural caves in the kingdoms of Granada and CÓrdova, about which strange stories were long credited. (Semanario Pintoresco, 1839, p. 25; Diccionario de la Academia, 1726, in verb. Airon; Don Quixote, ed. Clemencin, Tom. IV. p. 237; and MiÑano, Diccionario GeogrÁfico.) But there is no need of citing parallel passages. The BuscapiÉ is full of them; some being happily chosen and aptly adjusted to their new places, like three allusions to the words of Cervantes in Don Quixote about “driving books of chivalry out of the world,” (see, ante, Vol. II. p. 105, note,) and others, like those I have just cited, being awkwardly introduced, and fitting their subjects less well than they did those to which they were originally applied. But whether well or ill selected, whether well or ill applied, these phrases in the BuscapiÉ have seldom or never the appearance of accidental coincidences arising out of the carelessness of an author repeating from himself. They seem rather to be words and forms of expression carefully selected, and are so used as to give an air of constraint to the passages where they occur, showing that the writer turns, as it were, in a narrow circle;—an air as unlike as possible to the bold and unfettered movement which is so eminently characteristic of Cervantes.

In the next place, the BuscapiÉ contains many allusions to obscure authors and long-forgotten trifles; but, with an inconsiderable exception, which seems to be a little ostentatiously announced as such, (p. 12, and note B,) not one, I believe, occurs, that is beyond the reach of the singular learning of Don Adolfo, whose ample notes, fitting with suspicious exactness to the text, drive the reader to the conjecture, that the text may have been adjusted to the notes quite as much as the notes to the text. Now and then, this conjecture seems to be confirmed by a slight inaccuracy. Thus, in both text and notes, the name of Pedro de Enzinas—whose poetry is cited and examined just as I find it in my copy of the “Versos Espirituales,” printed at Cuenca, in 1596 (see, ante, Vol. III. p. 13, note)—is uniformly spelt many times over Ezinas, that is, without the first n, (BuscapiÉ, pp. 19-21, and note I,)—a trifling mistake, which a copyist might easily have made in 1606, or which Don Adolfo might have easily made in 1847, when transcribing, as he did, from the printed book before him, but a mistake which there is not one chance in a thousand that both should have made, if there were no other connection between the two than the one avowed. And, again, a little farther on, a mistake occurs which seems to have arisen from the very excess of Don Adolfo’s recondite learning. The old Castilian proverb, “Al buen callar llaman sage,”—or, “He is a wise man that knows when to hold his tongue,”—is found in the text of the BuscapiÉ, (p. 26,) and Don Adolfo in the note on it (L) informs us, that, “in the same way in which this proverb is here used by Cervantes, it is to be seen in the Conde Lucanor,[464] and in other older works. Somebody corrupted it into ‘Al buen callar llaman Sancho.’” But the idea, that Cervantes adhered to an old form of the proverb, because he rejected or did not know the supposed corrupt one, is not well founded. The proverb occurs, in what Don Adolfo considers a corrupted form, as early as the “Cartas de Garay,” in 1553, and the collection of Proverbs by the learned Hernan NuÑez, in 1555, and in this very form it is, in fact, used by Cervantes himself (Don Quixote, Parte II. c. 43); for when Sancho Panza is rebuked by his master for stringing together proverbs without end, he first promises he will not utter another, and then instantly opens his mouth with this one. Indeed, I rather think that the word sage, which was in use as late as the time of Juan de Mena, had dropped out of the current language of good society before that of Cervantes. Nebrixa, before 1500, says it was then antiquated. (See Diccionario de la Academia, 1739.)

The last suggestion I have to make in relation to the genuineness of the BuscapiÉ published by Don Adolfo de Castro is, that, though on its title-page it professes to explain “all the hidden and unexplained things” in the Don Quixote, it does not, in fact, even allude to one such; and though it professes to have been written by Cervantes in order to defend himself against certain learned adversaries, it does not cite any one of them, and only defends him in a light, jesting tone against the charge of the little Bachelor by admitting its truth, and then justifying it, on the ground that knight-errantry is still flourishing and vigorous in Spain,—a charge which no sensible or learned man can be supposed to have made, and a defence which is humorous, so far as it is so at all, only for its absurdity.

Other things might be mentioned, such as that Cervantes, in the BuscapiÉ, is made to speak in a disparaging way of AlcalÁ de Henares, his native place, (pp. 13 and 41,) which, as we have seen, (ante, Vol. II. p. 53,) he delighted to honor; and that he is made to represent his imaginary Bachelor as talking about his own painful personal deformities, (pp. 24, 25, 28, 29,) and his father’s contemptible poltroonery, (pp. 27, 28, 34,) in a way inconsistent with the tact and knowledge of human nature which are among the strongest characteristics of the author of Don Quixote.

But I will go no farther. The little tract published by Don Adolfo de Castro is, with the exception of two or three coarse passages,[465] a pleasant, witty trifle. It shows in many parts much lively talent, a remarkable familiarity with the works of Cervantes, and a hardly less remarkable familiarity with the literature of the period when Cervantes lived. If Don Adolfo wrote it, he has probably always intended, in due time, to claim it as his own, and he may be assured that, by so doing, he will add something to his own literary laurels without taking any thing from those of Cervantes. If he did not write it, then he has, I think, been deceived in regard to the character of the manuscript, which he purchased under circumstances that made him believe it to be what it is not. In any event, I find no sufficient proof that it was written by Cervantes, and therefore no sufficient ground to think that it can be placed permanently under the protection of his great name.


APPENDIX, E.


ON THE DIFFERENT EDITIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND IMITATIONS OF THE “DON QUIXOTE.”

(See Vol. II. p. 108, note, and p. 112, note.)

Whatever relates to the “Don Quixote” of Cervantes is so interesting, that I will add here such an account of its different editions, translations, and imitations as may serve, in some degree, to give the just measure of its extraordinary popularity, not only in Spain, but all over Christendom.

The first edition of the First Part of Don Quixote, of which I have a copy, was printed with this title: “El Ingenioso Hidalgo, Don Quixote de la Mancha, compuesto por Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, dirigido al Duque de Bejar, Marques de Gibraleon, etc. AÑo 1605. Con Privilegio, etc. En Madrid, por Juan de la Cuesta,” 4to, in one volume. Three editions more appeared in the same year, namely, one at Madrid, one at Lisbon, and the other at Valencia. These, with another at Brussels, in 1607,—five in all,—are the only editions that appeared, till he took it in hand to correct some of its errors. But he did this, as I have intimated, very imperfectly and carelessly. Among other changes, he did away with the division of the volume into four parts or books, but did not take the trouble to remove from the text the proofs of such a division, as may be seen at the end of Chapters VIII., XIV., and XXVII., where the work was divided, and where, in all our editions, the proofs of it still remain. Such corrections, however, as he saw fit to make, with sometimes a different spelling of words, appeared in the Madrid edition of 1608, 4to; of which I have a copy. This edition, though somewhat better than the first, is yet ordinary; but, as the one containing Cervantes’s only amendments of the text, it is more valued and sought after than any other, and is the basis on which all the good impressions since have been founded. After this, an edition at Milan, 1610, and one at Brussels, 1611, are known to have been printed before the appearance of the Second Part, in 1615. So that, in nine or ten years, there were eight editions of the First Part of Don Quixote, implying a circulation greater than that of the works of Shakspeare or Milton, Racine or MoliÈre, who, as of the same century, may be fitly compared with him.

The first edition of the Second Part of Don Quixote, which, like the first edition of the First Part, is poorly printed, is entitled, “Segunda Parte del Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha, por Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, autor de su Primera Parte, dirigida Á Don Pedro Fernandez de Castro, Conde de Lemos, etc. AÑo 1615. Con Privilegio, en Madrid, por Juan de la Cuesta,” 4to. It was printed separately, Valencia, 1616; Brussels, 1616; Barcelona, 1617; and Lisbon, 1617; after which no separate edition is known to have appeared.[466]

Thus, as we have seen, eight editions of the First Part were printed in ten years, and five of the Second Part in two years. Both parts appeared together at Barcelona in 1617, in two volumes, duodecimo; and from this period the number of editions has been very great, both in Spain and in foreign countries; nearly fifty of them being of some consequence. Only five, however, need to be here particularly noted. These are,—1. Tonson’s edition, (London, 1738, 4 vols., 4to,) published at the instance of Lord Carteret, in compliment to the queen, and containing the Life by Mayans y Siscar, already noticed; the first attempt either to edit Don Quixote or to write its author’s life with care. 2. The magnificent edition printed by the Spanish Academy, (Madrid, 1780, 4 tom., folio,) in which the text is settled with some skill, a few notes are added, and the Life of Cervantes and an Analysis, or rather an extravagant eulogy and defence, of the Don Quixote, by Don Vicente de los Rios, prefixed. It has been several times reprinted, though not without expressions of disapprobation, especially at the indiscriminate admiration of Los Rios, who found, among other opponents, a very resolute one in a Spaniard by the name of Valentine Foronda, who, in 1807, printed in London a thin octavo volume of very captious notes on Don Quixote, written in the form of letters, between 1793 and 1799, and entitled “Observaciones sobre Algunos Puntos de la Obra de Don Quixote, por T. E.” Clemencin gives the name of the author, who is otherwise unknown to me. (Ed. Don Quixote, Tom. I. p. 305.) 3. The extraordinary edition published in two volumes, quarto, at Salisbury, in England, in 1781, and accompanied by a third volume, consisting of notes and verbal indexes, all in Spanish, by the Rev. John Bowle, a clergyman in a small village near Salisbury, who gave fourteen years of unwearied labor to prepare it for the press; studying, as the basis of his system of annotation, the old Spanish and Italian authors, and especially the old Spanish ballad-books and books of chivalry, and concluding his task, or at least dating his Prefaces and Dedication, on the 23d of April, the anniversary of Cervantes’s death. There are few books of so much real learning, and at the same time of so little pretension, as the third volume of this edition. It is, in fact, the true and safe foundation on which has been built much of what has since been done with success for the explanation and illustration of the Don Quixote, which thus owes more to Bowle than to any other of its editors, except Clemencin. 4. The edition of Juan Antonio Pellicer, (Madrid, 1797-98, 5 tom., 8vo,) an Aragonese gentleman, who employed above twenty years in preparing it. (Latassa, Bib. Nov., Tom. VI. p. 319.) The notes to this edition contain a good deal of curious matter, but this matter is often irrelevant; the number of the notes is small, and they explain only a small part of the difficulties that occur in the text. It should be observed, too, that Pellicer is indebted to Bowle further than he acknowledges, and that he now and then makes mistakes on points of fact. 5. The edition of Diego Clemencin, (Madrid, 1833-39, 6 tom., 4to,) one of the most complete commentaries that has been published on any author, ancient or modern. It is written, too, with taste and judgment in nearly all that relates to the merits of the author, and is free from the blind admiration for Cervantes which marks Vicente de los Rios and the edition of the Academy. Its chief fault is, that there is too much of it; but then, on the other hand, it is rare to find an obscure point which it does not elucidate. The system of Clemencin is the one laid down by Bowle; and the conscientious learning with which it is carried out seems really to leave little to be desired in the way of notes.

In other countries the Don Quixote is hardly less known than it is in Spain. Down to the year 1700, it is curious to observe, that as many editions of the entire work were printed abroad as at home, and the succession of translations from the first has been uninterrupted. The oldest French translation is of 1620, since which there have been six or seven others, including the poor one of Florian, 1799, which has been the most read, and the very good one of Louis Viardot, (Paris, 1836-38, 2 tom., 8vo,) with the admirable illustrations of Granville,—a translation, however, which has been somewhat roughly handled by F. B. F. Biedermann, in a tract entitled “Don Quixote et la TÂche de ses Traducteurs” (Paris, 1837, 8vo). The oldest English one is by Shelton, 1612-20, the first half of which was made, as he says in the Dedication, in forty days, some years before, and which was followed by a very vulgar, unfaithful, and coarse one by John Philips, the nephew of Milton, 1687; one by Motteux, 1712; one by Jarvis, 1742, which Smollet used too freely in his own, 1755; one by Wilmot, 1774; and, finally, the anonymous one of 1818, which has adopted parts of all its predecessors. Most of them have been reprinted often; and, on the whole, the most agreeable and the best, though certainly somewhat too free, is that of Motteux, in the edition of Edinburgh, 1822, (5 vols., 12mo,) with notes and illustrative translations, full of spirit and grace, by Mr. J. G. Lockhart. No foreign country has done so much for Cervantes and Don Quixote as England, both by original editions, published there, and by translations. It may be noticed further, that, in 1654, Edmund Gayton, a gay fellow about town, of whom Wood gives no very dignified account, published in London a small folio volume, entitled “Pleasant Notes upon Don Quixote,” the best of its author’s various works, and one that was thought worth publishing again in the next century, for the sake, I suppose, of the amusing vein in which it is written, but not on account of any thing it contains that will serve to explain difficult or obscure passages in the original. Some of it is in verse, and the whole is based on Shelton’s translation.

All countries, however, have sought the means of enjoying the Don Quixote, for there are translations in Latin, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Russian, Polish, and Portuguese. But better than any of these is, probably, the admirable one made into German by Ludwig Tieck, with extraordinary freedom and spirit, and a most genial comprehension of his author; four editions of which appeared between 1815 and 1831, and superseded all the other German versions, of which there are five, beginning with an imperfect attempt in 1669. It ought, perhaps, to be added, that, in the course of the last half-century, more editions of the original have appeared in Germany than in any other foreign country.

Of imitations out of Spain, it is only necessary to allude to three. The first is a “Life of Don Quixote, merrily translated into Hudibrastic Verse, by Edward Ward,” (London, 1711, 2 vols., 8vo,)—a poor attempt, full of coarse jests not found in the original. The second is “Don Silvio de Rosalva,” by Wieland, (1764, 2 vols.,) in ridicule of a belief in fairies and unseen agencies;—his first work in romantic fiction, and one that never had much success. The third is a curious poem, in twelve cantos, by Meli, the best of the Sicilian poets, who, in his native dialect, has endeavoured to tell the story of Don Quixote in octave stanzas, with the heroi-comic lightness of Ariosto; but, among other unhappinesses, has cumbered Sancho with Greek mythology and ancient learning. It fills the third and fourth volumes of Meli’s “Poesie Siciliane” (Palermo, 1787, 5 vols., 12mo). All these, as well as Smollet’s “Sir Launcelot Graves” and Mrs. Lenox’s “Female Quixote,” both published in 1762, are direct imitations of the Don Quixote, and on that account, in part, they are all failures. Butler’s “Hudibras,” (first edition, 1663-78,) so free and so full of wit, comes, perhaps, as near its model as genius may venture with success.

Don Quixote has often been produced on the stage in Spain; as, for instance, in a play by Francisco de Avila, published at Barcelona, in 1617; in two by Guillen de Castro, 1621; in one by Calderon, that is lost; and in others by Gomez Labrador, Francisco Marti, Valladares, Melendez Valdes, and, more lately, Ventura de la Vega; some of which were noticed when we spoke of the drama. But all of them were failures. (Don Quixote, ed. Clemencin, Tom. IV., 1835, p. 399, note.)

As to prose imitations in Spain, except the attempt of Avellaneda, in 1614, I know of none for above a century;—none, indeed, till the popularity of the original work was revived. But since that period, there have been several. One is by ChristÓval Anzarena,—“Empressas Literarias del ingeniosÍssimo Cavallero, Don Quixote de la Manchuela,” (Sevilla, 12mo, without the year, but printed about 1767,)—intended to ridicule the literary taste of the times, which, after going through the education of the hero, breaks off with the promise of a second part, that never appeared. Another is called “Adiciones Á Don Quixote, por Jacinto MarÍa Delgado,” (Madrid, 12mo, s. a.,) printed apparently soon after the last, and containing the remainder of Sancho’s life, passed chiefly with the Duke and Duchess in Aragon, where, at a very small expense of wit, he is fooled into the idea that he is a baron. Another, by Alonso Bernardo Ribero y Sarrea, called “El Quixote de la Cantabria,” (Madrid, 1792, 2 tom., 12mo,) describes the travels of a certain Don Pelayo to Madrid, and his residence at court there, whence he returns to his native mountains, astonished and shocked that the Biscayans are not everywhere regarded as the only true nobility and gentlemen on earth. A fourth, “Historia de Sancho Panza,” (Madrid, 1793-98, 2 tom., 12mo,) is an unsuccessful attempt to give effect to Sancho as a separate and independent person after Don Quixote’s death, making him Alcalde of his native village, and sending him to figure in the capital and get into prison there;—the whole bringing the poor esquire’s adventures down to a very grave ending of his very merry life. And a fifth, by Juan SiÑeriz, “El Quixote del Siglo XVIII.,” (Madrid, 1836, 4 tom., 12mo,) is an account of a French philosopher, who, with his esquire, travels over the earth to regenerate mankind; and, coming back just at the close of the French Revolution, which happened while he was in Asia, is cured, by the results of that great convulsion, of his philosophical notions; a dull, coarse book, whose style is as little attractive as its story. Perhaps there are other Spanish imitations of Don Quixote; but there can be none, I apprehend, of any merit or value.

All this account, however, incomplete as it is, of the different editions, translations, and imitations which, for above two centuries, have been poured out upon the different countries of Europe, gives, still, but an imperfect measure of the kind and degree of success which this extraordinary work has enjoyed; for there are thousands and thousands who never have read it, and who never have heard of Cervantes, to whom, nevertheless, the names of Don Quixote and of Sancho are as familiar as household words. So much of this kind of fame is enjoyed, probably, by no other author of modern times.


APPENDIX, F.


ON THE EARLY COLLECTIONS OF OLD SPANISH PLAYS.

(See Vol. II. p. 429.)

Two large collections of plays, and several small ones, much resembling each other, both in the character of their contents and the form of their publication, appeared in different parts of Spain during the seventeenth century, just as the ballads had appeared a century before; and they should be noticed with some care, because they exhibit the peculiar physiognomy of the Spanish national drama with much distinctness, and furnish materials of consequence for its history.

Of the first collection, whose prevailing title seems to have been “Comedias de Diferentes Autores,” it would, I suppose, be impossible now to form a complete set, or one even approaching to completeness. I possess only three volumes of it, and have seen satisfactory notices of only two more. The first of the five is the twenty-fifth volume of the collection itself, and was printed at Saragossa, in 1633, by Pedro Escuer. As is usual with such volumes of the old Spanish dramatists, it is in small quarto and contains twelve plays, seven of which are attributed to Montalvan, then at the height of his success as a living author, and one to Calderon, who was just rising to his great fame; but one of the seven plays of Montalvan belongs to his master, Lope de Vega, and the only one taken from Calderon is printed from a text grossly corrupted. The twenty-ninth volume was printed at Valencia, in 1636, and the thirty-second at Saragossa, in 1640; but I have seen neither of them. In the thirty-first, printed at Barcelona, in 1638, all the twelve plays are given without the names of their authors, though the persons who wrote most of them are still known; and the forty-third volume was printed at Saragossa, in 1650, containing plays by Calderon, Moreto, and SolÍs, with enough by more obscure authors to make up the regular number of twelve. It is no doubt singular, that, of a collection like this, extending to at least forty-three volumes, so little should now be known. But such is the fact. The Inquisition and the confessional were very busy in the latter part of the seventeenth century, when, under the imbecile Charles the Second, the theatre had fallen from its high estate; and in this way the oldest large collection of plays published in Spain, and the one we should now be most desirous to possess, was hunted down and nearly exterminated.

The next, which is the collection commonly known under the title of “Comedias Nuevas Escogidas de los Mejores Autores,”—a title by no means strictly adhered to in its successive volumes,—was more fortunate. Still it is very rare. I have never seen a set of it absolutely complete; but I possess in all forty-one volumes out of the forty-eight, of which such a set should consist, and have sufficiently accurate notices of the remaining seven.

The first of these volumes was published in 1652, the last in 1704; but, in the latter part of the period embraced between these dates, the theatre so declined, that, though at first two or three volumes came out every year, none was issued during the twenty-three years that followed the death of Calderon in 1681, except the very last in the collection, the forty-eighth. Taken together, they contain five hundred and seventy-four comedias, in all the forms and with all the characteristics of the old Spanish drama; their appropriate loas and entremeses being connected with a very small number of them. Thirty-seven of these comedias are given as anonymous, and the remaining five hundred and thirty-seven are distributed among one hundred and thirty-eight different authors.

The distribution, however, as might be anticipated, is very unequal. Calderon, who was far the most successful writer of the period he illustrated, has fifty-three plays assigned to him, in whole or in part, of which it is certain not one was printed with his permission, and not one, so far as I have compared them with the authentic editions of his works, from a text properly corrected. Moreto, the dramatic writer next in popularity after Calderon, has forty-six pieces given to him in the same way; all probably without his assent, since he renounced the stage as sinful, and retired to a monastery in 1657. Matos Fragoso, who was a little later, has thirty-three; Fernando de Zarate, twenty-two; Antonio Martinez, eighteen; Mira de Mescua, eighteen; Zavaleta, sixteen; Roxas, sixteen; Luis Velez de Guevara, fifteen; Cancer, fourteen; SolÍs, twelve; Lope de Vega, twelve; Diamante, twelve; Pedro de Rosete, eleven; Belmonte, eleven; and Francisco de Villegas, eleven. Many others have smaller numbers assigned to them; and sixty-nine authors, nearly all of whose names are otherwise unknown, and some of them, probably, not genuine, have but one each.

That the dramas in this collection all belong to the authors to whom it ascribes them, or that it is even so far accurate in its designations as to be taken for a sufficient general authority, is not for a moment to be supposed. Thirteen at least of the plays it contains, that bear the name of Calderon, are not his; one known to be his, “La Banda y la Flor,” is printed as anonymous in the thirtieth volume, with the title of “Hazer del Amor Agravio”; and another, “Amigo Amante y Leal,” is twice inserted,—once in the fourth volume, 1653, and once in the eighteenth volume, 1662,—each differing considerably from the other, and neither taken from a genuine text.

Of its carelessness in relation to other authors similar remarks might be made. Several of the plays of SolÍs are printed twice, and one three times; and in two successive volumes, the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth, we have the “Lorenzo me llamo” of Matos Fragoso, a well-known and, in its time, a popular play. On all accounts, therefore, this collection, like its predecessor, is to be regarded as a mere bookseller’s speculation, carried on without the consent of the authors whose works were plundered for the purpose, and sometimes, as we know, in disregard of their complaints and remonstrances. How recklessly and scandalously this was done may be gathered from the facts already stated, and from the further one, that the “Vencimiento de Turno,” in the twelfth volume, which is boldly ascribed to Calderon on its title, is yet given to its true author, Manuel del Campo, in the very lines with which it is ended.

Still, these large collections, with the single volumes that, from time to time, were sent forth in the same way by the booksellers,—such as those published by Mateo de la Bastida, in 1652; by Manuel Lopez, in 1653; by Juan de Valdes, in 1655; by Robles, in 1664; and by Zabra and Fernandez, in 1675, all of which have been used in the account of the theatre in the text,—give us a living and faithful impression of the acted Spanish drama in the seventeenth century; for the plays they contain are those that were everywhere performed on the national stage, and they are here presented to us, not so often in the form given them by their authors, as in the form in which they were fitted for the stage by the managers, and plundered from the prompter’s manuscripts, or noted down in the theatres, by piratical booksellers.


APPENDIX, G.


ON THE ORIGIN OF THE BAD TASTE IN SPAIN, CALLED CULTISMO.

(See Vol. II. p. 533, note.)

A remarkable discussion took place in Italy in the latter part of the eighteenth century, concerning the origin of the bad taste in literature that existed in Spain after 1600, under the name of “Cultismo”;—some of the distinguished men of letters in each country casting the reproach of the whole of it upon the other. The circumstances, which may be properly regarded as a part of Spanish literary history, were the following.

In 1773, Saverio Bettinelli, a superficial, but somewhat popular, writer, in his “Risorgimento d’Italia negli Studj, etc., dopo il Mille,” charged Spain, and particularly the Spanish theatre, with the bad taste that prevailed in Italy after that country fell so much under Spanish control; adding to a slight notice of Lope de Vega and Calderon the following words:—“This, then, is the taste which passed into Italy, and there ruined every thing pure.” (Parte II. cap. 3, Tragedia e Commedia.) Girolamo Tiraboschi, in his “Storia della Letteratura Italiana,” first published between 1772 and 1783, maintained a similar position or theory, tracing this bad taste, as it were, to the very soil and climate of Spain, and following its footsteps, both in ancient times, when, he believed, the Latin literature had been corrupted by it after the Senecas and Martial came from Spain to Rome, and in modern times, when he charged upon it the follies of Marini and all his school. (Tom. II., Dissertazione Preliminare, § 27.)

Both these writers were, no doubt, sufficiently decided in the tone of their opinions. Neither of them, however, was harsh or violent in his manner, and neither, probably, felt that he was making such an attack on the literature and fair fame of another country as would provoke a reply;—much less, one that would draw after it a long controversy.

But at that period there were in Italy a considerable number of learned Spaniards, who had been driven there, as Jesuits, by the expulsion of their Society from Spain in 1767; men whose chief resource and amusement were letters, and who, like true Spaniards, felt not a whit the less proud of their country because they had been violently expelled from it. With hardly a single exception, they seem to have been offended by these and other similar remarks of Bettinelli and Tiraboschi, to which they were, perhaps, only the more sensitive, because the distinguished Italians who made them were, like themselves, members of the persecuted Order of the Jesuits.

Answers to these imputations, therefore, soon began to appear. Two were published in 1776;—the first by Thomas Serrano, a Valencian, who, in some Latin Letters, printed at Ferrara, defended the Latin poets of Spain from the accusations of Tiraboschi, (Ximeno, Tom. II. p. 335; Fuster, Tom. II. p. 111,) and the second by Father Giovanni Andres, who, in a Dissertation printed at Cremona, took similar ground, which he further enlarged and fortified afterwards, in his great work on universal literary history, (Dell’ Origine, Progresso, e Stato Attuale di Ogni Letteratura, 1782-99, 9 tom., 4to,) where he maintains the dignity and honor of his country’s literature on all points, and endeavours to trace the origin of much of what is best in the early culture of modern Europe to Arabian influences coming in from Spain, through Provence, to Italy and France.

To the Letters of Serrano rejoinders appeared at once from Clement Vannetti, the person to whom Serrano had addressed them, and from Alessandro Zorzi, a friend of Tiraboschi;—and to the Dissertation of Father Andres, Tiraboschi himself replied, with much gentleness, in the notes to subsequent editions of his “Storia della Letteratura.” (See Angelo Ant. Scotti, Elogio Storico del Padre Giovanni Andres, Napoli, 1817, 8vo, pp. 13, 143, Tiraboschi, Storia, ed. Roma, 1782, Tom. II. p. 23.)

Meantime, others among the exiled Spanish Jesuits in Italy, such as Arteaga, who afterwards wrote the valuable “Rivoluzioni del Teatro Musicale,” 1783, and Father Isla, who had been famous for his “Friar Gerund” from 1758, took an interest in the controversy. (Salas, Vida del Padre Isla, Madrid, 1803, 12mo, p. 136.) But the person who brought to it the learning which now makes it of consequence in Spanish literary history was Francisco Xavier Lampillas, or Llampillas, who was born in Catalonia, in 1731, and was, for some time, Professor of Belles Lettres in Barcelona, but who, from the period of his exile as a Jesuit in 1767 to that of his death in 1810, lived chiefly in Genoa or its neighbourhood, devoting himself to literary pursuits, and publishing occasionally works, both in prose and verse, in the Italian language, which he wrote with a good degree of purity.

Among these works was his “Saggio Storico-apologetico della Letteratura Spagnuola,” printed between 1778 and 1781, in six volumes, octavo, devoted to a formal defence of Spanish literature against Bettinelli and Tiraboschi;—occasionally, however, noticing the mistakes of others, who, like Signorelli, had touched on the same subject. In the separate dissertations of which this somewhat remarkable book is composed, the author discusses the connection between the Latin poets of Spain and those of Rome in the period following the death of Augustus;—he examines the question of the Spanish climate raised by Tiraboschi, and claims for Spain a culture earlier than that of Italy, and one as ample and as honorable;—he asserts that Spain was not indebted to Italy for the revival of letters within her borders at the end of the Dark Ages, or for the knowledge of the art of navigation that opened to her the New World; while, on the other hand, he avers that Italy owed to Spain much of the reform of its theological and juridical studies, especially in the sixteenth century;—and brings his work to a conclusion, in the seventh and eighth dissertations, with an historical exhibition of the high claims of Spanish poetry generally, and with a defence of the Spanish theatre from the days of the Romans down to his own times.

No doubt, some of these pretensions are quite unfounded, and others are stated much more strongly than they should be; and no doubt, too, the general temper of the work is any thing rather than forbearing and philosophical; but still, many of its defensive points are well maintained, and many of its incidental notices of Spanish literary history are interesting, if not important. At any rate, it produced a good effect on opinion in Italy; and, when added to the works published there soon afterwards by Arteaga, Clavigero, Eximeno, Andres, and other exiled Spaniards, it tended to remove many of the prejudices that existed among the Italians against Spanish literature;—prejudices which had come down from the days when the Spaniards had occupied so much of Italy as conquerors, and had thus earned for their nation the lasting ill-will of its people.

Answers, of course, were not wanting to the work of Lampillas, even before it was completed; one of which, by Bettinelli, appeared in the nineteenth volume of the “Diario” of Modena, and another, in 1778, by Tiraboschi, in a separate pamphlet, which he republished afterwards in the different editions of his great work. To both, Lampillas put forth a rejoinder in 1781, not less angry than his original Apology, but, on the whole, less successful, since he was unable to maintain some of the positions skilfully selected and attacked by his adversaries, or to establish many of the facts which they had drawn into question. Tiraboschi reprinted this rejoinder at the end of his own work, with a few short notes; the only reply which he thought it necessary to make.

But in Spain the triumph of Lampillas was open and unquestioned. His Storia Apologetica was received with distinguished honors by the Academy of History, and, together with his pamphlet defending it, was published first in 1782, in six volumes, and then, in 1789, in seven volumes, translated by DoÑa Maria Josefa Amar y Borbon, an Aragonese lady of some literary reputation. What, however, was yet more welcome to its author, Charles the Third, the very king by whose command he had been exiled, gave him an honorable pension for his defence of the national literature, and acknowledged the merits of the work by his minister, Count Florida Blanca, who counted among them not only its learning, but an “urbanity” which now-a-days we are unable to discover in it. (Sempere, Biblioteca, Tom. III. p. 165.)

After this, the controversy seems to have died away entirely, except as it appeared in notes to the great work of Tiraboschi, which he continued to add to the successive editions till his death, in 1794. The result of the whole—so far as the original question is concerned—is, that a great deal of bad taste is proved to have existed in Spain and in Italy, especially from the times of GÓngora and Marina, not without connection and sympathy between the two countries, but that neither can be held exclusively responsible for its origin or for its diffusion.


APPENDIX, H.


INEDITA.

Having a little enlarged the first and second volumes for the purpose, I am enabled here to present some of the very old and interesting Spanish poetry, furnished to me by Don Pascual de Gayangos, but never before published. I wish it were in my power to print more of the manuscripts in my possession, but I have not room.


No. I.

POEMA DE JOSÉ EL PATRIARCA.

The first of the manuscripts referred to is the one mentioned in Vol. I. pp. 94-99, as a poem on the subject of Joseph, the son of Jacob,—remarkable on many accounts, and, among the rest, because, in the only copy of it known to exist,—that in the National Library, Madrid, MSS. G. g., 4to, 101,—it is written entirely in the Arabic character, so that, for a long time, it was regarded as an Arabic manuscript. It has not, I believe, been deemed of a later date than the end of the fourteenth century. Indeed, its language and general air would seem to indicate an earlier one; but we should bear in mind that the Moriscos, to some one of whom this poem is due, did not make a progress in the language and culture of Spain so rapid as the Spaniards did, by whom, long before the fall of Granada, large masses of them were surrounded and kept in subjection. On this account we may conjecture the poem to have been written as late as the year 1400; but its date is uncertain.

· · · · · ·

· · · · · ·

Jusuf seiendo chico i de pocos annos,

Castigandolo su padre no se encubriÓ de sus ermanos,

Dijoles el suenno que bido en los altos;

Pensaronle traision É fizieronle engannos.

Dijeronle sus ermanos, “Agamosle certero;

Roguemos a nueso padre rogaria berdadera,

Que nos deje a Jusuf en la comanda berdadera,

I amostrarle emos mannas de cazar la alimanna berdadera.”

· · · · · ·

· · · · · ·

Porque Jacab amaba Á Jusuf por marabella,

Porque el era disquito i agudo de orella,

Porque la su madre era fermosa e bella,

Sobre todas las otras era amada ella.

Aquesta fue la razon porque le obieron enbidia,

Porque Jusuf sonno un suenno una noche ante el dia,

Suenno que entendieron sus ermanos siempre todabia,

Que Jusuf seiendo menor abria la mejoria.

· · · · · ·

· · · · · ·

Dijieron sus filhos, “Padre, eso no pensedes,

Somos dies ermanos, eso bien sabedes;

Seriamos taraidores, eso no dubdedes;

Mas enpero, si no vos place, aced lo que queredes.

“Mas aquesto pensamos, sabelo el Criador;

Porque supiese mas, i ganase el nuestro amor,

EnseÑarle aiemos las obelhas e el ganado maior;

Mas enpero, si no vos place, mandad como seÑor.”

Tanto le dijeron de palabras fermosas,

Tanto le prometieron de palabras piadosas,

Que Él les diÓ el ninno, dijoles las oras,

Que lo guardasen a el de manos enganosas.

Dioseles el padre, como no debia far,

Fiandose en sus filhos, e no quis mas dubdar;

Dijo, “Filhos, los mis filhos, lo que os quiero rogar,

Que me lo catedes e me lo querais guardar.

“E me lo bolbades luego en amor del Criador,

A Él fareis placer, i a mi mui grand fabor,

Y en esto no fallescades, filhos, por mi amor,

Encomiendolo a el de Allah, poderoso SeÑor.”

Lebaronlo en cuello mientras su padre los bido.

De que fueron apartados bien beredes que fueron Á far;

Bajaronlo del cuello, en tierra lo van a posar.

Quando esto bido Jusuf por su padre fuÉ Á sospirar.

Dejabanlo zaguero mal andante e cuitado,

E Él como era tierno quedo mui querebantado;

Dijoles, “Atendedme, ermanos, que boi mui cansado,

No querais que quede aqui desmamparado.

“Dadme agua del rio o de fuente o de mar,

No querades que muera de sete ni de fambar;

No querades que finque de sin padre ni madre;

Acuerdeseos lo que os dijo el cano de mi padre.”

Esto que oyera el uno de ellos, bien beredes lo que fizo;

Dio de mano al gua, en tierra la bacio,

De punnos e de cozes mui mal lo firio,

El ninno con las sobras en tierra cayo.

Alli se fue a rencorar uno de sus ermanos,

Jahuda tiene por nombre, mui arreciado de manos;

Fuesele a rogar ad aquellos onrados

No muriÓ entonces qui sieronlo sus fados.

Tomaron su consejo, i obieronlo por bien,

Que lo llebasen al monte al pozo de Azraiel;

Frio es el fosal, e las fieras ia se acian,

Porque se lo comiesen i nunca mas lo bian.

Pensaban, que dirian al su padre onrrado,

Que, estando en las obelhas, bino el lobo airado,

Estando durmiendo Jusuf a su caiado,

Bino el lobo maldito i a Jusuf hubo matado.

Jacub estaba aflejido por la tardanza de su fijo,

Saliose por las carreras por oir i saber de sus fijos nuebas berdaderas;

Bidolos benir, meciendo las cabezas,

Diciendo, “O ermano Jusuf!” de tan buena manera.

Quando los bido benir con tal apellido,

Luego en aquella ora caio amortesido;

Quando llegaron a Él no le hallaron sentido,

Dijeron todos, “Senor, dale el perdon cumplido.”

Dijo Jahuda a todos sus ermanos,

“Bolbamos por Jusuf, donde estaba encelado,

I abremos gualardon de nueso padre onrrado;

Io prometo de encelar quanto abemos errado.”

Dijeron sus ermanos, “Eso no aremos;

Somos diez ermanos, eso bien sabemos;

Bamos a nueso padre e todo se lo contaremos,

Que, contandole aquesto, seremos creederos.”

Hasta poco de rato Jacob ubo recordado;

Dijo, “Que es de mi fijo, que es de mi amado?

Que le abedes fecho, en do lo abeis dejado?”

E todos dijeron, “El lobo lo ha matado.”

“No bos creio, filhos, de quanto me dezides;

Idme a cazar el lobo de aquel donde benides,

Que io le fare ablar corbas sus corbizes;

Con la aiuda de Allah, el me dira si falsia me dezedes.”

E fueronse a cazar el lobo con falsia mui grande,

Diciendo que abia fecho una muerte tan mala;

Traieron la camisa de Jusuf ensangrentada,

Porque creiese Jacob aquello sin dudanza.

Rogo Jacob al Criador, e al lobo fuÉ Á fablar.

Dijo el lobo, “No lo manda Allah que a nabi fuese Á matar;

En tan estranna tierra me fueron Á cazar,

Anme fecho pecado, i lebanme a lazrar.”

Dijo Jacob, “Filhos que tuerto me tenedes,

De quanto me decides de todo me fallesedes,

En el Allah creio, e fio que aun lo beredes

Todas estas cosas que aun lo pagaredes.”

E bolbiose Jacob e bolbiose llorando,

E quedaron sus filhos como desmamparados;

Fueronse a Jusuf donde estaba encelado,

E lebaronle al pozo por el suelo rastrando.

Echaronle en el pozo con cuerda mui luenga;

Quando fue a medio ubieronla cortada,

E caio entre una penna i una piedra airada,

E quiso Allah del cielo, e no le nocio nada.

Alli caio Jusuf en aquella agua fria,

Por do pasaba gente con mercaduria,

Que tenian sed con la calor del dia,

I embiaron por agua alli donde el iacia.

Echaron la ferrada con cuerda mui larga;

No la pudieron sacar, cÁ mucho les pesaba

Por razon que Jusuf en ella se trababa;

Pusieron i esfuerzo, i salto la bella barba.

Ellos de que bieron a tan noble criatura

Marabillaronse de su grand fermosura;

Llebaronle al mercader, e plaziole su figura;

Prometioles mucho bien e mui mucha mesura.

Asta poco de rato sus ermanos binieron

A demandarlo, su catibo lo ferieron;

El lo otorgo pues ellos lo quisieron;

Jahuda los aconsejo por alla por do binieron.

Dijo el mercader, “Amigos, si queredes

Aquestos vente dineros por Él si lo bendedes.

Dijeron, “Contentos somos con que lo enpresionedes,

Asta la tierra santa que no lo soltaredes.”

E fizieron su carta, de como lo bendieron;

E todo por sus manos por escripto lo pusieron,

E ad aquel mercader su carta le rindieron,

E lebaronlo encadenado ansi como punsieron.

Quando bino el mober, Jusuf iba llorando,

Por espedirse de sus ermanos mal iba quexando,

Malos eran ellos, mas Él acia su guisado,

DemandÓ al mercader i otorgoselo de grado.

Dijo el mercader, “Esta es marabella,

Que ellos te an vendido como si fueses obelha,

Diciendo que eras ladron e de mala pelelha;

E io por tales senores no daria una arbelha.”

Partiose Jusuf con la cadena rastrando,

E Jahuda aquella noche estabalos belando,

Espertolos a todos tan apriesa llorando,

Diziendo, “Lebantadbos, recibid al torteado.”

Dijo Jusuf, “Ermanos, perdoneos el Criador

Del tuerto que me tenedes, perdoneos el Senor;

Que para siempre e nunca se parta el nuestro amor.”

Abraso Á cada guno, e partiose con dolor.

Iba con gran gente aquel mercadero;

Alli iba Jusuf solo e sin companero;

Pasaron por un camino por un fosal sennero,

Do iacia la su madre acerca de un otero.

Dio salto del camello donde iba cabalgando;

No lo sintio el negro que lo iba guardando;

Fuese a la fuesa de su madre a pedirla perdon doblando

Jusuf a la fuesa tan apriesa llorando.

Disiendo, “Madre, Sennora, perdoneos el Sennor,

Madre, si me bidieses de mi abriais dolor;

Boi con cadenas al cuello, catibo con sennor,

Bendido de mis ermanos, como si fuera traidor.

“Ellos me han bendido, no teniendoles tuerto;

Partieronme de mi padre, ante que fuese muerto,

Con arte, con falsia, ellos me obieron buelto;

Por mal precio me han bendido por do boi ajado e cucito.”

E bolbiose el negro ante la camella

Requiriendo a Jusuf e no lo bido en ella,

E bolbiose por el camino aguda su orella,

Bidolo en el fosal, llorando que es marabella.

E fuese alla el negro e obolo mal ferido,

E luego en aquella ora caio amortesido;

Dijo, “Tu eres malo e ladron conpilido,

Ansi nos lo dijeron tus senores que te hubieron bendido.”

Dijo Jusuf, “No soi malo ni ladron,

Mas aqui iaz mi madre e bengola a dar perdon;

Ruego ad Allah, i a el fago loaiÇon

Que, si colpa no te tengo, te enbie su maldicion.”

Andaron aquella noche fasta otro dia;

Entorbioseles el mundo, gran bento corria,

Afallezioseles el sol al ora de medio dia,

No vedian por do ir con la mercaderia.

Aqueste mercader base marabillado

De aquella fortuna que traia el pecado.

Dijo el mercader, “Yo mando pribado,

Que quien pecado a fecho que bienga acordado.

“Que es aquesta fortuna que agora veiemos

Por algun pecado que entre nosotros tenemos;

Quien pecado a fecho perdone e perdonemos,

Mejoremos ventura e todos escaparemos.”

Dijo el negro, “SeÑor, io di una bofetada

A de aquel tu catibo que se fue a la alborada.”

LlamÓ el mercader a Jusuf la begada,

Que se viniere a bengar del negro e su errada.

Dijo Jusuf, “Eso no es de mi a far;

Io no vengo de aquellos que ansi se quieren vengar;

Ante bengo de aquellos que quieren perdonar;

Por gran que seia el ierro, io ansi lo quiero far.”

Aquesto fecho i el negro perdonado,

Aclarecioles el dia i el mercader fue apagado.

Dijo el mercader, “O amigo granado!

Sino por lo compuesto soltariate de grado.”

Mas a pocos de dias a su tierra llegaron;

Jusuf fue luego suelto, que un rio lo baÑaron;

De purpura e de seda mui bien lo guisaron,

E de piedras preciosas mui bien lo afeitaron.

Quando entraron por la cibdad, las gentes se marabillaban;

El dia era nublo e el sol no relumbraba,

MagÜer era oscuro e el la hazia calara,

Por do quier que pasaba todo lo relonbraba.

Decian las gentes a de aquel mercadero,

Si era aquel angel o ombre santurero.

Dijo, “Este es mi catibo leal e berdadero,

Io quiero lo bender, si le hallo mercadero.”

Dijo el mercader, que Él lo benderia en mercado.

Fizo a saber las nuebas por todo el reinado,

Que biniese toda la gente para el dia sennalado,

Estando Jusuf apuesto en un banco posado.

No fincÓ en toda la comarca hombre ni muger,

Ni chico ni grande, que non le fuese a ber.

Alli bino Zaleja e dejÓ el comer,

Cabalgada en una mula a quanto podia correr.

Su peso de palata por el daba bien pesado,

E otro que tal haria de oro esmaltado,

E de piedras preciosas como dice el ditado,

Mercolo el Rei por su peso de oro granado.

Diolo el Rei a Zaleja con amor,

Tomaronlo por filho legitimo e maior,

Tomaronlo dambos de mui buen amor;

Lebantose el pregonero, e pregono a sabor.

Lebantose el pregonero, e pregono a sabor;

Dijo, “Quien compra Profeta cuerdo e sabidor,

Leal i berdadero i firme en el Criador,

Ansi como parece por fecho e balor?”

Dijo Jusuf, “Tu pregonaras, amado,

Quien comprara catibo, torpe e abiltado?”

Dijo el pregonero, “Eso no farÉ io, amado,

Que, si aqueso pregonase, no te mercaran de grado.”

Dijo, “Pues eso no quieres, pregona la berdad,

E ruegote, ermano, que no la quieras negar.

Di, Quien comprara profeta del alto lugar,

Filhos de Jacob si lo aveis oido nombrar?”

De que supo el mercader que era de tal altura,

Rogo al comprador le bolbiese por mesura

E doblarle i a el precio de su compradura,

E Él no lo quiso hacer porque ia tenia bentura.

Besandole pies i manos que lo quisiese far,

El por ninguna bia no lo quiso derogar,

Tubose por mal andante; la cuenta ia le fue a tornar,

Salbante lo que costo no lo quiso mas tomar.

Rogo el mercader a Jusuf la sazon,

Que rogase ad Allah del cielo de buen corazon,

Que en doce mugeres que tenia, todas doce en amor,

Que en todas doce le diese filhos e criazon.

Lebantose Jusuf e fizo loacion,

Rogo ad Allah del cielo de buen corazon,

Que alargase la bida al buen baron,

I emprennaronse todas, cada una a su sazon.

Cuando bino la ora ubieron de librar,

Quiso Allah del cielo, e todas fueron a hechar

Mui nobles criaturas e figuras de alegrar,

Porque nuestro SeÑor las quiso ayudar.

Criolo Zaleja, mui bien lo hubo criado,

E de corazon lo hubo guardado,

I Él como era apuesto apegose del pribado,

Demandole el su cuerpo, e no le semejo guisado.

Dijo a su pribada, “Ia sabes, amada,

Como io he criado a Jusuf cada semana,

De noche e de dia io bien lo guardaba,

I Él no me lo prezia mas que si fuese bana.

“Dame sabiduria, a mi sapiencia clara.

Io no puedo facer que el acate en mi cara;

Solo que Él me bediese i el luego me amara,

E de Él faria a mi guisa en lo que io le mandara.”

Dijo su pribada, “Io bos darÉ un consejo;

Bos dadme haber, i os farÉ un bosquejo,

Io habre un pintor i mistorara a arrecho,

Io farÉ el meter, e a que se benga a buestro lecho.”

De quanto le demando todo lo fuÉ bien guisado;

Fizo fazer un palacio mui apuesto e cuadrado,

Todo lo fizo balanco paredes e terrado,

E fizo figurar a un pintor piribado.

De Jusuf e de Zaleja allÍ hizo sus figuras,

Que se abrazaban dambos pribados sin mesura,

Porque semejaban bibos con seso e cordura,

Porque eran misturados de mistura con natura.

De que el palacio fue fecho e todo bien acabado,

Alli bino Zaleja e asentose ia de grado,

E embio por Jusuf luego con el mandado,

“Jusuf, tu SeÑora te manda que baias mui pribado.”

E fuese Jusuf do Zaleja salia,

E como quiso de entrar luego sintiÓ la falsia,

E quisose bolber, e ella no lo consentia,

Tarabolo de la falda, e llebolo do iacia.

Alli quedÓ Jusuf con mui gran espanto;

Afalagabolo Zaleja i el bolbiase de canto,

Prometiendole aber e riquezas a basto.

La ora dijo Jusuf, “Allah mandara a farto.”

Por do quier que cataba beia figora artera;

Deciale Zaleja, “Esta es fiera manera;

Tu eres un catibo É io tu Sennora certera;

Io no puedo fazer que tu guies a mi carrera.”

Jusuf en aquella ora quisose encantar;

El pecado lo fazia que lo queria engannar;

E bido que no era a su padre onrrar;

Repentido fue luego i empezo de firmar.

Jusuf bolbiÓ las cuestas e empezo de fuir;

De zaga ibale Zaleja, no lo podia sofrir;

Trabolo de la falda como oirias decir,

Echando grandes boces, “Aqui abras de benir.”

Oiolo su marido por do allÍ bino pribado;

FallÓ a Jusuf llorando su mal fado;

Rota tenia la falda en su costado,

I el su corazon negro por miedo de pecado.

Zaleja tenia tendidos sus cabellos,

En manera de forzada con sus olhos bermellos;

Diziendo al buen Rei, “Sennor, de los consellos

Aqui son menester; cata todos tus consejos.

“Cata aqui tu catibo, que tenias en fieldad;

Ame caecido por sin ninguna piedad,

Abiendolo criado con tan gran piedad

Como faze madre Á filho ansi lo quise aquesto far.”

Dijo el Rei a Jusuf aquesta razon;

“Como me as pensado en tan grande traision,

Tobiendote puesto en mi corazon?”

La ora dijo Jusuf, “No bengo de tal morgon.”

Reutaban Á Zaleja las duennas del lugar

Porque con su catibo queria boltariar.

Ella de que lo supo arte las fue Á buscar,

Combidolas a todas e llebolas a cantar.

Diolas ricos comeres É binos esmerados,

Que hijan todas agodas de dictados,

Diolas sendas toronjas e caminetes en las manos,

Tajantes e apuestos e mui bien temperados.

E fuese Zaleja a do Jusuf estaba,

De purpura e de seda mui bien lo aguisaba,

E de piedras preciosas mui bien lo afeitaba,

Berdugadero en sus manos a las duennas lo embiaba.

Ellas de que lo bieron perdieron su cordura,

Tanto era de apuesto e de buena figura;

Pensaban que era tan angel e tornaban en locura,

Cortabanse las manos e non se abian cura,

Que por las toronjas la sangre iba andando.

Zaleja quando lo bido toda se fue alegrando;

Dijoles Zaleja que fais lo cas de sin cuidado,

Que por buesas manos la sangre iba andando.”

I ellas de que lo bieron sintieron su locura.

“Que a par una bista sola tomades en locura?

Io que debia fazer e dende el tiempo que medura?”

Dijeronle las duennas, “A ti no te colpamos,

Nosotras somos las ierradas que te razonamos;

Mas antes guisaremos que Él te benga a tus manos

De manera que seais abenidos enterambos.”

E fueronse las duennas a Jusuf a rogar;

Bederedes cada una como lo debia far;

Pensabase Zaleja que por ella iban Á rogar,

Mas cada guna iba para sÍ a recabar.

Jusuf quando aquesto bido reclamose al Criador;

Diziendo, “Padre mio, de mi aiades dolor;

Son tornadas de una muchas en mi amor,

Pues mas quiero ser preso que no ser traidor.”

Cuando bido Zaleja la cosa mal parada,

Que por ninguna bia no pudo haber de entrada,

Dijo al buen Rei, “Este me a difamada

No teniendo la culpa, mas a falsia granada.”

Echolo en la prision aqui a que se bolbiese,

E que por aquello a ella obedeciese;

E entiendolo el Rei ante que muriese

E jurÓ que non salria mientras que Él bibiese.

E quando aquesto fue fecho, Zaleja fue repentida;

No lo abria querido fazer en dias de su vida,

Diziendo, “O mezquina, nunca serÉ guarida

De este mal tan grande en que soi caida.

“Que si io supiera que esto abia de benir,

Que por ninguna bia no se ha podido complir,

Que io no he podido de este mal guarir,

Por deseo de Jusuf habrÉ io de morir.”

Alli iaze diez annos como si fuese cordero,

DaquÍ Á que mandÓ el Rei Á un su portero

Echar en la prision dos ombres i el tercero,

El uno su escancieno e el otro un panicero;

Porque abian pensado al Rei de far traicion,

Que en el bino e en el pan que le echasen ponzon.

Probado fuÉ al panicero, e al escancieno non,

Porque mejor supo catar e encobrir la traicion.

AllÍ do estaban presos mui bien los castigaba,

E qualquiera que enfermaba mui bien lo curaba;

Todos lo guardaban por do quiera que el estaba,

Porque el lo merecia, su figura se lo daba.

Sonno el escancieno un suenno tan pesado;

Contolo a Jusuf, i sacosele de grado.

Dijo, “Tu fues escancieno de tu Sennor onrrado,

Mas oi en seras a tu oficio tornado,

“E abras perdon de tu Sennor;

Aiudete el seso i guiete el Criador,

I a quien Allah da seso dale grande onor;

Bolberas Á tu oficio con mui grande balor.”

Dijo el panicero al su compannero,

“Io dire a Jusuf que e sonnado un suenno

De noche en tal dia, quando salia el lucero,

I berÉ que me dize en su seso certero.”

Contole el panicero el suenno que queria,

I sacosele Jusuf É nada no le mentia;

Dijo, “Tu fues panicero del Rei todabia,

Mas aqui iaceras porque fiziste falsia;

“Que al tercero dia seras tu luego suelto,

E seras enforcado a tu cabeza el tuerto,

E comeran tus meollos las abes del puerto;

Alli seras colgado hasta que sias muerto.”

Dijo el panicero, “No sonnÉ cosa certera,

Que io me lo dezia por ber la manera.”

Dijo Jusuf, “Esta es cosa berdadera,

Que lo que tu dijestes, Allah lo embiÓ por carrera.”

Dijo Jusuf al escancieno aquesta razon;

“Ruegote que recuerdes al Rei de mi prision,

Que arto me a durado esta gran maldicion.”

Dijo el escancieno, “Plaze me de corazon.”

Que al tercero dia salieron de grado,

E fueron delante del Rei, su Sennor onrrado;

E mandÓ el panicero ser luego enforcado,

Dijo, “El escancieno Á su oficio a tornado.”

Olbidosele al escancieno de decir el su mandado,

E no le membro por dos aÑos ni le fuÉ acordado,

Fasta que sonnÓ un suenno el Rei apoderado;

Doce annos estubo preso, e esto mal de su grado.

Aqueste fue el suenno que el Rei ubo sonnado,

De que salia del agua un rio granado,

Anir era su nombre preciado e granado,

I bido que en salian siete bacas de grado.

Eran bellas e gordas e de lai mui cargadas,

I bido otras siete magras, flacas, e delgadas.

Comianse las flacas a las gordas granadas,

E no se les parecia ni enchian las hilladas.

E bido siete espigas mui llenas de grano,

Berdes e fermosas como en tiempo de berano;

E bido otras siete secas con grano bano,

Todas secas e blancas como caballo cano.

Comianse las secas a las berdes del dia,

E no se les parecia ninguna mejoria;

Tornabanse todas secas cada guna bacia,

Todas secas e blancas como de niebla fria.

El Rei se marabello de como se comian

Las flacas a las gordas granadas,

I las siete espigas secas a las berdes mojadas,

I entendio que en su suenno abia largas palabras,

E no podia pensar a que fuesen sacadas.

E llamo a los sabidores e el suenno les fue a contar,

Que se lo sacasen e no ge diesen bagar,

E ellos le dijeron, “Nos querais aquejar,

Miraremos en los libros o no te daremos bagar.”

Dijeronle, “Sennor, no seais aquejado;

No son los suennos ciertos en tiempo arrebatado.

Los amores crecen segun noso cuidado,

Mas a las de beras suelen tornar en falso.”

I amansose el Rei, e dioles de mano,

Porque el entendio que andaban en bano.

E ubo de saber aquello el escancieno,

E binose al Rei, e diole la mano.

E dijole, “Sennor, io sÉ un sabidor onrrado

El qual estÁ en prision firmemente atorteado;

Dos annos abemos que del non me e acordado,

E fecho como torpe, e sientome ierrado.

“Ia me saco un suenno, cierto le bi benir.”

E el Rei le respondio, “Amigo, empieza de ir,

E contaselo todo, como as oido dezir,

E librarlo emos mui presto e sacarlo io de alli.”

E fuese el escancieno a Jusuf de grado,

E dijo, “Perdoname, amigo, que olbidÉ tu mandado,

E fizolo el miedo de mi Sennor onrrado,

Mas agora es tiempo de mandarlo doblado.

“Mas ruegote, ermano, en amor del Criador,

Que me saques un suenno que bido mi Sennor.”

La ora dijo Jusuf, “Plazeme de corazon,

Pues que no puedo salir fasta que quiera el maior.”

E contole el suenno todo bien cumplido,

Porque no ierrase Jusuf en lo que era sabido.

Quando el suenno fue contado, Jusuf ubo entendido;

Dijo Jusuf, “El suenno es cierto e benido.

“Sabras que las siete bacas gordas e granadas,

E las siete espigas berdes e mojadas,

Son siete annos mui llubiesos de aguas,

Do quiera que sembraredes todas naceran dobladas.

“I las magras bacas e las secas espigas

Son siete annos de mui fuertes prisas;

Comense a los buenos bien a las sus guisas,

Do quiera que sembraredes no ia saldran espigas.

“Porque face menester, que sembraredes Á basto

En estos annos buenos que aberedes Á farto,

I dejaredes probiendo para bosotros e al ganado

I alzaredes lo a otro ansi fechos llegado.

“Ansi con su espiga sin ninguna trilladura

E la palla sera guardada mui bien de afolladura,

Porque no ii caiga polilla, ni ninguna podredura,

Porque en estos tiempos secos tengades folgadura.

“Porque en aquestos annos tengades que comer

E buestros bestiales e las bacas de beber,

E todos los esforzades, e poredes guarecer,

E saldreis al buen tiempo e abreis mucho bien.”

Cuando biÓ el escancieno del suenno la glosa,

Bolbiose al Rei con berdadera cosa,

E fizole a saber al de la barba donosa,

Que era el suenno con razon fermosa.

E placiole mucho al Rei, e ovo gran plazer,

E supole malo de tal preso tener,

Cuerdo e berdadero, complido en el saber,

E mandÓ que lo traiesen, que el lo queria ber.

E fuese el escancieno a Jusuf con el mandado,

E dijo como el Rei por Él abia embiado,

E que fuese presto del Rei, no fuese airado.

E dijo Jusuf, “No sere tan entorbiado;

“Mas buelbete al Rei i dile desta manera,

Io que feuza tendrÉ en su merced certera,

Que me a tubido preso doce annos en la carcel negra

A tuerto e sin razon e a traision berdadera.

“Mas io de su prision no quiero salir

Fasta que me benga de quien alli me fizo ir,

De las duennas fermosas que me fizieron fuir,

Quant se cortaban las manos e no lo podian sentir.

“Aplazelas el Rei pues que me dannaron,

Que digan la berdad porque me colparon,

O por qual razon en carcel me echaron,

Porque entienda el Rei, porque me acolparon.

“E quando seran ajuntadas e Zaleja con ellas,

Demandelas el Rei berdad a todas ellas,

E quando el bera que la culpa tienen ellas

La ora io saldrÉ de mui buena manera.

Aplazolas el Rei, e demandalas la berdad;

Ellas le dijeron, “Todas fizimos maldad,

E Jusuf fue certero manteniendo lealtad;

Nunca quiso boltariar ni le diÓ la boluntad.”

Lebantose Zaleja, i empezo de decir,

“A todas las duennas no es otra de mentir,

Sino de seier firmes e la berdad dezir,

Que io me entremeti por mi loado dezir.

“Que todas hizimos ierro si nos balga el Criador,

E le tenemos culpa, Allah es perdonador;

Jusuf es fuero de ierro e de pecado maior.”

El Rei, quando las oiera, maldiciolas con dolor.

E fizo saber el Rei a Jusuf la manera,

Como era quito cosa berdadera

De todas las duennas con prueba certera;

E la ora salio Jusuf de la carcel negra.

E en el portal de la prision fizo fazer un escripto;

“La prision es fuesa de los hombres bibos

E sitio de maldicion e banco de los abismos,

E Allah nos cure de ella a todos los amigos.”

Embiole el Rei mui rica cabalgadura

E gran caballeria, e abianlo a cura;

Llebanlo en medio como Sennor de natura,

E fueronse al palacio del buen Rei de mesura.

E el Rei como lo bido luego se fue Á lebantar,

E el Rei se fue a Él, que no solia usar,

E asentolo cabo a Él, lo que no solia far,

E en la ora le dijo el Rei, “Mi fillol te quiero far.”

E con setenta fablaches el Rei le obo fablado,

E respondiole Jusuf a cadauno pribado;

E fablÓ Jusuf al Rei otro fablado e el Rei no supo dar recaudo,

E marabillose el Rei de su saber granado.

Dijo el Rei a Jusuf, “Ruegote, ermano,

Que me cuentes el suenno que te dijo mi escancieno,

Que lo oiga de tu lengua, i sea io alegrado,

I aderezaremos nuestras cosas seiendo librado.”

E dijo Jusuf al Rei, “Encomiendote al Criador,

Que de aqueste suenno habras mui grande onor;

Mas tu as menester hombre de corazon,

Que ordene tu ficienda e la guie con balor.

“Mas adreza tu ficienda como io te he fablado,

Que el pan de la tierra todo seia alzado,

El de los annos buenos para el tiempo afortunado,

Que de sede e de fambre todo el mundo sea aquejado.

“BernÁ toda la gente en los tiempos faltos,

E mercaran el pan de los tus alzados

Por oro e plata e cuerpos e algos,

De manera que sereis Sennor de altos i de bajos.”

E el Rei, quando esto oiera, comenzo de pensar;

Jusuf, como le bido, bolbiole a fablar,

I dijole, “En eso no pensedes, que Allah lo ha de librar,

Que io habrÉ de ser quien lo abrÉ de guiar.”

Dijo el Rei, “O amigo, e como me has alegrado;

Io te lo agradezco, de Allah habras grado,

Que tu seras aquel por quien se ensalzara el condado,

I que de hoi adelante te dejo el reinado.

“Porque tu perteneces mandar el reinado

I a toda la gente ibierno e berano;

Todos te ubedeceremos el joben e el cano,

Como las otras gentes quiero ser de garado.

“Porque tu lo mereces, de Allah te benga guianza;

Pero ruegote, amigo, que seias en amiganza,

Que me buelbas mi reino e no pongas dudanza,

Al cabo de dicho tiempo no finques con mala andanza.

“Con aquesta condicion que te quedes en tu estado,

Como Rei en su tierra mandando i sentenciando,

Que asi lo mandare hoi por todo el reinado,

Que io no quiero ser ia mas Rei llamado.”

I placiole a Jusuf, hubolo de otorgar,

I en el sitio del Rei luego se ha de sentar,

I mando el Rei a la gente delante del humillar;

Firmemente lo guardaban como lo debian far.

I quando bido Jusuf la luna prima i delgada

En el seno que se iba con planta apresurada,

Que dentraban los annos de bentura abastada,

Mando juntar la tierra i toda su companna.

I de que fueron llegados todos sus basallos,

Fizoles a saber porque eran llegados,

Que se fuesen a sembrar los bajos i altos,

Que sembrasen toda la tierra balles e galachos.

I fueronse a sembrar todos con cordura,

Asi como mandaba su Sennor de natura;

Benian redoblados con bien e con bentura,

I marabillaronse de su sabencia pura.

I luego mando Jusuf a todos sus maestros,

Que fiziesen graneros de grandes peltrechos,

Mui anchos i largos, de mui fuertes maderos,

Para ad alzar el pan de los tiempos certeros.

Nunca bieron hombres estancias tamannas,

Unas encima de otras que semejaban montannas,

I mando segar el pan ansi entre dos tallas,

I ligar los fachos con cuerdas delgadas.

I facialos poner en los graneros atados,

Ansi con sus espigas que fuese bien guardado,

Que no i caiese polilla ni nada ubiese cuidado;

Cada anno lo hizo facer ansi, i fizieronlo de grado.

E tanto llego del pan que no le fallaban quantia,

E quando bido la luna en el seno que se iba,

Que dentraba la seca de mui mala guisa,

Mando que no sembrasen de pues de aquel dia,

Fasta que pasasen otros siete annos cumplidos

Que de sete e de fambre serian fallecidos;

E no i abia aguas de cielo nin de rios;

Ansi como lo dijo Jusuf, asi fueron benidos.

I puso el Rei fieles para su pan bender,

Buenos e berdaderos segun el su saber,

E mando que diesen el derecho, ansi lo mando fazer,

E precio subido por el que fiz prender.

E mando a sus fieles que bendiesen de grado,

El uno a los de la tierra, e el otro a los de fuera del reinado,

A cada guno demandasen nuebas de do eran pribados,

O, si eran de la tierra, que no les diesen recaudo.

Que a pocos de dias las tierras fueron bacias

De todo el pan e mercaderias,

E no ia i abia que comer en cibdades ni en billas,

E mercaban de Jusuf el que sabian las guaridas.

Los primeros annos con dinero e moblo mercaron,

Llebaron plata e oro e todo lo acabaron,

E luego en pues de aquello la criazon ia lebaron,

E no les basto aquello, que mucha res ia llebaron.

Que al seteno anno bendieron los cuerpos,

E fueron todos catibos todos bibos e muertos,

E todo bolbio al Rei las tierras e los pueblos,

I estendiose la fambre en reinos estrangeros.

Pues, quando lo bido Jusuf todo a su mandar,

E todos los catibos que podia bender o dar,

Bolbiose al Rei e fuele a fablar;

Dijo, “Que te parece, Rei, de lo que me has bisto far.”

E dijole el Rei, “Tu aras por el reinado,

Porque tu mereces mandar el condado,

Porque tu perteneces mandar el reinado,

Que io no quiero ser ia mas Rei llamado.”

Dijo Jusuf al Rei aquesta razon;

“Io fago franco a todos e quito con onor

Ia tu tu reismo con todo Sennor;”

La ora dijo el Rei, “Eso no seria razon,

“Que no me lo consintiria el mi corazon,

Que tan noble sabencia fuese a baldon;

Antes de oi adelante quiero que tu seias Sennor.”

E bido Jusuf la fambre apoderada,

Que por toda la tierra era tan encargada;

Entendio que en la tierra de su padre seria llegada;

Puso ia regimiento como la nueba fuese arribada.

Mas a pocos de dias la fambre fue llegada

A tierra de Jacob e su barba onrrada;

Tenia mucha gente e una moier guardada.

Dijo Jacob, “Filhos, io he sentido

Que en tierras de Egito hai un Rei cunplido,

Bueno e berdadero, franco i entendido,

E tiene mucho pan partido e bendido.

“Querria que tomasedes deste nuestro aber,

E que fueseis luego ad aquel Rei a ber,

Contadle nuestra cuita e querra bos creier,

Con la aiuda de Allah querra a bos bender.”

Dijeron sus filhos, “Placemos de grado;

Iremos a beier ad aquel Rei onrrado,

E beremos la su tierra e tambien el su reinado,

E, con la aiuda de Allah, Él nos dara recaudo.”

De que llegaron a la tierra abistada,

Preguntaron por el Rei do era su posada;

Dijo un escudero, “Aqui i es su morada;

Io bos dare del pan e tambien de la cebada.

“Que io soi fiel del Rei, que bendo el pan alzado

A los de fuera del reino, a los otros no me es mandado;

Decidme de donde sois, e libraros e de grado,

O, si sois de aquesta tierra, no bos dare recaudo.

“Decid me de donde sois o de que lugar,

Porque podais deste pan llebar,

E dare a cada guno quanto querais mercar,

Segun el dinero le hare io mesurar.”

I ellos le dijeron todos sus nombres,

E la tierra de do eran, e como eran ermanos,

Filhos de Jacob e de Ishac mui amados,

En Cherusalem alli eran fincados.

Ed entro el escudero al Rei e contestole la razon,

E de que logar e de qual morgon,

E filhos de Profeta de buena generacion;

“Sennor, si tu lo mandas librarlos e con amor.”

E mando el Rei que entrasen delante del pribado,

E que les diesen de comer del maior pescado,

E que los guardasen por todo el reinado,

E no los dejasen ir tobiesen su mandado.

E el Rei como los bido obo placer con ellos,

E mandose aderezar el Rei de unos bestidos bellos,

E mil caballeros al costado esquerro e mil al derecho,

E de una parte placer e de otra gran despecho.

Los bestidos que traia eran de gran balor,

Eran de oro e de seda e de fermosa labor,

E traia piedras preciosas de que salia claror,

Mas traia algalia e mui rico golor.

E mando qued entrasen a beier su figura,

E dieronle salbacion segun su catadura,

E mandolos asentar con bien i apostura,

E marabillaronse de su buena bentura.

Ellos estando en piedes i el Rei parado

E belos el Rei fieramente catando,

I ellos no se dudaban nin de abian cuidado,

Retrobalos el Rei de amor e de grado.

E de que bieron al Rei bella su catadura,

Judas dijo, “Ermanos, oid mi locura,

Temome de este Rei e de su encontradura,

Roguemosle que nos embie por mesura.”

Por mucho que le dijeron Él no lo quiso far,

Fasta el tercero dia alli los fizo estar,

Fizoles mucha onrra, quanta les pudo far,

Ansi como a filhos los mandaba guardar.

La mesura del pan de oro era labrada,

E de piedras preciosas era estrellada,

I era de ber toda con guisa enclabada,

Que fazia saber al Rei la berdad apurada.

Dijoles el Rei, nuebas les demandaba,

La mesura en su mano que se la meneaba,

Disiendoles el Rei que mirasen lo que ablaban,

Que si dezian mentira ella lo declaraba;

Quien con el Rei abla guardese de mentir,

Ni en su razon no quisiere mentir,

Porque, quando lo fazia, haciala retinir,

I ella le dezia berdad sin cuentradecir.

Dijoles el Rei, “De quien sedes filhos,

O de que linage sois benidos?

Beos io de gran fuerza fermosos e cumplidos,

Quiero que me lo digades e seremos amigos.”

Ellos le dijeron, “Nosotros, Sennor,

Somos de Profeta, creientes al Criador,

De Jacob somos filhos, creientes al Criador,

E benimos por pan si hallamos bendedor.”

E firio el Rei en la mesura e fizola sonar,

Ponela a su orelha por oir e guardar;

Dijoles, e no quiso mas dudar,

“Segun dize la mesura berdad puede estar.”

Dijoles el Rei, “Quantos sos, amados?”

Ellos le dijeron, “Eramos doze ermanos,

I al uno se comio el lobo segun nos cuidamos,

E el otro queda con Él, su amor acabado.”

Dijoles el Rei, “Prometo al Criador,

Sino por acatar a buestro padre e sennor,

Io os tendria presos en cadena con dolor,

Mas por amor del biejo enbiaros e con onor.”

Ellos dijeron, “Sennor, rogamoste en amor,

Por el Sennor del mundo que te dio onrra e balor,

Nos quieras embiar a nueso padre e sennor,

I abras galardon e merced del Criador.

“E no cates a nos, mas al biejo de nueso padre,

Por que es ombre mui biejo e flaco, en berdad,

Que si tu le conocieses querriaslo onrrar,

Porque es ombre mui sano e de buena boluntad.”

“Io no cato a bosotros, mas a quien debo mirar;

E por aquel ombre bueno me benides a rogar,

Allah me traiga en tiempo que io lo pueda onrrar,

Que, como faze filho a padre, io asi lo quiero far.

“Saludadme al biejo, a bueso padre el cano,

I que me embie una carta con el chico bueso ermano,

E que fue de su tristeza que a tornado en bano,

E si aquesto olbidas no os daremos grano.

“Mas en bosotros no me fio, ni me caie en grado;

Mas, porque a mi sea cierto, quede el uno restado,

Hasta que benga la carta con el chico bueso ermano;

I en esto echad suertes qual quedara arrestado.”

E caio la suerte a uno que dezian Simeon,

El que corto la soga a Jusuf la sazon,

Quando lo echaron en el pozo i caio alli el baron,

E ubo de fincar alli con la dicha condicion.

E luego el Rei mando la moneda a ellos ser tornada,

E luego a cada uno en su saco ligada,

E ellos no se dudaban nin de abian cuidado,

I fizolo el Rei porque tornasen de grado.

I espidieronse del Rei, e binieron mui pagados,

E contaron al su padre del Rei e sus condados,

Que nunca bieron tal Rei e de tantos basallos,

E de buena manera e de consejos sanos;

E que se berificaba en todo su afar

E su padre Jacob en onrra e saber,

Quien no lo conociese e lo fuese a ber,

Entenderia que es Profeta, abrialo a creier.

Desataron los sacos del trigo e ubieron catado,

Fallaron la quantia que ubieron llebado;

Dijeron a su Padre, “Este es ombre abonado,

Que sobre toda la onrra la quantia nos a tornado.

“Mas sepades, Padre, que el os embia a rogar,

Que le embies a bueso filho e non le querais tardar,

Con una carta escripta de todo bueso afar;

Padre, si no nos lo dades, no nos cabe mas tornar,

“Ni nos darÁ del pan, ni seremos creidos.

Padre, si nos lo dades seremos guaridos,

Ternemos nuestra fe i seremos creidos,

E traeremos del pan e ganaremos amigos.”

Dijoles el Padre, “No lo podria mandar;

Este es mi bida e con Él me e de conortar,

Ni en bosotros io no quiero fiar,

Porque antes de agora me obiestes a falsia.

“Quando llebastes a Jusuf, no me lo tornastes,

Quebrantastes buestra fe e buestro omenage,

Perdistes a mi filho como desleales;

Io quiero me guardar de todas buestras maldades.”

Por mucho que le dijeron el no lo quiso far,

Ni por ninguna bia lo quiso otorgar;

Obieronme de sofrir e no ia quisieron tornar

Fasta que el pan fue comido e no ia abia que amasar.

E la ora tornaron a su padre a rogar

Que les diese a su ermano e los quiera guiar,

Que al buen Rei prometieron de sin Él no tornar,

E quellos lo guardarian sin ninguna crueldad.

Tanto le dijeron e le fueron a rogar,

E biendo la gran fortuna hubolo de otorgar,

I ellos le prometieron de mui bien le guardar,

E de no bolber sin Él, jura le fueron a far.

I a uno de sus filhos fizo facer un escripto,

En el qual decia, “A tu Rei de Egipto

Salud e buen amor de Jacob el tristo;

Io te agradezco tu fecho e tu dicto.

“A lo que me demandas que fue de mi estado,

Sepas que mi bejez e mi bien e logrado,

O la mi ceguedad que ia soi quebrantado,

Primero por favor del Criador onrrado.

“E por Jusuf mi filho, parte de mi corazon,

Aquel que era fuerza de mi en toda sazon,

I era mi amparo, e perdilo sin razon,

No sÉ triste si es muerto o bibo en prision.

“Entiendo que soi majado del Rei celestial,

I ansi que deste mi filho tomes mancilla e pesar,

E lo que io te ruego como a Rei natural,

Que me buelbas a mi filho que por Él soi io mortal.

“Que si no por este filho io ia seria finado,

Que el me daba conuerto de Jusuf el mi amado;

Io te lo embio en fe que me lo tornes pribado,

En guardete el Allah Sennor apoderado.”

De que la carta fue fecha, dijolos Él de grado,

“Filhos, los mis filhos, cumplid el mi mandado;

No entreis por una puerta mas por muchas pribado,

Porque seria major porque ansi lo e probado.”

Despidieronse de su padre e fueron con alegria,

Caminaron todos juntos la noche i el dia,

E llegaron a la cibdad con la claror del dia,

I el Rei como lo supo ubo gran mejoria.

E mandose aderezar el Rei de ricos bestidos,

I a toda su gente mas ricas cabalgaduras,

En balsamiento de oro, e safomerios de gran mesura,

De diversas maneras i oloros de gran altura.

Quando fue acabado lo que el Rei obo mandado,

Mando qued entrasen delante de Él pribado;

E quando ellos por la corte iban dentrando,

Echoles palmas el chico en las golores de grado.

E besoles por su cara e por su bestidura;

Rautabanlo los otros que hacia gran locura,

Diziendo, “Que haces, loco de sin cordura?

Entiendes que por tÍ han puesto aquesta fermosura?”

Dijoles, “Ermanos, ruegoos no bos quejades,

Oid mi razon que luego lo sabredes,

Mas combieneos, ermanos, que os aparejedes,

Porque entienda el Rei que parientes buenos tenedes.”

E conocieron todos que tenia razon;

Tomaron su consejo como de buen baron,

E fueron delante del Rei con buena condicion;

De parte del padre era su generacion.

Tanto era el Rei de apuesto que, no lo conocian,

Unos certificaban i otros no podian,

I el Rei se sonrrio e dijo, que querian,

O de que tierra eran, que buena gente parecian.

I ellos le dijeron del afar pasado,

De como traian la carta con el chico su ermano,

Ansi como prometieron con omenage dado;

Pusieronle delante e placiole de grado.

Traia con Él una carta escripta

Del estado de su padre e de su bida feita;

El Rei quando la leio lloro con gran mancilla,

I encubriose de los otros que ellos no lo beian.

E luego mando el Rei a todos sus menesteres,

E de enbarillamiento de oro henchesen las mesas,

E otras tantas de plata de dibersas maneras,

E mandoles asentar a que comiesen en ellas.

E de que fueron sentados mando que los sirbiesen,

E mando el Rei que de dos en dos comiesen,

Ansi como nacieron que ansi lo fiziciesen,

Por que a Él le parecia a que no se ende estobiesen.

De que bieron de comer entre dos una escodilla

Hubo de fincar el chico con su mano en la mexilla,

Porque fincaba solo triste con mancilla,

Por tristeza de su ermano que eran de una nacida.

E bedosele Él comer por dolor de su ermano,

Porque comia cada guno con su par ermano,

Llorando con tristeza e el su meollo cano,

E dejo el comer el filho del cano.

Quando aquesto ubieron fecho caio amortecido,

E el Rei quando lo bido a el fue arremetido,

Tomolo de la mano i onrrole el balido.

Dijo el Rei, “Amigo, quien te a ferido?”

Dijo Él, “Bos soi, Sennor, cumplido,

Que me mandaste a mi ermano el balido,

El qual mi corazon no lo echo en olbido.”

Dijo el Rei, “Amigo, quieres me perdonar

Que io no sabia quien eras ni de que lugar,

Pues que tu fincas solo abrete de acompannar,

En lugar de tu ermano con tu quiero iantar.”

Sirbiole el Rei de buena boluntad,

E mando que le parasen mesa de gran beldad,

Que quiere comer con Él que le abia piedad,

Tanta fue la bondad del Rei i onrra que le fue a dar.

Que le quito la ira e comio con Él de grado;

Sus ermanos que lo bieron tomaron mal cuidado,

E por inbidia quisieron aberlo matado,

Disiendo unos a otros, “Aqueste nuestro ermano

“AllÁ con nuestro padre luego farÁ grandia

De que seremos en nuestra tierra el todabia,

‘Io comi con el Rei porque lo merecia,

I aquestos a mis piedes de noche e de dia.’”

Dijole el Rei, si abia moier e filho;

I Él le dijo, “E moier con tres ninnos;

Por deseo de Jusuf puseles nombres piadosos,

El qual mi corazon no lo echa en olbido.

“Al uno dizen Lobo, i al otro dizen Sangre,

I al otro dizen Jusuf, filho de buena madre;

Esto porque dijeron mis ermanos a mi padre,

Que el lobo maldito en Jusuf se fue afartado.

“Traieron su sangre en su camisa clara,

E io con aquestos nombres no olbido su cara;

Pero no le olbido de noche ni de dia encara,

Porque el era mi bida i era mi amparo.

“Nacimos dambos juntos en el bientre de mi madre,

I ubose de perder en el tiempo de mi padre;

No sÉ triste si es muerto o bibo en tierra o mar;

Habeismelo mandado e fizisteme pesar.”

I aquejosele al Rei a la ora el corazon,

I quiso echar boces i encubrir la razon,

I tomolo de la mano i apartolo a un rincon,

I dijole el Rei i ablo como baron.

Dijole el Rei, “Conoces me, escudero?”

I Él le dijo, “No a fe, caballero.”

Dijo, “Io soi Jusuf, io soi tu ermano certero.”

I abrazaronse dambos i andarian un millero.

Tanto tomo del gozo con Jusuf su ermano,

Que caio amortecido el su miollo bano,

I el Rei como le bido tomole de la mano,

Dijoles, “No haias miedo mientras io seia sano.”

Apartolo el Rei i dijole esta razon;

“Io quiero que finques con mi en toda sazon,

No lo sabra ninguno, muger ni baron,

Io acerlo e con buen arte e mui buena razon.

“E por far lo mas secreto te fago sabidor,

Porque non aias miedo ni ningun temor,

Io mandare meter la mesura de balor

Dentro en el tu saco, i esto por tu amor.”

Ninguno sabia del Rei la puridad,

I embioles a todos de buena boluntad:

Caminaron todos juntos toda la ermandad,

E de alli oieron boces de gran crueldad.

E pararonse todos a ber que querian,

E bieron que era el Rei con gente que corrian,

Diciendo, “Guardaos, traidores, que abeis echo falta;

Mala obra obrastes al Rei todabia.”

Quedaronse todos cada guno espantado

Del dicho que oieron a tan mal airado,

E dijeron todos, “Aun ganades gran pecado

De llamarnos ladrones, no siendo probado.

“Decidnos que queredes o que demandades,

O que os han furtado que ansi bos quejades.”

E ellos les dijeron, “La mesura bos tomastes,

La que decia al Rei todas las berdades.

“Dela quien la tiene, i albricias le daremos,

Un cafiz de trigo del mejor que tenemos.”

I ellos los dijeron, “Por la fe que tenemos,

No somos malfautores que nos no lo faremos.

“No benimos de natura de fazer desguisado,

No lo abemos fecho en el tiempo pasado,

Esto bien sabedes, pues nos lo abeis probado;

No nos aquejeis aquejamiento airado.”

E dijo un caballero aquesta razon;

“Amigos, si mentedes, que sera en gualardon?”

I ellos le dijeron, “Catebo quede el ladron

Al uso de la tierra con mui buena razon.”

Buscaron los sacos del trigo e cada uno pribado,

Dejaronse en tal mente el del chico atado;

Sus ermanos de que lo bieron tomaron mal cuidado,

Porque como su saco no le abian buscado.

Dijeron al Rei i tambien a su caudillo,

Porque no abian buscado el saco de su ermanillo;

Dijeron ellos, “Antes bamos al castillo”;

E ellos mismos le buscaron e fallaron el furtillo.

E de que bieron ellos todos los ermanos

Que era la mesura, quedaron espantados;

Dijeron, “O ermano, como nos as abellado,

Que te abe acontecido quedamos desonrrados.”

Dijo, “Ermanos, ruegoos no bos quejedes;

Oidme razon que luego lo beredes,

Que io culpa no bos tengo e luego lo otorguedes;

No lo querrio far por quanto bosotros tenedes.

“Mas acuerdeseos, ermanos, quando fallastes la quantia

Cada uno en su saco no supiendola aquel dia,

Si aquello bosotros furtastes de noche o de dia

Ansi e furtado io la mesura todabia

“Si dezis que no sabeis, tampoco sabo io,

Que aquesto nunca furte ni nunca tal fize io.”

Sus ermanos que le bieron en su razonar

E con aquello ubieron a sosegar.

Dijeron, “Sennor, si a furtado no lo aias a marabella,

Que un ermano tenia de mui mala pelelha;

Quando era chico furtose una cinta bella,

Ellos eran de una madre, e nosotros non de aquella.”

E sonriose el Rei dentro en su corazon

De la palabra mala dicha a sin razon;

Dijoles el Rei, “Io bos dicho la razon,

Que todos a mi tenedes figuras de ladron.”

E mando que lo tomasen e lo llebasen rastrado,

Mas no de manera que ia lo abia mandado,

Mas porque sus ermanos fuesen certificados,

Que lo llebaban preso i esto mal de su grado.

E mandolo llebar el Rei a su camara real

Fasta que sus ermanos fuesen a iantar;

E quando fueron idos e mandados del lugar,

El Rei se fue aprisa a su ermano a fablar.

E tomaronse los dos luego de mano a mano,

Disendole el Rei, “Io soi Jusuf tu ermano,

El que fue perdido de mi padre el cano,

El qual por mi es triste i io por Él no soi sano.”

Mandolo adereza el Rei de nobles pannos pribados,

Los mejores que abia en todos sus reinados;

Dijole el Rei, “Ermano acabado,

Ruegote que te alegres e fagas lo que te mando.

“Ir tu a nuesos ermanos i bere en que andan,

O que querran fazer, e bere que demandan.”

Quando el Rei fue a ellos fallolos que pensaban,

Tristes e mal andantes con berguenza andaban.

Firio el Rei en la mesa como de primero;

El son escuitaba el buen Rei berdadero,

Disendoles, “Que dize este son certero?”

I dijeronle ellos, “No lo entendemos a fe, caballero.”

“Dize aqueste son, que todos abeis pecado

De setenta annos aca, que no os abeis tornado.”

E comenzaron de plorar e dijeron, “Sennor onrrado,

Quierenos perdonar e del maior ende abras grado.

“E no cates a nos, que andamos en bano,

Mas cata a nueso padre que ia es anciano,

Que si tu le conocieses a nueso padre el cano,

Luego le embiaras al preso nueso ermano.”

E quando oiera el nombre de Jacob nombrar

Afligiosele el corazon i el Rei cuido llorar;

Dijoles, “Amigos, sino fuera por acatar

A bueso padre Jacob, io bos faria matar.”

Dijoles el Rei, “Id buesa carrera;

No bos e menester por ninguna manera;

Bueso padre me rogo por su carta berdadera

Que luego os embiase en toda manera.”

Bolbieronse al Rei de cabo a rogar,

Que les diese a su ermano e los quiera guiar,

Que a su padre prometieron de sin Él no tornar,

E que tomase al uno de ellos e lo pusiese en su lugar.

Dijoles el Rei, “Eso no seria razon

Que io tomase al catibo e dejase al ladron;

Id de aqui; no me enojeis que me haiceis gran sermon,

I empezad de caminar que no abreis mas razon.”

I apartaronse a consejo en que manera farian,

O a su padre que razon le darian,

O si por fuerza de alli lo sacarian,

E la fe que dieron como se la tendrian.

ComenzÓ de dezir Judas el maior,

“Id a bueso padre e contadle la razon,

Que su filho ha furtado, fizo nos desonor,

Que el Rei lo tiene preso por furto de grand balor.

“Porque sepades, ermanos, que io de aqui no partiria,

Que todos le prometimos de no fazerle falsia,

Ni a nueso padre mentir no le poria;

Fasta que el Rei lo mande, io de aqui no iria.

“Mas fagamos tanto, si nos caie en grado,

Bolbamos al Rei, i roguemosle pribado,

I, si no lo quiere fazer, pongamos i a recaudo,

Conbatiremos el castillo i en la cibdad entramos.

“Io fallo en la cibdad nuebe barrios granados,

I el palacio del Rei al un costado,

Io combatirÉ al Rei e matarle e a recaudo,

I bosotros a la cibdad cada uno a su barrio.”

I dentro Judas al Rei, sannudo como un leon,

Dijo, “Ruegote, Rei, que me des un don,

Que me des a mi ermano, i abernos gualardon,

I, sino lo quieres fazer, tomar no quieres onor.

“Que si echo una boz como faze el cabron,

No fincara en la comarca muger ni baron,

Ni aun prennada que no crie la sazon,

Todos amortecidos caeran a baldon.”

Dijoles el Rei, “Faced lo que querrades,

Que en mal grado os lo pongo, si bos no lo fazedes,

Que si bos sois de fuerza, otros ne fallaredes,

Que en lugar sois agora e menester lo abredes.”

Judas se ensanno de una sanna mui airada;

El tomo una muela mucho grande i pesada,

I echola por cima del muro como a una manzana,

I mandola bolber al Rei a su lugar sitiada.

Allegose el Rei a la muela pribado,

I puso el pie en el olhola mui irado,

Mui alta por cima del muro denque por Él no era posada,

E la falda no era arremangada.

Judas en aquella hora empezose de ensannar,

I el Rei como lo conocia dejole bien hinchar,

E, quando entendio que abia de baciar,

Senno a su filho que lo fuese a tocar.

E lebantose su filho e fuele a tomar,

Delante del Rei su padre lo fue a llebar,

E luego la sanna se le fue a quitar,

E tambien la fuerza le fue a faltar.

E fue a buscar a sus ermanos e non de bido cosa;

“En mi alma me a tocado esta criazon donosa;

Entiendo que es criazon de Jacob esta barba canosa;”

E fuelos a buscar por la cibdad donosa.

E quando los fallo dijo, “Ermanos, quien me a tocado?”

Ellos le dijeron, “No nos a la fe, ermano.”

Dijo, “Cierto sois segun mi cuidado

De la crianza de Jacob anda por el mercado.”

Alli fablo Jahuda a todos sus ermanos,

“Este es el consejo de los ombres malos;

Quando io bos decia no seiamos ierrados,

E no me quisisteis creier, caimos en los lazos.

“Quando io dezia algun bien, no me queriais escuchar;

De mi padre me pesa quanto me puede pesar;

Roguemos al Criador que nos aia piedad,

E tambien al noble Rei que nos quiera perdonar.”

Alli fuÉ a ablar Judas el maior;

“Bamos delante del Rei con mui fermosa razon,

E de qualquiera manera demandemosle perdon,

Querria que fuesemos fuera del Reino del Leon.”

E fueronse al Rei e dijeronle esta razon;

“Quieres acatar primero al Criador,

I a nueso padre Jacob, de Allah es conocedor.”

Dijoles el Rei, “Guerra me izistes e error.

“Io quiseos mostrar mi fuerza i mi bentura,

E porque todos entendiesedes con seso i cordura

Que la nuestra fuerza sobra por natura;”

E perdonolos el Rei i asentose la mesura.

I ellos estaban alegres porque el Rei los abia perdonado;

E dijoles el Rei, “Amigos, la mesura me a fablado,

E dize que ad aquel bueso ermano en un pozo lo abeis echado,

Io creo que lo fizistes e eso mas de grado.

“E quando lo sacastes por mal precio fue bendido,

Distes lo por beinte dineros como abatido.”

“Rogamoste, Sennor, que seamos creidos,

No creia tales malezas, de tal parte no benimos.”

E saco el Rei una carta que tenia en alzado,

Escripta en Ebraico del tiempo pasado,

De como lo bendieron e lo ubieron mercado,

E tubola guardada el balido fasta de aquel estado.

Judas tomo la carta e leio dictados,

Llorando de sus olhos todos marabillados,

Disiendo, “Quien dio esta carta al Rei en sus manos?”

Dijoles el Rei, “No seiades dudados.”

Dijeron, “Sennor, aquesta es carta

Del catibo que teniamos i dimosla por falta.”

Judas leio toda aquella carta;

Dijoles el Rei, “Sois de mui mala barta.”

E firio el Rei en la mesa como de primero

I el son escuitaba el buen Rei berdadero,

Disendoles el Rei, “Dice este son certero,

Que aquel bueso ermano es bibo e caballero.

“E que sinifica, que el cierto no es muerto,

E que aun bendra con mui gran conpuerto,

E dira a todas las gentes los que le abian buelto,

I a todos los de la tierra los que le an fecho tuerto.

“E dira aqueste son que todos sois pecadores,

E que a bueso padre izisteis malas labores,

I que es la su tristeza por los buesos ierrores,

Cada dia le entristecedes como fazen traidores.”

I el Rei quando bido aquesto llamo a sus pribados,

Que llamasen a los ferreros e les cortasen las manos;

I ellos, de que los bieron con cuchillos i mazos,

Dijeron, “Somos perdidos por nuesos pecados.”

E dijeron al Rei, “Si nosotros lo biesemos,

La tierra que Él pisara todos la besariamos;

Mas conbiene nos que nos remediemos,

E mejoremos bentura e todos escaparemos.”

E perdonolos el Rei puesque conocieron

Que andaban ierrados, e se arrepintieron,

E fizieron buenas obras e ansi lo prometieron,

E fueron a su padre, e grande alegria fizieron.

Alli se fue a quedar Judas i Simeon,

I no fueron a su padre mas de ocho, non;

I el padre, quando los bido, dijo aquesta razon,

“No abedes berguenza de muger ni de baron.

“Que son de buesos ermanos el chico e maior e menor,

Candela de mis olhos que por Él soi con dolor?”

Dijeronle, “Padre, la mesura furto al Emperador;

El Rei lo abria muerto sino por tu amor.

“I quedan por tu berguenza Judas i Simon,

No quisieron benir por ninguna razon.”

E dijoles el Padre, “Benides con traicion,

De guisa faredes que non de quedara morgon.

“Cada dia menguades e crece mi tristura,

I aun testiguades firmemente en locura,

Que mi filho furto al Rei la mesura.”

I dijeronle, “Padre, lo que bimos es cierto todabia.”

E fizoles una carta para daquel Rei onrrado,

Mas le enbiaba a dezir que buscasen a su ermano,

A Jusuf el chico, el mal abenturado,

Por do quiera que pasasen siempre abenturando.

I dijeronle, “Padre, bolbes en buesa cordura;

Agora nos i mentades de muertos sin figura.”

Dijoles, “Fared lo que io mando, que io sÉ de la altura

Lo que bosotros no sabeis, de buen Sennor de natura.”

· · · · · ·

· · · · · ·

There is little, as it seems to me, in the early narrative poetry of any modern nation better worth reading, than this old Morisco version of the story of Joseph. Parts of it overflow with the tenderest natural affection; other parts are deeply pathetic; and everywhere it bears the impress of the extraordinary state of manners and society that gave it birth. From several passages, it may be inferred that it was publicly recited; and even now, as we read it, we fall unconsciously into a long-drawn chant, and seem to hear the voices of Arabian camel-drivers, or of Spanish muleteers, as the Oriental or the romantic tone happens to prevail. I am acquainted with nothing in the form of the old metrical romance that is more attractive,—nothing that is so peculiar, original, and separate from every thing else of the same class.


No. II.

LA DANÇA GENERAL DE LOS MUERTOS.

The next of the Inedita is the “Danza General,” which I have noticed, (Vol. I. pp. 89-91,) and which is found in the Library of San Lorenzo del Escorial, MSS., Cas. IV., Let. b, No. 21. In note 27 on the passage referred to I have suggested a reason for conjecturing that the Spanish poem may be taken from an earlier French one; but I ought to add, that, so far as I am aware, this ghastly fiction is not known to exist in any earlier form, than that in which it appears in this Manuscript.

Aqui comienza la danza general, en la qual tracta como la muerte dice abisa Á todas las criaturas, que pare mientes en la brevedad de su vida, É que della mayor cabdal non sea fecho que ella meresce. E asy mesmo les dice É requiere que bean É oyan bien lo que los sabios pedricadores les disen É amonestan de cada dia, dandoles bueno É sano consejo, que puguen en fazer buenas obras por que ayan conplido perdon de sus pecados. E luego syguiente, mostrando por espirienÇia lo que dise, llama e requiere Á todos los estados del mundo, que vengan de su buen grado Ó contra su boluntad. Comenzando, dise ansy.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Yo so la muerte cierta Á todas criaturas

Que son É seran en el mundo durante;

Demando y digo, o orbe, porque curas

De vida tan breve en punto pasante;

Pues non ay tan fuerte nin rescio gigante,

Que deste mi arco se puede amparar;

Conviene que mueras quando lo tirar

Con esta mi frecha cruel traspasante.

Que locura es esta tan magniesta,

Que piensas tu, ome, que el otro morirÁ

Et tu quedaras por ser bien compuesta

La tu complysion, É que durarÁ?

Non eres cierto, sy en punto vernÁ

Sobre ty Á desora alguna corrupcion

De jandre Ó carbonco Ó tal ynphyÇyon,

Porque el tu vil cuerpo se desatarÁ.

O piensas, por ser mancebo valiente

O niÑo de dias, que Á lueÑe estarÉ,

O fasta que llegues Á viejo impotente

La mi venida me detardarÉ.

Abisate bien que yo llegarÉ

A ty Á desora, que non he cuydado

Que tu seas mancebo Ó viejo cansado,

Que qual te fallare tal te levarÉ.

La plÁtica muestra ser pura berdad;

Aquesto que digo, syn otra fallencia,

La santa escriptura con Çertinidad

Da sobre todo su firme sentencia,

A todos disciendo, fasced penitencia,

Que a morir avedes non savedes quando;

Sy non ved el frayre que esta predicando,

Mirad lo que disce de su grand sabienÇia.

DICE EL PEDRICADOR.

SeÑores honrados, la santa escriptura

Demuestra e disce, que todo ome nascido

Gostara la muerte, maguer sea dura,

Ca truxo al mundo un solo bocado,

Ca Papa Ó rey Ó obispo sagrado,

Cardenal Ó duque Ó conde excelente,

O emperador con toda su gente,

Que son en el mundo de morir han forÇado.

BUENO E SANO CONSEJO.

SeÑores, punad en fascer buenas obras;

Non vos confiedes en altos estados,

Que non vos valdran thesoros nin doblas

A la muerte que tiene sus lasos parados;

Gemid vuestras culpas, descid los pecados,

En cuanto podades con satisfaÇion,

Sy queredes aver complido perdon

De aquel que perdona los yerros pasados.

Fasced lo que digo, non vos detardedes,

Que ya la muerte encomienza Á hordenar

Una danÇa esquiva de que non podedes

Por cosa ninguna que sea escapar;

A la cual disce, que quiere levar

A todos nosotros lanÇando sus redes;

Abrid las orejas que agora oyredes

De su charambela un triste cantar.

DICE LA MUERTE.

A la danÇa mortal venit los nascidos,

Que en el mundo sois, de qualquiera estado;

El que no quisiere, a fuerÇa É amidos

Fascer le he venir muy toste privado,

Pues que ya el frayre vos ha predicado,

Que todos vayais Á fascer penitencia;

El que non quisiere poner diligencia

Por mi non puede ser mas esperado.

PRIMERAMENTE LLAMA A SU DANÇA A DOS DONCELLAS.

Esta mi danÇa traye de presente

Estas dos donÇellas que vedes fermosas;

Ellas vinieron de muy mala mente

A oyr mis canciones que son dolorosas;

Mas non les valdran flores ny rosas,

Nin las composturas que poner solian;

De mi si pudiesen partir se querrian,

Mas non puede ser, que son mis esposas.

A estas y Á todos, por las aposturas,

DarÉ fealdad la vida partida,

E desnudedad por las vestiduras,

Por siempre jamas muy triste aborrida.

O, por los palacios, darÉ por medida

Sepulcros escuros de dentro fedientes;

E, por los manjares, gusanos royentes

Que coman de dentro su carne podrida.

E porque el santo padre es muy alto seÑor

E que en todo el mundo non ay su par,

E desta mi danÇa serÁ guiador;

Desnude su capa, comienÇe Á sotar,

Non es ya tiempo de perdones dar,

Nin de celebrar en grande aparato,

Que yo le darÉ en breve mal rato;

DanÇad, padre santo, sin mas detardar.

DICE EL PADRE SANTO.

Ay de mi triste! que cosa tan fuerte

A yo, que tractaba tan grand preslacia,

Aber de pasar agora la muerte,

E non me valer lo que dar solia;

Beneficios É honrras É gran seÑoria

Tobe en el mundo, pensando vevir;

Pues de ty, muerte, non puedo fuyr,

Valme Jesuchristo e la virgen Maria.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Non vos enojedes, seÑor padre santo,

De andar en mi danÇa que tengo ordenada

Non vos valdrÁ el vermejo manto;

De lo que fuistes abredes soldada;

Non vos aprovecha echar la cruzada,

Proveer de obispados, nin dar beneficios;

Aqui moriredes syn ser mas bollicios.

DanÇad, imperante, con cara pagada.

DICE EL EMPERADOR.

Que cosa es esta que Á tan syn pauor

Me lleva Á su danÇa, Á fuerÇa, sin grado?

Creo, que es la muerte, que non ha dolor

De ome que sea, grande Ó cuytado.

No hay ningund rey nin duque esforÇado,

Que della me pueda agora defender;

Acorredme todos; mas non puede ser,

Que ya tengo della todo el seso turbado.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Emperador muy grande, en el mundo potente,

Non vos cuitedes, ca non es tiempo tal

Que librar vos pueda imperio nin gente,

Oro, nin plata, nin otro metal;

Aqui perderedes el vuestro cabdal,

Que athesorastes con grand tyrania,

Faciendo batallas de noche e de dia.

Morid, non curedes. Venga el cardenal.

DICE EL CARDENAL.

Ay, madre de Dios, nunca pensÉ ver

Tal danÇa como esta Á que me fasen yr;

QuerrÍa, si pudiese, la muerte estorcer,

Non sÉ donde vaya, comienÇo Á thremer.

Siempre trabajÉ noctar y escrevir

Por dar beneficios Á los mis criados;

Agora mis miembros son todos torvados,

Que pierdo la vista e non puedo oyr.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Reverendo padre, bien vos abisÉ,

Que aqui avriades por fuerÇa allegar

En esta mi danÇa en que vos farÉ

Agora ayna un poco sudar;

Pensastes el mundo por vos trastornar

Por llegar Á papa e ser soberano;

Mas non lo seredes aqueste verano.

Vos, rey poderoso, venit Á danÇar.

DICE EL REY.

Valia, valia, los mis caballeros,

Yo non querria yr Á tan baxa danÇa;

Llegad, vos con los ballesteros,

Hamparadme todos, por fuerÇa de lanÇa;

Mas, que es aquesto que veo en balanÇa

Acortarse mi vida É perder los sentidos?

El coraÇon se me quiebra con grandes gemidos;

Adios, mis vasallos, que muerte me tranÇa.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Ay, fuerte tirano, que siempre robastes

Todo vuestro reyno Ó fenchistes el arca;

De fazer justicia muy poco curastes,

Segunt es notorio por vuestra comarca;

Venit para mi, que yo so monarca,

Que prenderÉ Á vos É Á otro mas alto;

Llegat Á la danÇa cortÉs en un salto;

En pos de vos venga luego el patriarca.

DICE EL PATRIARCA.

Yo nunca pensÉ venir Á tal punto,

Nin estar en danÇa tan sin piedad;

Ya me van privando, segunt que barrunto,

De beneficios e de dignidad.

O home mesquino! que en grand ceguedad

Andove en el mundo non parando mientes,

Como la Muerte, con sus duros dientes,

Roba Á todo home de qualquier edad.

DICE LA MUERTE.

SeÑor Patriarca, yo nunca robÉ

En alguna parte cosa que non deva;

De matar Á todos costumbre lo he;

De escapar alguno de mi non se atreva.

Esto vos ganÓ vuestra madre Eva

Por querer gostar fruta derredada.

Poned en recabdo vuestra cruz dorada;

Sygase con vos el Duque antes que mas veva.

DICE EL DUQUE.

O, que malas nuevas son estas syn falla,

Que agora me trahen, que vaya Á tal juego!

Yo tenia pensado de faser batalla;

Esperame un poco, Muerte, yo te ruego.

Sy non te detienes, miedo he, que luego

Me prendas Ó me mates; abrÉ de dexar

Todos mis deleytes, ca non puede estar,

Que mi alma escape de aquel duro fuego.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Duque poderoso, ardit e valiente,

Non es ya tiempo de dar dilaciones;

Andad en la danÇa con buen continente!

Dexad Á los otros vuestras guarniciones!

Jamas non podredes cebar los alcones,

Hordenar las justas, nin faser torneos;

Aqui avran fin los vuestros deseos.

Venit, ArÇobispo, dexat los sermones!

DICE EL ARÇOBISPO.

Ay, Muerte cruel, que te merescÍ!

O porque me llebas tan arrebatado?

Viviendo en deleytes nunca te temÍ;

Fiando en la vida, quedÉ engaÑado.

Mas sy yo bien rrijera mi arÇobispado,

De ti non oviera tan fuerte temor,

Mas siempre del mundo fuy amador;

Bien se que el infierno tengo aparejado.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Senor ArÇobispo, pues tan mal registres

Vuestros sÚbditos É cleresÇia,

Gostad amargura por lo que comistes

Manjares diversos con grand golosya.

Estar non podredes en Santa MarÍa

Con palo Romano en pontifical;

Venit Á mi danÇa pues soes mortal!

Pare el Condestable por otra tal vÍa!

DICE EL CONDESTABLE.

Yo vi muchas danÇas de lindas doncellas,

De dueÑas fermosas de alto linaje,

Mas, segunt me paresce, no es esta dellas,

Ca el thaÑedor trahe feo visaje.

Venit, camarero! desid Á mi paje,

Que trayga el caballo, que quiero fuir,

Que esta es la danÇa que disen morir;

Sy della escapo, thener me han por saje.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Fuyr non conviene al que ha de estar quedo;

Estad, Condestable, dexat el caballo!

Andad en la danÇa alegre muy ledo,

Syn faser rruydo, ca yo bien me callo.

Mas verdad vos digo que, al cantar del gallo,

Seredes tornado de otra figura;

Alli perderedes vuestra fermosura.

Venit vos, Obispo, Á ser mi vasallo!

DICE EL OBISPO.

Mis manos aprieto, de mis ojos lloro,

Porque soi venido Á tanta tristura;

Yo era abastado de plata y de oro,

De nobles palacios É mucha folgura:

Agora la Muerte, con su mano dura,

Traheme en su danÇa medrosa sobejo;

Parientes, amigos, ponedme consejo,

Que pueda salir de tal angostura!

DICE LA MUERTE.

Obispo sagrado, que fuestes pastor

De animas muchas, por vuestro pecado

A juicio yredes ante el Redentor,

E daredes cuenta de vuestro obispado.

Syempre anduvistes de gentes cargado,

En corte de rey É fuera de ygreja,

Mas yo gorsirÉ la vuestra pelleja.

Venit, Caballero, que estades armado!

DICE EL CABALLERO.

A mi non paresce ser cosa guisada,

Que dexe mis armas e vaya danÇar

A tal danÇa negra, de llanto poblada,

Que contra los vivos quesiste hordenar.

Segunt estas conviene dexar

Mercedes e tierras que ganÉ del rrey;

Pero, Á la fyn, sin dubda non sey

Qual es la carrera que abrÉ de levar.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Caballero noble, ardit, É lijero,

Fased buen semblante en vuestra persona!

Non es aqui tiempo de contar dinero;

Oyd mi cancion, por que modo entona!

Aqui vos farÉ mover la athaona,

E despues veredes como pone freno

A los de la banda que roban lo ageno.

DanÇad, Abad gordo, con vuestra corona!

DICE EL ABAD.

Maguer provechoso sÓ Á los religiosos,

De tal danÇa, amigos, yo non me contento;

En mi celda avia manjares sabrosos,

De ir non curava comer a convento.

Darme hedes sygnado como non consyento

De andar en ella, ca he grand rescelo,

E, sy tengo tiempo, provoco y apelo;

Mas non puede ser que ya desatiento.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Don Abad bendicto, folgado, vicioso.

Que poco curastes de vestir Çelicio,

AbraÇadme agora, seredes mi esposo,

Pues que deseades placeres É vicio;

Ca yo so bien presta Á vuestro servicio,

Avedme por vuestra, quitad de vos saÑa,

Que mucho me plaze en vuestra compaÑa.

E vos, Escudero, venit al oficio!

DICE EL ESCUDERO.

DueÑas É doncellas, aved de mi duelo!

Que fasenme por fuerÇa dexar los amores,

Echome la muerte su sotil ansuelo,

Fasenme danÇar danÇa de dolores;

Non trahen por cierto firmalles nin flores

Los que en ella danÇan, mas grand fealdad;

Ay de mi cuytado! que en grand vanidad

Andove en el mundo sirviendo seÑores.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Escudero polido, de amor sirviente,

Dejad los amores de toda persona!

Venit! ved mi danÇa É como se adona!

E Á los que danÇan acompaÑaredes.

Mirad su figura! tal vos tornaredes,

Que vuestras amadas non vos querran ver.

Abed buen conorte que ay ha de ser.

Venit vos, Dean, non vos corrÇedes!

DICE EL DEAN.

Que es aquesto que yo de mi seso salgo?

PensÉ de fuyr É non fallo carrera;

Grand venta tenia É buen deanasgo

E mucho trigo en la mi panera.

Allende de aquesto estava en espera

De ser proveido de algund obispado;

Agora la Muerte enbiome mandado,

Mala seÑal veo, pues fasen la sera.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Don rico avariento, Dean muy ufano,

Que vuestros dineros trocastes en oro,

A pobres É Á viudas cerrastes la mano

E mal despendistes el vuestro tesoro;

Non quiero que estedes ya mas en el coro;

Salid luego fuera sin otra peresa!

Yo vos mostrarÉ venir Á pobresa.

Venit, Mercadero, Á la danÇa del lloro!

DICE EL MERCADERO.

A quien dexarÉ todas mis riquesas

E mercadurias que traygo en la mar?

Con muchos traspasos É mas sotilesas

GanÉ lo que tengo en cada lugar;

Agora la Muerte vinome llamar:

Que serÁ de mi? Non se que me faga.

O Muerte, tu sierra Á mi es grand plaga!

Adios, mercaderos, que voyme Á finar!

DICE LA MUERTE.

De oy mas non curedes de pasar en Flandes;

Estad aqui quedo e iredes ver

La tienda que traygo de buvas y landres;

De gracia las do, non las quiero vender;

Una sola dellas vos farÁ caer

De palmas en tierra dentro en mi botica,

E en ella entraredes, maguer sea chica.

E vos, Arcediano, venid al taÑer!

DICE EL ARCEDIANO.

O, mundo vil, malo, É fallescedero!

Como me engaÑaste con tu promision;

Prometisteme vida, de ty non la espero,

Siempre mentiste en toda sason.

Faga quien quisiere la vesytacion

De mi arcedianasgo por que trabajÉ!

Ay de mi cuytado! grand cargo tomÉ;

Agora lo siento, que fasta aqui non.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Arcediano, amigo, quitad el bonete!

Venit Á la danÇa suave e onesto!

Ca quien en el mundo sus amores mete,

El mesmo le farÉ venir a todo esto.

Vuestra dignidad, segund dice el testo,

Es cura de animas, É daredes cuenta;

Sy mal las registes, abredes afruenta.

DanÇad, Abogado; dexad el digesto.

DICE EL ABOGADO.

Que fue ora, mesquino, de quanto aprendy,

De mi saber todo É mi libelar!

Quando estar pensÉ, entonÇe cay;

Çegome la muerte; non puedo estudiar;

ResÇelo he grande de yr al lugar,

Do non me valdrÁ libelo nin fuero,

Peores amigos que syn lengua muero;

Abarcome la Muerte, non puedo fablar.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Don falso Abogado, prevalicador,

Que de amas las partes levastes salario,

Venga se vos miente como syn temor

Volvistes la foja por otro contrario;

El chino É el Bartolo É el coletario

Non vos libraran de mi poder mero;

Aqui pagaredes, como buen romero.

E vos, CanÓnigo, dexad el breviario.

DICE EL CANÓNIGO.

Vete agora, Muerte, non quiero yr contigo;

Dexame yr al coro ganar la rracion;

Non quiero tu danÇa, nin ser tu amigo;

En folgura vivo, non he turbacion.

Aun este otro dia obe provysion

Desta calongya, que me dio el perlado;

Desto que tengo soy bien pagado;

Vaya quien quisiere Á tu vocacion.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Canonigo, amigo, non es el camino

Ese que pensades. Dad aca la mano;

El sobrepeliz delgado de lino

· · · · · ·

Darvos he un consejo que vos sera sano;

Tornad vos Á Dios, e fased penitencia,

Ca sobre vos cierto es dada sentencia.

Llegad acÁ, Fisico, que estades ufano.

DICE EL FISICO.

Myntiome, sin duda, el fin de Abicenna,

Que me prometio muy luengo vevir,

Rygiendome me bien Á yantar É cena,

Dexando el bever despues de dorrmir.

Con esta esperanÇa pensÉ conquerir

Dineros É plata, enfermos curando;

Mas agora veo que me va llevando

La Muerte consygo; conviene sofrir.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Pensaste vos, Fisico, que, por Galeno

O Don Ypocras con sus inforismos,

Seriades librado de comer del teno

Que otros gastaron de mas sologismos?

Non vos valdrÁ faser gargarismos,

Componer xaropes, nin tener dieta;

Non sÓ sy lo oystes, yo sÓ la que aprieta.

Venid vos, Don Cura, dexad los bautismos.

DICE EL CURA.

Non quiero exebÇiones, ni conjugaciones;

Con mis perrochianos quiero yr folgar;

Ellos me dan pollos É lechones

E muchas obladas con el piÉ de altar.

Locura seria mis diesmos dexar,

E ir a tu danÇa de que non se parte;

Pero, Á la fin, non se por qual arte

Desta tu danÇa pudiese escapar.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Ya non es tiempo de yaser al sol

Con los perrochianos beviendo del vino;

Yo vos mostrarÉ un semifasol

Que agora compuse de canto muy fino;

Tal como Á vos quiero aver por vecino,

Que muchas animas tovistes en gremio;

Segunt los registes, abredes el premio.

Dance el Labrador, que viene del molino.

DICE EL LABRADOR.

Como conviene danÇar al villano

Que nunca la mano sacÓ de la reja?

Busca, si te place, quien danse liviano.

Deja, Muerte, con otro treveja,

Ca yo como toÇino É Á veces oveja,

E es mi oficio trabajo É afan,

Arando la tierra para sembrar pan;

Por ende non curo de oyr tu conseja.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Si vuestro trabajo fue syempre sin arte,

Non fasiendo furto en la tierra agena,

En la gloria eternal abredes grand parte,

E por el contrario sufriredes pena.

Pero con todo eso poned la melena;

Allegad vos Á me, yo vos buire,

Lo que Á otros fise, Á vos lo farÉ.

E vos, Monje negro, tomad buen estrena.

DICE EL MONJE.

Loor É alabanÇa sea para siempre

Al alto SeÑor, que con piedad me lieva

A su santo reyno, Á donde contemplo

Por siempre jamÁs la su magestad;

De carcel escura vengo Á claridad,

Donde abrÉ alegria syn otra tristura;

Por poco trabajo abrÉ grand folgura;

Muerte, non me espanto de tu fealdad.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Sy la regla santa del Monje Bendicto

Guardastes del todo syn otro deseo,

Sin duda temed que soes escripto

En libro de vida, segunt que yo creo;

Pero, si fesistes lo que faser veo

A otros, que andan fuera de la regla,

Vida vos daran que sea mas negra.

DanÇad, Usurero, dexad el correo!

DICE EL USURERO.

Non quiero tu danÇa nin tu canto negro,

Mas quiero prestando doblar mi moneda;

Con pocos dineros, que me diÓ mi suegro,

Otras obras fago que non fiso Beda.

Cada aÑo los doblo, demas estÁ queda

La prenda en mi casa que estÁ por el todo;

Allego rriquezas y hyariendo de cobdo;

Por ende tu danza Á mi non es leda.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Traydor Usurario, de mala concencia,

Agora veredes lo que faser suelo;

En fuego ynfernal sin mas detenencia

PornÉ la vuestra alma cubierta de duelo;

AllÁ estaredes, do estÁ vuestro abuelo,

Que quiso usar segund vos usastes;

Por poca ganancia mal syglo ganastes.

E vos, Frayre Menor, venit Á seÑuelo!

DICE EL FRAYRE.

DanÇar non conviene Á maestro famoso,

Segunt que yo so en religion;

Maguer mendigante vivo vicioso,

E muchos desean oyr mi sermon,

Desidesme agora que vaya Á tal son;

DanÇar non querria sy me das lugar;

Ay de mi cuydado! que abrÉ Á dexar

Las honrras e grado, que quiera Ó que non.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Maestro famoso, sotil, É capaz,

Que en todas las artes fuistes sabidor,

Non vos acuytedes, limpiad vuestra faz,

Que Á pasar abredes por este dolor;

Yo vos levarÉ ante un sabidor

Que sabe las artes syn ningunt defecto,

Sabredes leer por otro decrepto.

Portero de MaÇa, venid al tenor!

DICE EL PORTERO.

Ay, del rey barones, acorredme agora!

Llevame syn grado esta muerte brava;

Non me guarde della, tornome Á dessora,

A puerta del Rey guardando estava;

Oy en este dia al Conde esperava,

Que me diese algo por que le dy la puerta;

Guarde quien quisyere Ó fynquese abierta,

Que ya la mi guarda non vale una fava.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Dexad esas vozes, llegad vos corriendo,

Que non es ya tiempo de estar en la vela;

Las vuestras baratas yo bien las entiendo

A vuestra cobdicia por que modo suena;

Cerrades la puerta de mas quando yela

Al ome mesquino que vien Á librar;

Lo que del levastes abres Á pagar.

E vos, HermitaÑo, salid de la celda!

DICE EL HERMITAÑO.

La Muerte reÇelo, maguer que so viejo,

SeÑor Jesu Christo, a ty me encomiendo;

De los que te sirven, tu eres espejo;

Pues yo te servi, la tu gloria atiendo;

Sabes, que sufri lazeria viviendo

En este desierto en contemplacion,

De noche É de dia faziendo oracion,

E por mas abstinencia las yerbas comiendo.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Fazes grand cordura; llamarte ha el SeÑor,

Que con diligencia pugnastes servir;

Sy bien le servistes abredes honor

En su santo reyno, do abes Á venir;

Pero con todo esto abredes Á yr

En esta mi danÇa con vuestra barvaÇa;

De matar Á todos aquesta es mi caÇa.

DanÇad, Contador, despues de dormir!

DICE EL CONTADOR.

Quien podria pensar que tan syn disanto

Abia Á dexar mi contadurÍa?

LleguÉ Á la Muerte, e vi desbarato

Que faria en los omes con grand osadia;

Alli perderÉ toda mi valÍa,

Averes, É joyas, y mi grand poder;

Faza libramientos de oy mas quien quisiere,

Ca cercan dolores el anima mia.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Contador, amigo, ssy bien vos catades,

Como por favor É averes por don;

Librastes las cuentas, razon es que ayades

Dolor É quebranto por tal ocasyon.

Cuento de alguarismo nin su division

Non vos ternan prÓ, e yredes comigo;

Andad aca luego asy vos lo digo.

E vos, Diacono, venid Á leccion!

DICE EL DIACONO.

Non veo que tienes gesto de lector

Tu que me convidas que vaya Á leer;

Non vy en Salamanca maestro nin doctor

Que tal gesto tenga nin tal paresÇer.

Bien sÉ que con arte me quieres fazer,

Que vaya Á tu danÇa para me matar;

Sy esto asy es, venga administrar

Otro por mi, que yo vome Á caer.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Maravillome mucho de vos, Diacon,

Pues que bien sabedes, que es mi doctrina

Matar Á todos por justa rraÇon,

E vos esquivades oyr mi bocina;

Yo vos vestirÉ almatica fina,

Labrada de pino en que miniestredes,

Fasta que vos llamen en ella yredes.

Venga el que rrecabda, É dance ayna!

DICE EL RECABDADOR.

Asaz he que faga en recabdar

Lo que por el rey me fue encomendado;

Por ende non puedo nin devo danÇar

En esta tu danÇa que non he acostumbrado.

Quiero yr agora apriessa priado

Por unos dineros que me han prometido;

Ca he esperado É el plazo es venido,

Mas veo el camino del todo cerrado.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Andad acÁ luego syn mas tardar,

Pagad los cohechos que avedes levado,

Pues que vuestra vida fue en trabajar

Como robariedes al ome cuytado;

Dar vos he un pago en que esteys asentado,

E fagades las rentas que tenga dos pasos;

Alli dares cuenta de vuestros traspasos.

Venid, Subdiacono, alegre É pagado!

DICE EL SUBDIACONO.

Non he menester de yr Á trocar

Como fazen esos que traes Á tu mando;

Antes de evangelio me quiero tornar

Estas quatro tÉmporas, que aun seran llegando.

En lugar de tanto, veo que llorando

Andan todos essos, no fallan abrigo;

Non quiero tu danÇa, asy te lo digo,

Mas quiero pasar el salterio reszando.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Mucho es superfluo el vuestro alegar;

Por ende dexad aquesos sermones;

Non tenes maÑa de andar Á danÇar,

Nin comer obladas cÉrca los tizones;

Non yredes mas en las proÇysiones

Do davades vozes muy altas en grito,

Como por enero fazia el cabrito.

Venid, Sacristan, dexad las rraÇones.

DICE EL SACRISTAN.

Muerte, yo te rruego, que ayas piadad

De mi que so moÇo de pocos dias;

Non conosci Á Dios con mi mocedad,

Nin quise tomar nin seguir sus vias.

Fia de mi, amiga, como de otro fias,

Porque satisfaga del mal que he fecho.

A ty non se pierde jamas tu derecho,

Ca yo yre, sy tu por mi envias.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Don Sacristanejo, de mala picaÑa,

Ya non tienes tiempo de saltar paredes,

Nin andar de noche con los de la caÑa,

Faziendo las obras que vos bien sabedes.

Andar Á rondar vos ya non podredes,

Nin presentar joyas Á vuestra seÑora;

Sy bien vos quiere, quinte vos agora.

Venit vos, Rrabi, acÁ meldaredes.

DICE EL RRABI.

Heloim e Dios de Habrahan,

Que prometiste la redepÇion!

Non sÉ que me faga con tan grant afan;

Mandadme que danÇe, non entiendo el son.

Non ha ome en el mundo de quantos y sson

Que pueda fuyr de su mandamiento.

Veladme, dayanes, que mi entendimiento

Se pierde del todo con grand afliccion.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Don Rrabi, Rrabi barbudo, que siempre estudiastes

En el talmud É en sus doctores,

E de la verdad jamas non curastes,

Por lo cual abredes penas É dolores,

Llegad vos acÁ con los danÇadores,

E diredes por canto vuestra beraha,

Dar vos han possada con Rrabi aÇa.

Venit, Alfaqui, dexad los sabores.

DICE EL ALFAQUI.

Sy Allaha me vala, es fuerte cosa

Esto que me mandas agora facer;

Yo tengo muger discreta, graciosa,

De que he garajado É ausar plazer;

Todo quanto tengo quiero perder,

Dexame con ella solamente estar;

De que fuere viejo mandame levar,

E Á ella conmigo, sy a ty pluguiere.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Venit vos, amigo, dexar el zalÁ,

Ca el gameÑo pedricaredes

A los veinte É siete: vuestro capellÁ

Nin vuestra camisa non la vestiredes

En Meca ni en layda, y non estaredes

Comiendo buÑuelos en alegrÍa;

Busque otro alfaquÍ vuestra moreria.

Passad vos, Santero, verÉ que diredes.

DICE EL SANTERO.

Por cierto mas quiero mi hermita vivir

Que non yr allÁ do tu me dizes;

Tengo buena vida aunque ando Á pedir,

E como Á las veces pollos É perdices;

SÉ tomar al tiempo bien las codornices,

E tengo en mi huerto asaz de repollos.

Vete, que non quiero tu gato com pollos;

Adios, me encomiendo y Á seÑor San Helices.

DICE LA MUERTE.

Non vos vale-nada vuestro recelar;

Andad acÁ luego vos, Don Taleguero,

Que non quisistes la hermita adobar;

Fezistes alcuza de vuestro garguero;

Non visitaredes la bota de cuero

Con que Á menudo soliades beber;

Çurron nin talega non podres traer,

Nin pedir gallofas como de primero.

LO QUE DICE LA MUERTE Á LOS QUE NON NOMBRO.

A todos los que aqui no he nombrado,

De qualquier ley e estado Ó condicion,

Les mando que vengan muy toste priado

A entrar en mi danÇa sin escusaÇion;

Non rescebirÉ jamas exebcion,

Nin otro libelo, nin declinatoria;

Los que bien fizieron abran syempre gloria;

Los que al contrario abran dapnacion.

DICEN LOS QUE HAN DE PASAR POR LA MUERTE.

Pues que asy es que Á morir avemos

De necesidad syn otro remedio,

Con pura conciencia todos trabajemos

En servir Á Dios sin otro comedio;

Ca el es Principe, fin, É el medio,

Por do, sy le place, abremos folgura;

Aunque la Muerte, con danÇa muy dura,

Nos meta en su corro en qualquier comedio.


No. III.

EL LIBRO DEL RABI SANTOB.

The poetry of the Rabbi de Santob, whose name and title are spelt in different ways, is here printed from the manuscript in the National Library at Madrid, marked B. b. 82, folio, beginning at f. lxi. I have spoken of it, (Vol. I. pp. 86, 87,) and would repeat the wish there expressed, that the present copy should be collated with the one in the Library of the Escurial.

Como quiera que dize Salomon, e dize verdat, en el libro de los proverbios, “quien acrecienta ciencia, acrescienta dolor,” pero que yo entiendo que a esto que el llama dolor que es trabajo del coraÇon e del entendimiento. E asi no lo devemos tener al tal dolor por malo, ca el non lo dixo mal dolor, nin por que ome deue causa escusarse de la ciencia e de la buena arte en la ciencia es causa al entendido, poned le en folgura corporal e espiritual, e aun digo que Salomon antes cual e despues que escrivio e dixo en los dicho proverbios e el que acreÇienta ÇienÇia acresÇienta dolor al acresÇento ciencia amos del ade oy vista en la biblia que le e ... el dicho libro de proverbios e el libro de los cantares o canticores e el libro de vanidades o clesiasticas, e fiso el libro de sapienÇia, amad justiÇia los que judgades la tierra, e sea asy que se entiende que no lo dixo por mal dolor, casy lo el syntiera por dolor no se trabajara de acresÇentar ÇienÇia, pero este dolor es asemejado al trabajo de bien faser, que trabaja ome en yr luengo camino por alcanÇar conplimiento de su deseo, e es aquel trabajo folgura, gloria, e no dolor, aunque pasa por el por lo mucho del bien fase ninguno aquelo dolor, e asi que dixo, acreÇienta dolor, por que quien mucho lee mucho trabaja, e mientra mas acresÇienta el estudio mas acrescienta trabajo para el fruto que el entendides ssaca del tal trabajo para el fruto o dolor es de tamaÑa gloria que el trabajo e dolor con que se alcanÇo es ninguno e cosa olvidada e non sentyda, non enpecible mas antes fue, e es causa de bien e es afigurado, como sy disen a omen contar doblas para el ciento es que trabaja en el contar, pero mas pro saca myentra mas contare asi que non lo dixo por dolor es pecible ni malo, ca dolor ay que ome desea Á las veses que con el avrie grant folgura e non syn el asi que es muchas veses deseado dolor et commo la tanger maÑera que todavia cobdiÇia aquel dolor mas que todas las folguras e viÇios del mundo porque es causa de todo su deseo asi que es dolor nesÇesario o provechoso, e por esto non deve Çesar de fablar ÇienÇia el que sabe por cuyta de sofrir trabajos o dolor, mayor mente que es notorio, que vyene por devyna influyda de Dios en el omen que la asi que non la da Dios para que la calle nin para quel influydo solo salvo para faser bien commo la sacra ley que dio a Muyssen non sollamente para el mas para ssu pueblo de generaÇion e aun para todos los nasÇidos que a su ley sse allegaron, como dise Ysayas en el cº.

El linaje que lo serviere sera contado a el por publico suyo asi que el sseÑor da sabiduria a uno para enseÑarla a muchos, e puede aqui desir que qvien quisyere pues el seÑor Dios commo da la sabiduria a uno para enseÑarla a muchos, tan bien la podria dar Á los muchos e en verdat para que o porque es esto diria yo a el respondote que tan bien podria dar Dios la ley syn que se enseÑase por escritura a cada nasÇido pero no se le entendia ni seria sabido que bynya de Dios, nin por acarreamiento del Espiritu Sancto asy que non seria Dios tan conoscido, e por esto es en el secreto de Dios vien lo que a nos non se entyende, ca el SeÑor todas las cosas que el fiso e son con sabiduria acabada que es en el asi que devemos creer que es bien aprender que quien pretende e entender del que entyende e punar en el tal trabajo que naÇe dello gloria e folgura asi que non es dolor doloroso, mas es dolor provechoso. Pues asi es, plaziendo a Dios, declarare algo en las trobas de Rabisantob el Judio de Carrion en algunas partes que parescen escritas aunque no son escritas salvo por quanto son trobas e todas escritura rymada paresÇe entrepatada e non lo es que por guardar los consonantes disce algunas veses lo que ha de desir despues disce lo antes. E esto quiero yo trabajar en declarar con el ayuda de Dios para algunos que pueden ser que leeran e non entenderan syn que otro gelas declare commo algunas veses la he ya visto esto por cuanto syn dubda las dichas trobas son muy notable escritura, que todo omen la deviera de curar, ca esta fue la entenÇion del sabio Raby que las fiso, por que escritura rimada es mejor decorada que non la que va por testo llano, e dise asy el prologo de sus rymas es veynte e tres coplas fasta de quiero desir del mundo.

SeÑor Rey, noble, alto,

Oy este sermon,

Que vyene desyr Santob,

Judio de Carrion,

Comunalmente trobado

De glosas moralmente,

De la filosofia sacado

Segunt que va syguiente.

Quando el Rey Don Alfonso

Fyno, fynco la gente,

Como quando el pulso

FallesÇe al doliente.

Que luego non ayudaua,

Que tan grant mejoria

A ellos fyncaua,

Nin omen lo entendia.

Quando la rosa seca

En su tiempo sale,

El agua della fynca

Rosada que mas vale.

Asi vos fyncastes del

Para mucho turar,

E faser lo que el

Cobdiciava librar.

Como la debda mia

Que a vos muy poco monta

Con la qual yo podria

Bevyr syn toda onta,

Estando con cuyta

De miedos de pecados,

Que muchos fis syn cuyta,

Menudos e granados.

Teniame por muerto,

Mas vyno me el talante

Un cornote muy cierto,

Que me fiso vien andante.

Omen torpe, syn seso,

Seria a Dios baldon

La tu maldat en peso

Poner con su perdon.

El te fiso nascer,

Byves en merced suya;

Como podria vencer

A su obra la tuya?

Pecar es la tu maÑa,

E la suya perdonar,

El alongar la saÑa,

Los yerros oluidar.

Bien commo es mas alto

El cielo que la tierra,

El su perdon es tanto

Mayor que la tu yerra.

Segunt el poder suyo

Tanto es la su obra suya,

Segunt el poder tuyo

Tal es la obra tuya.

Obrar de omen que nada

Es todo el su fecho,

Es su vyda penada,

Es a muy poco trecho.

Como seria tan grande

Como la del Criador,

Que todo el mundo anda

E fas en derredor

Andar aquella rueda

El sol e las estrellas,

E jamas nunca queda,

E sabe cuenta dellas.

Quanto el tu estado

Es ante la tu gloria,

Monta el tu pecado

A su mysiricordia.

Seria cosa estraÑa

Muy fuera de natura,

La tu yerra tamaÑa

Ser como su mesura.

Et desto non temas

Que ser non podria,

En que non tornes jamas

En la tu rebeldia,

Mas en te arrepentyr

E fazer oraÇion,

Et merced le pedyr

Con magnifestaÇion

De todo lo pasado,

E partyr de lo mano,

Con tanto perdonado

Seras bien de lyviano.

Et non sabe la persona

Torpe que non se baldona

Por las priesas del mundo

Que nos da a menudo.

I non sabe que la manera

Del mundo esta era,

Tener syempre viciosos

A los onbres astrosos,

Et ser [de] guerreados

Los omes onrrados,

AlÇa los ojos a cata

E veras la mar alta,

Et sobre las sus cuestas

Anda cosas muertas,

E yazen Çafondadas

En el piedras presciadas.

Et el peso asi

Avaga otro si,

La mas llena balanÇa

E la mas vasya alÇa.

Et en el Çielo estrellas

E sabe cuenta dellas,

Non escuresÇen dellas una,

Sy non el sol e la luna.

Las mys canas teÑilas,

Non por las auorrescer,

Ni por desdesyrlas,

Nin manÇebo parescer,

Mas con miedo sobejo

De omes que bastarian

En mi seso de viejo,

E non lo fallarian.

Pues trabajo me mengua,

Donde puede auer,

Prodire de mi lengua

Algo de mi saber.

Quando no es lo que quiero,

Quiero yo lo que es;

Si pesar he primero,

Plaser avrÉ despues.

Mas pues aquella rueda

Del cielo una ora

Jamas non esta queda,

Peora et mejora,

Aun aqueste laso

Renovara el escripto,

Este pandero manso

Aun el su rretynto;

Sonara vernaadia,

Avra su libertad,

ParesÇio como solia

Valer el su quintal.

Yo proue lo pesado,

Prouare lo lyviano,

QuiÇa mudare fado

Quando mudare la mano.

ResÇele si fablase

Que enojo faria,

Por si me callase

Por torpe fyncaria.

Quel que no se muda,

Non falla lo que plas;

Disen que ave muda

Aguero nunca fas.

Porque pisan poquella,

Saron tierra perlando;

Omes que pisan ella

Para siempre callando.

Entendi que en callar

Avri grant mejoria,

AvorresÇi fablar

E fueme peoria.

Que non so para menos

Que otros de mi ley,

Que ovieron buenos

Donadios del Rey.

Syn mi rrason ser buena

Non sea despreÇiada

Por que la dis presona

Rafez que mucha espada.

De fyno azero sano

Sale de rrota vayna;

Salir e del gusano

Se fare la seda fyna.

E astroso garrote

Fare muy ciertos trechos,

E algunt astroso pellote

Cubre blancos pechos.

Et muy sotil trotero

Aduze buenas nuevas,

E muy vil vezerro

Presenta ciertas prueuas.

Por nascer en el espino

No val la rosa cierto

Menos, nin el buen vyno

Por nascer en el sarmyento.

Non val el aÇor menos

Por nascer de mal nido,

Ni los enxemplos buenos

Por los dezir Judio.

Non me desdeÑen por corto,

Que mucho Judio largo

Non entraria a coto

A fazer lo que yo fago.

Bien se que nunca tanto

Quatro tyros de lanÇa

AlcanÇaria quanto

La saeta alcanÇa;

Et rrazon muy granada

Se diz en pocos versos,

E cinta muy delgada

Suffre costados gruesos.

Et mucho ome entendido,

Por ser vergonÇoso,

Es por torpe tenido

E llamado astroso.

Et sy viese sazon

Mejor e mas apuesta,

Diria su razon

Aquel que lo denuesta.

Quiero dezir del mundo

E de las sus maneras,

E commo del dubdo

Palabras muy certeras.

Que non se tomar tiento,

Nin fazer pleytesia,

De acuerdos mas de Çiento

Me torno cada dia.

Lo que uno demuestra

Veo a otro loallo,

Lo que este apuesta

Veo a otro afeallo.

La vara que menguada

La diz el comprador,

Esta mesma sobrada

La diz el vendedor.

El que lanÇa la lanÇa

Semejale vaguarosa,

Pero al que alcanÇa

Semejale presurosa.

Dize, sy quier no diese

Pan nin vyno al suelo

En tal que ome viese

Ya la color del Çielo.

Olvidado amenos

Su color con nublados,

Con lodos non podemos

Andar por los mercados.

Lo mucho non es nunca

Vueno nin de espeÇia fyna,

Mas vale contrilla poca

Que mucha melezyna.

Non puede cosa ninguna

Syn fyn mucho cresÇer,

Desque fynche la luna

Torrne a fallesÇer

A todo ome castigo

De sy mesmo se guarde

Mas que de enemigo

Con tanto seguro ande.

Guardese de su envidia,

Guardese de su saÑa,

Guardese de su cobdiÇia,

Que es la peor maÑa.

Non puede ome tomar

En la cobdiÇia tyento;

Es profundo mar,

Syn orilla e syn puerto.

De alcanÇar una cosa

Nasce cobdiÇia de otra;

Mayor e mas sabrosa

Que mengua bien de sobra.

Quien buena piel tenia

Que el amplia para el frio,

Tabardo non pidiria

Jamas, sy non por vrio.

Por quel su veryno

Buen tabardo tenia,

Con zelo el mesquino

En cuydado venia.

Fue buscar tabardo,

E fallolo a otir acuesta

Por otro mas onrrado

Para de fyesta en fiesta.

Et sy este primero

Tabardo non fallara,

Del otro di santero

Jamas non se membrara.

Quando lo poco vyene

CobdiÇia de mas cresÇe;

Quanto mas ome tyene

Tanto mas le fallesÇe.

Et quanto mas alcanÇa

Mas cobdiÇia dos tanto,

Alfyn desque calÇa

CalÇas tyene por quebranto.

De andar de pye camino

E va buscar rroÇyn;

De calÇar calÇas vyno

A cobdiÇia syn fyn.

Para el rrocyn quier ome

Quel piense e Çeuada,

Establo e buen pesebre

E desto todo nada.

No te menguava nada,

Las calÇas non tenia;

Los Çapatos solados

Su jornada conplia.

Yo fallo en el mundo

Dos omes e non mas,

E fallar nunca puedo

El terÇero jamas;

Un buscador que cata

E non alcanÇa nunca,

E otro que nunca se farta

Fallando quanto busca;

Quien falle e se farte

Yo non puedo fallarlo;

Que pobre bien andante

E rrico omen llamarlo.

Que non ya omen pobre

Synon el cobdiÇioso,

Nin rrico synon ome

Con lo que tiene gozoso.

Que en lo quel cumple quiere

Poco le abondara,

E quen sobras quesyere

El mundo non le cabra.

Quanto cumple a omen de su,

De su algo sy syrve;

De lo demas es syenpre

Syervo a quanto vyve,

Todo el dia lazrado,

Corrido por traello;

A la noche cuytado

Por miedo de perdello.

El tanto non le plaze

Del algo que averlo,

Quanto pesar le faze

El miedo de perderlo.

Non se farta non le carbiendo

En afan nin en talega;

Et lazra non sabiendo

Para quien lo allega.

Syenpre las almas grandes,

Queriendose honrrar,

Fazen en sus demandas

A los cuerpos lazrar.

Por conplir sus talantes

Non les dexan folgar;

Fazen los viandantes

De logar en logar.

La alma granada vyene

A perderse con el Çelo,

Quanto que demas tyene

Su vesyno un pelo.

Tyende grant miedo fuerte

Que le aventajaria,

E non le membraria de la muerte

Que los ygualaria.

Por buscar lo demas

Es quanto mal auemos;

Por lo necessario jamas

Mucho non le lazraremos.

Sy non que te mengue quieres

Dexa la tu cobdiÇia;

Lo que auer podieres

Solo eso cobdiÇia

Tanto es un debdo fuera

De la rraya asignada,

Commo si lueÑe tierra fuera

Dende una jornada.

Quanto mas que auia

Pesar el omen loco,

En lo queste perdia

Por mucho que por poco.

Quando por poco estoruo

Perdio lo que buscaua,

Del grant pesar que ovo

Nunca se conortava.

Non sabe que por cobrirse

Del ojo cunple tanto

Un lienÇo, como si fuese

Muro de cal i canto.

Tanto se lo que yaze

Detras del destajo,

Quanto se lo que faze

El de allende tajo.

Lo que suyo non era,

Tanto, con dos pasadas,

LueÑe, como sy fuera

Dende veynte jornadas.

Tan lueÑe es de ayer

Commo el aÑo pasado,

Es quien ha de ser

De feridas guardado.

Tanto val un escudo

Entre el e la saeta,

Como sy todo el mundo

Entre el e ella meta.

Ca pues non lo firio,

Tal es un dedo cerca

Del, commo la que dio

Allende la Çerca.

El dia de ayer tanto

AlcanÇar podemos,

Nin mas nin menos quanto

Oy null aÑos faremos.

Tu por mucho andar

AlyÑar lo pasado,

Nin pierde por quedar

Lo que non es llegado.

Tan fea nin fermosa,

En el mundo ya ves,

Se puede alcanÇar cosa

Sinon por su reves.

Quien ante non esparze

Trigo, non allega,

Sy con tierra non ayaze

A espiga nunca llega.

Non se puede coger rosa

Syn pisar las espynas,

La miel es dulce cosa

Mas tyen agras vezyna.

La pas non se alcanÇa

Synon con guerrear;

Non se gana folganÇa

Synon con el lazrar.

Por la grant mansedat

A ome fallaran;

E por grant crueldat

Todos lo aborresÇeran.

Por la grant escaseza

Tener lo ha por poco;

Por mucha franqueza

Rrazonar lo ha por loco.

Sy tacha non oviese

En el mundo pobreza,

Non aunque valiese

Tanto como la flaqueza.

Mas ha en ella una

Tacha que le enpesce

Mucho, que commo la luna

Mengua e despues cresce.

La franqueza sosobra

Es de toda costunbre,

Que por usar la cobra

Saber las cosas onbre.

Lo que omen mas usa,

Eso mejor aprenda,

Sy non es esta cosa

Que por usar la mas pierde.

Usando la franqueza,

No se puede escusar

De venir a pobreza,

Que en mucho la usar.

Que todavia dando

Non fyncaria que dar,

Asi que franqueando

Menguara al franquear.

Commo la candela mesma,

Tal cosa es al ome

Franco, que ella se quema

Por dar a otro lunbre.

Al rey solo conviene

De usar la franqueza,

E siguranÇa tyene

De non venyr a pobreza.

A otro non es bien

Sy non lo comunal;

Dar e tener convien;

E lo demas es mal.

Sy omen dulce fuere

Commo agua lo veneran,

E sy agro sopiere

Todos lo escopiran.

Sy quier por se guardar

De los astreros omes

A menudo mudar

Deve las costunbres.

Que tal es ciertamente

El come commo el viso,

Rrecelando la gente

Ante que lo han pasado.

Uno dando vozes

Donde entrades,

Fondo es cient braÇas

Que vos aventurades;

Desque a la orilla pasa

Diz que dubdades;

No dan a la rodilla,

Pasad e non temades.

Et bien tal es el ome,

Desque es barruntado

En alguna costunbre,

Por ella es entrado.

Por esto los omes,

Por se guardar de dampno,

Deven mudar costunbres

Como quien muda damno.

Oy bravo, cras manso;

Oy sinple, cras lozano;

Oy largo, cras escaso;

Oy en cerro, cras en llano.

Una vez umildanÇa,

E otra vez baldon;

E un tienpo venganÇa,

E en otro tienpo perdon.

Bien esta el perdon

Al que se puede vengar,

E soffrir el baldon

Quando se puede negar.

Con todos non convienen

Usar por un ygual,

Mas a los unos con bien,

A los otros con mal.

Pagado e sanudo

Vez dexa e vez tien,

Que non ha mal en el mundo

En que non ay bien.

Tomar del mal lo menos

E lo demas del bien;

A malos e a buenos,

A todos estos convien.

Honrrar por su bondat,

Al bueno es prouado;

Al malo de maldat

Suya por ser nunca dado.

Lo peor del buen ome

Que non vos faga bien,

Que dano de costunbre

Del bueno nunca vyen.

Et lo mejor del malo

Que mas del non ayades,

Ca nunca bien fallarlo

En el non entendades.

Pues ser ome manso

Con todos non convien;

Mas oy priesa, eras paso;

Vezes mal, vezes bien.

El que quisiere folgar

Ha de lazrir primero,

Sy quiere a paz llegar

Sea antes guerrero.

Al que torrna al robo

Fuelga maguer le agrado,

Plazer al ojo del lobo

Con el polvo del ganado.

Sienbra cordura tanto

Que non nasca paresa,

E verguenÇa, en quanto

Non la llamen torpeza.

Fizo para lacerio

Dios al ome nascer,

Por yr de feria en feria

A buscar do guarescer.

Por rruas e por feria

A buscar su ventura,

Ca es muy grant soberuia

Quere pro con folgura.

Non ha tal folgura

Commo lazeria conprÓ,

E quien por su cordura

Su entencion cunplio.

Quien por su seso cierto

Quiere acabar su fecho,

Una vez entre ciento

No sacaria provecho.

Ca en las aventuras

Yaze la pro colgada,

E es con las locuras

La ganancia conprada.

Quien las cosas dubdadere,

Todas non se meseran;

De lo que cobdiciare

Poco acavara.

Por la mucha cordura

Es la pro estoruada,

Pues en la aventura

Esta la pro colgada.

Pues por rregla derecha,

Derecha el mundo non se guia;

El mucho dubdar echan

A ome en astrosia.

Mal seso manifiesto

Non digo yo usar,

Quel peligro presto

Deuelo escusar.

Mas ygual uno de otro

El menguar e el sobrar,

A lazrar o encuentro

Deuese aventurar.

Quien vestyr non quiere

Sy non piel syn yjada,

De frio que fizyere

Avra rraÇon doblada.

Quien de la pro quiere mucha

A de perder e vrio;

Quien quiere tomar trucha

Aventurese al rrio.

Quien los vientos guardare

Todos non se abraran,

E quien las trunes guardare

Jamas non segara.

Non syn noche dia,

Nin segar syn senbrar,

Ni ha fumo syn fuego,

Ni reyr syn llorar.

No ay syn corro luego,

Ni syn tarde ayna,

Ni ha fumo syn fuego,

Ni syn comas faryna.

Ni ganar syn perder,

Ni syn luxar altera,

Saluo en Dios poder

Quel y a syn flaqueza.

Ni ha syn tacha cosa,

Ni cosa syn soÇobra,

Ni syn fea fermosa,

Ni sol no ha syn sonbra.

La vondat de la cosa

Saben por su rreues;

Por agra la sabrosa,

La faz por el reues.

Syn noche no ouiesemos,

Ninguna mejoria

Conoscer lo sabriamos

A la lunbre del dia.

No ha piel syn yjadas,

Ni luego syn despues,

Ni vietre syn espaldas,

Ni cabeÇa syn pies.

Demas q son muy pocos

Los q saben el seso,

Ta poco como de los locos

Los cuerdos por un peso.

Uno no sabe el quanto

Buscar de lo q deue,

E el otro dos tanto

Del derecho se atreue.

El uno por allede

Buscar de su derecho,

E otro por aquende

No ovieron provecho.

Et los q trabajaron

De los en paz meter,

Por muy torpes fyncaron

Solo en lo cometer.

De sy dan cueta cyerta,

Qen orgullo mantye,

Que poco en su tyesta

De meollo no tye.

Que sy no fuere loco

No usaria asy,

Si conosciese un poco

Al mudo e a sy.

Sy esta paz fysiera

Ligero fuera luego

De creer que boluiera

Al agua con el fuego.

Usa el ome noble

A los altos alÇarse,

Synple e couenible

A los baxos mostrarse.

Muestra la su grandeza

A los desconoscidos,

E muestra grant synpleza

A los baxos caydos.

Es en la su pobreza

Alegre e pagado,

E en la su riqueza

Muy synple mesurado.

Su pobreza encubre,

Dase por vie andante;

E la su pries a sufre

Mostrado bue talate.

Reues usa el vyllano

Abaxadose a los mayores;

Alto e loÇano

Se muestra Á los menores.

Mas de quantas es dos tanta

Muestra su mal adanÇa,

E el mundo espata

En la su buena andaÇa.

En la su mala andanÇa

Et mas baxos q tierra,

E en su buena andanÇa

Al cielo quere dar guerra.

Al que oyr q syere

Las trueuas del villano,

Por que quado lo vyere

Lo conosca de plano.

No far nada por rruego,

E la pena cosyente;

Que brantadlo e luego

Vos sera obendiete.

Corno el arco lo cuento

Yo en todo su fecho,

Que fasta q el fare tuerto

Nunca fare derecho.

Peor es leuantarse

Un malo en la gete,

Mucho mas q perderse

Diez buenos ciertamente.

Ca perderse los buenos,

Cierto el bien fallesÇe;

Pero el daÑo menos

Es el ql mal cresÇe.

Quando el alto cae

El baxo se leuata,

Uida al fumo trae

El fuego q amata.

El caer del rroÇio

Faz leuantar yeruas,

Onrraste con el ofeÇio

Del seÑor las syeruas.

Ome que la paz qeres,

E no semer merino,

Qual para ty quisyeres

Quieras para tu vezyno.

Fijo de ome q te querellas,

Quando lo q te aplaze

No se cunple e rrebellas

En Dios porque no faze.

Todo lo q tu queres

E andas muy yrado,

No te miebras q eres

De vil cosa criado?

De una gota suzya

Podrida e daÑada,

E tyenes te por luzya

Estrella, muy presÇiada.

Pues dos vezes paresciste,

Camino muy abiltado,

Locura es preciarte,

Daste por meguado.

E mas q un moxquito

El tu cuerpo no ual;

Desque aquel espryto

Q el mesÇe del cal.

No se te mietra tu cima

E andas de galope,

Pisando sobre la syma

Do las muestra do lope.

Que tu seÑor seria

Mill vezes, et gusanos

Come de noche e de dia

Su rrostro e sus manos.

Mucho te maravillas,

Tyenes te por meguado,

Por q todas las villas

No mandas del rregnado.

Eres rrico, no te fartas,

E tyenes te por pobre,

Co codicia q as, no catas

Si ganas para otre.

E de tu algo pocas,

Para envolver tus huesos

Abras varas pocas

De algunos lienÇos gruessos

Lo al heredara

Alguno q no te ama,

Para ty no fyncara

Sola la mala fama,

Del mal q en tus dias

E la mala verdat

En las plaÇas fazyas

E en tu poridat,

Quando las tus cobdicias

Ganar para ser mitroso,

Por muy sabio te presÇias

E antes por astroso.

Et los enxemplos buenos

No murieron jamas,

E quanto es lo de menos

Tanto es lo demas.

El seso, certero

Al q da Dios ventura

Acierta de ligero

E non por su cordura.

Fazere lo que plaze

A Dios en toda plito,

Ome nada no faze

Por su entendymiento.

Sy fas por ventura

Lo q a el plazya,

TyeÑ que por su cordura

E su sabiduria.

E faze del escarnio

Dios, por q quiere creer

Q puede alongar daÑo

E provecho traer.

Por no errar

Este seso Çierto,

Trabaja por lazrar,

Sy quier ladra de riebto.

Que las gentes no digan

Del que es perezoso,

Ni del escarnio fagan,

Ni lo tengan por astroso.

Trabaje, asy como

Sy en poder

Del ome fuere mismo

El ganar e el perder.

Et por conortarse,

Sy lazrare vano,

Deue bien acordarse

Q no es en su mano.

Lazre por guaresÇer

Ome e la pro cuelgue.

En Dios que lo fyzo nascer

Fyzo por q no fuelgue.

Darle ha su gualardon

Bueno e syn destajo,

No qrra que syn don

Sea el su trabajo.

No puede cosa nascida

Syn afan guarescer,

E no avra guarida

Menos por hollesÇer.

No quedan las estrellas

Punto en un lugar,

Seria mal lazrar ellas

E los omes folgar.

No se mesÇen las estrellas

Por fazer a si vicio,

Es el merÇed dellas

Fazer a Dios seruiÇio.

Et el merced del ome

Es para mejoria

A si e non Á otre

Lo mandaros lazrar.

Diole Dios entedymiento

Por q busque guarida,

Por q fallescimiento

No aya en su vyda.

Sy cobro no fallo

For el bolleÇer,

No dezia que valio

Menos por sollesÇer.

Por su trabajo quito

De culpa fyncaria,

E qÇaria evito

Alguno faltaria.

Es por andar la rrueda

Del molyno presdada,

E por estar queda

La tierra es follada.

Establo es de huerta

En q fruto no nasce,

No vale mas q muerta

El ome que no se mesÇe.

No cumple q non gana,

Mas lo ganado pierde,

Fazyendo vyda penada

El su cabdal espiende.

No ha mayor afan

Q la mucha folgura,

Que pone a ome en grant

Valdon e desmesura.

Faze el cuerpo folgado

El coraÇon lazrar

Con mucho mal cuydado,

Q lo trae a errar.

Demas el q qsiere

Estar syempre folgado,

De lo que mas ovyere

Menester sera meguado.

El qle desearia,

Quando le no toviese a ojo,

Veyedo lo cada dia

Toma con el enojo.

Sacan por pedyr lluuia

Las rrequilias e cruzes,

Quando el tpo no uvia,

Dan por ella vozes.

Et sy viene a menudo,

Enojase con ella,

E maldizen al mudo

E la pro q vyen della.

Farian dos amigos

Cinta de un anillo,

En q dos enemigos

No meteria un dedillo.

Aun lo q Lope gana,

Domigo enpobresce,

Con lo q Sancho sana,

Pedro adoleÇe.

Qudo vyento se leuanta,

Ya apelo, ya auriego,

La candela amata,

EnÇiende el grat fuego.

Do luego por my senteÇia

Que es bie del cresÇer,

E tomar grat acuÇia

Por yr bollesÇer.

Que por la su flaquesÇa

La candela muriÔ,

E por su fortaleza

El grat fuego byuio.

Mas apelo a poco

Rato deste juysyo,

Q veo escapar el flaco

E puresÇer el rrezyo.

Q ese mesmo vieto

Q a esos dos fazia,

Fizo ÇoÇobra desto

En este mesmo dia.

El mesmo menuzo

El arbol muy granado,

E non se el peruze

Del la yerua del plado.

Q en sus casas se qma,

Grant pesar ha del viento,

QÑdo sus eras auienta

Con el ha grat pagamiento.

Por ende no se jamas

Tener me a una estaca,

Ni se qual me val mas

Sy preta ni sy blanca.

QÑdo caydo, ql derecho

En toda cosa presta,

Fallo a poco trecho

Q no es cosa Çierta.

Sy uno pro ha

A otro caro cuesta,

Si el pero lo loa

Al arco lo denuesta;

Ca el derecho del arco

Es ser tuerto fecho,

E su plazer del maestro

Auer pesar derecho.

Por ende no puedo cosa

Loar ni denostalla,

Ni desyr la fermosa

Sol, ni feo llamalla.

Segut es el lugar

E la cosa qual es,

Sy faz priesa o vagor

E faz llama en vez.

Yo nunca he querella

Del mudo, de q muchos

La han, q por muchos

Se tiene por mal trechos.

Que faz bien a menudo

Al torpe e al sabio,

Mas el entendido

Esto ha por agrauio.

Et visto como ome

Saluese grande o chico,

Faz al acuÇioso pobre

E al q se duerme chico.

E aquesto Dios usa,

Por q uno de cieto

No cuyda, q faz cosa

Por su entendimiento.

Unos vi por locura

Al canÇar grat prouecho,

E otros que por cordura

Pierde todo su fecho.

No es buena locura,

La q a su dueÑo baldona,

Nin es mala locura

La q lo apresona.

Yo vi muchos tornar

Sanos de la fazyenda,

E otros ocasionar

Dentro en la su tyenda.

Et muere el doctor

Que la fisique reza,

E por guaresce[r] el pastor

Con la su grat torpeza.

No cumple grat saber

A los q a Dios no temen,

Nin acunple el auer

De que pobres no comen.

Quado yo meto mietes,

Mucho alegre seria

Con lo q otros tristes

Veo de cada dia.

Pues si certero bien

Es aql q cobdiÇio,

Por ql q lo tien

No toma coÑl viÇio

Mas esta es seÑal

Q no ha bie terÇero

En el mudo e no ha mal

Q sea verdadero.

Bien cierto el seruiÇio

De Dios es ciertamente,

Mas por quitar el viÇio

Oluidanlo la gente.

Et otro bien a par deste

El seruiÇio del rey,

Q mantyene la gente

A derecho e ley.

Suma de la razo

Es grande torpedat,

Leuar toda sazon

Por una egualdat.

Mas tornasse a menudo,

Como el mudo se torna,

A las vezes estudo,

A las vezes esbona.

Toda buena costunbre

Ha cierta medida,

E, si la pasa onbre,

Su bondat es perdida.

De las cobdiÇias syepre

Los sabores dexando,

E de toda costumbre

Lo de medio tomando.

De las muchas querellas

Q en coraÇon tengo,

Una la mayor dellas

Es la contar uengo.

Dar la ventura pro

Al q faria malicia,

E se echaria pro

E otros cobdiÇia.

De poco algo ganar

Faria grat astrosia,

E de qrer perdonar

Esto no lo podria.

Q la ventura tyene

Por guisado de le dar,

Mucho mas ql vyene

Por boca de mandar.

Et faze le bien andante

De la honrra e valia,

Lo qual por talate

Buscar no le pesaria.

Ventura qere usar

Subir de tal subyda,

Ql no lo treueria buscar

CobdiÇiar en su vyda.

El syenpre trabajado

E meter se a quato

Baldon tyene el horrado,

Por honrrar e por qbrato.

Tenerse ya por vano

Syn sol cuydase en ella

E vienele a la mano

Syn trabajar por ella.

Al sabio pregutaua

Su deÇiplo un dia,

Porque trauajava

De alguna merchandia;

Et yr bollesÇer

De lugar en lugar

Para enrriqier

E algo ganar.

Et rrespondiole el sabio

Que, por algo cobrar,

Non tomaria agrauio

De un punto lazrar.

Diz por que buscare

Cosa de que jamas

Nunca me fartare,

Fallandolo e mas.

AcuÇia nin cordura

Non ganan aver;

Ganase por ventura

Non por sy, nin por saber.

Pierde por flaqueza

Fazer e mucho bien,

Guardanlo escazesa,

Vileza non mantyen.

Et, por esta rrazon,

Faria locura granada

El sabio que sazon

Pediese en tal demanda.

Con todo eso convyen

Al que algo ouiere,

Fazer del mucho vien

Quanto el mas pudiere.

Non lo pierde franqueza

Quando es devenida,

Nin lo guarda escaseza

Quando es de yda.

Non ha tan buen thesoro

Como el bien fazer,

Nin aver tan seguro,

Nin con tanto plazer.

Como el que tomara

Aquel que lo fizyere,

En la vida lo honrrara

E despues que muriere.

El que bien fecho non teme,

Que lo furtaran ladrones,

Nin que fuego lo queme,

Nin otras ocasiones;

Nin ha por guardarlo

Conde fijo menester,

Nin en arca cerrarlo,

Nin so llaue meter.

Fynarle ha buena fama,

Quando fueren perdidos,

Los algos e la cama

E los buenos vestidos.

Por el seria onrrado

El linaje que fyncare,

Quando fuere acabado

Lo que del heredare.

Jamas el su buen onbre

Non se oluidara,

Que el tenga de todo onbre

Syempre lo nombrara.

Por ende bel bien fazer

Tu poder mostraras,

En al do tu plazer

Lo demas dexaras.

De toda cobdiÇia

Dexa la mayor parte,

E de fazer maliÇia

Los omes han talante.

Quien de mala ganancia

Quiere sus talegas llenas,

De buena seguranÇa

Vazyara sus venas.

Non ha tan dulce cosa

Como la seguranÇa,

Nin ha miel mas sabrosa

Que por omildanÇa.

Nin ha cosa tan quista

Como la humildanÇa,

Nin tan sabrosa vista

Como la buena andanÇa.

Nin ha tal locura

Como la obedencia,

Nin tal baragania

Como la buena sufrenÇia.

Non puede aver tal maÑa

Omen como en sofrir,

Nin faga con la saÑa

Que le faga rrepentyr.

El que por que sufrio

Se touo por abiltado,

A la syma salio

Por mas aventurado.

Non ha tan atreguada

Cosa como la pobreza,

Nin cosa guerreada

Tanto como la riqueza.

Digo que omen pobre

Es pryncipe desonrrado,

Asy el rico omen

Es lazrido, onrrado.

Quien se enloÇanescio

Con honrra que le crescia,

A entender bien dio,

Que no lo meresÇia.

Tyene la loÇania

El seso tan desfecho,

Que entrar non podrya

Con ella so un lecho.

Nunca omen nasciÓ

Que quanto le pluguiese,

Segunt lo cobdiciÓ,

Tal se le cumpliese.

Quien quiere fazer pesar,

Convienle apercebyr;

Que non se puede escusar

De a tal rrescebyr.

Si quieres fazer mal,

Pues farlo a tal pleito,

De rrescebyr a tal

Qual tu fysyeres Çierto.

Non puede estar paz

Sy una mala obra,

Fyzyere a topar

En rresÇebyr tu otra.

Quien sabe que non nasciste

Por venir apartado,

Al mundo non veniste

Por ser auentajado.

En el rrey mete mientes,

Toma enxemplo del,

Mas lazro por las gentes

Que las gentes por el.

Por sus maÑas el onbre

Se pyerde o se gana,

E por su costunbre

AdoleÇe o sana.

Cosa que tanto le cunple

Para amigos ganar,

Non ha como ser synple;

Viensse razon.

Syn que este pressente,

Conosceras de ligero

Al omen, en su absente,

En el su mensajero.

Por su carta sera

Conoscido en cierto,

Por ella parescera

El su entedymiento.

En el mundo tal cabdal

Non ha como el saber,

Nin heredat, nin al,

Nin alguno otro aver.

El saber es la glorya

De Dios e la su gracia,

Non ha tan noble joya,

Nin tan buena ganancia;

Nin mejor compasion

Quel libro, nin tal,

E tomar entenÇion

Con el mas que paz val.

Los sabios que querrian

Uer lo fallara

Con el, e toda vya

Con ellos fablara.

Los sabios muy granados

Que omen deseaua,

Filosofos honrrados

E ver cobdiciava.

Lo que de aquellos sabyos

El cobdiÇiaua, auia;

Eran sus petafios,

E su sabyduria.

Ally lo fallara

En el libro sygnado,

Respuesta avra

Dellos por su dyctado.

Aprendera nueva cosa

De muy buen Çierto,

De mucha buena glossa

Que fyzieron al testo.

Non querria synon leer

Sus letras e sus versos

Mas, que non ver

Sus carnes e sus huessos.

La su sabencia pura

Escryta la dexaron;

Sin ninguna voltura

Coporal la asumaron.

Si buelta terrenal

De ningun elemento

Saber celestial

Claro entendimiento;

Por esto solo quier

Todo ome de cordura

A los sabios ver,

E non por la fygura.

Por ende tal amigo

Non ha como el libro

Para los sabios digo,

Que con cortes non lidio,

Ser syeruo del sabio

E syeruo del omen nesÇio,

Destos dos me agrauio,

Que andan por un presÇio.

El omen torpe es

La peor animalia

Que en el mundo es,

Cierto e syn falia.

Non entyende fazer

Synon deslealtad;

No es su plazer

Synon fazer maldad.

Lo que es mas entyende

Que bestia en acuÇia,

En engaÑos lo espiende

E en fazer malyÇia;

Non puede otro aver

En el mundo tal amigo,

Como el buen saber

Nin peor enemigo

Que la su torpedat,

Que del torpe su saÑa

Mas pesa en verdat

Que arena e maÑa.

Non ha tan peligrosa

Nin ocasion tamaÑa,

Como en tierra dobdosa

Camino sin conpaÑa.

Nin tan esforÇada cosa

Como la verdat,

Nin cosa mas dobdosa

Que la deslealtad.

El sabio coronada

Leona semeja;

La verdat es formada

La materia gulpeja.

Dizyr sienpre verdat

Maguer que daÑo tenga,

E non la falsedat

Maguer pro della venga.

Non ha cosa mas larga

Que la lengua del mintroso,

Nin aura mas amarga

De comienÇo sabroso.

Faze rrycos los omes

Con sus prometymientos

Despues fallanse pobres

Omes llenos de vyentos.

Las orejas tiene faltas

El coraÇon fanbriento

El que las oye tantas

Cosas dize cimiento.

Non ha fuerte cosa castillo

Mas que la lealtad,

Nin tan ancho portyllo

Como la mala verdat.

Non ha ome tan cobardo

Como el que mal ha fecho,

Ni baragan tan fuerte grande,

Como el que trae derecho.

Non ha tan syn verguenÇa

Como es el derecho,

Que faze esa fuerÇa

Del daÑo que del prouecho.

Tan syn piedat meta

Al pobre e al rrico,

E con un ojo cata

Al grande e al chico.

Al seÑor non lisonja

Mas que al serviÇial;

El rrey non aventaja

Sobre su officyal.

Para el juez malo

Fazese del muy franco;

Al que no lo tyendalo

Faze vara del arco.

El mundo, en verdat,

De tres cosas se mantyen,

De juyzio, e de verdat,

E paz, que dellos vyen.

El juyzio es

La piedra ametal;

De todas estas tres

Es la que mas val.

Ca el juysio fas

Descobryr la verdat,

E con la verdat

Viene e amistad.

Et pues por el juyzio

El mundo se mantyene,

Tan honrrado ofyÇio

Baldonar non conuiene.

Deuiase catar antes

De dar tal petycion

Al omen que byen cate,

Que le es su entyncion.

Tal omen que no mude

La entynÇion del oficio

Ualdonar non convyene

· · · · · ·

Ni entyenda nin cuyde,

Que fue dado por vicio.

Ca por perro del ganado

Es puesto el pastor,

Non pone el ganado

Por la pro del pastor.

Non cuyde que fue fecho

Por que por presente

Del ageno derecho

Faga al su paryente.

Nin por que de por suelto

Al que fue su amigo,

E syn derecho tuerto

Faga al su enemygo.

Ca non se puede ayunar

Jamas este pecado,

Al sano perdonar

Feridas del llagado.

Al pagado soltar

Demanda del forÇado;

Al entrego tostar

La voz del tortyÇiado.

Por amor nin presÇio

Maldizelo la ley,

Ca de Dios el juyzio

Es solo e del rrey.

De las vezes tenyente

Es de Dios et del rrey,

Por que judguen lo gento

A derecho e a la ley.

Mensajero lo fysieron

De una cosa sygnada,

En poder no le dieron

CresÇer nin menguar nada.

Para sy non entyenda

Leuar sy non las vozes;

Su salario a tyenda

De aquel quel da las vozes.

Et quel obra fysyere

Tal gualardon avra,

E que en esto entendyere

Jamas non errara.

Al juez syn maliÇia

Es afan e enbargo,

E juez syn codiÇia

Valele un obrado.

CobdiÇia e derecho,

Esto es cosa cierta,

Non entraran en un techo

Nin so una cubyerta.

Nunca de una camisa

Amas se vistieron;

Jamas de una deuisa

SeÑores nunca fueron.

Quando cobdicia vyene

Derecho luego sale;

Do este poder tyene,

Este otro poco vale.

El oficio al omen

Es enpresentada cosa,

E la buena costunbre

Es joya muy presÇiada.

Quien de Dios tyene

FuerÇa, non faga del anillo;

Guarde Dios la cabeÇa

Que non le manguara el capillo.

Lo que es suyo pierde

Omen por su maldat,

E lo ageno puede

Ganarlo por bondat.

Perdezsea un consejo

Por tres cosas priuado,

Saber el buen consejo

Que non es escuchado,

E las armas tener

El que no las defyende,

E algo aver

El que non lo despyende.

Fallo tres dolencias,

Que non puede guaresÇer,

Nin ha tales especias

Que las puedan vencer.

El pobre peresoso

Non puede aver consejo,

Mal querenÇia de envidioso

E dolencia de onbre viejo.

Ssi de los pies guaresÇe,

Duele luego la mano;

Del baÇo adoleÇe,

Quando del ffigado es sano.

Et mal querenÇia que vyen

De Çelo non se puede

Partyr syn aquel byen;

El que lo ha non pyerde.

A los omes el celo

Mata e la cobdicia;

Pocos haze el Çielo

Sanos desta dolenÇia.

Hacelo uno de otro,

El alto e el symple;

E el que tyene quatro

Tanto de lo que l’ cumple.

Quanto quier que mas algo

Ha el su vezino,

Tyene todo su algo

Por nado el mesquino.

Tan bien grant mal le faz,

Non le teniendo tuerto,

Por venyr tu en paz

Sse tyene el por muerto.

Que mas que sie venga quisiste

Aver del enbidioso,

Que estar el triste

Quando tu estas gozoso.

Tres son los que vienen

Cuytados syn cuydado,

E de los que mas deuen

Dolerse todo el mundo.

Fijo dalgo que menester

Ha al ome villano,

E con mengua a meter

Se vyene en su mano.

E fidalgo de natura,

Usado de franqueza,

Traxolo la ventura

A mano de vyleza.

E justo, ser mandado

De senor tortyÇiero

Ha de fazer fuerÇado,

E el otro tercero.

Sabio que ha por premia

De seruir seÑor nesÇio,

Toda la otra lazerya

Ante esta es grant viÇio.

De dos panes se gouierna,

E de fuera se farta,

E en cada tauerna

Beue hasta que se farta.

Este solo en el mundo

Byue sabrosa uyda,

E otro ha segundo

De otra mayor medida.

El torpe bien andante,

Que con su grant torpeza

Non le pasa en talante,

Que puede aver pobreza?

Fazyendo lo quel’ plaze

Non entyende el mundo,

Nin los cambios que faze

Su rrueda a menudo.

Cuyda que estara

Syenpre de una color,

E que non abaxara

El de aquel valor.

Como el pesce en el rrio

Vicioso e rryendo,

Non sabe el sandio

La red que l va texendo.

Mas omen entendido

Sabio por byen que l vaya,

Non le puede fazer el mundo

Bien con que plazer aya.

Rescelando del mundo

E de sus cambiamientos,

E de como a menudo

Se cambia los sus vientos.

Sabe que la ryqueza

Pobreza es su cima,

E sola alteza

Yaze fonda cima.

Ca el mundo conosce,

E que su buena obra

Muy ayna fallesÇe

E se pasa como sonbra.

Quanto es el estado

Mayor de su medyda

Ha omen mas cuydado

Teniendo la cuyda.

Quanto mas cae de alto

Tanto peor se fiere,

Quanto mas bien ha, tanto

Mas teme, sy se pyerde.

Al que por llano anda

Non tyene que se desÇender;

El que non tyene nada

Non recela perder.

ErfuerÇo en dos cosas

Non puede omen tomar,

Tanto son dubdosas

El mundo e la mar.

El bien non es seguro,

Tan ciertos son sus cambios;

Non es su plazer puro

Con sus malos rresabios.

Torrna su detenencia

La mar mansa muy braua;

E el mundo oy despreÇia

Al que ayer honrraua.

Por ende el grant estado

Ha omen de saber;

Fazelo beuyr cuytado

E tristeza auer.

El omen que es onbre

Syempre byue cuytado;

De rryco es pobre,

Nunca le mengua cuydado.

El afan del fidalgo

Sufre en sus cuydados,

E el uyllano largo

Afan en su costados.

El omen presÇiado

Non es mas quel muerto,

E el rryco es guerreado

Non teniendo tuerto.

Del omen uyuo dizen

Las gentes sus maldades,

E desque muerte fazen

Cuenta de sus bondades.

Quando pro non le terrna

Loanlo vien la gente,

De lo que le non verna

Bien danle largamente.

Et quando es byuo callan

Con Çelo todos quantos

Byenes ha en el, e fallan

Desque mueren dos tantos.

Que myentra byuo fuere

Syenpre le cresÇeran celosos,

E mengua desque mueren

E cresÇen mintrosos.

Quien de sus manas quiere

Ser enderesÇado

E guardado quesyere

Ser bien de pecado,

Nunca jamas faga

Escondydamente

Cosa que l’pesara,

Que lo sepan la gente.

Poridat, que querria

Encobrir de enemigo,

Non la descubra

Tan poco al amigo;

Que puede ocasionar,

Fyando de amigo,

Que se podra tornar

Con saÑa enemigo.

Que por poca contyenda

Se canbian los talantes,

E sabran su fasyenda

Omens que querria antes.

Moryr quebrantado

Oviese el su fecho,

E rrepentyr sea quando

Non le tterna prouecho.

Si esto que a el

Otro amigo suyo,

E el, fyando del,

Descobrir sea lo tuyo.

Et el amor del tuyo

No le aprouecha[ra],

Pues quel amygo suyo

Tu fasyenda sabra;

Ca, puesto que non venga

DaÑo por el prymero,

Non se que pro te tenga,

Pues lo sabe el terÇero.

Enxemplo es tercero

Que lo que saben tres

Es ya pleyto plazero

Sabelo toda rey. [sic]

Demas es grant denuesto

E fealdat e mengua;

Su corazon angosto,

E larga la su lengua.

Son las buenas costunbres

Ligeras de nonbrar,

Mas son pocos los omens

Que las saben obrar.

Seria muy buen omen

El que sopiese obrar

Tanto buena costunbre,

Que sabria yo non obrar.

Todo omen non es

Para dezyr e fazer;

E asi como alguna vez

En las contar plazer

Pesar tomo despues,

Por que las se nonbrar

Tan byen que cunple pues

Non las se obrar.

Entregome en nonbrallas,

Como sy las sopiese

Obrar, e encontrallas

Como sy las sopiese;

Syn las obrar dezyrlas,

Sy a my pro non tyen,

Algunos en oyrlas

Aprenderan algunt byen.

Non dezyr nin fazer,

Non es cosa loada;

Quanto quier de plazer

Mas vale algo que nada.

Non tengas por vil omen

Por que pequenno quel veas,

Nin escryuas tu nonbre

En carta que non leas.

De lo que tu querras

Ffazer al tu enemygo,

Deso te guardaras

Mas que del te castyllo.

Ca por le enpesÇer

Te torrnas en mal, quanto

Non te podra nasÇer

Del enemigo tanto.

Todo el tu cuydar

Prymero e mediano

Sea en byen guardar

Luego a ty de mano.

Et desque ya pusyeres

Byen en saluo lo tuyo,

EntonÇes sy quisyeres

Piensa en daÑo suyo.

Fasta que puesto aya

En saluo su rreyno,

El rrey cuerdo non vaya

Guerrear el ageno.

Lo que ayna quisyeres

Fazer, faz de vagar;

Ca sy priesa tu dyeres

Convyene enbargar.

Por enderesÇar erranÇa

Nascera del quexarte,

E sera tu tardanÇa

Mas por apresurarte.

Quien rrebato senbro

Cojo rrepetymiento,

Quien con sosyego obro

Acabo su talento.

Nunca omen perdio

Cosa por la sufrenÇia,

E quien priesa se dio

Rrescebio rrepentenÇia.

De peligro e mengua

Sy quisyeres ser quito,

Guardate de tu lengua

E mas de tu espirito.

De una fabla conquista

Puede nasÇer e muerte;

E de una sola vista

CresÇer grant amor fuerte.

Pero lo que fablares

Sy en escrito no des,

Sy tu pro fallares,

Negar lo has despues.

Negar lo que se dize,

Han vezes, han lugar;

Mas sy escryto yaze

Non se puede negar.

La palabra a poca

Sazon es oluidada,

E la escritura fynca

Para syenpre guardada.

E la rraÇon que, puesta

Non yaÇe en escryto,

Tal es como saeta,

Que non llega al tyro.

Los unos de una guisa

Dizen, los otros de otra,

Nunca de su pesquisa

Vyene cierta obra.

De los que y estouyeron

Pocos se acordaran;

De como lo oyeron

Non concertaran.

Sy quier braua sy pransa,

La palabra es tal

Como sombra que pasa,

E non dexa seÑal.

Non ha lanÇa que pase

Todas las armaduras,

Nin que tanto traspase

Como las escrituras.

Que la saeta lanÇa

Fasta un Çierto fyto,

E la letra alcanÇa

De Burgos a Egibto.

Que la saeta fyere

Al byuo, que se syente,

E la letra conquiere

En vida e en muerte.

La saeta non llega

Sy non al que es presente,

E la escrytura llega

Al de allende Oryente.

De saeta defyende

A omen el escudo,

E de letra non puede

Defender todo el mundo.

A cada plazer ponen

Los sabios un sygnado

Tienpo, e desde ende vyenen

Todauia menguado.

Plazer de nueuo paÑo

Quanto un mes despues;

Toda via han daÑo,

Fasta que rroto es.

Un aÑo cosa nueva

En quanto la llauilla,

Es flor blanca fasta que llueua

E torrna amarylla.

Demas que es natura

Del omen enojarse,

De lo que mucho tura

E con ello quexarse

Por tal demudar cosa

Nueua de cada dia,

Por poco la fermosura

Por fea canbiaria.

Plazer que toma omen

Con quien byen lo entyende,

Mejor plazer omen

Tomar nunca puede.

Pues la cosa non sabe

Con que a mi plaze,

Que ture o que acabe,

Dello fuera non faze;

Mas la que entendyere

Que dello aplazer

Fara quanto podyere

Por la fazer cresÇer.

Por aquesto fallesce

El plazer corporal,

E el que syempre cresce

Es el espirytual.

Tristeza ya non syento

Que mas me faz quemar,

Que plazer que so cierto

Que se ha de acabar.

Turable plazer puedo

Dezyr del buen amygo;

Lo que me dyz entyendo

E el lo que yo digo.

Muy grant plazer en que

Me entyende me faz,

E mas por que ese que

Del my bien le plaz.

Aprendo toda via

Del buen entendimiento,

E el de mi cada dia

Nuevo departimiento.

El sabio, que de glosas

Ciertas fazer non queda,

Dize, que, de las cosas

Que son de una manera

Et en el mundo, non auia;

Nin sobre fyerro, oro;

E en grande mejorya

Commo ha un omen sobre otro?

Ca el mejor cauallo

En el mundo non val cierto,

E un omen diz fallo

Que vale de otros un ciento.

OnÇa de mejoria

Del oro espiritual

Comptar non se podria

Con quanto el mundo val.

Todos los corporales

Syn entendimiento,

Mayormente metales,

Que non ha sentymiento;

Todas sus mejorias

Podrian poco montar,

E en muy pocos dias

Non se puede descontar.

Las cosas de syn lengua

E syn entendymiento,

Su plazer va Á mengua

E a fallescimiento.

Desque a desdezyr

Su conpustura venga,

Non sabe dezyr

Cosa que la mantenga.

Por esto el plazer

Del omen crescer deue

En dezyr e en fazer

Cosa que lo rremueue.

El omen de metales

Dos es confaÇionado,

Metales desyguales

Uno vyl e otro honrrado.

El uno terenal,

E el bestia semeja,

E el otro celestial,

Angeles le apareja.

Et en que come e beue

Semeja alymalia;

Asi byue et muere

Commo bestia syn falla.

Et en el mundo entendimiento

Commo el angel es;

Non ha deprymento

Sy por cuerpo non fues.

Que, en preso de un dinero,

Ha mas de un entendimiento;

Por aquello seÑero

Vale un omen por cierto.

Ca, de aquel cabo tyene

Todo su byen el omen;

De aquella parte le vyene

Todo buena costunbre,

Mesura e franqueza,

Bueno seso e saber,

Cordura e sympleza,

E las cosas saber.

Del otro cabo nasÇe

Toda la mala maÑa,

E por ally cresÇe

La cobdiÇia e saÑa.

De ally le vyene malicia

E la mala verdat,

ForrniÇio e dolencia

E toda enfermedat.

Et engaÑos en arte

E mala entynÇio,

Que trunca Dios a parte

En la mala cobdiÇia.

Por ende non fallesÇe

Plazer de compaÑia,

E de omens sabios creÇe

E va a mejoria.

Plaze a omen con ellos

E a ellos con el;

Entyende el a ellos

E ellos tan byen a el.

Porque aquesta conpaÑa

De omen entendido,

Alegria tamaÑa

Non ha en el mundo.

Pero amigo claro,

Leal, e verdadero,

Es de fallar muy caro;

Non se falla a dynero.

Omen es grande de topar

En conplision egual,

De fallar en su par

Buen amigo leal.

Amigo de la buena

AndanÇa quando cresÇe

Luego asy se torna,

Quando ella fallesÇe.

Amigo quanto loar

De bien que no fezyste,

Non deues del fiar

El mal que tu obraste.

Afeartelo han

En pos ty Çierto seas,

Pues tu costunbre han

De lysonjar byen creas.

Por lysonjar te quien

Te dixere de otry mal,

A otros atan byen

Dira de ty al.

El omen lysonjero

Miente a cada uno,

Ca amor verdadera

Non ha con ninguno.

Anda joyas faziendo

De mal deste a este,

Mal de uno dezyendo

Fara al otro presente.

Tal omen nunca acojas

Jamas en tu conpaÑia,

Que con las sus lysonjas

A los omens engaÑan.

Quien una hermandat

Aprenderla quisyera,

E una amistad,

Usar sabor oviera,

Syempre mientes deuia

Meter en las tyseras;

Dellas aprenderian

Muchas buenas maneras.

Et quando meto mientes

Cosas tan derechas,

Non fallo entre las gentes

Como son las tyseras.

Paren al que las parten

Et non por se vengar,

Synon con grant talante

Que ha de se juntar.

Como en rio quedo

El que metyo entrellas

Dentro el su dedo,

Metio entre dos muelas.

Quien mal trahe dellas

El mesmo ge lo busca,

Que de grado dellas

Non lo buscaran nunca.

Desque de entre ellas sal

Tanto son pagadas;

Que nunca fazen mal

En quanto son juntadas.

Yaze boca con boca

E manos sobre manos;

Tan semejados nunca

Yo vy dos hermanos.

Tan grande amor ovieron

Leal e verdadero,

Que amas se ouyeron

En un solo Çintero.

Por amor de estar en uno

Syempre aman Á dos;

Por fazer de dos uno

Fazen de uno dos.

Non ha mejor rriqueza

Que buena hermandat,

Nin tan mala pobreza

Commo la soledat.

La soledat aduce

Mal pensamiento fuerte;

Por ende el sabio dize,

ConpaÑia o muerte;

Porque tal podria

Ser la soledat,

Que mas que ella valdria

Esta es la verdat.

Mal es la soledat;

Mas peor es conpaÑa

De omen syn verdat,

Que a omen engaÑa.

Peor conpaÑia destas

Es omen torpe pesado;

Querria traer a cuestas

Albarda mal de su grado.

Mueuo pleytesia

Por tal que me dexase;

Digol que non querria,

Que por mi se estoruasse.

Yd uos en ora buena

A ubrar vuestra fazyenda,

QuiÇa que pro alguna

Vos verna a la tienda.

El diz, por bien non tenga

Dios que solo fynquedes,

Fasta que alguno venga

Otro con quien fabledes.

El cuyda que plazer

Me faze su conpaÑa,

E yo querria mas yazer

Solo en la montaÑa;

Yazer en la montaÑa

A peligro de syerpes,

Que non entre conpaÑas

De omens pesados torpes.

El cuydaua que yrse

Seria demesurado,

E yon temo caerse

Con nusco el sobrado.

Ca de los sus enojos

Esto ya tan cargado,

Que, fasta en mis ojos,

Son mas que el pesado.

El medio mal seria

Sy el callar quisyera;

Yon del cuenta faria

Como sy un poste fuese.

Non dexaria nunca

Lo que me plaze aydar,

Mas el razones busca

Para nunca quedar.

No le cumple dezyr juntas

Quantas vanidades cuyda,

Mas el fare preguntas

NesÇias aquel rrecuyda;

E querria ser muerto

Ante que le rresponder,

E querria ser sordo

Antes que lo entender.

Cierto es par de muerte

La soledat; mas tal

ConpaÑia como esta,

Estar solo mas val.

Sy mal es estar solo,

Peor es tal conpaÑia;

E bien cumplido dolo

Fallar quien lo podria.

Non ha del todo cosa

Mala nin toda una,

Mas que sayan fermosura

Que en fea agena.

Omen non cobdiciaua

Synon lo que tyene,

E luego lo despreÇia

Desque a mano le vyene.

Ssuma de la rrazon

Non ha en el mundo cosa,

Que non l’ aya ssazon,

Quier fea o fermosa.

Peor lo que es omens

Todos en general,

Lo que de las costunbres

Es lo comunal.

Mal es mucho fablar

Mas peor es ser mudo;

Ca non fue por callar

La lengua, segunt cuydo.

Pero la mejoria

Del callar non podemos

Negar de todavia;

Convien que la tomemos.

Por que la myatad de

Quando oyamos fablemos,

Una lenga (sic) por ende

E dos orejas auemos.

Que en mucho que en fablar

Syn grant sabiduria,

Cierto en se callar

Mejor baratarya.

El sabio que loar

El callar byen querria

E el fablar afear,

Esta razon dezya:

Ssi fuese el fablar

De plata figurado,

Seria el callar

De oro debuxado.

De byenes del callar

La pas una de ciento,

De males de fablar

El mejor es el riebto.

E dize mas, a buelta

De mucha mejoria,

E el callar syn esta

Sobre el fablar auia;

Sus orejas faryan

Pro solamente a el,

De su lengua auyan

Pro los otros, e non el.

Contesce al que escuchan,

Aun quando yo fablo,

Del byen se aprouechan

E rreutamelo malo.

El sabio, por aquesta

Razon, callar querria,

Por que su fabla presta

Solo al que lo oya;

Et querria castigarse

En otro el callando,

Mas que castigarse

Otro, en el fablando.

Las bestias han afan

E mal por no fablar;

E los omes lo han

Los mas por no callar.

El callar tiempo no pierde,

E pierdelo e fablar;

Por ende ome no puede

Perder por el callar.

El calla razon,

Que le cupliera fablar;

No megua sazon

Que perdio por callar.

Mas quien fabla rrazon

Que deueria callar,

Perdio ya la sazon

Que no podra cobrar.

Lo que oy se callare

Puedese cras fablar,

E lo que oy se fablare,

No se puede callar.

Lo dicho dicho es,

Lo que dicho no es

Dezyr lo has despues,

Si oy no, sera cras.

De fabla, que podemos

Nigunt mal afear,

Es la que despendemos

En loar el callar.

Por que sepamos

Que no ha mal syn byen,

E byen que mal digamos;

A par dello convyen.

Pues que tanto denostado

El fablar ya abemos,

Semejante guisado

De oy mas que lo leemos.

E pues tanto avemos

Loado el callar,

Sus males cotaremos,

Loando el fablar.

Con el fablar dezymos

Mucho bien del callar,

Callando no podemos

Dezyr byen del fablar.

Por ende es derecho

Que sus byenes contemos,

Ca byenes ha de fecho,

Por que no lo denostemos.

Porque todo ome vea,

Que en el mundo cosa

Non ha del todo fea,

Ni del todo fermosa.

Et el callar jamas

Del todo no leemos,

Sy no fablemos, mas

Que vestias no valemos.

Sy los sabios callaran,

El saber se perderya;

Sy ellos no fablaran,

DisÇiplo no ovyeran.

Del fablar escryvamos,

Por ser el muy noble,

Aun que pocos fallamos

Que lo sepan como cuple.

Mas el que sabe byen

Fablar, no ha tal cosa,

Que diz lo que covyen,

E lo demas es cosa.

Por bien fablar, horrado

Era en toda plaÇa;

Por el sera nobrado,

E ganara andanÇa.

Por razonarse bien

Sera ome amado;

E sy salario tyen,

Los omes a mandado.

Cosa que menos cuesta

E que tanto pro tenga,

No como rrespuesta

Cotra o lengua

No han tan fuerte gigante

Como la luengua (sic) tyerra,

Aunque asy qbrante

A la saÑa la pierna.

Ablanda la palabra

Buena la dura cosa,

A la voluntad agra

Far dulÇe e sabrosa

Sy termyno obyese

El fablar mesurado,

Que dezyr no podiese,

Sy no lo guysado?

En el mundo no avria

Cosa tan presÇiada,

La su grant mejoria

No podrya ser conplida.

Mas porque ha poder

De mal se rrazonar,

Por eso el su perder

Es mas que el ganar.

Que los torpes, mill tantos

Son los que los entendidos,

E no saben en qntos

Peligros son caydos.

Por el fablar por ede

Es el callar loado,

Mas por el q entyede

Mucho es denostado.

Ca el q aperÇebyr

Se sabe en fablar,

Sus byenes escreuir

En tablas no podran.

El fablar es clareza,

E el callar escureza;

E el fablar es fraqueza,

Et el callar escuseza.

Et el fablar ligereza,

E el callar pereza;

Et el fablar es franqueza,

El callar pobreza.

Et el callar torpedat,

El fablar saber;

El callar ceguedat,

E el fablar vista aver.

Cuerpo es de callar,

E el saber su alma;

Ome es fablar

Et el callar su cama.

El callar es tardada,

E el fablar ayna;

El saber es espada,

Et el callar su vayna.

Talega es el callar,

Et algo que yaze

En ella es el fablar,

E prouecho no faze.

En quanto encerrado

En ella estudiere,

Non sera mas horrado

Por ello cuyo fuere.

El callar es niguno

Que no meresÇe nobre,

E el fablar es algo

Et por el es ome hobre.

Figura es el fablar

Al callar, e asy

No sabe el callar

De otro, ni de ssy.

El fablar sabe byen

El callar razonar,

Que mal guisado tyen

De lo gualardonar.

Tal es en toda costubre,

Sy byen parares mietes,

Fallaras en todo onbre

Que loes et que denuestes.

Segunt que el rayz tyen,

El arbon asy cresÇe;

Qual es el ome e quien,

En sus obras paresÇe.

Qual talante ovyere

Tal rrostro mostrara,

E como sesudo fuere

Tal palabra oyra.

Syn tacha son falladas

Dos costubres cruetas,

A mas son ygualadas

Que no han coprimentas.

La una es el saber,

E la otra es el bien fazer;

Qualquier destas aver

Es coplido plazer.

De todo quanto fase

El ome se arrepiente,

Con lo que oy le plase

Cras toma mal talate.

El plaÇer de la sciencia

Es complido plaÇer,

Obra sin rependencia

Es la del bien facer.

Quanto mas aprendio

Tanto mas plaÇer tiene,

Nunca se arrepintio

Ome de plaÇer bien.

Ome que cuerdo fuere,

Siempre se resÇelara;

Del gran bien que oviere

Mucho nol fincara.

Ca el grant bien se puede

Perder por culpa de hombre,

E el saber nol defiende

De al fi non [de] ser pobre.

Ca el bien que dello

Fisiere, le fincara,

E para siempre aquello

Guardado estara.

E fucia non ponga

Jamas en su algo,

Por mucho que lo tenga

Bien parado e largo.

Por rason que en el mundo

Han las cosas zozobras,

Fase mucho amenudo

Contrarias cosas de otras.

Cambiase como el mar

De abrego Á cierzo,

Non puede ome tomar

En cosa del esfuerzo.

Non deve fiar sol

Un punto de su obra,

Veses lo pon al sol

E veses a la sombra.

Todavia, por cuanto

La rueda se trastorna

El su bien, el zapato

Fas igual de corona.

De la sierra al val,

De la nube al abismo,

Segunt lo pone val

Como letra de guarismo.

Sol claro e plasentero

Las nubes faÇen escuro;

De un dia entero

Non es ome seguro.

El ome mas non bal,

Nin monta su persona

De bien e asi de al,

Como la espera trastorna.

El ome que abiltado

Es en su descendida,

Asi mesmo honrrado

Es en la subida.

Por eso amenudo

El ome entendido

A los cambios del mundo

Es a bien apercebido.

Non temer apellido

Los omes apercebidos,

Mas val un apercebido

Que muchos anchalidos.

Ome cuerdo non puede

Cuando entronpezare

Otre que tome alegria

De su pesar pues ome.

Seguro non ha que tal

A el non acaesca,

Nin se alegre del mal

Que a otre se acontesce.

De haber alegria

Sin pesar nunca cuide,

Como sin noche dia

Jamas haber non puede.

La merced de Dios sola

Es la fusia cierta,

Otra ninguna dola

En el mundo que non mienta.

De lo que a Dios plase

Nos pesar non tomemos,

E bien es cuanto face

E nos nol lo entendemos.

Al ome mas le dio

E de mejor mercado,

De lo que entendio

Que le era mas forzado.

De lo que mas aprovecha,

De aquello mas habemos,

Pan e del agua mucha

E del ayre tenemos.

Todo ome de verdat

E bueno estuptor

De contar la bondat

De su buen servidor.

Cuando serviese por prescio

O por buen gualardon,

Mayormente servicio

Que lo serviendo merescio.

Por ende un servicial

De que mucho me prescio,

Quiero tanto es leal

Contar el su bollicio.

Ca debdor so forzado

Del gran bien conoscer,

Que me han adelantado

Sin gelo merescer.

Non podria nombrar,

Nin sabria en un aÑo

Su servicio contar,

Cual es cuan estraÑo.

Sirve boca callando,

Sin faser grandes nuevas,

Servicio muy granado

Es sin ningunas bielmas.

Cosa maravillosa

E milagro muy fiero,

Sin le decir yo cosa

Fase cuanto quiero.

Con el ser yo mudo,

Non me podria noscir,

Ca fas quanto quiero,

Sin gelo yo desir.

Non desir e faser,

Es servicio loado,

Con que tome plaser

Todo ome granado.

Ca en quanto ome e desir,

Tanto ha mengua

Del faser, e fallescer

La mano por la lengua.

Leyendo e pensando

Siempre en mi servicio,

Non gelo yo nombrado

Fase quanto cobdicio.

Esta cosa mas ayna

Que del ninguna nasce,

Nin quier capa nin saÑa,

Nin zapato que calze.

Tal qual salio

Del vientre de su madre,

Tal anda en mi servicio,

En todo lo que el mande.

E ningunt gualardon

Non quiere por su trabajo,

Mas quiere servicio en don,

Es sin ningunt trabajo.

Non quier manjar comer,

Sy non la boca

Un poquillo mojar

En gota de agua poca.

E luego que la gosta,

Semejal que tien carga,

E esparse la gota

Jamas della non traga.

Non ha ojos, nin ve

Cuanto en corazon tengo,

E sin orejas lo oye,

E tal lo fase luego.

Callo yo e el calla,

E amos non fablamos;

En callando non fabla,

Lo que amos buscamos.

Non quier ningun embargo

De comer rescebir,

De su afan es largo

Para buenos servir.

Si me plase o pesa,

Si fea o fermosa,

Tal mesma la fase,

Qual yo pienso la cosa.

Vesino de Castilla

Por la su entencion,

SabrÁ el de Sevilla

En la su cobdicion.

Las igentes han acordado

Despagarse del non,

Mas de cosa tan pagado

Non so yo como del non.

Del dia que preguntado

Ove a mi seÑora, si non

Habia otro amado,

Sy non yo, dije que non.

E syn fuego ome vida

Un punto non habria,

E sin fierro guarida

Jamas non fallaria.

Mil tanto mas de fierro

Que de oro fallamos,

Por que salvos de yerro

Unos de otros seamos.

Del mundo mal desimos,

E en el otro mal

Non han, si non nos mismos

Nin vestijelos siÑal.

El mundo non tien ojo,

Nin entiende faser.

A un ome enojo

E a otro plaser.

Rason a cada uno

Segunt la su fasienda,

El non ha con ninguno

Amistad contienda.

Nin se paga, nin se ensaÑa,

Nin ama, nin desama,

Nin ha ninguna maÑa,

Nin responde, nin llama.

El es uno todavia

Cuanto es denostado,

A tal como el dia

Que es mucho loado.

El vicio razonable

Vien e tenlo por amigo,

La cuita lo baldona

E tienlo por enemigo.

Non se fallan ningunt

Canbio los sabidores,

Los canbios son segunt

Los sus rrecebidores.

La espera del cielo

Nos fase que nos mesce,

Mas amor nin celo

De cosa non le cresce.

So un cielo todavia

Encerrados yacemos,

E fasemos noche É dia

E nos a el non sabemos.

A esta lueÑe tierra

Nunca posimos nombre,

Si verdat es o mentira,

Della mas non sabe ome.

E ningunt sabidor

Non le sopo u ombre cierto,

Sy non que obrador

Es de su cimiento.

De Dios vida al Rey,

Nuestro mantenedor,

Que mantiene la ley

E es defendedor.

Gentes de su tierra

Todas a su servicio

Traiga, e aparte guerra

Della, mal e bollicio.

E la mercet que el noble

Su padre prometio,

La terrna como cumple

Al Santob el Judio.

Aqui acaba el Rab Don Santob.

Dios sea loado.

In all three of the inedited poems contained in this Appendix, and especially in that of the Rabbi Santob, are mistakes and false readings, that have arisen directly from the imperfections of the original manuscripts. Many of them are obvious, and could have been corrected easily; but it has not seemed to me that a foreigner should venture into a field so peculiarly national. I have confined myself, therefore, to such a punctuation of each poem as would make it more readily intelligible,—leaving all further emendations, and all conjectural criticism and illustration, to the native scholars of Spain. To them, and to the loyal patriotism for which they have always been distinguished, I earnestly commend the agreeable duty of editing, not only what is here published for the first time, but the “Rhymed Chronicle of Fernan Gonzalez,” the “Rimado de Palacio” of the great Chancellor Ayala, the “Aviso para Cuerdos” of Diego Lopez de Haro, the works of Juan Alvarez Gato, and other similar monuments of their early literature, of which I have already spoken, but which, existing sometimes, like the “Poema de JosÉ,” only in a single manuscript, and rarely in more than two or three, may easily be lost for ever by any one of the many accidents that constantly endanger the existence of all such literary treasures.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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