Astor Library, now part of New York Library, founded by John Jacob Astor, German, in 1848 ... 4,000 Negro schools founded by Julius Rosenwald, German Jew ... Chautauqua movement begun by Lewis Miller, German ... gifts during panic of the 90’s, penny meals during World War, foodships to Palestine, and Milk Fund by Nathan Straus, Austrian Jew ... $42,000,000 gift to General Education Board by John D. Rockefeller, German.

Libraries founded throughout United States by Andrew Carnegie, Scot ... funds raised to bring Statue of Liberty from France by Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian Jew ... appreciation of arts and literature stimulated by Edward Bok, Netherlander ... Boy Scouts of America helped by Jacob and Mortimer Schiff, German Jews ... $6,000,000 to Princeton University by H. C. Frick, German.

Colgate University founded by Wm. Colgate, English ... $122,000 to Fisk University by James Burrus, Negro ... foundations for opportunities to study abroad and to promote well-being of mankind established by Simon and Daniel Guggenheim, Swiss Jews.

Champions of Human Liberty

Protest against slavery by Pastorius, German ... author of “Common Sense,” “The Crisis” and “Public Good” was Thomas Paine, English ... powerful leaders against slavery were John Russworm, Benjamin Banneker, David Walker, Harriet Tubman, William Brown, William Still, Samuel Ward, Frederick Douglass, Negroes.

Peter Zenger, German, defended by Andrew Hamilton, Scot, registered great triumph for freedom of press when he won his fight against Governor Cosby of New York.

National Defense

Minutemen roused by Paul Revere, Huguenot ... drill-master of Continental armies, who helped to plan West Point, was Frederick von Steuben, German ... $600,000 advanced to Congress and subsidies negotiated from France and the Netherlands by Haym Solomon, Polish Jew ... father of American cavalry was General Casimir Pulaski, Pole.

First to lose life in Revolutionary War was Chrispus Attucks, Negro ... first commodore of Navy was John Barry, Irish ... naval hero John Paul Jones, Scot ... $5,000,000 contributed toward War of 1812 by Stephen Girard, French ... famous privateer, who abolished corporal punishment in the Navy, was Uriah Levy, Jew ... British defeated on Lake Erie by Captain Perry, Scotch-Irish.

Labor

First president of American Federation of Labor, who improved living standards of workers was Samuel Gompers, English Jew ... leader of C. I. O., John L. Lewis, Welsh ... organizer of coal miners, John Mitchell, Welsh ... president of A. F. of L., William Green, English-Welsh ... leader of Amalgamated Clothing Workers, Sidney Hillman, Lithuanian Jew.

Religious Work

Participating in Washington’s Inaugural was Rabbi Seixas, Portuguese Jew ... one of our greatest clergymen, Jonathan Edwards, Welsh ... leader in welfare and religious work, Huie Kin, Chinese ... first Protestant missionary to West Indies was George Lisle, former Negro slave ... professor of theology at Hartford Seminary, N. Y. Ananigian, Armenian ... authority on early church history is Prof. La Plana, Albanian.

Education