[1] Ante, Vol. I. pp. 314, 315.

[2] Sermo CCXCIX. § 6: Opera, ed. Benedict., (Paris, 1836-39,) Tom. V. col. 1785.

[3] History of the World, Book V. ch. I: Works, (Oxford, 1829,) Vol. VI. p. 4.

[4] Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England, Book II.: Works, (London, 1851,) Vol. III. p. 55.

[5] Essay upon the Original and Nature of Government: Miscellanea, Part I.: Works, (London, 1720,) Vol. I. p. 100.

[6] “La totalitÉ des personnes nÉes ou naturalisÉes dans un pays, et vivant sous un mÊme gouvernement.”

[7] Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. Milman, (London, 1846,) Ch. II. Vol. I. p. 37.

[8] See his Essay, as amplified in the successive editions, variously entitled, “The National Polity is the Normal Type of Modern Government: A Fragment”; “Nationalism: A Fragment of Political Science”; and “Fragments of Political Science on Nationalism and Inter-Nationalism”: the first two without date,—the last, New York, 1868.

[9] Menenius Agrippa. Livii Hist. Lib. II. c. 32.

[10] Journal of the House of Representatives, p. 133, October 24, 1765. Hutchinson’s History of Massachusetts, Vol. III. p. 472.

[11] Hazard’s Historical Collections, Vol. II. p. 2. Palfrey’s History of New England, Vol. I. p. 624.

[12] Winthrop, History of New England, ed. Savage, Vol. II. p. 100.

[13] Ibid., p. 160.

[14] Plan of Union: Franklin’s Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. III. pp. 36, seqq.

[15] Bancroft, History of the United States, Vol. IV. p. 126.

[16] Franklin to Governor Shirley, December 22, 1754: London Chronicle, Feb. 6-8, 1766, Vol. XIX. p. 133; London Magazine, Feb. 1766, Vol. XXXV. p. 95. See also Franklin’s Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. III. p. 66.

[17] Wells’s Life of Samuel Adams, Vol. II. pp. 90, 94.

[18] Ibid., p. 94.

[19] Journals of Congress, October 14, 1774, Vol. I. pp. 28, 29.

[20] The Federalist, ed. J. C. Hamilton, Historical Notice, pp. xii, xiv, lix.

[21] Wordsworth, The Excursion, Book IV. 138, 139.

[22] Letter to Jefferson, November 12, 1813: Works, Vol. X. p. 79.

[23] Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from several of the New England States, held at Boston, August 3-9, 1780: edited from an original MS. Record in the New York State Library, with an Introduction and Notes, by Franklin B. Hough, Albany, 1867, pp. 50, 51.

[24] Address and Recommendations to the States by the United States in Congress assembled, (Philadelphia, 1783,) p. 9. Journal of Congress, April 26, 1783, Vol. VIII. pp. 194, seqq.

[25] Writings of Washington, ed. Sparks, Vol. VIII. pp. 567, 568, Appendix.

[26] Ibid., pp. 441, 443.

[27] Ibid., pp. 504, 505.

[28] Resolution of Congress, October 10, 1780: Journal, Vol. VI. p. 215.

[29] The Federalist, ed. J. C. Hamilton, Historical Notice, pp. xxii, lviii.

[30] Ibid., p. xxiv.

[31] Resolutions, July 21, 1782: Hamilton’s Works, ed. J. C. Hamilton, Vol. II. pp. 201-204.

[32] Journal, February 21, 1787, Vol. XII. p. 17.

[33] Sketches of American Policy, (Hartford, 1785,) Part IV. See also Introduction to Debates in the Federal Convention: Madison Papers, Vol. II. p. 708.

[34] Life, by his Son, William Jay, Vol. I. pp. 249, 250. See also Letter to John Lowell, May 10, 1785: Ibid., p. 190.

[35] See, ante, p. 274.

[36] Letter to Edmund Randolph, April 8, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. II. pp. 631, 632.

[37] Writings, ed. Sparks, Vol. IX. pp. 187, 188.

[38] Letter to John Jay, March 10, 1787: Life of Jay, by his Son, Vol. I. p. 259.

[39] Debates, May 30, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. II. p. 748.

[40] Debates, July 7th: Ibid., p. 1049.

[41] Debates, July 5th: Ibid., p. 1030.

[42] Debates, June 19, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. II. pp. 904, 905.

[43] Debates, June 7th: Ibid., p. 817.

[44] Debates, June 19th: Ibid., p. 907.

[45] Debates, June 29th: Ibid., p. 995.

[46] Debates, June 30th: Ibid., p. 1010; see also p. 1011.

[47] March 16, 1785: Journal, Vol. X. p. 79.

[48] Debates, June 25th: Madison Papers, Vol. II. pp. 946, 950.

[49] Journal of Congress, September 28, 1787, Vol. XII. p. 165.

[50] Works of Daniel Webster, Vol. III. p. 474.

[51] Elliot’s Debates, (2d edit.,) Vol. III. p. 29.

[52] Elliot’s Debates, Vol. III. p. 22.

[53] Ibid., p. 44.

[54] Hamilton’s History of the National Flag of the United States, p. 55.

[55] Ibid., pp. 65, 66.

[56] Hamilton’s History of the National Flag, p. 30.

[57] Ibid., p. 110.

[58] For the original of these devices see the Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754; copies of the others are presented in Hamilton’s History of the National Flag, Plate II.

[59] Hamilton’s History of the National Flag, pp. 72-79.

[60] The Thracians: Herodotus, Lib. V. c. 3.

[61] Dr. Francis Lieber, who narrated the incident to Mr. Sumner.

[62] Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding, Book III. ch. 2, § 8.

[63] Cratylus, 389 A.

[64] Diary of John Adams: Works, Vol. II. p. 367.

[65] Journal, June 17, 1775, Vol. I. p. 122.

[66] Writings, ed. Sparks, Vol. III. p. 491, Appendix.

[67] Letter to the President of Congress, December 20, 1776: Ibid., Vol. IV. p. 236.

[68] See, ante, p. 31.

[69] Journal of Congress, September 28, 1787, Vol. XII. p. 165.

[70] Writings, ed. Sparks, Vol. XII. p. 218.

[71] Isaiah, xl. 26.

[72] Revelation, iii. 12.

[73] Job, xxxviii. 35.

[74] Geographica, Lib. IV. cap. 1, §§ 2, 14.

[75] Marlow, Edward the Second, Act V. Sc. 1.

[76] Proclamation, December 10, 1832: Executive Documents, 22d Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 45, p. 85.

[77] Speech in the Senate, in Reply to Mr. Simmons, of Rhode Island, February 20, 1847: Works, Vol. IV. pp. 358, 357.

[78] Section 24.

[79] Address at the Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, November 19, 1863: McPherson’s Political History of the United States during the Rebellion, p. 606.

[80] From a toast by Charles P. Sumner at the State Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of American Independence, in the Doric Hall of the State House in Boston, July 4, 1826.

[81] Note to § 776, Vol. I. pp. 433, 434, 3d edit.

[82] Act to prescribe an Oath of Office, July 2, 1862: Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 502.

[83] Pleas of the Crown, Vol. I. p. 484.

[84] 3 Institutes, p. 139.

[85] Criminal Law, Vol. I. § 652.

[86] Ibid., § 655.

[87] Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 112.

[88] Catilina, Cap. XXXIX.

[89] Bramston, The Art of Politics, 162-165. See, ante, Vol. VI. p. 350; Vol. XI. p. 6

[90] View of the Constitution, (Philadelphia, 1825,) Chap. XXI. p. 206.

[91] Commentaries on the Constitution, § 775, Vol. II. p. 247.

[92] Second edition (Philadelphia, 1829).

[93] See, post, p. 93.

[94] Madison Papers, Vol. III. pp. 1572, 1573.

[95] Elliot’s Debates, (2d edit.,) Vol. III. p. 498.

[96] See, ante, Vol. XIV. pp. 15, seqq.

[97] Lex Parliamentaria Americana: Elements of the Law and Practice of Legislative Assemblies in the United States, (2d edit.,) § 302.

[98] Trial of Judge Peck, Appendix, p. 499.

[99] 4 Institutes, pp. 14, 15.

[100] Commentaries, Vol. I. p. 181.

[101] Speech on Conciliation with America, March 22, 1775: Works, (Boston, 1866-67,) Vol. II. p. 125. Besides the importations into the Colonies from England, where, according to Lowndes, no less than six editions had been published prior to the date of this speech, an edition was printed in Philadelphia in 1771-72, with a subscription, as appears by the list accompanying it, of nearly sixteen hundred copies.

[102] Lords’ Standing Orders: May’s Parliamentary Practice, (5th edit.,) p. 221.

[103] May, Parliamentary Practice, Ibid.

[104] Ibid.

[105] Lex Parliamentaria Americana, (2d edit.,) § 288.

[106] Report from the Committee appointed to inspect the Lords’ Journals, Appendix, No. I. (Extract from Foster’s Crown Law): Burke’s Works, (Boston, 1866-67,) Vol. XI. p. 126.

[107] Ibid., p. 129, note.

[108] Ibid., p. 132.

[109] Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit., London, 1856,) Vol. I. p. 15, note.

[110] Ibid., p. 15.

[111] Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit.,) Vol. I. pp. 14, 15.

[112] Ibid., Vol. II. p. 229.

[113] Ibid.

[114] Campbell, Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit.,) Vol. III. p. 156.

[115] Campbell, Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit.,) Vol. III. p. 270.

[116] Ibid., p. 281.

[117] History of the Rebellion, (Oxford, 1826,) Book III., Vol. I. p. 381.

[118] Campbell, Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit.,) Vol. IV. p. 68.

[119] Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit.,) Vol. IV. p. 145.

[120] Ibid., p. 139.

[121] Ibid., p. 147.

[122] Campbell. Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit.,) Vol. V. p. 46.

[123] Ibid., p. 102.

[124] Ibid., p. 106.

[125] Ibid., pp. 109, 114.

[126] Campbell, Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit.,) Vol. V. p. 207.

[127] Ibid., p. 257.

[128] Ibid., p. 259.

[129] Ibid., p. 269.

[130] Ibid., p. 377.

[131] Howell’s State Trials, Vol. XVI. col. 768.

[132] Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit.,) Vol. VI. p. 94.

[133] Campbell, Lives of the Chancellors, (4th edit.,) Vol. VI. p. 316.

[134] Ibid., Vol. I. p. 15, note.

[135] Twiss, Life of Eldon, Vol. I. p. 319.

[136] Congressional Debates, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., col. 759, 760, May 18, 1826.

[137] June 7, 1826.

[138] June 27, 29, 1826.

[139] Onslow, No. I.: National Intelligencer, June 27, 1826.

[140] Ibid.

[141] D’Ewes’s Journals, p. 683.

[142] Lex Parliamentaria Americana, (2d edit.,) § 294.

[143] Ibid., § 300.

[144] Hansard’s Parliamentary History, April 15, 1640, Vol. II. col. 535.

[145] Hatsell’s Precedents, (London, 1818,) Vol. II. p. 242.

[146] Hansard’s Parliamentary History, Vol. XXXVI. col. 915.

[147] Barclay’s Digest of the Rules of the House of Representatives, &c., p. 44.

[148] Barclay’s Digest, p. 114.

[149] Ibid.

[150] Cushing, Lex Parliamentaria Americana, (2d edit.,) § 306.

[151] Proceedings on the Impeachment of William Blount, p. 28.

[152] Commentaries, (2d edit.,) § 803, Vol. I. p. 560.

[153] Annals of Congress, 5th Cong., July 8, 1797, col. 44.

[154] See, ante, Vol. VIII. pp. 12, 13: Expulsion of Trusten Polk.

[155] Wooddeson, Lectures, Vol. II. p. 602.

[156] Speeches of the Managers and Counsel in the Trial of Warren Hastings, ed. Bond, Vol. I. p. 4.

[157] Ibid., pp. 183, seqq.

[158] Constitutional History of England, (2d edit.,) Chap. XII., Vol. II. p. 554.

[159] No. LXV.

[160] View of the Constitution, (2d edit.,) p. 211.

[161] Commentaries, (2d edit.,) Vol. I. §§ 746, 764.

[162] History of the Constitution, pp. 260, 261.

[163] Speech in the House of Representatives, June 17, 1789, on the Bill for establishing the Department of Foreign Affairs: Annals of Congress, 1st Cong. 1st Sess., col. 498.

[164] Speech at St. Louis, September 8, 1866: McPherson’s Political History of the United States during Reconstruction, p. 140.

[165] Rolls of Parliament, Vol. III. p. 244, § 7,—cited in Report from the Committee of the House of Commons appointed to inspect the Lords’ Journals, April 30, 1794: Burke’s Works, (Boston, 1866-67,) Vol. XI. p. 11.

[166] Report from the Committee to inspect the Lords’ Journals: Burke’s Works, Vol. XI. p. 12.

[167] 4 Institutes, p. 15. Burke, Vol. XI. p. 13.

[168] Crown Law, Discourse IV., pp. 389, 390. Burke, Vol. XI. p. 28.

[169] Burke’s Works, Vol. XI. p. 13.

[170] Lords’ Journals, Vol. IV. p. 133. Burke’s Works, Vol. XI. p. 14.

[171] Howell’s State Trials, Vol. XV. col. 467. Lords’ Journals, March 14, 1709-10, Vol. XIX. p. 107.

[172] Howell’s State Trials, Vol. XV. col. 471.

[173] Ibid., col. 473. Lords’ Journals, March 23, 1709-10, Vol. XIX. p. 121.

[174] Burke’s Works, Vol. XI. pp. 19, 20.

[175] Howell’s State Trials, Vol. XV. col. 877.

[176] Ibid., col. 883, 884.

[177] Howell’s State Trials, Vol. XV. col. 885.

[178] Ibid., col. 886.

[179] Ibid., col. 887.

[180] Lords’ Journals, March 19, 1715-16, Vol. XX. p. 316.

[181] Speeches of the Managers and Counsel in the Trial of Warren Hastings, ed. Bond, Vol. I. p. 10.

[182] The Federalist, No. LXV.

[183] Burke’s Works, Vol. XI. p. 60.

[184] Burke’s Works, Vol. XI., p. 64.

[185] Ibid.

[186] Rationale of Judicial Evidence, Book IX. Part I. Ch. 3: Works, ed. Bowring, (Edinburgh, 1843,) Vol. VII. p. 338.

[187] Omychund v. Barker, 1 Atkyns, R., 49.

[188] Mayor of Hull v. Horner, Cowper, R., 108.

[189] Burke’s Works, Vol. XI. p. 63.

[190] Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum AngliÆ, Cap. XLII.

[191] Commentaries, Vol. II. p. 94.

[192] Blackstone, Commentaries, Vol. IV. p. 286.

[193] Speech on the Lords’ Amendments to the Bill for the Regulation of Trials in Cases of Treason, December 11, 1691: Hansard’s Parliamentary History, Vol. V. col. 678.

[194] Secretary Seward to Provisional Governor Marvin of Florida, September 12, 1865: McPherson’s Political History of the United States during Reconstruction, p. 25.

[195] Howell’s State Trials, Vol. III. col. 1421.

[196] Coleridge.

[197] Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV. pp. 430-432.

[198] Section 1.

[199] Aldridge v. Williams, 3 Howard, R., 24.

[200] See, ante, p. 147.

[201] Bacon, Upon the Statute of Uses, Introductory Discourse: Works, ed. Spedding, (Boston, 1864,) Vol. XIV. p. 285.

[202] Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 415.

[203] Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 656.

[204] Bill to repeal the 1st and 2d Sections of an Act to limit the Term of Office of certain Officers therein named. See Congressional Debates, 23d Cong. 2d Sess., 1834-35, col. 361, 418-491, 495-539, 552-571, 576. Ibid., 24th Cong. 1st Sess., 1835-36, col. 52, 367.

[205] Act of February 25, 1863, Sec. 1: Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. pp. 665, 666.

[206] Sec. 5: Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV. p. 92.

[207] Howell’s State Trials, Vol. IV. col. 1070.

[208] Life, by Roger North, (London, 1826,) Vol. I. p. 20.

[209] 5 Wheaton, R., 291, seqq.

[210] 1 Cranch, R., 137, seqq.

[211] Speech of Sir James Marriott, Admiralty Judge, in the House of Commons, March 15, 1782: Hansard’s Parliamentary History, Vol. XXII. col. 1184.

[212] Ante, pp. 148, seqq.

[213] Commentaries, Vol. II. p. 94.

[214] Ibid., Vol. III. p. 43.

[215] Speeches of the Managers and Counsel in the Trial of Warren Hastings, ed. Bond, Vol. I. p. 11.

[216] Preface to Shakespeare: Works, (Oxford, 1825,) Vol. V. p. 118.

[217] History of the Rebellion, (Oxford, 1826,) Vol. IV. pp. 91, 92.

[218] Act of March 6, 1820: Statutes at Large, Vol. III. p. 548.

[219] Works, Vol. III. pp. 263, 264.

[220] Ibid., p. 264.

[221] Argument in the Case of Jones v. Vanzandt, pp. 62, 63.

[222] Debates in the Federal Convention, May 30, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. II. p. 751.

[223] Ibid.

[224] Ibid.

[225] Ibid., p. 752.

[226] Debates, June 11th: Ibid., p. 841.

[227] Debates, June 29th: Madison Papers, Vol. II. p. 995.

[228] Debates, June 8th: Ibid., p. 826.

[229] Debates, June 19th: Ibid., p. 902.

[230] No. XLIII. § 8.

[231] Commentaries on the Constitution, (2d edit.,) Vol. I. § 694.

[232] Elliot’s Debates, Vol. III. p. 367.

[233] The Federalist, No. LIV.

[234] Debates in the Federal Convention, June 29, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. II. p. 993.

[235] Deuteronomy, xxvii. 17.

[236] Act of February 25, 1862: Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. pp. 345-348.

[237] Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 532.

[238] Speech in the Senate, February 13, 1862: ante, Vol. VI. p. 343.

[239] QuÆstiones Juris Publici, tr. Du Ponceau, Lib. I. Cap. 24, p. 182.

[240] Bynkershoek, QuÆst. Jur. Pub., tr. Du Ponceau, Lib. I. Cap. 24, p. 185.

[241] Ibid.

[242] Halleck, International Law, Ch. XII. § 29, p. 310.

[243] Wheaton, Elements of International Law, ed. Lawrence, (Boston, 1863,) p. 528, note.

[244] Bynkershoek, QuÆst. Jur. Pub., tr. Du Ponceau, Lib. I. Cap. 24, p. 188, note.

[245] International Law, Ch. XII. § 11, p. 297.

[246] De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. III. Cap. II. § V. 2.

[247] Elements of International Law, ed. Lawrence, (Boston, 1863,) Part IV. Ch. I. § 9, p. 529.

[248] Commentaries upon International Law, Part IX. Ch. II. § 19, Vol. III. pp. 23, 24.

[249] Wheaton’s Elements of International Law, ed. Dana, p. 370, note.

[250] Le Droit des Gens, Liv. III. Ch. 4, § 63.

[251] International Law, Ch. XII. § 16, p. 302.

[252] De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. III. Cap. II. § VII. 2.

[253] Mr. Webster to Mr. Fox, April 24, 1841: Works, Vol. VI. p. 253. See also Phillimore, International Law, Part IX. Ch. III. § 38, Vol. III. p. 53.

[254] International Law, Ch. XII. § 10, p. 296.

[255] Remarks on Antiquities, Arts, and Letters, during an Excursion in Italy, in the Years 1802 and 1803.

[256] Alison, History of Europe, (Edinburgh, 1843,) Ch. XXXVII. Vol. V. pp. 113, 114.

[257] MÉmorial de Sainte-HÉlÈne, Tom. VII. pp. 32, 33. Alison, Vol. V. p. 114.

[258] Junot, Mme., Duchesse d’AbrantÈs, MÉmoires sur NapolÉon, Tom. VI. pp. 398-403. Alison, Vol. V. p. 115, note.

[259] Congressional Globe, 40th Cong. 2d Sess., Part V. p. 4331.

[260] Works, Vol. IV. pp. 78-80.

[261] Works, Vol. IV. p. 78.

[262] Paradise Lost, Book III. 437-439.

[263] Miscellaneous Works, (London, 1851,) p. 170.

[264] WalckenaËr, in the Biographie Universelle, Tom. XXXV. p. 222, art. Polo.

[265] Speech on Victory and Reconstruction, April 11, 1865: McPherson’s Political History of the United States during the Rebellion, p. 609.

[266] Hudibras, Part III. Canto I. 1303-6.

[267] Resolutions of the National Democratic Convention, July, 1868: McPherson’s Political History of the United States during Reconstruction, p. 368.

[268] Letter of F. P. Blair to Col. James O. Brodhead, June 30, 1868: McPherson’s Political History of the United States during Reconstruction, p. 381.

[269] 2 Chronicles, xiv. 7.

[270] Williams v. Suffolk Insurance Co.: 13 Peters, R., 420.

[271] 7 Howard, R., 42.

[272] Laws in relation to Freedmen: Executive Documents, 39th Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 6, pp. 170, seqq.

[273] Speech on Financial Reconstruction, ante, pp. 445, seqq.

[274] Carlyle’s French Revolution, (New York, 1867,) Book IX. Ch. 4.

[275] Thiers, Histoire de la RÉvolution FranÇaise, (Paris, 1837,) Tom. VIII. p. 15: Directoire, Chap. I.

[276] Travels of Marco Polo, ed. Marsden, (London, 1818,) pp. 353, 354, 521, 547.