  The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar; paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar. I. SENTENCES. Line 2. se. Gr. 21. 1. Þis sind. Gr. 45. 2. l. 6. selÞ. Gr. 45. 5. l. 7. seo Ælmesse. Gr. 44. 3. l. 12. geworhte. Gr. 46. (3). l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3. n?fre ... ne ... nanes. Gr. 52. 2. ne wÆs is usually contracted into nÆs; the full form is used here because the wÆs is emphatic. l. 17. het ofslean. Gr. 50. 4. l. 23. ÆÞelred cyning. Gr. 42. 6. l. 24. Æsces-dun, sf. Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the ashtree.' l. 27. wile here denotes repetition, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52. l. 28. Þonne is correlative with gif (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3. l. 37. Ælmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4). l. 43. eower se heofonlica FÆder. This insertion of the definite article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent. l. 50. beo. Gr. 48. (6). l. 52. to, for. l. 56. twentig wintra. Gr. 18. l. 58. Deofol. Gr. 44. 1. l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2). l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3. l. 63. p?m, those. hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land. l. 74. bletsian. The older form of this word is bledsian. It is a derivative of blod, like ricsian from rice, with mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with blood,' and hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim. l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably godspell = 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the Greek euaggÉlion. biÞ. Gr. 45. 5. l. 82. hie. Gr. 19. l. 89. him on ?lce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = on every side (of themselves). l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5. l. 93. ÆÞelwulf-ing. Gr. 38. l. 101. fare ge. Gr. 22. 7. l. 106. forsawon. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is common in O. E., as in other languages. l. 107. gif se blinda blindne l?tt. gif here takes the indic., instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (wiÞstent) is assumed as certain, and VI. 19. l. 114. cw?de. Gr. 48. (5). l. 118. mÆge. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1). l. 119. sie. Gr. 47. (A). l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below. l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3. l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2). l. 124. w?re. Gr. 47. (B. 1). l. 132. se Þe. Gr. 21. l. 137. on eare. Gr. 51. 2. l. 138. gewendon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion. l. 139. do ge. Gr. 22. l. 142. grete. Compare Gr. 49. (8). l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.' l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7). l. 161. come. Compare mÆge, l. 118 above. l. 166. ofslÆgenne. Gr. 46. 5. l. 176. geweorÞan. Gr. 47. (B. 1.) l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5. l. 191. beon. Gr. 48. (2). II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. l. 1. Þas min word. Gr. 43. 8. l. 16. aweorpe. Gr. 49. (8). l. 20. hit refers back to s?d, l. 18. l. 22. up sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2. l. 28. is geworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin factum est. l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19. l. 40. to forbÆrnenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt,' as in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1). l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137. l. 60. gewordenre gecwidr?enne Þ?m wyrhtum. A very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, 'conventione autem facta cum operariis.' Þ?m wyrhtum is to be taken as a dative of the person affected (Gr. 41). l. 67. dyde Þ?m swa gelice. The Latin has simply 'fecit similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his former proceeding), the swa being pleonastic. l. 86. ÞÆt. Gr. 21. l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.' l. 106. giefthus. hus must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,' 'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural hus is regularly used to denote the group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called eldhus (fire-house). l. 107. ÞÆt he wolde geseon. This clause is due to a confusion of two constructions, (1) he wolde geseon, (2) ÞÆt (in order that) he ge·sawe. III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. The first two pieces are taken from Ælfric's translation of the Heptateuch, first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and afterwards by Grein as vol. i. of his Bibliothek der angelsÄchsischen Prosa—Genesis xi. and xxii. The other three are from Ælfric's Homilies (edited by Thorpe)—ii. 584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432. l. 4. him betweonan. Gr. 51. 5. l. 13. lÆden. This word is the Latin latina (= lingua latina) used first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language generally. l. 17. for Þ?m ... for Þ?m Þe, correlative, the first demonstrative, the second relative. l. 28. to scoldon. This use of sceal with a verb of motion understood is very common. l. 36. him self. him is the reflexive dative of interest referring to God—literally, 'God him-self will appoint for him-self.' In such constructions we see the origin of the modern himself, themselves. ll. 46, 47. nu ... nu, correlative, = now ... now that, the second nu being almost causal (since). l. 51. hÆfde ... to, took ... for. l. 52. Gode to lace. Gr. 40. (1). l. 57. min ege, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.' mare, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.' l. 81. mare. Cp. l. 57. l. 82. w?re. Gr. 49. (7). l. 89. hwÆs is governed by giernde, by 'attraction.' l. 135. micle, adverb. l. 137. w?re. Gr, 49. (7). l. 153. beliefan is a later form for geliefan. l. 156. to handum. Cp. l. 122 above. l. 174. ?r genam. Gr. 46. 6. l. 200. fram mannum. fram here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in passive constructions. l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8). IV. SAMSON. From Ælfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch. l. 8. onginÞ to aliesenne, will release, onginnan is often used pleonastically in this way. l. 35. Gaza gehaten. When a name together with gehaten is put in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the general principle (Gr. 42. 6). l. 41. swa swa hie belocenu w?ron, locked as they were. ufeweardum Þ?m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2. l. 46. wÆs, consisted. l. 51. geworhte. We should expect geworhtum (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative clause—Þe of sinum geworhte sind. l. 74. Dagon gehaten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground that'—'because (as they said).' l. 81. heton. Compare l. 106. l. 87. forÞ is often used pleonastically in this way with mid. V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. l. 2. her sind, there are here. her is here used analogously to Þ?r, as in II. 3 and the modern E. there are. Cp. also l. 12 below. geÞeodu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle. l. 5. Armenia is an error for Armorica. l. 6. Scithie, Scythia. l. 8. NorÞibernie, North of Ireland. l. 24. her, at this date—at this place in the series of entries which constitute the Chronicle. l. 26. Wyrtgeorn is the regular development of an earlier *Wurtigern from the British Vortigern. l. 28. Ypwinesfleot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet. l. 45. ÆglesÞrep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford. l. 49. Crecganford, Crayford. l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows that it is taken from some old poem. l. 61. h?Þne menn, Danes. l. 62. mid Defena-scire, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that is 'with a force of Devonshire men.' l. 64. dux is here written instead of ealdormann. So also we find rex for cyning. l. 65. Sandwic, Sandwich. l. 68. feorÞe healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the German viertehalb. l. 71. SuÞrige, Surrey. l. 73. Aclea, Ockley. l. 76. se here, the Danish army. here got a bad sense, through its association with hergian (to harry), and hence is applied only to a plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws here is defined as HumbremuÞa, mouth of the Humber. l. 77. Eoforwic, York; a corruption of Eboracum. l. 84. inne wurdon, got in. l. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51. VI. KING EDMUND. From Ælfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English Text Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by Thorpe, in his Analecta Anglosaxonica from a very late MS. It is here given from the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7. It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. The alliteration is easily discernible:—com suÞan ofer s? fram sancte Benedictes stowe; dÆge, to Dunstane, &c. l. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive sancti. l. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, sanct having been made into a substantive. l. 39. bilewit = *bile-hwit (with the regular change of hw into w between vowels) literally 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense of 'gentle,' 'simple.' l. 70. worhte fleames. This construction of wyrcan with a genitive is frequent. l. 76. w?re, subj. Gr. 48. (6). l. 85. fuse. The correct reading is probably fusne, but the plural fuse may be taken to refer to Hinguar and his men collectively. l. 149. gebedhus. The Welsh bettws, as in Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form nearly unchanged. l. 176. swa ÞÆt does not denote result here, but is explanatory—'namely by being bound....' l. 178. hie, reflexive. l. 179. ÞÆs ... hu, correlative. l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in the Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.' l. 200. hwÆÞer, (that he might see) whether ... l. 215. lichaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining. l. 222. Elig = ?l-ieg 'eel-island.' GLOSSARY. The order is strictly alphabetical (Þ following t) except that words with the prefix ge are put in the order of the letter that follows the ge (gebed under b, &c.). The following abbreviations are used :— sm., sn., sf. masc., neut., fem. substantive. sv. strong verb. wv. weak verb. swv. strong-weak verb (preterito-present). The others require no explanation. The numbers after sv. refer to the classes of strong verbs in the grammar. Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the phonetic laws given in the grammar. A, av. ever, always. abbod, sm. abbot [Latin abbatem]. a-·beodan, sv. 7, w. dat. (offer), announce. a-·biddan, sv. 5, ask for, demand. a-·bitan, sv. 6, devour. a-·blendan, wv. blind [blind]. a-·brecan, sv. 4, break into, take (city). a-·bugan, sv. 7, bend; swerve, turn. ac, cj. but. a-·cennan, wv. bring forth, bear (child). a-·cwellan, wv. kill. a-·cwencan, wv. extinguish. a-·drugian, wv. dry up, intr. [dr?ge]. a-·dw?scan, wv. extinguish. Æcer, sm. field. ÆÞele, aj. noble, excellent. ÆÞeling, sm. prince. ?fen, sm. evening. ?fre, av. ever, always. Æfter, av., prep. w. dat. after—Æfter Þ?em, after that, afterwards; according to, by. ?g-hwelc, prn. each. ?gÞer, prn. either, each—cj. ?gÞer ge ... ge, both ... and [ = ?g hwÆÞer]. ?ht, sf. property [ahte, agan]. ?lan, wv. burn. ?lc, aj. each. Ælmesse, sf. alms, charity [Greek eleemosÚne]. Æl-mihti[g.], aj. almighty. ?nig, aj. any [an]. ?r, prep. w. dat. before (of time), ?r Þ?m Þe, cj. before. ?r, av. formerly, before; superl. ?rest, adj. and adv., first. Ærce-biscop, sm. archbishop [Latin archiepiscopus]. ?rende, sn. errand, message. ?rend-raca, sm. messenger. ?-rist, sfm. (rising again), resurrection [arisan]. ?rne-mergen, sm. early morning. Æsc, sm. (ash-tree); war-ship. Æt, prp. w. dat. at; deprivation, from; origin, source—ab?don wif Æt him, 'asked for wives from them;' specification, defining—wurdon Æt spr?ce, 'fell into conversation.' Æt-·bregdan, sv. 3 (snatch away), deprive of. Æt-·foran, prp. w. dat. before. Æt-·gÆdre, av. together. Æt-iewan, wv. w. dat. show. ?ton, see etan. a-·fandian, wv. experience, find out [findan]. a-·faran, sv. 2, go away, depart. a-·feallan, sv. 1, fall. a-·fedan, wv. feed. a-·f?lan, wv. defile [ful]. a-fyrht, aj. frightened [past partic. of a·fyrhtan from forht]. agan, swv. possess. a-·gan, sv. happen. agen, aj. own [originally past partic. of agan]. a-·giefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, render. ah, see agan. a-·hebban, sv. 2, raise, exalt. a-·hieldan, wv. incline. a-·hon, sv. 1, hang, trans. a-·hreosan, sv. 7, fall. ahte, see agan. a-hw?r, av. anywhere. a-·h?ran, wv. hire. a-·liesan, wv. (loosen), release; redeem [leas]. a-·liesed-nes, sf. redemption. a-liesend, sm. redeemer. an, aj. one (always strong); a certain one, certain; alone (generally weak); gen. pl. anra in anra ge-hwelc, 'each one.' an-cenned, aj. (past partic.) (only-born), only (child). and, cj. and. and-bidian, wv. w. gen. wait, expect [bidan]. andet-nes, sf. confession. andettan, wv. confess. and-giet, sn. sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence. and-swarian, wv. w. dat. answer [andswaru]. and-swaru, sf. answer [swerian]. and-weard, aj. present. and-wyrdan, wv. w. dat. answer [word]. Angel, sm. Anglen (a district in Slesvig). Angel-cynn, sn. English nation, England. a-·niman, sv. 4, take away. an-l?can, wv. unite. an-mod, aj. unanimous. an-mod-lice, av. unanimously. an-r?d, aj. (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute. apostol, sm. apostle. ar, sf. mercy; honour. a-·r?ran, wv. raise, build [arisan]. arian, wv. w. dat. honour; spare, have mercy on [ar]. a-·risan, sv. 6, arise. ar-leas, aj. wicked. arn, see iernan. arod, aj. quick, bold. arod-lice, av. quickly, readily, boldly. ar-weorÞ, adj. worthy of honour, venerable. ascian, wv. ask. a-·scufan, sv. 7, thrust. a-·sendan, wv. send. a-·settan, wv. set, place. a-·smean, wv. consider, think of, conceive. assa, sm. ass. a-·stellan, wv. institute. a-·stigan, sv. 6, ascend, descend. a-·streccan, wv. stretch out, extend. a-·styrian, wv. stir, move. a-·teon, sv. 7, draw out, draw, take. atol-lic, aj. deformed. a-·Þreotan, sv. 7, fail, run short. a-·weccan, wv. awake, arouse [wacian]. a-·wedan, wv. go mad [wod]. a-·wendan, wv. turn; translate. a-·weorpan, sv. 3, throw, throw away; depose (king). a-·westan, wv. lay waste, ravage. a-·wierged, aj. cursed, accursed, [past. partic. of awiergan, from wearg]. a-wiht, prn. aught, anything. a-·writan, sv. 6, write. a-·wyrtwalian, wv. root up. B. BÆc, sn. back—under bÆc, behind. bÆd, see biddan. b?don, see biddan. bÆrnan, wv. burn, trans. [beornan]. bÆrnett, sn. burning. b?ron, see beran. bÆst, sm. bast. bÆsten, aj. of bast. be, prep. w. dat. by; about, concerning. beald, aj. bold. bearn, sn. child [beran]. beatan, sv. 1, beat. be-·beodan, sv. 7, w. dat. bid, command. be-·byrgan, wv. bury. bec, see boc. be-·clyppan, wv. embrace, encompass, hold. be-·cuman, sv. 4, come. ge·bed, sn. prayer [biddan]. be-·d?lan, wv. w. gen. deprive of [d?l]. bedd, sn. bed. be-·delfan, sv. 3; (hide by digging), bury. ge·bed-hus, sn. oratory, chapel. be-·fÆstan, wv. (make fast); w. dat. commit, entrust to. be-·foran, prp. w. dat. before. begen, prn. both. be-·geondan, prp. w. acc. beyond. be-·gietan, sv. 5, get, obtain. be-·ginnan, sv. 3, begin. be-·hatan, sv. 1, w. dat. promise. be-·heafdian, wv. behead [heafod]. be-·healdan, sv. 1, behold. be-·hofian, wv. w. gen. require. be-·hreowsian, wv. repent [hreowan]. be-·h?dan, wv. hide. be-·l?wan, wv. betray. be-·liefan, wv. believe. be-·lifan, sv. 6, remain [laf]. be-·lucan, sv. 7, lock, close. bend, smfn. bond [bindan]. beodan, sv. 7, w. dat. offer. beon, v. be—beon ymbe, have to do with. beorg, sm. hill, mountain. gebeorgan, sv. 3, w. dat. save, protect. beornan, sv. 3, burn, intrans. beot-lic, aj. boastful. be-·p?can, wv. deceive. beran, sv. 4, bear, carry; (geberan, bring forth). bern, sn. barn. berstan, sv. 3, burst. be-·sargian, wv. lament [sarig]. be-·scieran, sv. 4, shear, cut hair. be-·seon, sv. 5, see, look. be-·settan, wv. set about, surround, cover. be-·stealcian, wv. go stealthily, steal. be-·swican, sv. 6, deceive, circumvent, betray. be-·t?can, wv. commit, entrust, give up. betera, betst, see god. be·tweonan, prp. w. dat. between, among. be-·twix, prep. w. acc. and dat. between, among; of time, during—betwix Þ?m Þe, cj. while. be-·werian, wv. defend. be-·witan, swv. watch over, have charge of. bidan, sv. 6, wait. biddan, sv. 5, ask, beg. ge·biddan, sv. 5, refl. pray. bieldo, sf. (boldness), arrogance [beald]. bi-geng, sm. worship [bi, by, and geng from gan]. bile-wit, aj. simple, innocent. bindan, sv. 3, bind. binnan, av. inside; prp. w. dat. within, in [ = be-innan]. biscop, sm. bishop [Latin episcopus]. bi-smer, snm. insult, ignominy. bismer-full, aj. ignominious, shameful. bismerian, wv. treat with ignominy, insult [bismer]. bitan, sv. 6, bite. biÞ, see beon. blawan, sv. 1, blow. bleoh, sn. colour. bleow, see blawan. bletsian, wv. bless. blind, aj. blind. bliss, sf. merriment, joy. blissian, wv. rejoice. bliÞe, aj. glad, merry. bliÞe-lice, av. gladly. blod, sn. blood. boc, sf. book, scripture. Boc-lÆden, sn. book Latin, Latin. bodian, wv. announce, preach [beodan]. bodig, sm. body. bohte, see bycgan. brad, aj. broad. br?Þ, sm. vapour, odour. brecan, sv. 4, break; take (city). bregdan, sv. 3, pull. bremel, sm. bramble. Breten, sf. Britain. Brettas, smpl. the British. Brettisc, aj. British [Brettas]. bringan, wv. bring. brohte, see bringan. broÞor, sm. brother. brucan, sv. 7, w. gen. enjoy, partake of. br?d, sf. bride. br?d-guma, sm. bridegroom [literally bride-man]. buan, wv. dwell. buend, smpl. dwellers [pres. partic. of buan]. bufan, prp. w. dat. and acc. over, above, on. bugan, sv. 7, bend, incline. bundon, see bindan. burg, sf. city. burg-geat, sn. city-gate. butan, av. outside; prp. w. dat. without, except, besides [ = be-utan]. butan, cj. unless, except. bycgan, wv. buy. byrÞen, sf. burden [beran]. byrgen, sf. tomb [bebyrgan]. gebyrian, wf. be due, befit. byrig, see burg. byrst, sf. bristle. ge·b?snian, wv. give example, illustrate. ge·b?snung, sf. example. C. Cann, see cunnan. canon, sm. canon; canones bec, canonical books. Cantwara-burg, sf. Canterbury [Cantwara, gen. of Cantware]. Cant-ware, pl. Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [Lat. Cantia and ware]. casere, sm. emperor [Latin Caesar]. ceaflas, smpl. jaws. ceald, aj. cold. cealf, sn. calf. ceap, sn. purchase. ceas, see ceosan. ceaster, sf. city [Latin castra]. cene, aj. brave, bold. cennan, wv. bring forth, bear child. Cent, sf. Kent [Cantia]. Cent-land, sn. Kent. ceorfan, sv. 3, cut. ceosan, sv. 7, choose. cepan, wv. w. gen. attend, look out for. ciepan, wv. trade, sell [ceap]. ciepend, sm. seller [pres. partic. of ciepan]. cierr, sm. turn. cierran, wv. turn, return, go—cierran to, take to. ge·cierred-nes, sf. conversion. cild, sn. child. cild-had, sm. childhood. cinn-ban, sn. jawbone. cirice, sf. church. cl?ne, aj. clean, pure. clawu, sf. claw. clipian, wv. call, summon. clipung, sf. calling. clyppan, wv. clip, embrace. cnapa, sm. (boy, youth), servant. cnoll, sm. top, summit. coccel, sm. corn-cockle. com, see cuman. coren, see ceosan. crÆft, sm. skill, cunning. cristen, aj. Christian. cuma, sm. stranger [cuman]. cuman, sv. 4, come; cuman up, land. cunnan, swv. know. cunnian, wv. try [cunnan]. curon, see ceosan. cuÞ, aj. known [originally past partic. of cunnan]. cw?don, see cweÞan. cwaeÞ, see cweÞan. cweartern, sn. prison. cweman, wv. please, gratify. ge·cwemednes, sf. pleasing. cwen, sf. queen. cweÞan, sv. 5, say, speak; name, call. cwic, aj. alive. cwide, sm. speech, address [cweÞan]. gecwid-r?den, sf. agreement. cwiÞÞ, see cweÞan. cymÞ, see cuman. cyne-cynn, sn. royal family. cyne-lic, aj. royal. cyne-lice, av. like a king, royally. cyne-stol, sm. throne. cyning, sm. king. cynn, sn. race, kind. cyst, sf. excellence [ceosan]. cystig, aj. (excellent), charitable. c?Þan, wv. make known, tell [cuÞ]. D. D?d, sf. deed. dÆg, sm. day. dÆg-hw?m-lice, av. daily. d?l, sm. part—be healfum d?le, by half. d?lan, wv. divide, share. dead, aj. dead. deaÞ, sm. death. Defena-scir, sf. Devonshire [Devonia]. dehter, see dohtor. gedelf, sn. digging. delfan, sv. 3, dig. Dene, smpl. Danes. Denisc, aj. Danish. deofol, sum. devil [Latin diabolus]. deofol-gield, sn. idol. deop, aj. deep. deor, sn. wild beast. deore, aj. dear, precious. deor-wierÞe, aj. precious. diegol, aj. hidden, secret. diegol-nes, sf. secret. diepe, sf. depth [deop]. dihtan, wv. appoint [Latin dictare]. disc-Þegn, sm. (dish-thane), waiter. dohtor, sf. daughter. dom, sm. doom, judgment, sentence. don, sv. do, act. dorste, see durran. draca, sm. dragon. dranc, see drincan. dreorig, aj. sad. drifan, sv. 6, drive. drinca, sm. drink. drincan, sv. 3, drink. drohtnian, wv. live, continue, behave. drohtnung, sf. conduct. dr?ge, aj. dry. Dryhten, sm. Lord, dun, sf. hill, down. durran, swv. dare. duru, sf. door. dust, sn. dust. ge·dwyld, sn. error. dyde, see don. dyppan, wv. dip. dysig, aj. foolish. E. Eac, av. also; eac swelce, also. eacnian, wv. increase. eadig, aj. (prosperous), blessed. eage, sn. eye. eag-Þ?rel, sn. (eye-hole), window. eahta, num. eight. ea-la, interj. oh! eald, aj. old—cp. ieldra. Eald-seaxe, smpl. Old Saxons. ealdor, sm. chief, master. ealdor-mann, sm. chief, officer. eall, aj. all. eall, av. quite ; eall swa micel swa, (quite) as much as. eall-niwe, aj. quite new. eallunga, av. entirely. ealu, sn. ale. eard, sm. country, native land. eardian, wv. dwell. eare, sn. ear. earm, sm. arm. earm, aj. poor, wretched, despicable. earm-lic, aj. miserable. earm-lice, av. miserably, wretchedly. earn, sm. eagle. eart, see wesan. east, av. eastwards. east-d?l, sm. east part, the East. East-engle, smpl. East-Anglians. East-seaxe, smpl. East-Saxons. eaÞe-lic, aj. insignificant, weak. eaÞ-medan, wv. humble [eaÞmod]. eaÞ-mod, aj. humble. ece, aj. eternal. ec-nes, sf. eternity. efen, aj. even. ge·efen-l?can, wv. imitate. efne, av. behold, lo! [efen]. efsian, wv. clip, shear. eft, av. again; afterwards, then; back. ege, sm. fear. egesa, sm. fear [ege]. eges-lic, aj. fearful, awful. ehtere, sm. persecutor. ele, sm. oil. el-Þeodig-nes, sf. foreign land. ende, sm. end. endemes, av. together. ge·endian, wv. end; die. endlufon, num. eleven. endlyfta, aj. eleventh. ge·endung, sf. ending, end. engel, sm. angel [Latin angelus]. Engla-land, sn. England [Engla gen. pl. of Engle]. Engle, smpl. the English [Angel]. Englisc, aj. English—sn. English language [Engle]. eode, see gan. eom, see wesan. eorl, sm. earl. eorÞ-buend, sm. earth-dweller. eorÞe, sf. earth. eorÞ-fÆst, aj. firm in the earth. eorÞ-lic, aj. earthly. eornost, sf. earnest. eornost-lice, av. in truth, indeed. eow, see Þu. etan, sv. 5, eat. eÞel, sm. country, native land. F. FÆder, sm. father. fÆgen, aj. glad. fÆger, aj. fair. fÆger-nes, sf. fairness, beauty. fÆgnian, wv. w. gen. rejoice. f?mne, sf. virgin. f?r, sf. danger. f?r-lic, aj. sudden. f?r-lice, av. suddenly. fÆst, aj. fast, firm. fÆstan, wv. fast. fÆsten, sf. fasting. fÆt, sn. vessel. fag-nes, sf. variegation, various colours. fandian, wv. w. gen. try, test, tempt [findan]. faran, sv. 2, go. faru, sf. procession, retinue, pomp. fea, aj. pl. few. ge·fea, sm. joy. feallan, sv. 1, fall. fearr, sm. bull; ox. feax, sn. hair of head. fedan, wv. feed [foda]. fela, aj. pl. w. gen. many. feld, sm. field. feoh, sn. money, property. ge·feoht, sn. fight. feohtan, sv. 3, fight. feole, sf. file. feolian, wv. file. feoll, see feallan. feond, sm. enemy. feorh, snm. life. feorm, sf. (food); feast, banquet. feorr, av. far. feorÞa, num. fourth. feower, num. four. ge·fera, sm. companion [for]. feran, wv. go, fare [for]. ge·feran, wv. (go over), take possession of. ferian, wv. carry [faran]. fet, see fot. fetian, wv. fetch—pret. gefette. ge·fette, see fetian. fiend, see feond. fierd, sf. army [faran]. fierlen, aj. distant [feorr]. fierst, sm. period, time. fif, num. five. findan, sv. 3 (pret. funde), find. fisc, sm. fish. fisc-cynn, sn. fish-kind. fleam, sm. flight [fleon]. fleax, sn. flax. fleogan, sv. 7, fly. fleon, sv. 7, flee. fleotan, sv. 7, float. flitan, sv. 6, quarrel, dispute. ge·flieman, wv. put to flight [fleam]. flod, sm. flood. flota, sm. fleet [fleotan]. flot-here, sm. naval army, army of pirates. flot-mann, sm. sailor, pirate. flowan, sv. 1, flow. flugon, see fleon. flyht, sm. flight [fleogan]. foda, sm. food. folc, sn. people, nation. folc-lic, aj. popular. folgian, wv. w. dat. follow; obey. fon, sv. 1, seize, take, capture; feng to rice, came to the throne; togÆdre fengon, joined together. for, prep. w. dat. before—rice for worulde, in the eyes of the world; causal, for, because of, for the sake of—ne dorste for Gode, for the fear of God—for Þ?m, therefore, for Þ?em (Þe), because; w. acc., instead of, for. for, sf. journey [faran]. for, see faran. for-·bÆrnan, wv. burn up, burn, trans. for-·beodan, sv. 7, forbid. for-·breotan, sv. 7, break. for-·ceorfan, sv. 3, cut off. for-·dilgian, wv. destroy. for-·don, sv. destroy. for-·ealdod, aj. aged [past partic. of forealdian, grow old]. fore-sceawian, wv. pre-ordain, decree, appoint. fore-secgan, wv. say before—se foresÆgda, the aforesaid. for-·giefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, grant; forgive. for-·gief-nes, sf. forgiveness. for-·gieman, wv. neglect. for-·gietan, sv. forget. forht, aj. afraid. forhtian, wv. be afraid. for-·hwega, av. somewhere. for-·l?tan, sv. 1, leave, abandon. for-·leosan, sv. 7, lose. for-·liger, sn. wantonness, immorality. forma, aj. first—superl. fyrmest, first. for-·molsnian, wv. crumble, decay. for-·scrincan, sv. 3, shrink up. for-seon, sv. 5, despise. for-·slean, sv. 2, cut through. for-·standan, sv. 2, (stand before), protect. forÞ, av. forth, forwards, on. forÞ-·feran, wv. depart, die. for-·Þrysman, wv. suffocate, choke. for-·weorÞan, sv. 3, perish. fot, sm. foot. frÆtwian, wv. adorn. frÆtwung, sf. ornament. fram, prep. w. dat. from; agent. w. pass. hie w?ron fram Wyrtgeorne gelaÞode, invited by. fremman, wv. perform, do. freond, sm. friend. friÞ, sm. peace—friÞ niman, make peace. fugol, sm. bird. fuhton, see feohtan. ful, aj. foul, impure. full, aj. full. full-·bliÞe, aj. very glad. full-·cene, aj. very brave. ful-lice, av. fully. full-·soÞ, aj. very true. fultum, sm. help; forces, troops. fultumian, wv. w. dat. help. funde, see findan. furÞor, av. further, more [forÞ]. fus, aj. hastening. fyllan, wv. fill, fulfil [full]. f?r, sn. fire. fyrmest, see forma. G. Gadrian, wv. gather. gÆrs, sn. grass. gafeloc, sm. missile, spear. gafol, sn. interest, profit. gamen, sn. sport. gan, sv. go. ge·gan, sv. gain, conquer. gangende, see gan. gast, sm. spirit; se halga gast, the Holy Ghost. gast-lic, aj. spiritual. ge, cj. and—ge ... ge, both ... and. ge, see Þu. gealga, sm. gallows. gear, sn. year. gearcian, wv. prepare [gearo]. geard, sm. yard, court. gearu, aj. ready. gearwian, wv. prepare. geat, sn. gate. geoguÞ, sf. youth. geomrung, sf. lamentation. geond, prp. w. acc. through, throughout. geong, aj. young. georn, aj. eager. georne, av. eagerly, earnestly. giefan, sv. 5, give. giefta, sfpl. marriage, wedding [giefan]. gieft-hus, sn. wedding-hall. gieft-lic, aj. wedding. giefu, sf. gift; grace (of God) [giefan]. gierla, sm. dress [gearu]. giernan, wv. w. gen. yearn, desire; ask [georn]. giet, av. yet; further, besides. gif, cj. if. gimm, sm. gem, jewel [Latin gemma]. gimm-stan, sm. gem, jewel. git, see Þu. gitsian, wv. covet. gitsung, sf. covetousness, avarice. glÆd, aj. glad. glÆd-lice, av. gladly. gleaw, aj. prudent, wise. glengan, wv. adorn; trim (lamp). god, sm. God. god-fÆder, sm. godfather. god-spell, sn. gospel. godspel-lic, aj. evangelical. god, aj. good—compar. betera. superl. betst. god, sn. good thing, good. gold, sn. gold. gold-hord, sn. treasure. gr?dig. aj. greedy. gr?g, aj. grey. gretan, wv. greet, salute. grindan, sv. 3, grind. grist-bitung, sf. gnashing of teeth. grymetian, wv. grunt, roar. gyldan, wv. gild [gold]. gylden, aj. golden [gold]. H. Habban, wv. have; take. had, sm. rank, condition. ge·hadod, aj. ordained, in orders, clerical [past partic. of hadian, ordain]. hÆfde, hÆfÞ, see habban. hÆftan, wv. hold fast, hold [habban]. h?lan, wv. heal [hal]. h?lend, sm. Saviour [pres. partic. of h?lan]. h?lo, sf. salvation [hal]. h?s, sf. command. hÆspe, sf. hasp. h?te, sf. heat [hat]. h?Þ, sf. heath. h?Þen, aj. heathen [h?Þ]. hal, aj. whole, sound. ge·hal, aj. whole, uninjured. halga, sm. saint. halgian, wv. hallow, consecrate. halig, aj. holy. halig-dom, sm. holy object, relic. ham, av. homewards, home. hand, sf. hand. hand-cweorn, sf. hand-mill. hangian, wv. hang, intr. [hon]. hat, aj. hot. hatan, sv. 1, command, ask—w. inf. in passive sense, heton him secgan, bade them be told ; name—passive, hatte. hatian, wv. hate. hatte, see hatan. he, prn. he. heafod, sn. head. heafod-mann, sm. head-man, ruler, chief. heah, aj. high—superl. hiehst. healdan, sv. 1, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep. healf, aj. half. healf, sf. side. hea-lic, aj. lofty [heah]. heall, sf. hall. heard, aj. hard ; strong; severe. hebban, sv. 2, raise. hefel-Þr?d, sm. web-thread, thread. hefe, sm. weight [hebban]. hefig, aj. heavy [hefe]. hell, sf. hell. ge·hende, aj. w. dat. near [hand]. heo, see he. heofon, sm. heaven—often in plur., heofona rice. heofon-lic, aj. heavenly. heold, see healdan. heord, sf. herd. heorte, sf. heart. her, av. here; hither—her·Æfter, &c., hereafter. her-be-·eastan, av. east of this. here, sm. army. here-reaf, sn. spoil. here-toga, sm. army-leader, general, chief [toga from teon]. hergian, wv. ravage, make war [here]. hergung, sf. (ravaging), warfare, war. herian, wv. praise. het, see hatan. hider, av. hither. hie, see he. hiehst, see heah. hiera, see he. ge·hieran, wv. hear. hierde, sm. shepherd [heord]. hierd-r?den, sf. guardianship. hiere, see he. ge·hier-sum, aj. w. dat. obedient [hieran]. ge·hiersum-nes, sf. obedience. him, hine, see he. hired, snm. family, household. his, see he. hit, see he. hiw, sn. hue, form. hl?dder, sf. ladder. hlÆst, sm. load. hlaf, sm. bread, loaf of bread. hlaford, sm. lord. hlisa, sm. fame. hlud, aj. loud. hl?dan, wv. make a noise, shout [hlud]. hnappian, wv. doze. ge·hoferod, aj. (past partic.), hump-backed. holt, sn. wood. hon, sv. 1, hang [hangian]. horn, sm. horn. hrÆd-lice, av. quickly. hrÆdung, sf. hurry. hraÞe, av. quickly—swa hraÞe swa, as soon as. hreod, sn. reed. hreowan, sv. 7, rue, repent. hrieman, wv. cry, call. hriÞer, sn. ox. hrof, sn. roof. hrycg, sm. back. hryre, sm. fall [hreosan]. hu, av. how. hu-meta, av. how. hund, sn. w. gen. hundred. hund, sm. dog. hund-feald, aj. hundredfold. hund-·nigontig, num. ninety. hund-·twelftig, num. hundred and twenty. hungor, sm. hunger; famine. hungrig, aj. hungry. huru, av. especially. hus, sn. house. hux-lice, av. ignominiously. hwa, prn. who. ge·hwa, prn. every one. hw?m, see hwa. hw?r, av. where—swa hw?r swa, wherever. ge·hw?r, av. everywhere. hwÆs, hwÆt, see hwa. hwÆt, interj. what! lo! well. hw?te, sm. wheat. hwÆÞer, av. cj. whether—hwÆÞer Þe, to introduce a direct question. hwÆÞre, av. however. hwanon, av. whence. hwelc, prn. which; any one, any—swa hwelc swa, whoever. ge·hwelc, prn. any, any one. hwil, sf. while, time. hwone, see hwa. hwonne, av. when. hw?, av. why. h?dan, wv. hide. hyht, sf. hope. ge·hyhtan, wv. hope. h?ran, wv. hire. I. Ic, prn. I. idel, aj. idle; useless, vain—on idel, in vain. ieg-land, sn. island. ieldan, wv. delay [eald]. ieldra, see eald. ieldran, smpl. ancestors [originally compar. of eald]. iernan, sv. 3, run; flow. ierre, aj. angry. il, sm. hedgehog. ilca, prn. same (always weak, and with the definite article). in, prp. w. dat. and acc. in, into. inc, see Þu. inn, av. in (of motion). innan, prp. w. dat. (av.) within. inne, av. within, inside. inn-gehygd, sn. inner thoughts, mind. in-to, prp. w. dat. into. Iotan, smpl. Jutes. Ir-land, sn. Ireland. Iudeisc, aj. Jewish—Þa Iudeiscan, the Jews. L. La, interj. lo!—la leof! Sir! lac, sn. gift; offering, sacrifice. ge·l?can, wv. seize. l?dan, wv. lead; carry, bring, take. lÆden, sn. Latin; language. lÆg, see licgan. l?ran, wv. w. double acc. teach; advise, suggest [lar]. ge·l?red, aj. learned [past partic. of l?ran]. l?s, av. less—Þ? l?s (Þe), cj. w. subj. lest. l?tan, sv. 1, let; leave—heo let Þa swa, she let the matter rest there. ge·l?te, sn.—wega gel?tu, pl. meetings of the roads. laf, sf. remains—to lafe beon, remain over, be left [(be)lifan]. ge·lamp, see gelimpan. land, sn. land, country. land-folc, sn. people of the country. land-here, sm. land-army. land-leode, smpl. people of the country. lang, aj. long. lange, av. for a long time, long. lang-lice, av. for a long time, long. lar, sf. teaching, doctrine. late, av. slowly, late—late on geare, late in the year. ge·laÞian, wv. invite. ge·laÞung, sf. congregation. leaf, sf. leave. ge·leafa, sm. belief, faith. ge·leaf-full, aj. believing, pious. leahtor, sm. crime, vice. leas, aj. without (expers), in compos.—less; false. leat, see lutan. lecgan, wv. lay [licgan]. ge·lendan, wv. land [land]. leo, smf. lion. leode, smpl. people. leof, aj. dear, beloved; pleasant—me w?re leofre, I would rather—[lufu]. leofode, see libban. leoht, sn. light. leoht-fÆt, sn. (light-vessel), lamp. leornian, wv. learn. leornung-cniht, sm. disciple. let, see l?tan. libban, wv. live. lic, sn. body, corpse. ge·lic, aj. w. dat. like. ge·lice, av. in like manner, alike, equally. licgan, sv. 5, lie. lic-hama, sm. body. licham-lice, av. bodily. gelician, wv. w. dat. please. liefan, wv. w. dat. allow [leaf]. ge·liefan, wv. believe [geleafa]. lif, sn. life. lifiend, see libban. lim, sn. limb, member. ge·limp, sn. event, emergency, calamity. ge·limpan, sv. 3, happen. liÞ, see licgan. locc, sm. lock of hair. lof, sn. praise; glory. ge·logian, place; occupy, furnish. ge·lom, aj. frequent, repeated. ge·lome, av. often, repeatedly. losian, wv. w. dat. be lost—him losaÞ, he loses [(for)leosan]. lucan, sv. 7, close. lufian, wv. love. lufu, sf. love [leof]. Lunden-burg, sf. London [Lundonia]. lutan, sv. 7, stoop. l?tel, aj. little. M. Ma, see micel. macian, wv. make. mÆg, swv. can, be able. mÆgen, sn. strength, capacity; virtue [mÆg]. m?gÞ, sf. family; tribe, nation; generation. ge·m?ne, aj. common. ge·m?nelic, aj. common, general. m?re, aj. famous, glorious, great (metaphorically). ge·m?re, sn. boundary, territory. m?rsian, wv. extol, celebrate [m?re]. m?rÞo, sf. glory [m?re]. mÆsse, sf. mass [Latin missa]. mÆsse-preost, sm. mass-priest. m?st, see micel. magon, see mÆg. man, indef. one [mann]. man, sn. wickedness. man-d?d, sf. wicked deed. man-full, aj. wicked. mangere, sm. merchant. mangung, sf. trade, business. manig, aj. many. manig-feald, aj. manifold. manig-fieldan, wv. multiply [manigfeald]. mann, sm. man; person. mann-cynn, sn. mankind. mann-r?den, sf. allegiance. mann-slaga, sm. manslayer, murderer [slean, slege]. mare, see micel. martyr, sm. martyr. maÞm, sm. treasure. maÞm-fÆt, sn. precious vessel. me, see ic. mearc, sf. boundary. med, sf. reward, pay. meder, see modor. menn, see mann. mennisc, aj. human [mann]. mere-grot, sr. pearl [margarita]. mergen, sm. morning [morgen]. ge·met, sn. measure; manner, way. metan, sv. 5, measure. ge·metan, wv. meet; find [gemot]. mete, sm. food—pl. mettas. micel, aj. great, much—comp. mare, ma (adv., sn., aj.), sup. m?st. micle, av. greatly, much. mid, prp. w. dat. (instr.) with—mid Þ?m Þe, cj. when. middan-geard, sm. world [literally middle enclosure]. midde, aj. mid, middle (only of time). middel, sn. middle. Middel-engle, smpl. Middle-Angles. Mierce, smpl. Mercians [mearc]. miht, sf. might, strength; virtue [mÆg]. mihte, see mÆg. mihtig, aj. mighty, strong. mil, sf. mile [Latin milia (passuum)]. mild-heort, aj. mild-hearted, merciful. ge·miltsian, wv. w. dat. have mercy on, pity [milde]. min, see ic. mis-l?dan, wv. mislead, lead astray. mis-lic, aj. various. mod, sn. heart, mind. modig, aj. proud. modig-nes, sf. pride. modor, sf. mother. molde, sf. mould, earth. mona, sm. moon. monaÞ, sm. month—pl. monaÞ [mona]. morgen, sm. morning. morÞ, sn. (murder), crime. moste, see motan. ge·mot, sn. meeting. motan, swv. may; ne mot, must not. ge·munan, swv. remember. munt, sm. mountain, hill [Latin montem]. munuc, sm. monk [Latin monachus]. murcnian, wv. grumble, complain. muÞ, sm. mouth. muÞa, sm. mouth of a river [muÞ]. ge·mynd, sf. memory, mind [gemunan]. ge·myndig, aj. w. gen. mindful. mynet, sf. coin [Latin moneta]. mynetere, sm. money-changer. mynster, sn. monastery [Latin monasterium]. N. Na, av. not, no [ = ne a]. nabban = ne habban. n?ddre, sf. snake. nÆfde, nÆfst, = ne hÆfde, ne hÆfst. n?fre, av. never [ = ne ?fre]. nÆgel, sm. nail. nÆs = ne wÆs. naht, prn. w. gen. naught, nothing [ = nan wiht]. naht-nes, sf. worthlessness, cowardice. nam, see niman. nama, sm. name. namon, see niman. nan, prn. none, no [ = ne an]. nat = ne wat. nawÞer, prn. neither [ = ne ahwÆÞer (either)]. ne, av. not—ne ... ne, neither ... not. neah, av. near; superl. niehst—Æt niehstan, next, immediately, afterwards. nearu, aj. narrow. nea-wist, sfm. neighbourhood [wesan]. nemnan, wv. name [nama]. neom = ne eom. nese, av. no. nett, sn. net. nied, sf. need. niedunga, av. needs, by necessity. niehst, see neah. nieten, sn. animal. nigon, num. nine. nigoÞa, aj. ninth. niht, sf. night. niman, sv. 4, take, capture; take in marriage, marry. nis = ne is. niÞer, av. down. niwe, aj. new. ge·nog, aj. enough. nolde = ne wolde. norÞ, av. north. NorÞhymbra-land, sn. Northumberland. NorÞ-hymbre, smpl. Northumbrians [Humbra]. norÞan-weard, aj. northward. NorÞ-menn, pl. Norwegians. nu, av. now, just now; cj. causal, now that, since. nu·giet, av. still. ge·nyht-sum-nes, sf. sufficience, abundance. nyle, = ne wile. nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon. O. Of, prp. w. dat. of, from of place, origin, privation, release, &c.; partitive, sellaÞ us of eowrum ele, some of your oil. of-·dr?dd, aj. afraid [past partic. of ofdr?dan, dread]. ofer, prp. w. dat. and acc. over; on; of time, during, throughout, over. ofer-gyld, aj. (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold. ofer-·hergian, wv. ravage, over-run. ofer-·sawan, sv. 2, sow over. offrian, wv. offer, sacrifice [Latin offerre]. offrung, sf. offering, sacrifice. of-·slean, sv. 2, slay. of-·sniÞan, sv. 6, kill [sniÞan, cut]. of-spring, sm. offspring [springan]. oft, av. often. of-·teon, sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing, deprive. of-·Þyrst, aj. thirsty [past partic. of ofÞyrstan, from Þurst]. of-·wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder. o-l?cung, sf. flattery. olfend, sm. camel [Latin elephas]. on, prp. w. dat. and acc. on; in; hostility, against, on hie fuhton; of time, in. on-·byrgan, wv. taste. on-·cnawan, sv. 1, know, recognize. on·dr?dan, sv. 1, wv. dread, fear. on-·fon, sv. 1, receive. on-·gean, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards; hostility, against. on-·gean, av. back—gewende on-gean, returned. on-ginn, sn. beginning. on-·ginnan, sv. 3, begin. on-·liehtan, wv. illuminate, enlighten [leoht]. on·liehtung, sf. illumination, light. on-·lucan, sv. 7, unlock. on-·middan, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. on-sien, sf. appearance, form. on-sund, aj. sound, whole. on-·uppan, prp. w. dat. upon. on-weald, sm. rule, authority, power; territory. on-·weg, av. away. open, aj. open. openian, wv. open, reveal, disclose. orgel-lice, av. proudly. or-m?te, aj. immense, boundless [metan]. or-sorg, aj. unconcerned, careless. oÞ, prp. w. acc. until—oÞ ÞÆt, cj. until; up to, as far as. oÞer, prn. (always strong), second; other. oÞÞe, cj. or—oÞÞe ... oÞÞe, either ... or. oxa, sm. ox. P. Papa, sm. pope [Latin papa]. pening, sm. penny. Peohtas, smpl. Picts. Philisteisc, aj. Philistine. Pihtisc, aj. Pictish [Peohtas]. plegian, wv. play. post, sm. post [Latin postis]. preost, sm. priest [Latin presbyter]. pund, sn. pound [Latin pondus]. pytt, sm. pit [Latin puteus]. R. Racenteag, sf. chains. rad, see ridan. ge·rad, sn. reckoning, account; on Þa gerad ÞÆt, on condition that. r?d, sm. advice; what is advisable, plan of action—him r?d Þuhte, it seemed advisable to him. ramm, sm. ram. rap, sm. rope. reaf, sn. robe, dress. reahte, see reccan. recan, wv. w. gen. reck, care. reccan, wv. tell, narrate. ge·recednes, sf. narrative. ge·refa, sm. officer, reeve, bailiff. regen, sm. rain. reÞe, aj. fierce, cruel. rice, aj. powerful, of high rank. rice, sn. kingdom, sovereignty, government. ricetere, sn. (ambition), pomp. ricsian, wv. rule. ridan, sv. 6, ride. riftere, sm. reaper. riht, aj. right; righteous. riht-lice, av. rightly, correctly. riht-wis, aj. righteous. riht-wisnes, sf. righteousness. rim, sm. number. riman, wv. count. rinan, wv. rain [regen]. ripan, sv. 6, reap. ripere, sm. reaper. rip-tima, sm. reaping-time, harvest. rohte, see recan. Rome-burg, sf. city of Rome. rowan, sv. 1, row. ryne, sm. course. ge·r?ne, sn. mystery. S. S?, sf. sea—dat. s?. s?d, sn. seed. sÆgde, see secgan. s?l, sm. time, occasion. ge·s?lig, aj. happy, blessed. ge·s?lig-lice, av. happily, blessedly. sÆt, s?ton, see sittan. sagol, sm. rod, staff. ge·samnian, wv. collect, assemble. samod, av. together, with. sanct, sm. saint [Latin sanctus]. sand, sf. dish of food [sendan]. sand-ceosol, sm. sand (literally sand-gravel). sar, sn. grief. sar, aj. grievous. sarig, aj. sorry, sad. sawan, sv. 1, sow. sawere, sm. sower. sawol, sf. soul. scamu, sf. shame. scand, sf. disgrace. scand-lic, aj. shameful. sceaf, sm. sheaf [scufan]. sceaf-m?lum, av. sheafwise. ge·sceaft, sf. creature, created thing. sceal, swv. ought to, must; shall. sceap, sn. sheep. sceatt, sm. (tribute); money. sceawere, sm. spy, witness. sceawian, wv. see; examine; read. sceawung, sf. seeing, examination. sceotan, sv. 7, shoot. scieppan, sv. 2, create. scieran, sv. 4, shear. scip, sn. ship. scip-here, sm. fleet. scip-hlÆst, sm. (shipload), crew. scir, sf. shire. scolde, see sceal. scop, see scieppan. scort, aj. short. scotian, wv. shoot [sceotan]. Scot-land, sn. Ireland. Scottas, smpl. the Irish. scotung, sf. shot. scrÆf, sn. cave. scrin, sn. shrine [Latin scrinium]. scrincan, sv. 3, shrink. scrud, sn. dress. scr?dan, wv. clothe [scrud]. scufan, sv. 7, push—scufan ut, launch (ship). sculon, see sceal. scuton, see sceotan. scyld, sf. guilt [sculon, sceal]. scyldig, aj. guilty. scylen, see sceal. Scyttisc, aj. Scotch [Scottas]. se, se, prn. that; the; he; who. geseah, see geseon. sealde, see sellan. seaÞ, sm. pit. Seaxe, smpl. Saxons. secan, wv. seek; visit, come to; attack. secgan, wv. say. self, prn. self. sellan, wv. give; sell. selest, av. superl. best. sendan, wv. send, send message [sand]. seo, see se. seofon, num. seven. seofoÞa, aj. seventh. seolc, sf. silk. seolcen, aj. silken. seolfor, sn. silver. ge·seon, sv. 5, see. seow, see sawan. ge·setnes, sf. narrative [settan]. settan, wv. set; appoint, institute—dom settan w. dat. pass sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan]. sibb, sf. peace. ge·sibb-sum, aj. peaceful. sie, see wesan. siefer-lice, av. purely. siefre, aj. pure. sierwung, sf. stratagem. siex, num. six. siexta, aj. sixth. siextig, num. sixty. siextig-feald, aj. sixtyfold. sige, sm. victory—sige niman, gain the victory. sige-fÆst, aj. victorious. ge·sihÞ, sf. sight; vision, dream [geseon]. sifren, aj. silver. simle, av. always. sind, see wesan. sinu, sf, sinew. sittan, sv. 5, sit; settle, stay. ge·sittan, sv. 5, take possession of. siÞ, sm. journey. siÞian, wv. journey, go. siÞÞan, av. since, afterwards; cj. when. sl?p, sm. sleep. sl?pan, sv. 1, sleep, slaga, sm. slayer. [slean, past. partic. geslÆgen]. slaw, aj. slow, slothful, dull. slean, sv. 2, strike; slay, kill. slecg, sm. hammer [slaga, slean]. slege, sm. killing [slaga, slean]. slep, see sl?pan. slog, see slean. smÆl, aj. narrow. smean, wv. consider, think; consult. smeocan, sv. 7, smoke. smeÞe, aj. smooth. snotor, aj. wise, prudent. sona, av. soon; then. sorg, sf. sorrow. soÞ, aj. true. soÞ, sn. truth. soÞ-lice, av. truly, indeed. spade, wf. spade [Latin spatha]. spr?c, sf. speech, language; conversation [sprecan]. sprecan, sv. 5, speak. sprengan, wv. (scatter); sow [springan]. springan, sv. 3, spring. sprungen, see springan. st?nen, aj. of stone [stan]. st?niht, sn. stony ground [originally adj. 'stony,' from stan]. stan, sm. stone; brick. standan, sv. 2, stand. steap, aj. steep. stede, sm. place. stefn, sf. voice. stelan, sv. 4, steal. stent, see standan. steor, sf. steering, rudder. steorra, sm. star. sticol, aj. rough. stiepel, sm. steeple [steap]. stieran, wv. w. dat. restrain [steor]. ge·stillan, wv. stop, prevent. stille, aj. still, quiet. stod, see standan. stol, sm. seat. stow, sf. place. str?t, sf. street, road [Latin strata via]. strand, sm. shore. strang, aj. strong. stredan, wv. (scatter), sow. strengÞo, sf. strength [strang]. ge·streon, sn. possession. ge·strienan, wv. gain [gestreon]. strutian, wv. strut. stycce, sn. piece. sum, prn. some, a certain (one), one; a. ge·sund, aj. sound, healthy. ge·sund-full. aj. safe and sound. sundor, av. apart. sunne, sf. sun. sunu, sm. son. suÞ, av. south, southwards. suÞan, av. from the south. suÞan-weard, aj. southward. suÞ-d?l, sm. the South. suÞerne, aj. southern. SuÞ-seaxe, smpl. South-Saxons. swa, av. so; swa, swa, as, like—swa ... swa, so ... as. swac, see swican. swa-·Þeah, av. however. swefn, sn. sleep; dream. swelc, prn. such. swelce, av. as if, as it were, as, like. sweltan, sv. 3, die. swencan, wv. afflict, molest [swincan]. sweng, sm. stroke, blow [swingan]. sweor, sm. pillar. sweora, sm. neck. sweord, sn. sword. sweord-bora, sm. sword-bearer [beran]. sweotol, aj. clear, evident. sweotolian, wv. display, show, indicate. sweotolung, sf. manifestation, sign. swerian, sv. 2, swear. swic, sm. deceit. ge·swican, sv. 6 (fail, fall short); cease (betray). swic-dom, sm. deceit [swican]. swicol, aj. deceitful, treacherous. swicon, see swican. swift, aj. swift. swigian, wv. be silent. swincan, sv. 3, labour, toil. swingan, sv. 3, beat. swingle, sf. stroke [swingan]. swipe, sm. whip. swiÞe, av. very, much, greatly, violently—cp. swiÞor, rather, more. swiÞ-lic, aj. excessive, great. swiÞre, sf. right hand [cp. of swiÞe with hand understood]. swulton, see sweltan. swuncon, see swincan. swungon, see swingan. syndrig, aj. separate [sundor]. syn-full, aj. sinful. syngian, wv. sin. synn, sf. sin. T. Tacen, sn. sign, token; miracle. tacnian, wv. signify. ge·tacnung, sf. signification, type. t?can, wv. w. dat. show; teach. talu, sf. number [getel]. tam, aj. tame. tawian, wv. ill-treat. team, sm. progeny [teon]. ge·tel, sn. number. tellan, wv. count, account—tellan to nahte, count as naught [talu]. Temes, sf. Thames [Tamisia]. tempel, sn. temple [Latin templum]. teon, sv. 7, pull, drag. teona, sm. injury, insult. teon-r?den, sf. humiliation. teÞ, see toÞ. ticcen, sn. kid. tid, sf. time; hour. tiegan, wv. tie. tieman, wv. teem, bring forth [team]. tien, num. ten. tierwe, sf. tar. tigele, wf. tile [Latin tegula]. tima, sm. time. timbrian, wv. build. ge·timbrung, sf. building. tintreg, sn. torture. tintregian, wv. torture. to, prp. w. dat. (av.) to—to abbode gesett, made abbot; time, at—to langum fierste, for a long time; adverbial, to scande, ignominiously; fitness, purpose, for—Þ?m folce (dat.) to deaÞe, to the death of the people, so that the people were killed; to Þ?m ÞÆt, cj. in order that—to ÞÆm (swiÞe) ... ÞÆt, so (greatly) ... that. to, av. too. to-·berstan, sv. 3, burst, break asunder. to-·brecan, sv. 4, break in pieces, break through. to-·bregdan, sv. 3, tear asunder. to-·cwiesan, wv. crush, bruise. to-cyme, sm. coming [cuman]. to-·dÆg, av. to-day. to-·d?lan, wv. disperse; separate, divide. to-·gÆdre, av. together. to-·geanes, prp. w. dat. towards—him togeanes, to meet him. tol, sn. tool. to-·liesan, wv. loosen [leas]. to-·middes, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. to-·teran, sv. 4, tear to pieces. toÞ, sm. tooth. to-weard, aj. future. to-·weorpan, sv. 3, overthrow, destroy. treow, sn. tree. ge·treowe, aj. true, faithful. trum, aj. strong. trymman, wv. strengthen [trum]. trymmung, sf. strengthening, encouragement. tucian, wv. ill-treat. tugon, see teon. tun, sm. village, town. twa, tw?m, see twegen. twegen, num. two. twelf, num. twelve. twentig, num. w. gen. twenty. Þ. Þa, av. cj. then; when—Þa Þa, when, while—correlative Þa ... Þa, when ... (then). Þa, Þ?m, &c., see se. Þ?r, av. there—Þ?rto, &c. thereto, to it; where—Þ?r Þ?r, correl. where. Þ?re, see se. Þ?r-rihte, av. immediately. ÞÆs, av. therefore; wherefore. ÞÆs, ÞÆt, see se. ÞÆt, cj. that. ge·Þafian, wv. allow, permit. Þa-·giet, av. still, yet. Þanc, sm. thought; thanks. Þancian, wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person, thank. Þanon, av. thence, away. Þas, see Þis. Þe, rel. prn. who—se Þe, who; av. when. Þe, see Þu. Þeah, av. cj. though, yet, however—Þeah Þe, although. Þearf, swv. need. Þearle, av. very, greatly. Þeaw, sm. custom, habit; Þeawas, virtues, morality. Þegen, sm. thane; servant. Þegnian, wv. w. dat. serve. Þegnung, sf. service, retinue. Þencan, wv. think, expect [Þanc]. Þeod, sf. people, nation. ge·Þeode, sn. language. Þeof, sm. thief. Þeos, see Þes. Þeostru, spl. darkness. Þeow, sm. servant. Þeow-dom, sm. service. Þeowian, wv. w. dat. serve. Þeowot, sn. servitude. Þes, prn. this. Þicce, aj. thick. Þicgan, sv. 5, take, receive; eat, drink. Þin, see Þu. Þing, sn. thing. Þis, Þissum, &c., see Þes. ge·poht, sm. thought. Þohte, see Þencan. Þone, see se. Þonne, av. cj. then; when; because. Þonne, av. than. Þorfte, see Þearf. Þorn, sm. thorn. Þr?d, sm. thread. Þreo, see Þrie. Þridda, aj. third. Þrie, num. three. Þrim, see Þrie. Þritig, num. thirty. Þritig-feald, aj. thirtyfold. Þrymm, sm. glory. Þu, prn. thou. Þuhte, see Þyncan. ge·Þungen, aj. excellent, distinguished. Þurh, prp. w. acc. through; causal, through, by. Þurh-·wunian, wv. continue. Þurst, sm. thirst. Þurstig, aj. thirsty. Þus, av. thus. Þusend, sn. thousand. ge·Þw?r-l?can, wv. agree. Þ?, instr. of se; av. because. Þ?fel, sm. bush. Þ?·l?s, cj. lest. Þyncan, wv. impers. w. dat. me ÞyncÞ, methinks [Þencan]. Þ?rel, sn. hole [Þurh]. U. Ufe-weard, aj. upward, at the top of. un-arimed-lic, aj. innumerable. unc, see ic. un-gecynd, aj. strange, of alien family. un-dead-lic-nes, sf. immortality. under, prp. w. dat. and acc. under. under-cyning, sm. under-king. under-·delfan, sv. dig under. under-·fon, sv. 1, receive, take. under-·gietan, sv. 5, understand. undern-tid, sf. morning-time. un-forht, aj. dauntless. un-for-molsnod, aj. (past partic.) undecayed. un-gehiersum, aj. w. dat. disobedient. un-hold, aj. hostile. un-gemetlic, aj. immense. un-mihtig, aj. weak. un-nytt, aj. useless. un-rihtlice, av. wrongly. un-rihtwis, aj. unrighteous. un-gerim, sn. countless number or quantity. un-gerim, aj. countless. un-ges?lig, aj. unhappy, accursed. un-scyldig, aj. innocent. un-tiemend, aj. barren [from pres. partic. of tieman]. un-geÞw?r-nes, sf. discord. un-gewittig, aj. foolish. up, av. up. up-ahafen-nes, sf. conceit, arrogance. up-flor, sf. (dat. sing. -a) upper floor, upper story. uppan, prp. w. dat. on, upon. urnon, see iernan. us, see ic. ut, av. out. utan, av. outside. uton, defect. verb, w. infin. let us—uton gan, let us go! W. Wacian, wv. be awake, watch. w?dla, sm. poor man. wÆl, sn. slaughter—wÆl ge·slean, make a slaughter. wÆl-hreow, aj. cruel. wÆlhreow-lice, av. cruelly, savagely. wÆlhreownes, sf. cruelty. w?pen, sn. weapon. wÆr, aj. wary. w?ron, wÆs, see wesan. wÆstm, sm. (growth); fruit. wÆter, sn. water. wÆter-scipe, sm. piece of water, water. wafung, sf. (spectacle), display. -ware, pl. (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [originally defenders, cp. werian]. wat, see witan. gewat, see gewitan. we, see ic. ge·weald, sn. power, command. wealdan, sv. 1, w. gen. rule. Wealh, sm. (pl. Wealas), sm. Welshman, Briton (originally foreigner). weall, sm. wall. weall-lim, sm. (wall-lime), cement, mortar. wearg, sm. felon, criminal [originally wolf, then proscribed man, outlaw]. weaxan, sv. 1, grow, increase. weg, sm. way, road. weg-ferende, aj. (pres. partic.) way-faring. wel, av. well. wel-willend-nes, sf. benevolence. wenan, wv. expect, think. ge·wendan, wv. turn; go [windan]. wenian, wv. accustom, wean [gewuna]. weofod, sn. altar. weorc, sn. work. weorpan, sv. 3, throw. weorÞ, sn. worth. weorÞ, aj. worth, worthy. weorÞan, sv. 3, happen; become—w. Æt spr?ce, enter into conversation. ge·weorÞan, sv. 3, impers. w. dat.—him gewearÞ, they agreed on. weorÞ-full, aj. worthy. weorÞian, wv. honour, worship; make honoured, exalt. weorÞ-lice, aj. honourably. weorÞ-mynd, sf. honour. weox, see weaxan. wepan, sv. 1, weep. wer, sm. man. werian, wv. defend [wÆr]. werod, sn. troop, army. wesan, sv. be. west, av. west. West-seaxe, smpl. West-saxons. weste, aj. waste, desolate. wid, aj. wide. wide, av. widely, far and wide. widewe, sf. widow. ge·wieldan, wv. overpower, conquer [wealdan]. wierÞe, aj. w. gen. worthy [weorÞ]. wif, sn. woman; wife. wif-healf, sf. female side. wif-mann, sm. woman. wiht, sf. wight, creature, thing. Wiht, sf. Isle of Wight [Vectis]. Wiht-ware, pl. Wight-dwellers. wilde, aj. wild. wildeor, sn. wild beast. willa, sm. will. willan, swv. will, wish; of repetition, be used to. ge·wilnian, wv. w. gen. desire. win, sn. wine. wind, sm. wind. windan, sv. 3, wind. win-geard, sm. vineyard. winnan, sv. 3, fight. ge·winnan, sv. 3, win, gain. winter, (pl. winter), sm. winter; in reckoning = year. winter-setl, sn. winter-quarters. wis, aj. wise. wis-dom, sm. wisdom. wise, sf. (wise), way. ge·wiss, aj. certain. ge·wissian, wv. guide, direct. ge·wissung, sf. guidance, direction. wiste, see witan. wit, see ic. wita, sm. councillor, sage. witan, swv. know. ge·witan, sv. 6, depart. wite, sn. punishment; torment. witega, sm. prophet. witod-lice, av. truly, indeed, and [witan]. ge·witt, sn. wits, intelligence, understanding [witan]. wiÞ, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards; along—wiÞ weg, by the road; hostility, against—fuhton wiÞ Brettas, fought with the Britons; association, sharing, &c., with; defence, against; exchange, price, for—wiÞ Þ?m Þe, in consideration of, provided that. wiÞ-·meten-nes, sf. comparison. wiÞ-·sacan, sv. 2, w. dat. deny. wiÞ-·standan, sv. 2, w. dat. withstand, resist. wlite, sm. beauty. wod, aj. mad. wod-lice, av. madly. wolde, see willan. wop, sm. weeping [wepan]. word, sn. word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report. geworden, see weorÞan. worhte, see wyrcan. woruld, sf. world. woruld-Þing, sn. worldly thing. wrecan, sv. 5, avenge. wregan, wv. accuse. ge·writ, sn. writing [writan]. writan, sv. 6, write. wudu, sm. wood. wuldor, sn. glory. wuldrian, wv. glorify, extol. wulf, sm. wolf. ge·wuna, sm. habit, custom [wunian]. wund, sf. wound. wundor, sn. wonder; miracle. wundor-lic, aj. wonderful, wondrous. wundor-lice, av. wonderfully, wondrously. wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder. ge·wunelic, aj. customary. wunian, wv. dwell, stay, continue [gewuna]. wunung, sf. dwelling. gewunnen, see gewinnan. wyrcan, wv. work, make; build; do, perform [weorc]. wyrhta, sm. worker. wyrt, sf. herb, spice; crop. wyrt-br?Þ, sm. spice-fragrance, fragrant spice. wyrtruma, sm. root. w?scan, wv. wish. Y. Yfel, aj. evil, bad. yfel, sn. evil. ymbe, prp. w. acc. around; of time, about, at. ymb-·scr?dan, wv. clothe, array. ymb-·utan, av. round about. ?terra, aj. comp. outer; superl. ?temest, outermost, last [ut]. THE END. Notes[1] Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced exactly like the corresponding short one, only lengthened. [2] Both vowels. [3] Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom. [4] So also nah = ne (not) ah. This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. |
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