[2] The Equal Rights of All,—Speech on the proposed Amendment of the Constitution fixing the Basis of Representation, February 5 and 6, 1866: Ante, Vol. XIII. pp. 190-4.

[3] See article entitled “Admission of a Colored Lawyer to the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States,” February 1, 1865: Ante, Vol. XII. pp. 97, seqq.

[4] “Le domicile est l’habitation fixÉe en quelque lieu, dans l’intention d’y demeurer toujours.”—Le Droit des Gens, Liv. I. ch. 19, § 218.

[5] Senate Reports, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., No. 75, p. 2.

[6] March 16th, Mr. Revels, the recently admitted colored Senator from Mississippi, made an eloquent speech in opposition to the Bingham Amendment.

[7] American Insurance Co. v. Canter: 1 Peters, S. C. R., 542.

[8] M’Culloch v. The State of Maryland: 4 Wheaton, R., 409.

[9] “Habemus … Senatusconsultum, verumtamen inclusum in tabulis, tanquam gladium in vagina reconditum.”—Oratio I. in Catilinam, Cap. 2.

[10] Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV. p. 429.

[11] Law of Nations, Book II. ch. 12, § 197.

[12] Hamilton to Washington, April, 1793,—Cabinet Papers: Works, ed. J. C. Hamilton, (New York, 1851,) Vol. IV. p. 368.

[13] Nicomachean Ethics, Book V. ch. 10, § 7.

[14] De Æquitate, Cap. 3.

[15] Reading on the Statute of Uses: Works, ed. Spedding, (London, 1859,) Vol. VII. p. 401.

[16] Dursley v. Berkeley: 6 Vesey, Ch. R., 260.

[17] Life and Death of Sir Matthew Hale, (London, 1682,) p. 106.

[18] Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System, (2d edit., London, 1852,) p. 120.

[19] Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System, (2d edit.,) p. 134.

[20] Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, 1842, 3d Ser., Vol. LXI. coll. 909, 913; LXII. 158, 169, 1077.

[21] Contra Aristogeitonem Oratio I., ed. Reiske, (LipsiÆ, 1770,) p. 774. 15.

[22] Senate Bill, No. 793,—introduced April 15, 1870.

[23] Vol. LXIV. p. 559, October, 1839.

[24] 35 Geo. III. c. 53, § 3. Lewins, Her Majesty’s Mails, (2d edit., London, 1865,) p. 100.

[25] EncyclopÆdia Britannica, (8th edit.,) Vol. XVIII. p. 404, art. Post-Office.

[26] Burton’s Diary, (London, 1828,) Vol. II. p. 156.

[27] EncyclopÆdia Britannica, (8th edit.,) Vol. XVIII. p. 405.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid., p. 407.

[31] Epilogue to Satires, Dial. I. 136-7. Lewins, Her Majesty’s Mails, (2d edit.,) p. 111.

[32] EncyclopÆdia Britannica, (8th edit.,) Vol. XVIII. p. 407. Lewins, Her Majesty’s Mails, (2d edit.,) p. 53.

[33] Encyc. Brit., ubi supra.

[34] Commentaries, Vol. I. p. 323.

[35] Burton’s Diary, Vol. II. p. 156.

[36] Hansard’s Parliamentary History, Vol. IV. col. 163, December 17, 1660.

[37] EncyclopÆdia Britannica, (8th edit.,) Vol. XVIII. p. 405. Lewins, Her Majesty’s Mails, (2d edit.,) p. 97.

[38] Lewins, p. 100.

[39] Barber and Howe’s Historical Collections of New York, p. 290.

[40] Encyc. Brit., (8th edit.,) Vol. XVIII. p. 406.

[41] Statutes at Large, ed. Hening, Vol. I. p. 436. Encyc. Brit., (8th edit.,) Vol. XVIII. p. 406.

[42] Lord Cornbury to the Lords of Trade, June 30, 1704: Documents relative to the Colonial History of New York, ed. O’Callaghan, Vol. IV. p. 1113.

[43] EncyclopÆdia Britannica, Vol. XVIII. (8th edit.,) pp. 406, 408.

[44] Autobiography: Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. I. p. 174.

[45] Miles, History of the Post-Office: Bankers’ Magazine, (New York, 1857-58,) Vol. XII. pp. 342-3.

[46] Ibid., p. 343.

[47] Post-Office Reform, (4th edit.,) pp. 2-4.

[48] Post-Office Reform, (4th edit.,) pp. 12-14.

[49] Ibid., p. 44.

[50] Debates, June 15 and December 18, 1837: Mirror of Parliament, cited in EncyclopÆdia Britannica, (8th edit.,) Vol. XVIII. p. 411.

[51] Second Report from Select Committee on Postage, p. 349,—Minutes of Evidence, Nos. 10908, 10911: Parliamentary Papers, 1837-8, Vol. XX. Part 2.

[52] Vol. LXIV. p. 541, October, 1839.

[53] Post-Office Reform, (4th edit.,) p. 6.

[54] See the full list in Appendix (A) to Second Report.

[55] Second Report, pp. 147, 148, 149,—Minutes of Evidence, Nos. 8126, 8130, 8134.

[56] Ibid., p. 52,—Minutes of Evidence, No. 6728.

[57] Second Report, p. 305,—Minutes of Evidence, No. 10378.

[58] Debate on the Budget, July 5, 1839: Hansard, 3d Ser., Vol. XLVIII. col. 1373.

[59] Ibid., col. 1384.

[60] Speech on the Postage Duties Bill, July 22, 1839: Hansard, 3d Ser., Vol. XLIX. coll. 638-9.

[61] Speech on Uniform Penny Postage, July 12, 1839: Hansard, 3d Ser., Vol. XLIX. col. 304.

[62] Debate on the Budget, July 5, 1839: Hansard, 3d Ser., Vol. XLVIII. coll. 1408, 1409.

[63] Treasury Warrants, November 22 and December 27, 1839: Parliamentary Papers, 1840, Vol. XLIV. No. 17.

[64] Section LVI.

[65] First Report from Select Committee on Postage, p. 16,—Minutes of Evidence, No. 135: Parliamentary Papers, 1837-8, Vol. XX. Part 1.

[66] Third Report from Select Committee on Postage, p. 62: Parliamentary Papers, 1837-8, Vol. XX. Part 1.

[67] In 1839, 75,907,572; in 1840, 168,768,344: First Report of Postmaster-General, Appendix (D), p. 65: Parliamentary Papers, 1854-5, Vol. XX.

[68] Ibid., Appendix (F), p. 68.

[69] Post-Office Reform, (4th edit.,) pp. 26, 44.

[70] Third Report of Postmaster-General, Appendix (B), (D), (G), pp. 36, 38, 47: Parliamentary Papers, 1857, Vol. IV.

[71] Results of the New Postage Arrangements: Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. IV. p. 96, July, 1841.

[72] Fraser’s Magazine, September, 1862,—Vol. LXVI. p. 335.

[73] Notes of a Traveller, (London, 1842,) pp. 169, 170.

[74] For this testimony, besides the works cited above, see Lewins, Her Majesty’s Mails, (2d edit.,) pp. 198-201; and Report of Select Committee on Postage, August, 1843, pp. 12-15: Parliamentary Papers, 1843, Vol. VIII.

[75] Lewins, Her Majesty’s Mails, (2d edit.,) pp. 191-4.

[76] Report, November 16, 1869, p. 23: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 1, Part 1.

[77] Statutes at Large, Vol. I. pp. 235, 734; III. 264; IV. 105; V. 733; IX. 588; X. 641-2; XII. 705-6; XIII. 505, 507.

[78] Ibid., Vol. V. p. 749; XVI. 783, 833, 869.

[79] Ibid., Vol. XVI. p. 872. Report of Postmaster-General, Nov. 15, 1869, p. 14.

[80] Statutes at Large, Vol. XIII. p. 337; XVI. 1096. Report of the Postmaster-General, December 3, 1868, p. 18.

[81] Act, July 1, 1864, Sec. 8: Statutes at Large, Vol. XIII. p. 337.

[82] History of the Post-Office: Bankers’ Magazine, (New York,) December, 1857, Vol. XII. p. 443.

[83] Hill, Post-Office Reform, (4th edit.,) p. 70.

[84] Tower Armories: Parliamentary Papers, 1837-8, No. 478, Vol. XXXVI.; 1839, No. 209, Vol. XXX.; 1840, No. 185, Vol. XXIX.; 1841, No. 243, Vol. XIII.; 1845, No. 576, Vol. XLV.

[85] Post-Office Reform, (4th edit.,) p. 70.

[86] First Report of Postmaster-General, App. (D), p. 65; Fourteenth ditto, p. 5: Parliamentary Papers, 1854-5, Vol. XX.; 1867-8, Vol. XXII.

[87] Gentleman’s Magazine, April, 1815, Vol. LXXXV. Part I. p. 310: Of the Office of Postmaster-General, 1677.

[88] Speech in the Senate, February 8, 1845.

[89] Report of Postmaster-General, December 1, 1845: Executive Documents, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 2, p. 855.

[90] Report, December 7, 1846: Ex. Doc., 29th Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 4, p. 682.

[91] Report, December 6, 1847: Ex. Doc., 30th Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 8, p. 1314.

[92] Report, December 3, 1849: Ex. Doc., 31st Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 5, p. 776.

[93] Miles, Postal Reform, (New York, 1855,) § 34, pp. 25-27; also, History of the Post-Office,—Bankers’ Magazine, (New York,) November, 1857, Vol. XII. p. 364.

[94] Miles, ubi supra.

[95] Letters from Postmaster-General, February 26 and May 21, 1870: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 53, p. 8, and No. 86, p. 2.

[96] See, ante, p. 88.

[97] Report of Postmaster-General, November 15, 1869, pp. 104-5: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 1.

[98] Speech on the Postage Bill, February 7, 1845: Congressional Globe, 28th Cong 2d Sess., p. 258.

[99] First Report from Select Committee on Postage, p. 13,—Minutes of Evidence, No. 114: Parliamentary Papers, 1837-8, Vol. XX. Part 1.

[100] Lewins, Her Majesty’s Mails, (2d edit.,) p. 172, note.

[101] Third Report from Select Committee on Postage, p. vi: Parliamentary Papers, 1837-8, Vol. XX. Part 1.

[102] Second Report of Select Committee on Postage, p. 149,—Minutes of Evidence, Nos. 8134, 8135: Parliamentary Papers, 1837-8, Vol. XX. Part 2.

[103] Second Report of Select Committee on Postage, p. 303,—Minutes of Evidence, No. 10362: Parliamentary Papers, 1837-8, Vol. XX. Part 2.

[104] Ibid., Minutes of Evidence, No. 10363.

[105] Second Report of Select Committee on Postage, p. 303,—Minutes of Evidence, No. 10364.

[106] Ante, p. 87.

[107] Letters of Postmaster-General, February 26 and May 21, 1870: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 53, p. 8, and No. 86, p. 2.

[108] Reports of Postmaster-General, December 3, 1868, p. 2, and November 15, 1869, p. 3: Executive Documents, H. of R., No. 1, 40th Cong. 3d Sess., and 41st Cong. 2d Sess.

[109] Report of the Postmaster-General, November 15, 1869, p. 27.

[110] For example, on letters of one half-ounce weight or under, the rate for distances not exceeding five hundred miles was made five cents, and for greater distances ten cents.—Act to prescribe the Rates of Postage, February 23, 1861; Statute I. Ch. 13: Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, (Richmond, 1864,) p. 34.

[111] Report of Mr. Fish, Secretary of State, March 10, 1870, with Copy of Convention, November 8, and Letter from Mr. Reed to Mr. Cass, November 10, 1858: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 58, pp. 3, 14-17.

[112] Executive Documents, ut supra, p. 14. Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 1081.

[113] Executive Documents, ut supra, p. 16.

[114] Executive Documents, ut supra, pp. 16, 17.

[115] Ibid., p. 20.

[116] Executive Documents, ut supra, p. 18.

[117] Statutes at Large, Vol. XI. p. 408.

[118] Statutes at Large, Vol. XV. p. 440.

[119] Executive Documents, ut supra, p. 3.

[120] Ibid.

[121] Executive Documents, 36th Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 1, p. 18.

[122] Executive Documents, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 1, p. 5.

[123] See Appendix (A).

[124] Diplomatic Correspondence, 1862-3, pp. 843-6: Executive Documents, 37th Cong. 3d Sess., H. of R., No. 1, Vol. I.

[125] Diplomatic Correspondence, 1864-5, Part 3, pp. 346-8: Executive Documents, 38th Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 1, Vol. III.

[126] Mr. Burlingame to Mr. Seward, May 19, 1862: Diplomatic Correspondence, 1862-3, p. 844.—This disposition of the surplus appears to have been first suggested as early as November, 1860, in an informal communication to Mr. Cass from Mr. S. Wells Williams, the accomplished Chinese scholar, and interpreter to the U. S. Legation in China. The outlines of the plan there mentioned were afterwards more fully developed in Mr. Burlingame’s dispatches.

[127] Mr. Burlingame to Mr. Seward, May 19, 1862: Diplomatic Correspondence, 1862-3, p. 845.

[128] Ibid.

[129] Appendix (B).

[130] Executive Documents, 40th Cong. 3d Sess., H. of R., No. 29, p. 4.

[131] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 58, p. 3.

[132] Executive Documents, 40th Cong. 3d Sess., H. of R., No. 29, p. 3.

[133] Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 58, p. 3.

[134] Speech, June 11, 1852: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. CXXII. col. 494.

[135] Speech, June 4, 1861: Ibid., Vol. CLXIII. col. 579.

[136] MÉmoire À consulter et Consultation concernant l’IndemnitÉ due au Baron de Bode, Londres, 1845. De Bode vs. The Queen, 3 House of Lords Cases, 449. Reports from Select Committees of House of Lords in 1852 and House of Commons in 1861 on Petitions of the Baron de Bode: Parliamentary Papers, 1860, Vol. XXII. No. 482, and 1861, Vol. XI. No. 502.

[137] Mr. Reed to Mr. Cass, November 10, 1858: See ante, p. 119.

[138] Mr. Williams to Mr. Burlingame, October 1, 1863: Diplomatic Correspondence, 1865-6, Part 2, pp. 411-12: Executive Documents, 39th Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 1.

[139] Mr. Burlingame to Mr. Richardson, September 3, 1864,—Claims against China, p. 211: Executive Documents, 40th Cong. 3d Sess., H. of R., No. 29.

[140] Mr. Burlingame to Mr. Seward, May, 1865,—Diplomatic Correspondence, 1865-6, Part 2, p. 442: Executive Documents, 39th Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 1.

[141] Claims against China, p. 173: Executive Documents, 40th Cong. 3d Sess., H. of R., No. 29.

[142] Ibid., p. 10.

[143] Ibid., pp. 9, 10.

[144] Claims against China, p. 13; see also pp. 172-182: Executive Documents, 40th Cong. 3d Sess., H. of R., No. 29.

[145] Mr. Burlingame to Mr. Seward,—Diplomatic Correspondence, 1865-6, Part 2, p. 406: Executive Documents, 39th Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 1.

[146] Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, edited by his Son, (5th edit., London, 1852,) p. 243.

[147] Memoirs, (5th edit.,) p. 245.

[148] Ibid., p. 243.

[149] See Congressional Globe, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., Part VI. p. 5155.

[150] Case of Rev. Samuel Harrison, April 23, 1864: Official Opinions of the Attorneys-General, Vol. XI. pp. 37-43.

[151] Speech at Bloomington, Ill., July 16, 1858: Political Debates between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas in the Campaign of 1858 in Illinois, (Columbus, 1860,) p. 35.

[152] Speech at Springfield, Ill., July 17, 1858: Political Debates, p. 52.

[153] Speech at Springfield, Ill., July 17, 1858: Political Debates, p. 63.

[154] Speech at Alton, Ill., October 15, 1858: Political Debates, p. 225.

[155] Crosby’s Life of Lincoln, p. 33.

[156] Ibid., p. 86.

[157] Crosby’s Life of Lincoln, p. 87.

[158] For more of the letter in question, and the circumstances which gave occasion to it, see, ante, Vol. IV. pp. 151-3.

[159] “Puro pioque duello.”—HistoriÆ, Lib. I. cap. 32.

[160] “Arte duellica.”—Epidicus, Act. III. Sc. iv. 14.

[161] “Vacuum duellis.”—Carmina, Lib. IV. xv. 8.

[162] La tres joyeuse, plaisante et recreative Hystoire, composÉe par le Loyal Serviteur, des Faiz, Gestes, Triumphes et Prouesses du Bon Chevalier sans Paour et sans Reprouche, le Gentil Seigneur de Bayart: Petitot, Collection des MÉmoires relatifs À l’Histoire de France, Tom. XV. pp. 241, 242.

[163] Table-Talk, ed. Singer, (London, 1856,) p. 47,—Duel.

[164] Robertson, History of the Reign of Charles V.: View of the Progress of Society in Europe, Section I. Note XXII.

[165] Coxe, History of the House of Austria, (London, 1820,) Ch. XIX., Vol. I. p. 378.

[166] Acte pour la Constitution fÉdÉrative de l’Allemagne du 8 Juin 1815, Art. 11: Archives Diplomatiques, (Stuttgart et Tubingue, 1821-36,) Vol. IV. p. 15.

[167] Journal Officiel du Soir, 3 Juillet 1870.

[168] Journal Officiel du Soir, 2 Juillet 1870.

[169] Ibid., 8 Juillet.

[170] Ibid.

[171] Ibid.

[172] Bismarck to Bernstorff, July 19, 1870, with Inclosures: Parliamentary Papers, 1870, Vol. LXX.,—Franco-Prussian War, No. 3, pp. 5-8. Gerolt to Fish, August 11, 1870, with Inclosures: Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., H. of R., Vol. I. No. 1, Part 1,—Foreign Relations, pp. 219-221. The reader will notice that the copy of the Telegram in this latter volume is the paper on p. 221, with the erroneous heading, “Count Bismarck to Baron Gerolt.”

[173] Bismarck to Bernstorff, July 18, and to Gerolt, July 19, 1870: Parliamentary Papers and Executive Documents, Inclosures, ubi supra.

[174] Journal Officiel du Soir, 17 Juillet 1870.

[175] “De ce jour commence pour les ministres mes collÈgues, et pour moi, une grande responsibilitÉ. [“Oui!” À gauche.] Nous l’acceptons, le coeur lÉger.”

[176] For the full debate, see the Journal Officiel du Soir, 17 Juillet 1870, and SupplÉment.

[177] Earl Granville to Lords Lyons and Loftus, July 15, 1870,—Correspondence respecting the Negotiations preliminary to the War between France and Prussia, p. 35: Parliamentary Papers, 1870, Vol. LXX.

[178] Lord Lyons to Earl Granville, July 15, 1870,—Correspondence respecting the Negotiations preliminary to the War between France and Prussia, pp. 39, 40: Parliamentary Papers, 1870, Vol. LXX.

[179] See references, ante, p. 19, Note 1. For this telegram in the original, see Aegidi und Klauhold, Staatsarchiv, (Hamburg, 1870,) 19 Band, s. 44, No. 4033.

[180] Journal Officiel du Soir, 17 Juillet 1870.

[181] Ibid., 20 Juillet.

[182] Ibid., 23 Juillet.

[183] Substance of Speech of Bismarck to the Reichstag, [July 20, 1870,] explanatory of Documents relating to the Declaration of War,—Franco-Prussian War, No. 3, p. 29: Parliamentary Papers, 1870, Vol. LXX. Discours du Comte de Bismarck au Reichstag, le 20 Juillet 1870: Angeberg, [Chodzko,] Recueil des TraitÉs, etc., concernant la Guerre Franco-Allemande, Tom. I. p. 215.

[184] Aegidi und Klauhold, Staatsarchiv, 19 Band, s. 107, No. 4056. Parliamentary Papers, 1870, Vol. LXX.: Franco-Prussian War, No. 3, pp. 2-3.

[185] For the foregoing statistics, see Almanach de Gotha, 1870, under the names of the several States referred to,—also, for Areas and Population, Tableaux Comparatifs, I., II., III., in same volume, pp. 1037-38.

[186] “So wie die Franzosen die Herren des Landes sind, die EnglÄnder die des grÖssern Meeres, wir die der Beide und Alles umfassenden Luft sind.”—Richter, (Jean Paul,) Frieden-Predigt an Deutschland, V.: SÄmmtliche Werke, (Berlin, 1826-38,) Theil XXXIV. s. 13.

[187] Conversations-Lexikon, (Leipzig, 1866,) 8 Band, art. Hohenzollern. Carlyle’s History of Friedrick II., (London, 1858,) Book III. Ch. 1, Vol. I. p. 200.

[188] Antoinette, daughter of Étienne Murat, third brother of Joachim.—Biographie GÉnÉrale, (Didot,) Tom. XXXVI. col. 984, art. Murat, note.

[189] Almanach de Gotha, 1870, pp. 85-87, art. Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.

[190] Address at the Palais de Saint-Cloud, July 16, 1870: Journal Officiel du Soir, 18 Juillet 1870.

[191] Hume, History of England, Ch. LXV., March 17, 1672.—The terms of the Declaration on this point were,—“Scarce a town within their territories that is not filled with abusive pictures.” (Hansard’s Parliamentary History, Vol. IV. col. 514.) Upon which Hume remarks: “The Dutch were long at a loss what to make of this article, till it was discovered that a portrait of Cornelius de Witt, brother to the Pensionary, painted by order of certain magistrates of Dort, and hung up in a chamber of the Town-House, had given occasion to the complaint. In the perspective of this portrait the painter had drawn some ships on fire in a harbor. This was construed to be Chatham, where De Witt had really distinguished himself,” during the previous war, in the way here indicated,—“the disgrace” of which, says Lingard, “sunk deep into the heart of the King and the hearts of his subjects.”—History of England, Vol. IX. Ch. III., June 13, 1667.

[192] Briefe der Prinzessin Elisabeth Charlotte von Orleans an die RaugrÄfin Louise, 1676-1722, herausg. von W. Menzel, (Stuttgart, 1843,)—Paris, 31 Mertz, 1718, s. 288.

[193] MÉmoires, (Paris, 1829,) Tom. VII. pp. 49-51; XIII. pp. 9-10.

[194] Merry Wives of Windsor, Act V. Sc. 5.

[195] Queen of Corinth, Act IV. Sc. 3.

[196] Milton, Il Penseroso, 97-98.

[197] History of England, (Oxford, 1826,) Ch. XVI., Vol. II. p. 407.

[198] Sismondi, Histoire des FranÇais, Tom. XVI. pp. 241-42. Martin, Histoire de France, (4Ème Édit.,) Tom. VIII. pp. 67, 68.

[199] History of England, (Oxford, 1826,) Ch. XXIX., Vol. IV. p. 51.

[200] Sismondi, Tom. XVI. p. 277. Martin, Tom. VIII. p. 90.

[201] Paradise Lost, Book I. 25-26.

[202] SÉance du 26 Septembre 1848: Moniteur, 27 Septembre.

[203] A ses Concitoyens: Œuvres, Tom. III. p. 25.

[204] SÉance du 20 DÉcembre 1848: Moniteur, 21 DÉcembre.

[205] A member of the secret society of the Carbonari in Italy.

[206] Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self: Essay XXIII.

[207] Matthew, xxvi. 52.

[208] SiÈcle de Louis XIV., Ch. XIV.: Œuvres, (Édit. 1784-89,) Tom. XX. p. 406.

[209] Histoire des FranÇais, Tom. XXV. pp. 452-53.

[210] Circular of September 16, 1870: Foreign Relations of the United States,—Executive Documents, 41st Cong. 3d Sess., H. of R., Vol. I. No. 1, Part 1, pp. 212-13.

[211] Circular of September 16, 1870,—ubi supra, p. 49, Note 1.

[212] Voltaire, SiÈcle de Louis XIV., Ch. XIV.: Œuvres, (Édit. 1784-89,) Tom. XX. p. 403.

[213] De Jure Belli et Pacis, tr. Whewell, Lib. II. Cap. 6, § 4.

[214] De Jure NaturÆ et Gentium, Lib. VIII. Cap. 5, § 9.

[215] Le Droit des Gens, Liv. I. Ch. 21, § 264.

[216] Almanach de Gotha, 1870, p. 599.

[217] Utopia, tr. Burnet, (London, 1845,) Book I. pp. 29, 30.

[218] Brougham, Lives of Men of Letters, (London and Glasgow, 1856,) p. 59,—Voltaire. See also Voltaire, MÉmoires pour servir À la Vie de, Écrits par lui-mÊme, (Édit. 1784-89,) Tom. LXX. p. 279; also FrÉdÉric II., Histoire de mon Temps, Œuvres Posthumes, (Berlin, 1789,) Tom. I. Part. I. p. 78.

[219] MÉmoires, Tom. II. p. 133.

[220] “Nicht durch Reden und MajoritÄtsbeschlÜsse werden die grossen Fragen der Zeit entschieden,—das ist der Fehler von 1848 und 1849 gewesen,—sondern durch Eisen und Blut.”—Aeusserungen in der Budgetkommission, September, 1862.

[221] Vapereau, Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains.

[222] “Plurimis ac valentissimis nationibus cincti, non per obsequium, sed proeliis et periclitando tuti sunt.”—Germania, Cap. XL.

[223] J. J. Rousseau, Extrait du Projet de Paix PerpÉtuelle de M. l’AbbÉ de Saint-Pierre; avec Lettre À M. de Bastide, et Jugement sur la Paix PerpÉtuelle: Œuvres, (Édit. 1788-93,) Tom. VII. pp. 339-418.

[224] Observations sur le Projet d’une Paix PerpÉtuelle de M. l’AbbÉ de Saint-Pierre: Opera, ed. Dutens, (GenevÆ, 1768,) Tom. V. p. 56.

[225] Der ewige und allgemeine Friede in Europa, nach dem Entwurf Heinrichs IV.

[226] Neues StaatsgebÄude.

[227] Ueber das unvermeidliche Unrecht.

[228] Zum ewigen Frieden.

[229] Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbÜrgerlicher Absicht.

[230] Metaphysische AnfangsgrÜnde der Rechtslehre.

[231] Victor Hugo, Discours d’Ouverture du CongrÈs de la Paix À Paris, 21 AoÛt 1849: Treize Discours, (Paris, 1851,) p. 19.

[232] Grundlage des Naturrechts.

[233] La SolidaritÉ, 25 Juin 1870,—as cited by Testu, L’Internationale, (7Ème Édit.,) p. 275.

[234] The General Council of the International Working-Men’s Association on the War, (London, July 23, 1870,) p. iv.

[235] Testu, L’Internationale, pp. 279-80. The General Council of the International Working-Men’s Association on the War, p. ii.

[236] Testu, pp. 284-85. The General Council, etc., p. iii.

[237] The General Council of the International Working-Men’s Association on the War, p. iii.

[238] Ibid.

[239] Herald of Peace for 1870, September 1st, pp. 101-2.

[240] Ibid., October 1st, p. 125.

[241] Herald of Peace for 1870, October 1st, p. 125.

[242] See, ante, p. 181.

[243] “Nous deffendons À tous les batailles par tout nostre demengne, … et en lieu des batailles nous meton prÜeves de tesmoins.… Et ces batailles nous ostons en nostre demaigne À toÛjours.”—Recueil GÉnÉral des Anciennes Lois FranÇaises, par Jourdan, etc., (Paris, 1822-33,) Tom. I. pp. 283-90.

[244] “Crudele gladiatorum spectaculum et inhumanum nonnullis videri solet: et haud scio an ita sit, ut nunc fit.”—TusculanÆ QuÆstiones, Lib. II. Cap. XVII. 41.

[245] Suetonius: Titus, Cap. IX. Merivale, History of the Romans under the Empire, (London, 1862,) Ch. LX., Vol. VII. p. 56.

[246] St. Telemachus, A. D. 404. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. Milman, (London, 1846,) Ch. XXX., Vol. III. p. 70. Smith, Dict. Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Myth., art. Telemachus.

[247] Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ubi supra.

[248] Scene after the Battle of Sedan: Herald of Peace for 1870, October 1st, p. 121.

[249] De l’Esprit des Lois, Liv. XI. Ch. 6.

[250] “La France se perdra par les gens de guerre.”—PensÉes Diverses,—VariÉtÉs: Œuvres MÉlÉes et Posthumes, (Paris, 1807, Didot,) Tom. II. p. 138.

[251] Almagest, ed. et tr. Halma, (Paris, 1816-20,) Tom. II. pp. 72, 73.

[252] Naturales QuÆstiones, Lib. I. Cap. 1.

[253] Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Antiquitates RomanÆ, Lib. IV. Capp. 59-61.

[254] Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to China, and Residence in Peking, in 1820-21, by George Timkowski, Vol. I. pp. 460-64.

[255] See the New York Times of August 11, 1870, where the reputed prophecy is cited in these terms, in a letter of the 27th July from the London correspondent of that journal, with remarks indicating an expectation of its fulfilment in the results of the present war. This famous saying has been variously represented; but the following are its original terms, as recorded at the time by Las Cases, to whom it was addressed in conversation, and as authenticated by the Commission appointed by Louis Napoleon for the collection and publication of the matters now composing the magnificent work entitled “Correspondance de NapolÉon I^er”:—

“Dans l’État actuel des choses, avant dix ans, toute l’Europe peut Être cosaque, ou toute en rÉpublique.”—Las Cases, MÉmorial de Sainte-HÉlÈne, (RÉimpression de 1823 et 1824,) Tom. III. p. 111,—Journal, 18 Avril 1816. Correspondance de NapolÉon I^er, (Paris, 1858-69,) Tom. XXXII. p. 326.

[256] Columbian Centinel, June 18, 1825.

[257] Address at the Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, November 19, 1863: McPherson’s Political History of the United States during the Great Rebellion, p. 606.

[258] “The cause of Liberty in Italy needs the word of the United States Government, which would be more powerful in its behalf than that of any other.”—Message to Mr. Sumner from Caprera, May 24, 1869.

[259] Statutes at Large, Vol. XI. pp. 52-65.

[260] The Select Committee appointed to investigate the Memorial of Davis Hatch.—See Senate Reports, 41st Cong. 2d Sess., No. 234.

[261] Senate Reports, ut supra, p. 188.

[262] Ollivier: Debate in the Corps LÉgislatif, July 15, 1870, previous to the Declaration of War against Prussia.—Journal Officiel du Soir, 17 Juillet 1870.

[263] Dana’s edition. Lawrence, 2d edit., pp. 455-56.

[264] Dana’s edition. Lawrence, 2d edit., p. 884.

[265] See Message to the House of Representatives, March 28, 1860, and the Report thereon: House Journal, p. 620; Reports of Committees, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 394.

[266] “Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos.”—Æneid, VI. 853.

[267] Sonetto XXXVII.

[268] De Oratore, Lib. II. Cap. 20.