PART II. THE LATIN ELEMENT. I. LATIN PREFIXES. William Swinton Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition. a- ab- abs- = from a-vert ab-solve abs-tain to turn from. to release from. to hold from. ad- a- ac- af- ag- al- an- ap- ar- as- = to ad-here a-gree ac-cede af-fix ag-grieve al-ly an-nex ap-pend ar-rive as-sent to stick to. to be pleasing to. to yield to. to fix to. to give pain to. to bind to. to tie to. to hang to. to reach to. to yield to. NOTE.—The forms ac-, af-, etc., are euphonic variations of ad-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root. am- amb- = around am-putate amb-ient to cut around. going around. ante- anti- = before ante-cedent anti-cipate going before. to take before. bi- bis- = two or twice bi-ped bis-cuit a two-footed animal. twice cooked. circum- circu- = around circum-navigate circu-it to sail around. journey around. con- co- co- col- com- cor- = with or together con-vene co-equal co-gnate col-loquy com-pose cor-relative to come together. equal with. born together. a speaking with another. to put together. relative with. NOTE.—The forms co-, col-, com-, and cor-, are euphonic variations of con-. contra- contro- counter- = against contra-dict contro-vert counter-mand to speak against to turn against to order against de- = down or off de-pose; de-fend to put down; fend off. dis- di- dif- asunder = apart opposite of dis-pel di-vert dif-fer to drive asunder. to turn apart. to bear apart; disagree. NOTE.—The forms di- and dif- are euphonic forms of dis-; dif- is used before a root beginning with a vowel. ex- e- ec- ef- = out or from ex-clude e-ject ec-centric ef-flux to shut out. to cast out. from the center. a flowing out. NOTE.—e-, ec-, and ef- are euphonic variations of ex-. When prefixed to the name of an office, ex- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, ex-mayor, the former mayor. extra- = beyond extra-ordinary beyond ordinary. in- il- im- ir- en-, em- (in nouns and verbs) = in, into, on in-clude il-luminate im-port ir-rigate en-force to shut in. to throw light on. to carry in. to pour water on. to force on. NOTE.—The forms il-, im-, and ir- are euphonic variations of in-. The forms en- and em- are of French origin. in- i(n) il- im- ir- (in adjectives and nouns.) = not in-sane i-gnoble il-legal im-mature ir-regular not sane. not noble. not legal. not mature. not regular. inter- intel- = between or among inter-cede intel-ligent to go between. choosing between. intra- = inside of intra-mural inside of the walls. intro- = within, into intro-duce to lead into juxta- = near juxta-position a placing near non- = not non-combatant not fighting. NOTE.—A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between non- and the root. ob- o- oc- of- op- in the way, = against, or out ob-ject o-mit oc-cur of-fend op-pose to throw against. to leave out. to run against; hence, to happen. to strike against. to put one's self against. per- pel- = through, thoroughly per-vade; per-fect pel-lucid to pass through; thoroughly made. thoroughly clear. NOTE.—Standing alone, per- signifies by: as, per annum, by the year. post- = after, behind post-script written after. pre- = before pre-cede to go before. preter- = beyond preter-natural beyond nature. pro for, = forth, or forward pro-noun pro-pose for a noun. to put forth. NOTE.—In a few instances pro- is changed into pur-, as purpose; into por-, as portray; and into pol-, as pollute. re- red- = back or anew re-pel red-eem to drive back. to buy back. retro- = backwards retro-grade going backwards. se- = aside, apart se-cede to go apart. sine- = without sine-cure without care. sub- suc- suf- sug- sum- sup- sus- = under or after sub-scribe suc-ceed suf-fer sug-gest sum-mon sup-port sus-tain to write under. to follow after. to undergo. to bring to mind from under. to hint from under. to bear by being under. to under-hold. NOTE.—The euphonic variations suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, result from assimilating the b of sub- to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" sus- is a contraction of subs- for sub-. subter- = under or beneath subter-fuge a flying under. super- = above or over super-natural super-vise above nature. to over-see. NOTE.—In derivatives through the French, super- takes the form sur-, as sur-vey, to look over. trans- tra- through, = over, or beyond trans-gress tra-verse to step beyond. to pass over. ultra- = beyond, or extremely ultra-montane ultra-conservative beyond the mountain (the Alps). extremely conservative. II.—LATIN SUFFIXES. Suffix. Signification. Example. Definition. -able -ible -ble = that may be; fit to be cur-able possi-ble solu-ble that may be cured. that may be done. that may be dissolved. -ac relating to = or resembling cardi-ac demoni-ac relating to the heart. like a demon. NOTE.—The suffix -ac is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin. -aceous -acious of; = having the quality of sapon-aceous cap-acious having the quality of soap. having the quality of holding much. -acy condition of = being; office of celib-acy cur-acy condition of being single. office of a curate. -age act, = condition, or collection of marri-age vassal-age foli-age act of marrying. condition of a vassal. collection of leaves. NOTE.—The suffix -age is found only in French-Latin derivatives. -al adj. = relating to n. the act of; that which ment-al remov-al capit-al relating to the mind. the act of removing. that which forms the head of a column. -an -ane adj. relating to = or befitting n. one who hum-an hum-ane artis-an relating to mankind. befitting a man. one who follows a trade. -ance -ancy state or = quality of being vigil-ance eleg-ance state of being watchful. quality of being elegant. -ant = adj. being n. one who vigil-ant assist-ant being watchful. one who assists. -ar = relating to; like lun-ar circul-ar relating to the moon. like a circle. -ary adj. relating to = n. one who; place where epistol-ary mission-ary avi-ary relating to a letter. one who is sent out. a place where birds are kept. -ate n. one who is adj. having = the quality of v. to perform the act of, or cause deleg-ate accur-ate navig-ate one who is sent by others. having the quality of accuracy. to perform the act of sailing. -cle -cule = minute vesi-cle animal-cule a minute vessel. a minute animal. -ee = one to whom refer-ee one to whom something is referred. NOTE.—This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin. -eer -ier = one who engin-eer brigad-ier one who has charge of an engine. one who has charge of a brigade. NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin. -ene = having relation to terr-ene having relation to the earth. -ence -ency = state of being or quality of pres-ence tend-ency state of being present. quality of tending towards. -ent n. one who = or which adj. being or -ing stud-ent equival-ent one who studies. being equal to, equaling. -escence = state of becoming conval-escence state of becoming well. -escent = becoming conval-escent becoming well. -ess = female lion-ess a female lion. NOTE.—This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin. -ferous = producing coni-ferous producing cones. -fic = making, causing sopori-fic causing sleep. -fice = something done or made arti-fice something done with art. -fy = to make forti-fy to make strong. -ic -ical n. one who = adj. like, made of, relating to rust-ic hero-ic metall-ic histor-ical one who has countrified manners. like a hero. made of metal. relating to history. NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -ikos. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -ic denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as nitric acid. -ice that which just-ice that which is just. -ics -ic the science of mathemat-ics arithmet-ic the science of quantity. the science of number. NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin. -id = being or -ing acr-id; flu-id being bitter; flowing. -ile = relating to; apt for puer-ile docile relating to a boy. apt for being taught. -ine = relating to; like femin-ine alkal-ine relating to a woman. like an alkali. -ion the act of, = state of being, or -ing expuls-ion corrupt-ion frict-ion the act of expelling. state of being corrupt. rubbing. -ish = to make publ-ish to make public. -ise -ize = to render, or perform the act of fertil-ize to render fertile. NOTE.—The suffix -ise, -ize, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives. -ism = state or act of; idiom hero-ism Gallic-ism state of a hero. a French idiom. NOTE.—This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin. -ist one who = practices or is devoted to art-ist botan-ist one who practices an art. one who is devoted to botany. -ite -yte = n. one who is adj. being favor-ite defin-ite prosel-yte one who is favored. being well defined. one who is brought over. NOTE.—The form -yte is found only in words of Greek origin. -ity -ty = state or quality of being security ability liber-ty state of being secure. quality of being able. state of being free. -ive n. one who is = or that which adj. having the power or quality capt-ive cohes-ive one who is taken. having power to stick. -ix = feminine testatr-ix a woman who leaves a will. ize (See ise.) -ment state of being = or act of; that which excite-ment induce-ment state of being excited. that which induces. -mony state or = quality of; that which matri-mony testi-mony state of marriage. that which is testified. -or one who; = that which; quality of audit-or mot-or err-or one who hears. that which moves. quality of erring. -ory adj. fitted or = relating to n. place where; that which preparat-ory armor-y fitted to prepare. place where arms are kept. -ose -ous = abounding in verb-ose popul-ous abounding in words. abounding in people. -tude = condition or quality of servi-tude forti-tude condition of a slave. quality of being brave. -ty (See -ity.) -ule = minute glob-ule a minute globe. -ulent = abounding in op-ulent abounding in wealth. -ure = act or state of; that which depart-ure creat-ure act of departing. that which is created. Noun Suffixes

-an -ant -ary -ate -eer -ate -ee -acy -age -ance -ancy -ate -ence -ency -ion -ary -ory -cle -cule -ule

-ent -ier -ist -ive -or -ite -ive -ism -ity -ment -mony -tude -ty -ure

= _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._ = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that which is._ = _state; condition; quality; act._ = _place where._ = _diminutives._

II.

III.

EXERCISE.

I.

a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:—

1. Nouns.

MODEL: art + ist = artist, one who practices an art.⁵

2. Verbs.

3. Adjectives.

b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) from the following:—

c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from the following:—

1. Nouns.

2. Verbs.

3. Adjectives.

d. Write and define nouns denoting place where from the following words:—

e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:—

II.

a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from the following nouns:—

b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality of, from the following nouns:—

c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, from the following verbs:—

Write and define the following adjectives denoting—

(causing or producing) 1 terror, 2 sopor- (sleep), 3 flor (a flower), 4 pestis (a plague); (having the quality of) 5 farina (meal), 6 crust, 7 argilla (clay), (becoming), 8 effervesce.

III.

Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, from the following words:—

III.—DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.

1. A Latin primitive, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb du'cere, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed educe, education, deduction, ductile, reproductive, and several hundred other English words.

2. Latin roots consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

3. English derivatives from Latin words are generally formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the radical. Thus, in the word "education," the root-word is ducere, but the radical is duc- (education = e + duc + ate + ion).

4. A radical is a word or a part of a word used in forming English derivatives.

5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the root-word.

6. Verb-radicals are formed principally from two parts of the verb,—the first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the supine, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:—

I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine—the second and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that loved, loving, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that a'mo (present ind.) and ama'tum (supine) are parts of the verb ama're.

II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate amo, amatum, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which is amare. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary.

7. Noun-radicals and adjective radicals are formed from the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:—

NOTE.—These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the radicals actually used in word-formation, are given.

Pronunciation of Latin Words.

1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs: as miles (= mi'les).

2. C is pronounced like k before a, o, u; and like s before e, i, y, and the diphthongs Æ and oe: as cado, pronounced ka'do; cedo, pronounced se'do.

3. G is pronounced hard before a, o, u, and soft like j before e, i, y, Æ, oe: as gusto, in which g is pronounced as in August; gero, pronounced je'ro.

4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as bene, pronounced be'ne.

5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as mille, pronounced mil'le.

6. The diphthongs Æ and oe are sounded like e: as cÆdo, pronounced ce'do.

7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as ager, pronounced a'jer.

8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in a, the a should be sounded like ah: as musa, pronounced mu'sah.

9. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into sh and zh: as fa'cio, pronounced fa'sheo; san'cio, pronounced san'sheo; spa'tium, pronounced spa'sheum.

NOTE.—According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels a, e, i, o, u are pronounced as in baa, bait, beet, boat, boot; ae, au, ei, oe as in aisle, our, eight, oil; c always like k; g as in get; j as y in yes; t as in until; v as w. See any Latin grammar.

syn'chronal, syn'chronous, existing at the same time.

11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), a letter

gram'mar, the science of language.

gramma'rian, one skilled in or who teaches grammar.

grammat'ical, according to the rules of grammar.

an'agram, the change of one word into another by transposing the letters.

di'agram, a writing or drawing made for illustration.

ep'igram, a short poem ending with a witty thought.

mon'ogram (Gr. adj. mon'os, alone), a character composed of several letters interwoven.

pro'gramme, order of any entertainment.

tel'egram (Gr. te'le, at a distance), a message sent by telegraph.

12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), to write.

graph'ic, well delineated; giving vivid description.

au'tograph. See au'tos.

biog'raphy (Gr. n. bi'os, life), the history of a life.

calig'raphy (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), beautiful writing.

geog'raphy (Gr. n. gē, the earth), a description of the earth.

historiog'rapher (Gr. n. histo'ria, history), one appointed to write history.

hol'ograph (Gr. adj. hol'os, whole), a deed or will wholly written by the grantor or testator.

lexicog'rapher (Gr. n. lex'icon, a dictionary), the compiler of a dictionary.

lith'ograph (Gr. n. lith'os, a stone), an impression of a drawing made on stone.

lithog'raphy, the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone.

orthog'raphy (Gr. adj. or'thos, correct), the correct spelling of words.

pho'nograph (Gr. n. pho'ne, sound), an instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds.

phonog'raphy, a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using the phonograph.

photog'raphy (Gr. n. phos, phot'os, light), the art of producing pictures by light.

stenog'raphy (Gr. adj. sten'os, narrow), the art of writing in short-hand.

tel'egraph (Gr. te'le, at a distance), an apparatus for conveying intelligence to a distance by means of electricity.

topog'raphy (Gr. n. top'os, a place), the description of a particular place.

typography (Gr. n. tu'pos, a type), the art or operation of printing.

13. HOD'OS ('οδος), a way.

ep'isode, an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative.

ex'odus, departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament.

meth'od, order, system, way, manner.

Meth'odist, the followers of John Wesley. (The name has reference to the strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians).

pe'riod (Gr. n. period'os, a passage round), the time in which anything is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark.

syn'od, a meeting of ecclesiastics.

14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), water.

hy'dra, a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules.

hydran'gea, a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water.

hy'drant, a water-plug.

hydrau'lic (Gr. n. au'los, a pipe), relating to the motion of water through pipes; worked by water.

hydrau'lics, the science which treats of fluids in motion.

hydroceph'alus (Gr. n. keph'ale, the head), dropsy of the head.

hy'drogen (Gr. v. gen'ein, to beget), a gas which with oxygen produces water.

hydrog'raphy, the art of maritime surveying and mapping.

hydrop'athy (Gr. n. path'os, feeling), the water-cure.

hydropho'bia (Gr. n. phob'os, fear), literally, dread of water; canine madness.

hy'dropsy, a collection of water in the body. ("Dropsy" is a contraction of hydropsy).

hydrostat'ics, the science which treats of fluids at rest.

15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), rule, government, strength.

aristoc'racy (Gr. adj. aris'tos, best), government by nobles.

aris'tocrat, one who favors aristocracy.

au'tocrat. See au'tos.

democ'racy (Gr. n. de'mos, the people), government by the people.

dem'ocrat, one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of the democratic party.

theoc'racy, government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient Jewish state.

16. LOG'OS (λογος), speech, ratio, description, science.

log'ic, the science and art of reasoning.

logi'cian, one skilled in logic.

log'arithms (Gr. n. arith'mos, number), a class of numbers that abridge arithmetical calculations.

anal'ogy, a resemblance of ratios.

ap'ologue, a moral fable.

apol'ogy, a defense, an excuse.

cat'alogue, a list of names in order.

chronol'ogy. (See chronos.)

conchol'ogy (Gr. n. kon'chos, a shell), the science of shells.

dec'alogue (Gr. dek'a, ten), the ten commandments.

doxol'ogy (Gr. n. doxa, glory), a hymn expressing glory to God.

ec'logue, a pastoral poem.

entomol'ogy (Gr. n. ento'ma, insects, and v. tem'nein, to cut), the natural history of insects.

ep'ilogue, a short poem or speech at the end of a play.

etymol'ogy (Gr. et'umon, true source), a part of grammar; the science of the derivation of words.

eu'logy, praise, commendation.

geneal'ogy (Gr. n. gen'os, birth), history of the descent of families.

geol'ogy (Gr. n. gē, the earth), the science which treats of the internal structure of the earth.

mineral'ogy, the science of minerals.

mythol'ogy (Gr. n. mu'thos, a fable), a system or science of fables.

ornithol'ogy (Gr. n. or'nis, or'nithos, a bird), the natural history of birds.

pathol'ogy (Gr. n. path'os, suffering), that part of medicine which treats of the causes and nature of diseases.

philol'ogy (Gr. phil'os, loving, fond of), the science which treats of languages.

phrenol'ogy (Gr. n. phrÉn, the mind), the art of reading the mind from the form of the skull.

physiol'ogy (Gr. n. phu'sis, nature), the science which treats of the organism of plants and animals.

pro'logue, verses recited as introductory to a play.

psychol'ogy (Gr. n. psu'che, the soul), mental philosophy; doctrine of man's spiritual nature.

syl'logism, a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions.

tautol'ogy (Gr. tau'to, the same), a repetition of the same idea in different words.

technol'ogy (Gr. n. tech'ne, art), a description of the arts.

theol'ogy. See theos.

toxicol'ogy (Gr. n. tox'icon, poison) the science which treats of poisons and their effects.

zool'ogy (Gr. n. zo'on, an animal), that part of natural history which treats of animals.

17. MET'RON (μετρον) a measure.

me'ter, arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length.

met'ric, denoting measurement.

met'rical, pertaining to meter.

anemom'eter (Gr. n. an'emos, the wind), an instrument measuring the force and velocity of the wind.

barom'eter (Gr. n. ba'ros, weight), an instrument that indicates changes in the weather.

diam'eter, measure through anything.

geom'etry (Gr. n. ge, the earth), a branch of mathematics.

hexam'eter (Gr. hex, six), a line of six poetic feet.

hydrom'eter (Gr. n. hu'dor, water), an instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids.

hygrom'eter (Gr. adj. hu'gros, wet), an instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere.

pentam'eter (Gr. pen'te, five), a line of five poetic feet.

perim'eter, the external boundary of a body or figure.

sym'metry, the proportion or harmony of parts.

thermom'eter (Gr. adj. ther'mos, warm), an instrument for measuring the heat of bodies.

trigonom'etry (Gr. n. trigo'non, a triangle), a branch of mathematics.

18. MON'OS (μονος), sole, alone.

mon'achism, the condition of monks; a monastic life.

mon'ad, something ultimate and indivisible.

mon'astery, a house of religious retirement.

monk (Gr. n. mon'achos), a religious recluse.

monog'amy (Gr. n. gam'os, marriage), the marriage of one wife only.

mon'ologue (Gr. n. log'os), a speech uttered by a person alone.

monoma'nia (Gr. n. ma'nia, madness), madness confined to one subject.

monop'oly (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), the sole power of selling anything.

monosyl'lable, a word of one syllable.

mon'otheism (Gr. n. the'os, God), the belief in the existence of only one God.

mon'otone, uniformity of tone.

monot'ony, sameness of sound; want of variety.

19. O'DE (ωδε), a song.

ode, a lyric poem.

mel'ody (Gr. n. mel'os, a song), an agreeable succession of musical sounds.

par'ody, the alteration of the works of an author to another subject.

pros'ody, the study of versification.

psal'mody, the practice of singing psalms.

trag'edy (Gr. n. trag'os, a goat⁹), a dramatic representation of a sad or calamitous event.

EXERCISE.

The periods of astronomy go far beyond any chronology. The phonograph and the telegraph are both American inventions. By the aid of a diagram the problem was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, has written many parodies. In the struggle between monarchy and democracy Mexico has often been in a state of anarchy. His antagonist suffered great agony from the disaster that occurred. The eulogy pronounced on the great zoÖlogist Agassiz was well deserved. What is the etymological distinction between geography and geology? The aeronaut took with him a barometer, a thermometer, and a chronometer. I owe you an apology for not better knowing your genealogy. Typography has been well called "the art preservative of all the arts." Who is called the great American lexicographer? Tautology is to be avoided by all who make any pretence to grammar. One may be a democrat without being a demagogue. You cannot be an architect without knowing geometry. Zoology shows that there is great symmetry in the structure of animals. The pretensions of astrology are now dissipated into thin air. Many persons skilled in physiology do not believe in hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in hexameter, and Milton's "Paradise Lost" in pentameter.

20. ON'OMA (ονομα), a name.

anon'ymous, without a name.

meton'ymy, a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another.

on'omatopoe'ia, the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense.

paron'ymous, of like derivation.

patronym'ic (Gr. n. pat'er, a father), a name derived from a parent or ancestor.

pseu'donym (Gr. adj. pseu'des, false), a fictitious name.

syn'onym, a word having the same meaning as another in the same language.

21. PAN (παν, παντος), all; whole.

panace'a (Gr. v. ak'eomai, I cure), a universal cure.

pan'creas (Gr. n. kre'as, flesh), a fleshy gland situated at the bottom of the stomach.

pan'dect, a treatise which combines the whole of any science.

panegyr'ic (Gr. n. ag'ora, an assembly), an oration in praise of some person or event.

pan'oply (Gr. n. hop'la, armor), a complete suit of armor.

panora'ma (Gr. n. hor'ama, a sight or view), a large picture gradually unrolled before an assembly.

pan'theism (Gr. n. the'os, God), the doctrine that nature is God.

pan'theon, a temple dedicated to all the gods.

pan'tomime, a scene or representation in dumb show.

22. PA'THOS (παθος), suffering, feeling.

pathet'ic, affecting the emotions.

pathol'ogy, the science of diseases.

allop'athy, a mode of medical practice.

antip'athy, dislike, aversion.

ap'athy, want of feeling.

homeop'athy, a mode of medical practice.

hydrop'athy. See hudor.

sym'pathy, fellow-feeling.

23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), a friend, a lover.

Philadel'phia (Gr. n. adel'phos, a brother), literally, the city of brotherly love.

philanthropy (Gr. n. anthro'pos, a man), love of mankind.

philharmon'ic (Gr. n. harmo'nia, harmony), loving harmony or music.

philos'ophy (Gr. n. sophi'a, wisdom), the general laws or principles belonging to any department of knowledge.

philos'opher, one versed in philosophy or science.

philosoph'ic, philosoph'ical, relating to philosophy.

24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), to cause to appear; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια), an image, an idea.

diaph'anous, translucent.

epiph'any, the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by the star of Bethlehem.

fan'cy, a pleasing image; a conceit or whim.

fan'ciful, full of fancy; abounding in wild images.

fanta'sia, a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary musical rules.

phan'tom, a specter, an apparation.

phase, an appearance.

phenom'enon, anything presented to the senses by experiment or observation; an unusual appearance.

syc'ophant (Gr. n. sukon, a fig, and, literally, an informer against stealers of figs), a mean flatterer.

25. PHO'NE (φωνη), a sound.

phonet'ic, phon'ic} according to sound.

eu'phony, an agreeable sound of words.

sym'phony, harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full band of instruments.

26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), light.

phos'phorus (Gr. v. pherein, to bear), a substance resembling wax, highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark.

phos'phate, a salt of phosphoric acid.

phosphores'cent, luminous in the dark.

phosphor'ic, relating to or obtained from phosphorus.

photog'raphy. See graphein.

27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), nature.

phys'ic, medicines.

phys'ical, natural; material; relating to the body.

physi'cian, one skilled in the art of healing.

phys'icist, a student of nature.

phys'ics, natural philosophy.

physiog'nomy (Gr. n. gno'mon, a judge), the art of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of features or countenance.

physiol'ogy. See logos.

metaphys'ics, literally, after or beyond physics; hence, the science of mind.

metaphysi'cian, one versed in metaphysics.

28. POL'IS (πολις), a city.

police', the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a city.

pol'icy, the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public affairs; prudence.

pol'itic, wise, expedient.

polit'ical, relating to politics.

politi'cian, one devoted to politics.

pol'itics, the art or science of government; struggle of parties.

pol'ity, the constitution of civil government.

acrop'olis (Gr. adj. ak'ros, high), a citadel.

cosmop'olite (Gr. n. kos'mos, the world), a citizen of the world.

metrop'olis (Gr. n. me'ter, a mother), the chief city of a country.

necrop'olis (Gr. adj. nek'ros, dead), a burial-place; a city of the dead.

29. RHE'O ('ρεω), I flow, I speak.

rhet'oric, the art of composition; the science of oratory.

rhetori'cian, one skilled in rhetoric.

rheu'matism, a disease of the limbs (so called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors).

res'in, a gum which flows from certain trees.

catarrh', a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head.

diarrhoe'a, purging.

hem'orrhage (Gr. n. haima, blood), a flowing of blood.

30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), to see, to watch.

scope, space, aim, intention.

bish'op (Gr. n. epis'kopos, overseer), a clergyman who has charge of a diocese.

epis'copacy, church government by bishops.

epis'copal, relating to episcopacy.

kalei'doscope (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), an optical instrument in which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of position.

mi'croscope (Gr. adj. mik'ros, small), an instrument for examining small objects.

micros'copist, one skilled in the use of the microscope.

steth'oscope (Gr. n. steth'os, the breast), an instrument for examining the state of the chest by sound.

tel'escope (Gr. te'le, afar off), an instrument for viewing objects far off.

31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), arranged; TAX'IS (ταξις), arrangement.

tac'tics, the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces; the science or art which relates to these.

tacti'cian, one skilled in tactics.

syn'tax, the arrangement of words into sentences.

syntac'tical, relating to syntax.

tax'idermy (Gr. n. der'ma, skin), the art of preparing and arranging the skins of animals in their natural appearance.

tax'idermist, one skilled in taxidermy.

32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), art.

tech'nical, relating to an art or profession.

technical'ity, a technical expression; that which is technical.

technol'ogy, a treatise on or description of the arts.

technol'ogist, one skilled in technology.

polytech'nic (Gr. adj. pol'us, many), comprising many arts.

pyr'otechny (Gr. n. pur, fire), the art of making fireworks.

33. THE'OS (θεος), God.

the'ism, belief in the existence of a God.

theo'cracy. (See kratos.)

theo'logy. (See logos.)

apotheo'sis, glorification, deification.

a'theism, disbelief in the existence of God.

a'theist, one who does not believe in the existence of God.

enthu'siasm, heat of imagination; ardent zeal.

pan'theism. (See pan.)

pol'ytheism (Gr. adj. polus, many), the doctrine of a plurality of Gods.

34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), to place, to set.

theme, a subject set forth for discussion.

the'sis, a proposition set forth for discussion.

anath'ema, an ecclesiastical curse.

antithesis, opposition or contrast in words or deeds.

hypoth'esis, a supposition.

paren'thesis, something inserted in a sentence which is complete without it.

syn'thesis, a putting together, as opposed to analysis.

35. TON'OS (τονος), tension, tone.

tone, tension, vigor, sound.

ton'ic, adj. increasing tension or vigor; n. a medicine which increases strength.

tune, a series of musical notes on a particular key.

attune', to make musical; to make one sound agree with another.

bar'ytone (Gr. adj. ba'rus, heavy), a male voice.

diaton'ic, proceeding by tones and semitones.

in'tonate, to sound; to modulate the voice.

intone', to give forth a slow, protracted sound.

sem'itone, half a tone.

REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES.

1. Derivation of "antithesis"?—Compose an example of an antithesis.—Point out the antithesis in the following:—

2. Derivation of "hypothesis."—Give an adjective formed from this noun.—What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? Ans. Supposition.—Show this. Ans. Supposition is composed of sub = hypo (under), and position (from ponere, to place) = thesis, a placing—What adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? Ans. Supposititious.

3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?—Compose a parenthetical sentence.

4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?—Give the distinction Ans. Analysis is taking apart, synthesis is putting together—What adjective is derived from the noun "synthesis"?

5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? Ans. Demagogic or demagogical—Define it—Compose a sentence containing the word "demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of a demagogue."

6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? Ans. Pedagogic—What would the "pedagogic art" mean?—Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a complimentary sense?—Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense.

7. Derivation of "anarchy"?—Compose a sentence containing this word. MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by anarchy."

8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? Ans. Monarchical—Define it.—Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical government?—What is the ruler of a monarchy called?

9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under the rule of an oligarchy."

10. From what root is "democracy" derived?—What adjective is formed from "democracy"?—Is Russia at present a democracy?—Can you mention any ancient governments that for a time were democracies?

11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?—What noun will denote one who believes in aristocracy? Ans. Aristocrat—What does "aristocrat" ordinarily mean? Ans. A proud or haughty person who holds himself above the common people.

12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"?

13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence.

14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? Ans. Diametrical—What adverb is formed from "diametrical"?—What is meant by the expression "diametrically opposed"?

15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? Ans. Astrology—Give the derivative of this word.—What word denotes one who is skilled in astronomy?—Form an adjective from "astronomy."—Compose a sentence containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of astronomy are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton."

16. From what root is "telescope" derived?—Combine and define telescop + ic.—Compose a sentence using the word "telescope."

17. From what root is "microscope" derived?—Combine and define microscop + ic.—What single word denotes microscopic animals? Ans. AnimalculÆ.—Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: "As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the microscope reveals the infinitely little."

18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in the lines:

19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"?

20. Derivation of "sympathy"?—Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. Ans. Compassion.—Show why they are literal synonyms. Ans. Sym = con or com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.—Give an English derivative expressing the same thing. Ans. Fellow-feeling.

21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?—Form an adjective from "autocrat."—Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?—Could the Queen of England be called an autocrat?—Why not?

22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are only two or three autographs of Shakespeare in existence."

23. Derivation of "automaton"?—Illustrate the signification of the word by a sentence.

24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir to"?—Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea."

25. Derivation of "panoply"?—In the following sentence is "panoply" used in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian panoply, to put on the whole armor of God."

26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?—What word is used to denote one who believes in pantheism?

27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many gods?—Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would designate a temple dedicated to all the gods?

28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."—Compose a sentence using the word "panorama."

29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?—Illustrate its meaning by a sentence.—Form an adjective from "eulogy."

30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?—Give an example of a pseudonym.

DIVISION II.—ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES.