[2] Ibid., p. 7.

[3] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 20, p. 7.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 20, p. 7.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 20, pp. 7-8.

[8] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 20, p. 10.

[9] Ibid., p. 34.

[10] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 20, pp. 34-35.

[11] See, ante, Vol. XVIII. pp. 259, 299.

[12] Sesiones de Cortes, 14 Nov., 1861, Vol. I. Apend. VI. al NÚm. 4, p. 7.

[13] Sesiones de Cortes, 14 Nov., 1861, Vol. I. Apend. VI. al NÚm. 4, p. 11.

[14] Ibid., p. 8.

[15] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 45, p. 3.

[16] 8 Geo. II. c. 30.

[17] 10 & 11 Vict. c. 21.

[18] Commentaries, I. 178.

[19] Triggs v. Preston: Clarke and Hall, Cases of Contested Elections in Congress, pp. 78-80.

[20] Letters to Perry and Babcock,—Report on the Memorial of Davis Hatch, pp. 90, 136: Senate Reports, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., No. 234.

[21] Digest. Lib. L. Tit. xvii.: De diversis regulis juris antiqui, 19.

[22] Elements of International Law, Part III. Ch. 2, § 6, ed. Lawrence; § 266, ed. Dana.

[23] Halleck, International Law, Ch. VI. § 9.

[24] Speech in the House of Lords, February 5, 1839: Times, Feb. 6th.

[25] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 17, p. 12.

[26] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 17, p. 104.

[27] Ibid.

[28] Senate Reports, 41st Cong. 2d Sess. No. 234, p. 63.

[29] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 17, p. 105.

[30] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 17, p. 107.

[31] Senate Reports, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., No. 234, p. 195.

[32] Senate Reports, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., No. 234, p. 186.

[33] Ibid., pp. 1-3; 7-19; 148-163; 165.

[34] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 17, p. 106.

[35] Senate Reports, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., No. 234, pp. 135-36.

[36] Ibid., p. 181.

[37] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 17, p. 108.

[38] Ibid.

[39] Ibid., pp. 109-10.

[40] Ibid., p. 111.

[41] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 17, p. 109.

[42] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, pp. 2, 3.

[43] Ibid., No. 34, p. 3; No. 45, p. 3.

[44] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 5.

[45] Ibid., No. 17, p. 79.

[46] Ibid., No. 34, p. 6.

[47] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 8.

[48] Senate Reports, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., No. 234, p. 188.

[49] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 9.

[50] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 11.

[51] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 15.

[52] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 12.

[53] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 17.

[54] Ibid., p. 19.

[55] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 19.

[56] Ibid., p. 20.

[57] Ibid., p. 22.

[58] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 23.

[59] Ibid., pp. 23-24.

[60] Ibid., p. 24.

[61] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 31.

[62] Ibid., p. 26.

[63] Ibid., p. 31.

[64] Ibid., p. 32.

[65] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 27.

[66] Executive Documents, 41st Cong., 3d Sess., Senate, No. 34, p. 14.

[67] Law of Nations, (London, 1797,) Preliminaries, §§ 18, 19.

[68] Le Louis: 2 Dodson, R., 243.

[69] Le Droit International, (Berlin et Paris, 1857,) § 27.

[70] Commentaries upon International Law, (London, 1855,) Vol. II. pp. 33-34.

[71] Law of Nations: Rights and Duties in Time of Peace, § 12, p. 11.

[72] Commentaries, Vol. I. p. 21.

[73] International Law, pp. 97-98.

[74] Writings, ed. Sparks, Vol. XI. p. 382.

[75] Elements of International Law, ed. Dana, p. 120; ed. Lawrence, p. 132.

[76] International Law, p. 338.

[77] International Law, p. 339.

[78] Ibid., p. 335.

[79] See Grotius, De Jure Belli et Pacis, tr. Whewell, (Cambridge, 1853,) Prolegomena, pp. xxxix-xl.

[80] Commentaries on the Constitution, § 1166. See also § 1512.

[81] Treaty, Art. IV.: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 17, p. 99.

[82] Federalist, No. LXIX.

[83] Federalist, No. LXIX.

[84] Ibid., No. LXXV.

[85] Commentaries on the Constitution, § 1506.

[86] Ibid., § 1507.

[87] Treaty, Art. V.: Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 202.

[88] Treaty, Art. VII.: Ibid., p. 258.

[89] Thirty Years’ View, Vol. II. p. 642.

[90] Ibid., p. 643.

[91] Senate Documents, 28th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 349, p. 10.

[92] Thirty Years’ View, Vol. II. p. 643.

[93] Executive Documents, 29th Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 4, p. 15.

[94] For this debate, and the attendant proceedings, see Congressional Globe, 42d Cong. 1st Sess., pp. 33-53.

[95] Speech in the Senate, March 27, 1871,—ante, p. 19.

[96] Mr. Fish to Mr. Moran, December 30, 1870; Recall of Minister Motley: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 11, pp. 27, seqq.

[97] Debate of March 10, 1871: Congressional Globe, p. 36, col. 2.

[98] Mr. Fish to Mr. Moran, December 30, 1870: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 11, pp. 36-37.

[99] Mr. Fish to Mr. Moran: Ex. Doc., ut supra, p. 37.

[100] Mr. Fish to Mr. Moran: Ex. Doc., ut supra, p. 37.

[101] Ibid., p. 32.

[102] Mr. Fish to Mr. Moran: Ex. Doc., ut supra, p. 34.

[103] Ante, p. 111.

[104] Report of Select Committee to investigate the alleged Outrages in the Southern States,—North Carolina: Senate Reports, 42d Cong. 1st Sess., No. 1.

[105] A case in Executive Session of the Senate, March and April, 1848, relative to the surreptitious procurement and publication of a copy of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. For some particulars of this case, see speech entitled “Usurpation of the Senate in imprisoning a Citizen,” June 15, 1860,—ante, Vol. VI. p. 90, note.

[106] Case of Woolley: Congressional Globe, 40th Cong. 2d Sess., House Proceedings, May 25 to June 11, 1868.

[107] Case of Hyatt: Ibid., 36th Cong. 1st Sess., Senate Proceedings, February 21 to June 15, 1860.

[108] Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings, and Usage of Parliament, (6th edition, London, 1868,) p. 105.

[109] Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings, and Usage of Parliament, ut supra. Stockdale v. Hansard, 9 Adolphus & Ellis, R., 114.

[110] Digest., Lib. L. Tit. XVI. Cap. 85.

[111] Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings, and Usage of Parliament, and Stockdale v. Hansard, 9 Adolphus & Ellis, ut supra.

[112] Law and Practice of Legislative Assemblies in the United States, (Boston, 1863,) § 677, p. 267.

[113] Stockdale v. Hansard, ut supra.

[114] Kielley v. Carson et als.: 4 Moore, Privy Council Cases, 63.

[115] Fenton et al. v. Hampton: 11 Moore, Privy Council Cases, 347.

[116] Ibid., 396-97.

[117] Quoting Magna Charta,—“Nec super eum [liberum hominem] ibimus, nec super eum mittemus, nisi per legale judicium parium suorum, vel per legem terrÆ.”

[118] 2 Inst., 50-51.

[119] Commentaries on the Constitution, § 1783, Vol. III. p. 661.

[120] For the proceedings in this case, see Annals of Congress, 6th Cong. 1st Sess., Senate, at the pages referred to in the Index, under the title Aurora. On the cases of Hyatt and Nugent, see, ante, pp. 132, 133, and the references there named.

[121] Vol. I. p. 448, 6th edition, London, 1850.

[122] 15 Gray’s Reports, 399.

[123] Speech, June 14, 1844: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Series, Vol. LXXV. col. 898-99.

[124] Speech, June 17, 1844: Ibid., col. 980-81.

[125] Ibid., col. 981.

[126] Speech, June 24, 1844: Hansard, 3d Series, Vol. LXXV. col. 1292.

[127] 9 Ann., cap. 10, § 40.

[128] Vol. VII. p. 7, cartoon.

[129] EncyclopÆdia Britannica, (8th edition,) arts. Britain and London: Vols. V. pp. 424-25; XIII. 659.

[130] Annual Message, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., December 5, 1870.

[131] Annual Message, 21st Cong. 1st Sess., December 8, 1829.

[132] Annual Message, 21st Cong. 2d Sess., December 7, 1830.

[133] Annual Message, 22d Cong. 1st Sess., December 6, 1831.

[134] Letter to Harmer Denny, December 2, 1838, cited in Letter of Acceptance, December 19, 1839: Niles’s Register, Vol. LV. p. 361; LVII. 379.

[135] Speech at the Dayton Convention, September 10, 1840: Niles’s Register, Vol. LIX. p. 70.

[136] Speech at Taylorsville, Hanover County, Virginia, June 27, 1840: Works, Vol. VI. p. 421.

[137] Letter to the Young Men of Philadelphia: National Intelligencer, September 26, 1842.

[138] National Intelligencer, May 2, and Boston Daily Advertiser, May 6, 1844.

[139] National Intelligencer, May 4, 1844.

[140] Congressional Globe, 39th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 932.

[141] De la DÉmocratie en AmÉrique, Tom. I. Ch. VIII., De la RÉÉlection du PrÉsident.

[142] Ibid.

[143] Discourse IV.

[144] On the subject of this picture, see Wornum, Descriptive and Historical Catalogue of the Pictures in the National Gallery, Foreign Schools, p. 288; also, Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel, Tom. IV. p. 932, art. CongrÈs De MÜnster.

[145] De Groote Schouburgh der Nederlantsche Konstschilders en Schilderessen. Gravenhage, 1753.

[146] La Calcografia propriamente detta, ossia L’Arte d’incidere in Rame coll’ Acqua-forte, col Bulino e colla Punta: Ragionamenti letti nelle adunanze dell’ I. R. Istituto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arte del Regno Lombardo-Veneto. Da Giuseppe Longhi. Vol. I. ConcernÉnte la Teorica dell’ Arte. Milano, 1830.—The death of the author the following year prevented the completion of his work; but in 1837 a supplementary volume on the Practice of the Art, by Carl Barth, appeared in connection with a translation by him of Longhi’s volume, under the title, Die Kupferstecherei oder die Kunst in Kupfer zu stechen und zu Ätzen. (No translation has been made into French or English.) This rare volume is in the Congressional Library, among the books which belonged originally to Hon. George P. Marsh, our excellent and most scholarly Minister in Italy. I asked for it in vain at the Paris Cabinet of Engravings, and also at the Imperial Library.

[147] La Calcografia, p. 31.

[148] La Calcografia, pp. 8-13.

[149] La Calcografia, p. 71.

[150] “Ich bin dazu geboren, dass ich mit den Rotten und Teufeln muss kriegen und zu Felde liegen; darum meine BÜcher viel stÜrmisch und kriegerisch sind. Ich muss die KlÖtze und StÄmme ausreuten, Dornen und Hecken wegbauen, die PlÄtzen ausfÜllen, und bin der grobe Waldrechter, der Bahn brechen und zurichten muss. Aber M. Philipps fahret sÄuberlich und stille daher, bauet und pflanzet, sÄet und begeusst, mit Lust, nachdem Gott ihm hat gegeben seine Gaben reichlich.”—Vorrede auf Philippi Melanchthonis Auslegung der Epistel an die Colosser: SÄmtliche Schriften, (Halle, 1740-53,) 1 Theil, coll. 199-200.

[151] Vite, (Firenze, 1857,) Vol. XIII. p. 39.

[152] La Calcografia, pp. 99-100, note.

[153] “Se cieca fede prestarsi dovesse alle decisioni dell’Enciclopedia metodica, noi dovremmo ammirare in Cornelio Wisscher il corifeo dell’arte nostra, dicendo essa, che gli artisti s’accordano in aggiudicargli la palma dell’incisione.”—La Calcografia, p. 144.

[154] XVI^e et XVII^e SiÈcles, p. 122.

[155] Les Homines Illustres, Tom. II. p. 97.—The excellent copy of this work in the Congressional Library belonged to Mr. Marsh. The prints are early impressions.

[156] La Calcografia, p. 116.

[157] Ibid., p. 165, note.

[158] Something in this success is doubtless due to Le Brun, whom Nanteuil translated,—especially as an earlier portrait of Pomponne by him is little regarded. But it is the engraver, and not the painter, that is praised,—thus showing the part which his art may perform.

There is much in this portrait, especially in the eyes, to suggest the late Sir Frederick Bruce, British Minister at Washington, who, when a youth in the diplomatic suite of Lord Ashburton, was called by Mr. Choate “the Corinthian part of the British Legation.”

[159] Panegyrique Funebre de Messire Pomponne de BelliÈvre, Premier President au Parlement. PrononcÉ À l’ Hostel Dieu de Paris le 17 Avril 1657, au Service solennel fait par l’ordre de Messieurs les Administrateurs. Par un Chanoine Regulier de la Congregation de France. A Paris, M. DC. LVII.—The Dedication shows this to have been the work of F. L. Alemant.

[160] “Jettent plutost de la fumÉe que de la lumiÈre”: “magis de sublime fumantem quam flammantem.”—PrÆfat. in vit. S. Malach.

[161] An application by the preacher, of the first clause of his text: “Gloria et divitiÆ in domo ejus, et justitia ejus manet in sÆculum sÆculi.”—Ps. cxi. 3, Vulg.

[162] Les Hommes Illustres, par Perrault,—cited ante, p. 337. See, Tom. II. p. 53, a memoir of BelliÈvre, with a portrait by Edelinck.

[163] La Calcografia, pp. 172, 177.

[164] La Calcografia, p. 176.

[165] Metam. Lib. II. 5.

[166] La Calcografia, pp. 165, 418.

[167] See QuatremÈre De Quincy, Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages de RaphaËl, (Paris, 1833,) pp. 193-97.

[168] Les Arts au Moyen Age et À l’Epoque de la Renaissance, par Paul Lacroix, (Paris, 1869,) p. 298.

[169] Virgil, Ecl. I. 67.

[170] Arnold Houbraken, De Groote Schouburgh der Nederlantsche Konstschilders en Schilderessen. Cited, ante, p. 331.

[171] La Calcografia, p. 209.

[172] Visits and Sketches at Home and Abroad, (London, 1834,) Vol. II. p. 188, note.

[173] Longhi, La Calcografia, p. 199.

[174] Speech in the Senate, on the Oregon Bill, June 27, 1848: Speeches, Vol. IV. pp. 507-12.

[175] Speech of Mr. Pettit, of Indiana, in the Senate, on the Nebraska and Kansas Bill, February 20, 1854: Congressional Globe, 33d Cong. 1st Sess., p. 214.

[176] Congressional Globe, 36th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 487.

[177] Crosby’s Life of Lincoln, (Philadelphia, 1865,) pp. 86, 87. Philadelphia Inquirer, February 23, 1861.

[178] Rebellion Record, Vol. I., Documents, pp. 45, 46.

[179] Address at the Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, November 19, 1863.—“Copied from the original.” Arnold’s History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery, (Chicago, 1866,) pp. 423-46.

[180] Table-Talk; The King.

[181] Essai Politique sur le Royaume de La Nouvelle Espagne, Liv. II. ch. 6.

[182] Charles Comte, TraitÉ de LÉgislation, Tom. IV., pp. 129, 445.

[183] Bouvier, Law Dictionary, (3d edit.,) art. Freeman.

[184] Corfield v. Coryell, 4 Washington, C. C. R., 381.

[185] Johnson: Prologue spoken by Mr. Garrick at the opening of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 1747.

[186] Du Contrat Social, Liv. II. ch. 11.

[187] Chronicles, (London, 1807,) Vol. I. p. 414: Description of England, Book III. ch. 16.

[188] Wintermute v. Clarke, 5 Sandford, R., 247.

[189] Law of Bailments, § 476.

[190] 2 Commentaries, 592, note.

[191] 2 Commentaries, 597, note.

[192] 2 Law of Contracts, 150.

[193] Chambers’s EncyclopÆdia, art. Inn and Innkeeper.

[194] Story, Law of Bailments, § 591.

[195] 2 Law of Contracts, 225-29.

[196] Pierce, American Railroad Law, 489.

[197] West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad Co. v. Miles; 55 Pennsylvania State R., 209 (1867).

[198]

[199] This sentiment of Equality appears also in the “Roman de la Rose,” an early poem of France, where the bodies of princes are said to be worth no more than that of a ploughman:—

[200] Romaunt of the Rose, 2187-97: Poetical Works, ed. Tyrwhitt (London, Moxon, 1843).

[201] Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, art. Servus.

[202] Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. I. p. 180.

[203] Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Ch. XL.

[204] Sismondi, History of the Italian Republic, (London, 1832,) p. 115.

[205] Boswell’s Life of Johnson, (London, 1835,) Vol. II. p. 263.

[206] Constitution, Article VI.

[207] Smith v. Gould, 2 Lord Raymond, R. 1274.

[208] Declaration of Rights, October 14, 1774: Journal of Congress, 1774-89, (1st edit.,) Vol. I. pp. 27-30.

[209] Campbell, Lives of the Chief-Justices of England, (London, 1849,) Vol. II. p. 138.

[210] Ibid., pp. 118, 135.

[211] 12 Ohio Rep., 237.

[212] Van Camp v. Board of Education of Logan: 9 Ohio State Rep., 406.

[213] 4 Ohio Rep., 354.

[214] Address of President Lincoln at Gettysburg: Ante, p. 378.

[215] Matthew, xxiii. 27.

[216] 1 Samuel, xvi. 7.

[217] Acts, xxii. 25, 26, 29.

[218] Plutarch. De Alexandri Magni sive Fortuna sive Virtute,—Orat. I.: Moralia, ed. Reiske, p. 302.

[219] Speech in the Senate, May 19, 1862: Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., pp. 2190, 2195; ante, Vol. IX. pp. 27, 70.

[220] The first seven paragraphs under the head of “Need of Additional Legislation”: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., Senate, No. 20, pp. 7, 8.

[221] Congressional Globe, 42d Cong. 2d Sess., p. 587.

[222] Ibid., Appendix, p. 4.

[223] 4 Wheaton, R., pp. 413, 421.

[224] See, ante, p. 234.

[225] For this history, see Introduction, ante, p. 205.

[226] Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV. pp. 27-29.

[227] Commentaries on the Constitution, (2d edit.,) § 1877.

[228] Ibid., § 1879.

[229] See No. for February, 1872, Vol. XXIX. pp. 189-191. Also, Parton’s Life of Jefferson, pp. 55-58.

[230] The Struggles, (Social, Financial, and Political,) of Petroleum V. Nasby, p. 71.

[231] Journey through the Upper Provinces of India, (London, 1829,) Vol. III. p. 355.

[232] Works, Vol. IV. pp. 507, 511, 512.

[233] Speech in the Senate, on the Nebraska and Kansas Bill, February 20, 1854: Congressional Globe, 33d Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 214.

[234] Works, Vol. I. pp. 214, 215.

[235] Political Debates between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas in the Campaign of 1858 in Illinois, pp. 35, 37, 52, 116, 155, 175.

[236] Ibid., p. 178.

[237] Speech on Mr. Trumbull’s Amendment to Mr. Mason’s Resolution relative to the Invasion of Harper’s Ferry by John Brown: Congressional Globe, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 100.

[238] Speech on the Admission of Georgia to Representation in Congress: Congressional Globe, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., p. 243-45.

[239] Speech, February 1, 1872: Congressional Globe, 42d Cong. 2d Sess., p. 761.

[240] Bancroft, History of the United States, Vol. VIII. p. 472.

[241] Ibid., p. 475.

[242] Works, Vol. IX. p. 420.