Greeks & Barbarians :: NOTES THE AWAKENING

NOTES THE AWAKENING

The beginnings of Ionia, the earlier homes and the racial affinities of the Ionians, are still obscure, although the point is cardinal for Greek history. There is perhaps a growing tendency to find “Mediterranean” elements in the Ionian stock, and this would explain much, if the Ionians of history did not seem so very “Aryan” in speech and habits of thought. On the other hand the “Aryan” himself is daily coming to look more cloudy and ambiguous, and so is his exact contribution to western culture.

The chief ancient sources of our information concerning the Ionians are Herodotus, Pausanias and Strabo.

P. 14.	Thuc. I. 2. Thuc. I. 6. Herod. I. 57.
P. 15.	See especially D. G. Hogarth, Ionia and the East (1909).
	J. Burnet, Who was Javan? in Proceedings of the Class. Assoc. of Scot. 1911-12. Herod. I. 142.
P. 16.	Herod. I. 171 f.
P. 17.	An authoritative little book dealing with (among other peoples) the Anatolian races is D. G. Hogarth’s The Ancient East (Home Univ. Ser.), 1914. Also H. R. Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East (1913).
P. 18.	V. BÉrard, Les PhÉniciens et l’OdyssÉe is full of instruction on the ways of the ancient mariner.
	For the Colchians, see Hippocrates de aer. aq. loc. 15. Cf. Herod. II. 104 f.
P. 19.	Chalybes. Il. II. 857. Herod. I. 203.
P. 20.	Herod. IV. 93 f. Olbia. Herod. IV. 18. Scythian bow. Plato, Laws, 795-.
P. 21.	Herod. IV. 18 f.
P. 22.	Herod. IV. 172 f.
P. 25.	Herod. II. 152. Abusimbel inscr. in Hicks and Hill’s Manual.
P. 26 f.	Fragments of Archilochus in Bergk’s Poet. Lyr. Gr.

KEEPING THE PASS

The Battle of Thermopylae as related by Herodotus (practically our sole authority) is an epic. Therefore in telling it again I have frankly attempted an epical manner as being really less misleading than any application of the historical method. This is not to say that the narrative of Herodotus has not been greatly elucidated by the research of modern historians, especially by the exciting discovery of the path Anopaia by Mr. G. B. Grundy. I have followed his reconstruction of the battle (which may not be very far from the truth) in his book, The Great Persian War (1901). See also Mr. Macan’s commentary in his great edition of Herodotus.

P. 34.	See Frazer’s note on Thermopylae in his edition of Pausanias.
P. 36.	Cf. Xen. Anab. VII. 4, 4 (Thracians of Europe).
P. 39.	Tiara. schol. Ar. Birds 487. The King’s tiara was also called kitaris.
P.39.	For Persian dress cf. with Herod. Strabo 734. Xen. Cyrop. VII. 1, 2. There are also representations in ancient art, e.g. a frieze at Susa.

THE ADVENTURERS

P. 45.	Strabo IV.
P. 46.	Herod. IV. 44.
P. 47.	The Greek Tradition (1915), Allen and Unwin, p. 6f.
P. 48.	Herod. IV. 151-153.
P. 50.	For an account of the Oasis at Siwah, see A. B. Cook, Zeus, vol. I.
P. 51.	Hymn ad Apoll. 391 f.
P. 52.	Pind. Ol. 3 ad fin.
P. 53.	Herod. VI. 11, 12, 17. Cf. Strabo on foundation of Marseille, IV (from Aristotle).
P. 54.	Herod. III. 125, 129-137 (DemokÊdÊs).
P. 55.	Polycrates. Herod. II. 182 and III passim.
P. 61 f.61 f.	Xen. Anab. I-IV.
P. 63.	Pisidians. Cf. Xen. Memor. V. 2, 6.
P. 67.	L’Anabase de Xenophon avec un commentaire historique et militaire, by Col. (General) Arthur Boucher, Paris, 1913.
P. 69.	There is a fine imaginative picture of Nineveh in the Book of Jonah.
P. 71.	The famous Moltke was nearly drowned from a “tellek.”
P. 77.	The hot spring may be the sulphurous waters of Murad, which have wonderful iridescences.
	The Armenian underground houses are still to be seen. These earth-houses are found elsewhere—in Scotland, for instance. See J. E. Harrison, in Essays and Studies presented to W. Ridgeway, p. 136 f.

ELEUTHERIA

P. 82.	Aesch. Pers. 241 f. Herod. VII. 104.
P. 83.	Pers. 402 f. Eur. Helen 276.
P. 84.	Thuc. I. 3, 3 (“Hellenes” and “Barbarians” correlative terms).
	Herod. I. 136.
P. 85.	Aeschines 3, 132. Letter to Gadatas, Dittenb. Syllog.² 2.
	Herod. III. 31. Cf. Daniel VI. 37, 38. Ezekiel xxvi. 7.
P. 86.	Herod. IX. 108-113.
P. 88.	Cf. vengeance of Persians on Ionians, Herod. VI. 32.
	Herod. VII. 135.
P. 89.	Herod. VIII. 140 f.
P. 90 f.	“The ancients were attached to their country by three things—their temples, their tombs, and their forefathers. The two great bonds which united them to their government were the bonds of habit and antiquity. With the moderns, hope and the love of novelty have produced a total change. The ancients said our forefathers, we say posterity; we do not, like them, love our patria, that is to say, the country and the laws of our fathers, rather we love the laws and the country of our children; the charm we are most sensible to is the charm of the future, and not the charm of the past.” Joubert, transl. by M. Arnold.
P. 92.	See J. E. Harrison on Anodos Vases in her Prolegomena, p. 276 f.
	Herod. VIII. 109. Herod. VIII. 65.
P. 96.	Herod. IX. 27. Supplices 314 f. But see the whole speech of Aithra, and indeed the whole play, which is full of the mission of Athens as the champion of Hellenism. Cf. also Eur. Heraclid. G. Murray, Introduction to trans. of Eur. Hippol. etc., on “Significance of Bacchae” (1902).
P. 97.	Thuc. I. 70, 9. Herod. VII. 139. Dem. de Cor. 199 f.
P. 98.	Arist. Pol. 1317² 40, agreeing with Plato Resp. 562B.
P. 99.	Plato Resp. 563c. Herod. III. 80.
	Herod. V. 78. Cf. Hippocr. de aer. aq. loc. 23, 24. Both agree that a high spirit may be produced by suitable nomoi and that man’s spirits are “enslaved” under autocracy. This is a more liberal doctrine than that discussed in Aristotle, that Barbarians are slaves “by nature.”
P. 100.	Supplices 403 f. Medea 536 f.
	The association of Liberty and Law is exhibited both positively and negatively (as in the breach of both by the tyrant) in the tragic poets, etc. Thus the Suppliants of Aeschylus is concerned with a point of marriage-law, the Antigone of Sophocles with a point of burial-law, and so on.
	Another “romantic” hero is Cadmus.
P. 104.	Hom. Il. VI. 447 f.

SOPHROSYNE

P. 110.	Plato Resp. 329B. ib. 439E.
P. 111.	Plato Resp. 615c. Xen. Hellen. VI. 4, 37.
P. 112.	Plut. Pelop. 29. Herod. III. 50; V. 92.
P. 120.	Herod. VIII. 26.
P. 121.	Purg. XXIV. 137-8.

GODS AND TITANS

P. 122.	Od. III. 48.
P. 123 f.	I may allow myself to refer, for more detailed evidence, to my article The Religious Background of the “Prometheus Vinctus” in Harvard Studies in Class. Philol. vol. XXXI, 1920. Cf. Prof. G. Murray in Anthropology and the Classics, ed. R. R. Marett.
P. 124.	Theog. 126 f. Theog. 147 f. “ill to name,” ??? ???ast??. I think the meaning may be that to mention their names was dangerous—especially if you got them wrong. Cf. Aesch. Ag. 170. The Romans provided against this danger by the indigitamenta.
P. 126.	Theog. 453 f.
P. 128.	Theog. 617 f. Theog. 503 f.
P. 129.	Solmsen, Indog. Forsch. 1912, XXX, 35 n. 1. Theog. 886 f. Theog. 929^h f.
P. 130.	Heracl. fr. 42 (Diels). Xenophan. fr. 11.
	Pind. Ol. I. 53 f.
P. 136.	On the “anarchic life,” see Plato Laws 693-699. Democritus (139) says, “Law aims at the amelioration of human life and is capable of this, when men are themselves disposed to accept it; for law reveals to every man who obeys it his special capacity for excellence.”
	Zeus, acc. to Plato Crit. sub fin. is a constitutional ruler.
P. 137.	Herod. I. 34 f.

CLASSICAL AND ROMANTIC

I

P. 147.	Plut. Alex. I.
P. 150.	Il. II. 459 f. Il. IV. 452 f. Il. XIX. 375 f.
	Od. XIX. 431 f. Od. XIX. 518 f.
P. 151.	Il. VI. 418 f. Il. XIV. 16 f. Il. XXIV. 614 f.
P. 152.	Il. XIV. 347 f. Od. XI. 238 f.
P. 153.	Pind. Ol. I. 74 f. Ol. VI. 53.
P. 155.	Il. XXIII. 597 f.
P. 161 f.	See my Studies in the Odyssey, Oxford, 1914.
P. 163.	Il. III. 243 f. Il. XVI. 453 f. Od. XIX. 36 f.
P. 164.	Od. XX. 351 f. ad Cererem 5 f. ad Dion. 24 f.

II

P. 168.	Thuc. III. 38. ??t???t?? te ???? t? ?? e?pe?? ? ?? ??? ??e?.
	On Elpis, see F. M. Cornford in Thucydides Mythistoricus, ch. IX, XII, XIII.
P. 172.	Od. XI. 235 f. Plato Resp. 573B.
P. 175.	See Prof. Burnet, Greek Philosophy (1914), Part I, p. 146 f.
P. 182.	Il. XVIII. 205 f.
P. 183.	Il. XII. 378 f.
P. 184.	J. M. Synge said, “It may almost be said that before verse can be human again it must learn to be brutal.” But this merely shows how much we are suffering from a reaction against sentimental romanticism.

III

P. 189.	Il. XIII. 444. Il. XIII. 616 f. Il. XIV. 493 f. Il. XVI. 345 f. Il. XX. 416 f.
P. 190.	Il. XVI. 751 f.
P. 191.	Arist. Nic. Eth. III. 6, 6. Plato Apol. ad fin.
	Od. XI. 488 f. Od.. XI. 72 f. Note the effect of the ?a? before ????. It is “simple pathos” if you like, hardly self-conscious enough to be called “wistful.” There are some wonderful touches of it in Dante’s Inferno.
P. 192.	Phrasikleia. Kaibel, Epigr. Sepulchr. Attic. 6.
P. 193.	The Eretrian epigram is preserved in the Palatine Anthology.
P. 195.	Ag. 1391 f.
P. 196.	Ant. 571 f.

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