  | CHAPTERI. | | PAGE | | Cause of cold and mild periods, | 9–36 | | Traces of ancient glaciers in temperate zones, 9; prevailing winds the main cause of the circulation of the ocean waters between the tropical and temperate zones, 10; general direction of prevailing winds, and how, in connection with continents, they circulate the surface waters of the sea, 11; high and low sea-levels; separation of antarctic lands from South America, 12; Captain Larsen’s discoveries in antarctic regions, 13; how low lands south of Cape Horn were submerged, 13; how the winds move more surface water southward than northward, 14; Dr. Croll’s views on winds and ocean currents, 16; under-currents of the ocean, and how caused, 16; Gulf Stream currents, 17; antarctic under-currents, 18; why the winds were able to force more of the ocean waters southward than northward at the close of the Tertiary age, 19; Mr. Alfred R. Wallace’s views on Tertiary seas, 20; how the Cape Horn channel affects the ocean currents, 21; cause of the increase of cold in southern latitudes, 22; how the Cape Horn channel is closed during ice age, and its effect on ocean currents and temperature of southern latitudes, 24; the melting of glaciers from southern lands, 27; a salt sea requisite for circulation during ice age, 28; direction of surface currents in southern seas, 29; Humboldt current, 30; Agulhas current, 32; temperature of arctic ice, 34; movement of southern icebergs, 35; glaciers south of Cape Horn, 36. | | | CHAPTERII. | | How ice periods in the northern hemisphere are brought about, | 37–54 | | Northern seas during Tertiary age, 37; Gulf Stream during Tertiary times, 38; the origin of a cold period in the northern hemisphere, 38; remarks on Gulf Stream and arctic currents, 39; circulation of arctic waters, 40; arctic channels during ice age, 41; how the weight of glaciers in the northern hemisphere attracts the waters of the southern seas during ice age, 42; Professor Prestwich on the submergence of European lands, 43; the great Atlantic tide rips the head-waters of the Gulf Stream, 44; high sea-level of Atlantic calm region, 45; tropical Atlantic currents, 46; Sargasso Sea, 48; arctic and Gulf Stream currents, 49; Pacific Ocean currents, 50; slow growth of an ice period, 52; reduction of Cape Horn channel, 53; permanence of antarctic glaciers elevated above the snow-line during mild periods, 54. | | CHAPTERIII. | | Spread of glaciers during cold epochs, | 54–61 | | Spread of glaciers in tropical zone, 54; Professor Agassiz on the origin of Galapagos Islands, 55; the bowlders of Hood’s Island and rookery of Albatross, 56; alpine flora of Galapagos and tropical America, 57; Mr. J. Crawford on ancient glaciers in Nicaragua, 58; Cuba and Republic of Colombia during ice age, 58; destruction of animal life during glacial age, 59; temperature of North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea during ice age, 60; temperature of ocean during warm epochs, 61; generative age ascribed to warm eras; Professor Wright on pre-glacial man, 61. | | CHAPTERIV. | | The glaciers of the temperate zone, | 62–75 | | Professor Hitchcock on the early history of North America, 62; glacial deposits of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard, 63; Professor James Geikie on the glacial deposits of Northern Italy, 64; California coast ranges the work of Sierra glaciers, 65; ancient glaciers on the Pacific slope north of California, 67; Professor Geikie’s views on the ancient glaciers in the Salt Lake region, 68; Colorado CaÑon, 69; the conglomerate deposits in the Appalachian district, 69; remarks on the glacial boundaries in United States during ice age, 70; sands of Florida, 71; ancient ice-sheets of the plains west of the Mississippi River, 73; the driftless region of Wisconsin, 74; tropical waters of North Atlantic chilled during ice age, 75; the drifted snow of British America and Siberia during ice age, 75. | | CHAPTERV. | | Remarks on theories advanced for explaining ice periods, | 76–93 | | Professor Geikie on supposed causes of the glacial period, 76; change in the relative level of the land and sea during glacial and post-glacial times, 77; submergence of northern lands at close of ice age, 78; the main cause of the movement of water from the northern seas at the close of glacial age, 79; why the earth-movement hypothesis should be rejected, 79; glaciers of Europe and Alaska, 80; North Pacific currents, 81; why the Pacific waters are growing cool, 82; the lowering temperature of the northern seas, 83; the increase of cold in Europe and Asia, 84; falling temperature of the Andean region, 85; General Drayson’s astronomical discoveries for explaining the cause of ice periods, 87; why the Gulf Stream was always confined to the North Atlantic, 89; the improbability of the Indian Ocean currents entering the arctic seas, 90; why the increase of glaciers must continue while the Cape Horn channel maintains its present capacity, 91; comments on the coming ice age, 92; tropical zone the abode of man during ice age, 93; preservation of the tropical ocean fauna through the glacial period, 93. |
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